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Wang X, Wang Z, He J. Similarities and Differences of Vascular Calcification in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:165-192. [PMID: 38222032 PMCID: PMC10788067 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s438618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Presently, the mechanism of occurrence and development of vascular calcification (VC) is not fully understood; a range of evidence suggests a positive association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and VC. Furthermore, the increasing burden of central vascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be due, at least in part, to VC. In this review, we will review recent advances in the mechanisms of VC in the context of CKD and diabetes. The study further unveiled that VC is induced through the stimulation of pro-inflammatory factors, which in turn impairs endothelial function and triggers similar mechanisms in both disease contexts. Notably, hyperglycemia was identified as the distinctive mechanism driving calcification in DM. Conversely, in CKD, calcification is facilitated by mechanisms including mineral metabolism imbalance and the presence of uremic toxins. Additionally, we underscore the significance of investigating vascular alterations and newly identified molecular pathways as potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiabo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Yan Q, Zhang T, O'Connor C, Barlow JW, Walsh J, Scalabrino G, Xu F, Sheridan H. The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1634-1656. [PMID: 37051359 PMCID: PMC10084986 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato- and neuro-protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is an important nutrient family for the normal functioning of human health. It acts on almost all major body systems and directly or indirectly participates in and regulates hundreds of physiological or pathological processes. However, as biological and clinical data are still inconsistent and conflicting, more in-depth investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat a range of disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiang Yan
- Institute of Science and Technology Shenyang Open University Shenyang China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health Technological University Dublin Dublin 7 Ireland
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Christine O'Connor
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health Technological University Dublin Dublin 7 Ireland
| | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Chemistry RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - John Walsh
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Gaia Scalabrino
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Feng Xu
- The Centre of Vitamin K2 Research Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Helen Sheridan
- NatPro Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin 2 Ireland
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3
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Bernabei I, So A, Busso N, Nasi S. Cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:10-27. [PMID: 36509917 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathological calcification of cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA). Calcification can be observed both at the cartilage surface and in its deeper layers. The formation of calcium-containing crystals, typically basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) crystals, is an active, highly regulated and complex biological process that is initiated by chondrocytes and modified by genetic factors, dysregulated mitophagy or apoptosis, inflammation and the activation of specific cellular-signalling pathways. The links between OA and BCP deposition are stronger than those observed between OA and CPP deposition. Here, we review the molecular processes involved in cartilage calcification in OA and summarize the effects of calcium crystals on chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, macrophages and bone cells. Finally, we highlight therapeutic pathways leading to decreased joint calcification and potential new drugs that could treat not only OA but also other diseases associated with pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabei
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander So
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Busso
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Nasi
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shishkova D, Lobov A, Zainullina B, Matveeva V, Markova V, Sinitskaya A, Velikanova E, Sinitsky M, Kanonykina A, Dyleva Y, Kutikhin A. Calciprotein Particles Cause Physiologically Significant Pro-Inflammatory Response in Endothelial Cells and Systemic Circulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314941. [PMID: 36499266 PMCID: PMC9738209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Calciprotein particles (CPPs) represent an inherent mineral buffering system responsible for the scavenging of excessive Ca2+ and PO43- ions in order to prevent extraskeletal calcification, although contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction during the circulation in the bloodstream. Here, we performed label-free proteomic profiling to identify the functional consequences of CPP internalisation by endothelial cells (ECs) and found molecular signatures of significant disturbances in mitochondrial and lysosomal physiology, including oxidative stress, vacuolar acidification, accelerated proteolysis, Ca2+ cytosolic elevation, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation. Incubation of intact ECs with conditioned medium from CPP-treated ECs caused their pro-inflammatory activation manifested by vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) upregulation and elevated release of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/ C-C motif ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2). Among the blood cells, monocytes were exclusively responsible for CPP internalisation. As compared to the co-incubation of donor blood with CPPs in the flow culture system, intravenous administration of CPPs to Wistar rats caused a considerably higher production of chemokines, indicating the major role of monocytes in CPP-triggered inflammation. Upregulation of sICAM-1 and IL-8 also suggested a notable contribution of endothelial dysfunction to systemic inflammatory response after CPP injections. Collectively, our results demonstrate the pathophysiological significance of CPPs and highlight the need for the development of anti-CPP therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Shishkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Arseniy Lobov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology of the RAS, 4 Tikhoretskiy Prospekt, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bozhana Zainullina
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Embankment, 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera Matveeva
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Victoria Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Anna Sinitskaya
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Elena Velikanova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Maxim Sinitsky
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kanonykina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Yulia Dyleva
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
| | - Anton Kutikhin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, 650002 Kemerovo, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-960-907-7067
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5
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Liao Z, Chang J, Zhu Z, Han W, Meng T, Zheng S, Tu L, Antony B, Winzenberg T, Wluka AE, Cicuttini F, Ding C. Associations Between Dietary Intake of Vitamin K and Changes in Symptomatic and Structural Changes in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2022. [PMID: 35671321 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations of dietary vitamin K intake with changes in knee symptoms and structures in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Participants with symptomatic knee OA were enrolled (n = 259) and followed up for 2 years (n = 212). Baseline dietary vitamin K intake was calculated from a validated food frequency questionnaire. Knee symptoms were assessed by using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores. Knee cartilage defects, bone marrow lesions, and effusion-synovitis volume were measured from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used for analyses. RESULTS A higher vitamin K intake quartile was significantly associated with a greater decrease in the total WOMAC score and dysfunction score over 24 months. The subgroup analyses showed in patients with severe baseline visual analog scale (VAS) pain that a higher vitamin K intake quartile was associated with more improvement in all WOMAC scores. There were no overall significant associations between vitamin K intake and changes in MRI features. In subgroup analysis, vitamin K intake was negatively associated with changes in tibiofemoral, patellar, and total cartilage defects in participants with a severe baseline radiographic grade and was negatively associated with change in total and patellar cartilage defects in participants with severe baseline VAS pain and in female patients. CONCLUSION The association of higher vitamin K intake with decreased knee symptoms over 24 months in patients with knee OA suggests that clinical trials examining the effect of vitamin K supplementation for knee OA symptoms are warranted. Whether there is an effect on knee structure is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Liao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhu
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyu Han
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liudan Tu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benny Antony
- University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Changhai Ding
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Chin KY, Pang KL, Wong SK, Chew DCH, Qodriyah HMS. Relationship Amongst Vitamin K Status, Vitamin K Antagonist Use and Osteoarthritis: A Review. Drugs Aging 2022; 39:487-504. [PMID: 35635615 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-022-00945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K is essential for the carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent proteins that are responsible for the suppression of matrix calcification. The use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in patients with cardiovascular diseases could affect protein carboxylation and lead to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). This review aims to summarise the current evidence for the relationship between VKAs and OA. The literature search revealed that in observation studies, good vitamin K status, as reflected by the circulating level or protein carboxylation status of vitamin K, is associated positively with improved joint structural and functional indices and negatively associated with OA incidence. By contrast, in limited retrospective and prospective studies, the use of VKAs is associated positively with OA occurrence and knee/hip replacement. Pharmacological interactions between VKAs and various OA therapeutic agents exist and require careful monitoring and dosing. In conclusion, further epidemiological studies are warranted to verify the relationship between VKA use and OA to strengthen the evidence. Given that VKA use exerts potentially negative effects on joint health, intervention is required to protect the quality of life and mobility of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Cheras, Malaysia.
| | - Kok-Lun Pang
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Jalan Sarjana 1, Educity, 79200, Iskandar Puteri, Malaysia
| | - Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Deborah Chia Hsin Chew
- Deparment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Haji Mohd Saad Qodriyah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
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7
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Ghosh S, Oldenburg J, Czogalla-Nitsche KJ. The Role of GRP and MGP in the Development of Non-Hemorrhagic VKCFD1 Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:798. [PMID: 35054981 PMCID: PMC8775833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K dependent coagulation factor deficiency type 1 (VKCFD1) is a rare hereditary bleeding disorder caused by mutations in γ-Glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) gene. The GGCX enzyme catalyzes the γ-carboxylation of 15 different vitamin K dependent (VKD) proteins, which have function in blood coagulation, calcification, and cell signaling. Therefore, in addition to bleedings, some VKCFD1 patients develop diverse non-hemorrhagic phenotypes such as skin hyper-laxity, skeletal dysmorphologies, and/or cardiac defects. Recent studies showed that GGCX mutations differentially effect γ-carboxylation of VKD proteins, where clotting factors are sufficiently γ-carboxylated, but not certain non-hemostatic VKD proteins. This could be one reason for the development of diverse phenotypes. The major manifestation of non-hemorrhagic phenotypes in VKCFD1 patients are mineralization defects. Therefore, the mechanism of regulation of calcification by specific VKD proteins as matrix Gla protein (MGP) and Gla-rich protein (GRP) in physiological and pathological conditions is of high interest. This will also help to understand the patho-mechanism of VKCFD1 phenotypes and to deduce new treatment strategies. In the present review article, we have summarized the recent findings on the function of GRP and MGP and how these proteins influence the development of non-hemorrhagic phenotypes in VKCFD1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvoshree Ghosh
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Venusberg Campus 1, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.G.); (J.O.)
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Venusberg Campus 1, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.G.); (J.O.)
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin J. Czogalla-Nitsche
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Venusberg Campus 1, University Clinic Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (S.G.); (J.O.)
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Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in Skeletal Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179328. [PMID: 34502245 PMCID: PMC8430550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K and Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are best known for their pivotal role in blood coagulation. Of the 14 VKPDs identified in humans to date, 6 play also important roles in skeletal biology and disease. Thus, osteocalcin, also termed bone Gla-protein, is the most abundant non-collagenous protein in bone. Matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP on the other hand are highly abundant in cartilage. Furthermore, periostin, protein S, and growth arrest specific 6 protein (GAS 6) are expressed in skeletal tissues. The roles for these VKDPs are diverse but include the control of calcification and turnover of bone and cartilage. Vitamin K plays an important role in osteoporosis and serum osteocalcin levels are recognized as a promising marker for osteoporosis. On the other hand, matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP are associated with osteoarthritis. This review focuses on the roles of these three VKDPs, osteocalcin, matrix Gla protein and Ucma/GRP, in skeletal development and disease but will also summarize the roles the other skeletal VKDPs (periostin, protein S and GAS6) in skeletal biology.
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9
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Kutikhin AG, Feenstra L, Kostyunin AE, Yuzhalin AE, Hillebrands JL, Krenning G. Calciprotein Particles: Balancing Mineral Homeostasis and Vascular Pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1607-1624. [PMID: 33691479 PMCID: PMC8057528 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Kutikhin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Lian Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology (L.F., J.-L.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander E. Kostyunin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Arseniy E. Yuzhalin
- Laboratory for Vascular Biology, Division of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., A.E.K., A.E.Y.)
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology (L.F., J.-L.H.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- Sulfateq B.V., Admiraal de Ruyterlaan 5, 9726 GN, Groningen, the Netherlands (G.K.)
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Loeser RF, Berenbaum F, Kloppenburg M. Vitamin K and osteoarthritis: is there a link? Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:547-549. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Marietta M, Coluccio V, Boriani G, Luppi M. Effects of Anti-vitamin k oral anticoagulants on bone and cardiovascular health. Eur J Intern Med 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 32553585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (VKAs) have been proven over 50 years to be highly effective and acceptably safe in many settings and are still used by millions of people worldwide. The main concern about the safety of VKAs regards the risk of bleeding, but there is accumulation evidence of their potentially negative effects beyond hemostasis. Indeed, VKAs impair the action of several Vitamin-K Dependent Proteins (VKDP), such as Bone Gla protein, Matrix Gla protein, Gas6 Protein, Periostin and Gla-Ric Protein, involved in bone and vascular metabolism, thus exerting a detrimental effect on bone and vascular health. Indeed, although the evidence regarding this issue is not compelling, it has been shown that VKAs use decreases bone mass density, increases the risk of bone fractures and accelerates the process of vascular and valvular calcification. Vascular calcification is a major concern in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients, also in absence of VKAs, because of mineral metabolism derangement, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Direct Oral AntiCoagulants (DOACs) do not affect VKDP involved in vascular and valvular calcification, and do not induce calcific valve degeneration in animal models, being a possible alternative to AVK for CKD patients. However, the efficacy and safety of DOACs in this population, suggested by some recent observations, requires confirmation by dedicated, randomized study. We reviewed here the effects of VKAs in bone and vascular health as compared to DOACs, in order to provide the physicians with some data useful to wisely choose the most suitable anticoagulant for every patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marietta
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy.
| | - Valeria Coluccio
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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12
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Shea MK, Booth SL, Harshman SG, Smith D, Carlson CS, Harper L, Armstrong AR, Fang M, Cancela ML, Márcio Simão, Loeser RF. The effect of vitamin K insufficiency on histological and structural properties of knee joints in aging mice. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100078. [PMID: 36474686 PMCID: PMC9718348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective While a role for vitamin K in maintaining joint tissue homeostasis has been proposed based on the presence of vitamin K dependent proteins in cartilage and bone, it is not clear if low vitamin K intake is causally linked to joint tissue degeneration. To address this gap, we manipulated vitamin K status in aging mice to test its effect on age-related changes in articular cartilage and sub-chondral bone. Methods Eleven-month old male C57BL6 mice were randomly assigned to a low vitamin K diet containing 120 mcg phylloquinone/kg diet (n = 32) or a control diet containing 1.5 mg phylloquinone/kg diet (n = 30) for 6 months. Knees were evaluated histologically using Safranin O and H&E staining, as well as using micro-CT. Results Eleven mice in the low vitamin K diet group and three mice in the control group died within the first 100 days of the experiment (p = 0.024). Mice fed the low vitamin K diet had higher Safranin-O scores, indicative of more proteoglycan loss, compared to mice fed the control diet (p ≤ 0.026). The articular cartilage structure scores did not differ between the two groups (p ≥ 0.190). The sub-chondral bone parameters measured using micro CT also did not differ between the two groups (all p ≥ 0.174). Conclusion Our findings suggest low vitamin K status can promote joint tissue proteoglycan loss in older male mice. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings and obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of vitamin K in joint tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kyla Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Sarah L. Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | | | - Donald Smith
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | - Lindsey Harper
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | | | - Min Fang
- Small Animal Imaging Preclinical Testing Facility, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - M. Leonor Cancela
- Center of Marine Sciences University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Centre and Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Márcio Simão
- Center of Marine Sciences University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro Portugal
| | - Richard F. Loeser
- Thurston Arthritis Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Chin KY. The Relationship between Vitamin K and Osteoarthritis: A Review of Current Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051208. [PMID: 32344816 PMCID: PMC7281970 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a cofactor of γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which plays an important role in the activation of γ-carboxyglutamate (gla)-containing proteins that negatively regulate calcification. Thus, vitamin K status might be associated with osteoarthritis (OA), in which cartilage calcification plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. This review collates the evidence on the relationship between vitamin K status (circulating or dietary intake level of vitamin K, or circulating uncarboxylated gla proteins) and OA from human observational studies and clinical trial, to examine its potential as an agent in preventing OA. The current literature generally agrees that a sufficient level of vitamin K is associated with a lower risk of OA and pathological joint features. However, evidence from clinical trials is limited. Mechanistic study shows that vitamin K activates matrix gla proteins that inhibit bone morphogenetic protein-mediated cartilage calcification. Gla-rich proteins also inhibit inflammatory cascade in monocytic cell lines, but this function might be independent of vitamin K-carboxylation. Although the current data are insufficient to establish the optimal dose of vitamin K to prevent OA, ensuring sufficient dietary intake seems to protect the elderly from OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000, Malaysia
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Yan JF, Qin WP, Xiao BC, Wan QQ, Tay FR, Niu LN, Jiao K. Pathological calcification in osteoarthritis: an outcome or a disease initiator? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:960-985. [PMID: 32207559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the progression of osteoarthritis, pathological calcification in the affected joint is an important feature. The role of these crystallites in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial; it remains unclear whether they act as a disease initiator or are present as a result of joint damage. Recent studies reported that the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological calcification of skeletal tissues are similar to those regulating pathological or ectopic calcification of soft tissues. Pathological calcification takes place when the equilibrium is disrupted. Calcium phosphate crystallites are identified in most affected joints and the presence of these crystallites is closely correlated with the extent of joint destruction. These observations suggest that pathological calcification is most likely to be a disease initiator instead of an outcome of osteoarthritis progression. Inhibiting pathological crystallite deposition within joint tissues therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Yan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Pin Qin
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Endodontics, College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, 1430, John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, U.S.A
| | - Li-Na Niu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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15
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Vitamin K as a Powerful Micronutrient in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Pros and Cons from Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174150. [PMID: 31450694 PMCID: PMC6747195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a multifunctional micronutrient implicated in age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Although vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are described to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, novel roles have emerged for vitamin K, independently of its role in VKDPs carboxylation. Vitamin K has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory by suppressing nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signal transduction and to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress by blocking the generation of reactive oxygen species. Available clinical evidences indicate that a high vitamin K status can exert a protective role in the inflammatory and mineralization processes associated with the onset and progression of age-related diseases. Also, vitamin K involvement as a protective super-micronutrient in aging and ‘inflammaging’ is arising, highlighting its future use in clinical practice. In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding clinical data on vitamin K in skeletal and cardiovascular health, and discuss the potential of vitamin K supplementation as a health benefit. We describe the clinical evidence and explore molecular aspects of vitamin K protective role in aging and age-related diseases, and its involvement as a modulator in the interplay between pathological calcification and inflammation processes.
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16
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Okuyan HM, Terzi MY, Ozcan O, Kalaci A. Association of UCMA levels in serum and synovial fluid with severity of knee osteoarthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1884-1890. [PMID: 31424176 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint diseases causing physical disability in the aged population. OA pathogenesis is not fully known and yet there are no effective therapeutic options against OA. Upper Zone of Growth Plate and Cartilage Matrix Associated (UCMA) is a member of vitamin K-dependent protein family, and is involved in inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and OA. In the present study, our aim was to detect serum and synovial fluid (SF) levels of UCMA and to analyze their correlation with radiographic findings and symptomatic severity in OA patients as well as the correlation between oxidative stress levels and SF UCMA levels. METHODS Forty OA patients with cartilage degeneration and 20 patients with other knee joint disorders (non-OA control) were included in the present study. We used the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification and Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores to assess radiographic grading and symptomatic severity of OA, respectively. UCMA levels were measured in SF and serum. And also oxidative stress markers were analyzed in SF. RESULTS SF UCMA levels of OA patients were higher compared to those of the non-OA control group and were positively correlated with radiographic finding and symptomatic severity of OA. However, there was no significant correlation between oxidative markers of SF and the KL grade, WOMAC scores, and SF UCMA levels in OA patients. CONCLUSION There is a close connection between UCMA SF levels and symptomatic and radiographic severities of knee OA. Therefore, UCMA can be a promising biomarker in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of OA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Malik Okuyan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Hatay Vocational School of Health Services, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Menderes Yusuf Terzi
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Ozcan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Aydiner Kalaci
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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17
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Viegas C, Araújo N, Marreiros C, Simes D. The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): challenging old concepts with new facts. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4274-4299. [PMID: 31241466 PMCID: PMC6628989 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most powerful predictors of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD), with heightened susceptibility to vascular intimal and medial calcification associated with a high cardiovascular mortality. Abnormal mineral metabolism of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) and underlying (dys)regulated hormonal control in CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is often accompanied by bone loss and increased vascular calcification (VC). While VC is known to be a multifactorial process and a major risk factor for CVD, the view of primary triggers and molecular mechanisms complexity has been shifting with novel scientific knowledge over the last years. In this review we highlight the importance of calcium-phosphate (CaP) mineral crystals in VC with an integrated view over the complexity of CKD, while discuss past and recent literature aiming to highlight novel horizons on this major health burden. Exacerbated VC in CKD patients might result from several interconnected mechanisms involving abnormal mineral metabolism, dysregulation of endogenous calcification inhibitors and inflammatory pathways, which function in a feedback loop driving disease progression and cardiovascular outcomes. We propose that novel approaches targeting simultaneously VC and inflammation might represent valuable new prognostic tools and targets for therapeutics and management of cardiovascular risk in the CKD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Nuna Araújo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Catarina Marreiros
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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18
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Azuma K, Inoue S. Multiple Modes of Vitamin K Actions in Aging-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2844. [PMID: 31212662 PMCID: PMC6600274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that was originally found as an essential factor for blood coagulation. With the discovery of its role as a co-factor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), its function for blood coagulation was understood as the activation of several blood coagulation factors by their γ-carboxylation. Over the last two decades, other modes of vitamin K actions have been discovered, such as the regulation of transcription by activating the steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR), physical association to 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (17β-HSD4), covalent modification of Bcl-2 antagonist killer 1 (Bak), and the modulation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. In addition, several epidemiological studies have revealed that vitamin K status is associated with some aging-related diseases including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and sarcopenia. Clinical studies on single nucleotide polymorphisms of GGCX suggested an association between higher GGCX activity and bone protective effect, while recent findings using conditional knockout mice implied that a contribution in protective effect for bone loss by GGCX in osteoblastic lineage was unclear. GGCX in other cell lineages or in other tissues might play a protective role for osteoporosis. Meanwhile, animal experiments by our groups among others revealed that SXR, a putative receptor for vitamin K, could be important in the bone metabolism. In terms of the cartilage protective effect of vitamin K, both GGCX- and SXR-dependent mechanisms have been suggested. In clinical studies on osteoarthritis, the γ-carboxylation of matrix Gla protein (MGP) and gla-rich protein (GRP) may have a protective role for the disease. It is also suggested that SXR signaling has protective role for cartilage by inducing family with sequence similarity 20a (Fam20a) expression in chondrocytes. In the case of sarcopenia, a high vitamin K status in plasma was associated with muscle strength, large muscle mass, and high physical performance in some observational studies. However, the basic studies explaining the effects of vitamin K on muscular tissue are limited. Further research on vitamin K will clarify new biological mechanisms which contribute to human longevity and health through the prevention and treatment of aging-related musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Azuma
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
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19
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Wen L, Chen J, Duan L, Li S. Vitamin K‑dependent proteins involved in bone and cardiovascular health (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3-15. [PMID: 29749440 PMCID: PMC6059683 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In postmenopausal women and elderly men, bone density decreases with age and vascular calcification is aggravated. This condition is closely associated with vitamin K2 deficiency. A total of 17 different vitamin K-dependent proteins have been identified to date. Vitamin K-dependent proteins are located within the bone, heart and blood vessels. For instance, carboxylated osteocalcin is beneficial for bone and aids the deposition of calcium into the bone matrix. Carboxylated matrix Gla protein effectively protects blood vessels and may prevent calcification within the vascular wall. Furthermore, carboxylated Gla-rich protein has been reported to act as an inhibitor in the calcification of the cardiovascular system, while growth arrest-specific protein-6 protects endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, resists apoptosis and inhibits the calcification of blood vessels by inhibiting the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, periostin may promote the differentiation, aggregation, adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts. Periostin also occurs in the heart and may be associated with the reconstruction of heart function. These vitamin K-dependent proteins may exert their functions following γ-carboxylation with vitamin K, and different vitamin K-dependent proteins may exhibit synergistic effects or antagonistic effects on each other. In the cardiovascular system with vitamin K antagonist supplement or vitamin K deficiency, calcification occurs in the endothelium of blood vessels and vascular smooth muscle cells are transformed into osteoblast-like cells, a phenomenon that resembles bone growth. Both the bone and cardiovascular system are closely associated during embryonic development. Thus, the present study hypothesized that embryonic developmental position and tissue calcification may have a certain association for the bone and the cardiovascular system. This review describes and briefly discusses several important vitamin K-dependent proteins that serve an important role in bone and the cardiovascular system. The results of the review suggest that the vascular calcification and osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells may be associated with the location of the bone and cardiovascular system during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpu Wen
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515000, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhuang Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
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20
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Ucma/GRP inhibits phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via SMAD-dependent BMP signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4961. [PMID: 29563538 PMCID: PMC5862840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is the process of deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the blood vessel wall, with a central role for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). VC is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and thought, in part, to be induced by phosphate imbalance. The molecular mechanisms that regulate VC are not fully known. Here we propose a novel role for the mineralisation regulator Ucma/GRP (Upper zone of growth plate and Cartilage Matrix Associated protein/Gla Rich Protein) in phosphate-induced VSMC calcification. We show that Ucma/GRP is present in calcified atherosclerotic plaques and highly expressed in calcifying VSMCs in vitro. VSMCs from Ucma/GRP−/− mice showed increased mineralisation and expression of osteo/chondrogenic markers (BMP-2, Runx2, β-catenin, p-SMAD1/5/8, ALP, OCN), and decreased expression of mineralisation inhibitor MGP, suggesting that Ucma/GRP is an inhibitor of mineralisation. Using BMP signalling inhibitor noggin and SMAD1/5/8 signalling inhibitor dorsomorphin we showed that Ucma/GRP is involved in inhibiting the BMP-2-SMAD1/5/8 osteo/chondrogenic signalling pathway in VSMCs treated with elevated phosphate concentrations. Additionally, we showed for the first time evidence of a direct interaction between Ucma/GRP and BMP-2. These results demonstrate an important role of Ucma/GRP in regulating osteo/chondrogenic differentiation and phosphate-induced mineralisation of VSMCs.
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21
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Implication of a novel vitamin K dependent protein, GRP/Ucma in the pathophysiological conditions associated with vascular and soft tissue calcification, osteoarthritis, inflammation, and carcinoma. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:309-316. [PMID: 29499263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gla-rich protein (GRP) or unique cartilage matrix-associated protein (Ucma), the newest member of vitamin K dependent proteins, carries exceptionally high number of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues which contributes to its outstanding capacity of binding with calcium in the extracellular environment indicating its potential role as a global calcium modulator. Recent studies demonstrated a critical function of GRP in the regulation of different pathophysiological conditions associated with vascular and soft tissue calcification including cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammation, and skin and breast carcinomas. These findings established an important relationship between γ-carboxylation of GRP and calcification associated disease pathology suggesting a critical role of vitamin K in the pathophysiological features of various health disorders. This review for the first time summarizes all of the updated findings related to the functional activities of GRP in the pathogenesis of several diseases associated with vascular and soft tissue mineralization, osteoarthritis, inflammation, and carcinoma. The outcome of this review will improve the understanding about the role of GRP in the pathogenesis of tissue calcification and its associated health disorders, which should in turn lead to the design of clinical interventions to improve the condition of patients associated with these health disorders.
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22
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Viegas CSB, Santos L, Macedo AL, Matos AA, Silva AP, Neves PL, Staes A, Gevaert K, Morais R, Vermeer C, Schurgers L, Simes DC. Chronic Kidney Disease Circulating Calciprotein Particles and Extracellular Vesicles Promote Vascular Calcification: A Role for GRP (Gla-Rich Protein). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:575-587. [PMID: 29301790 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibition of mineral crystal formation is a crucial step in ectopic calcification. Serum calciprotein particles (CPPs) have been linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) calcification propensity, but additional knowledge is required to understand their function, assemblage, and composition. The role of other circulating nanostructures, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vascular calcification is currently unknown. Here, we investigated the association of GRP (Gla-rich protein) with circulating CPP and EVs and the role of CKD CPPs and EVs in vascular calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS Biological CPPs and EVs were isolated from healthy and CKD patients and comparatively characterized using ultrastructural, analytic, molecular, and immuno-based techniques. Our results show that GRP is a constitutive component of circulating CPPs and EVs. CKD stage 5 serum CPPs and EVs are characterized by lower levels of fetuin-A and GRP, and CPPs CKD stage 5 have increased mineral maturation, resembling secondary CPP particles. Vascular smooth muscle cell calcification assays reveal that CPPs CKD stage 5 and EVs CKD stage 5 are taken up by vascular smooth muscle cells and induce vascular calcification by promoting cell osteochondrogenic differentiation and inflammation. These effects were rescued by incubation of CPPs CKD stage 5 with γ-carboxylated GRP. In vitro, formation and maturation of basic calcium phosphate crystals was highly reduced in the presence of γ-carboxylated GRP, fetuin-A, and MGP (matrix gla protein), and a similar antimineralization system was identified in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Uremic CPPs and EVs are important players in the mechanisms of widespread calcification in CKD. We propose a major role for cGRP as inhibitory factor to prevent calcification at systemic and tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S B Viegas
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Lúcia Santos
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anjos L Macedo
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - António A Matos
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ana P Silva
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro L Neves
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - An Staes
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Gevaert
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rute Morais
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Vermeer
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Schurgers
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dina C Simes
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., L.S., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (A.P.S., P.L.N.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (A.L.M., R.M.); Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal (A.A.M.); Nephrology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, Faro, Portugal (A.P.S., P.L.N.); VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology Center and UGent Department of Biochemistry, Ghent, Belgium (A.S., K.G.); and R&D Group VitaK (C.V.) and Department of Biochemistry - Vascular Aspects, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science (L.S.), Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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23
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Viegas CSB, Costa RM, Santos L, Videira PA, Silva Z, Araújo N, Macedo AL, Matos AP, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Gla-rich protein function as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes/macrophages: Implications for calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177829. [PMID: 28542410 PMCID: PMC5436823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification-related chronic inflammatory diseases are multifactorial pathological processes, involving a complex interplay between inflammation and calcification events in a positive feed-back loop driving disease progression. Gla-rich protein (GRP) is a vitamin K dependent protein (VKDP) shown to function as a calcification inhibitor in cardiovascular and articular tissues, and proposed as an anti-inflammatory agent in chondrocytes and synoviocytes, acting as a new crosstalk factor between these two interconnected events in osteoarthritis. However, a possible function of GRP in the immune system has never been studied. Here we focused our investigation in the involvement of GRP in the cell inflammatory response mechanisms, using a combination of freshly isolated human leucocytes and undifferentiated/differentiated THP-1 cell line. Our results demonstrate that VKDPs such as GRP and matrix gla protein (MGP) are synthesized and γ-carboxylated in the majority of human immune system cells either involved in innate or adaptive immune responses. Stimulation of THP-1 monocytes/macrophages with LPS or hydroxyapatite (HA) up-regulated GRP expression, and treatments with GRP or GRP-coated basic calcium phosphate crystals resulted in the down-regulation of mediators of inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, independently of the protein γ-carboxylation status. Moreover, overexpression of GRP in THP-1 cells rescued the inflammation induced by LPS and HA, by down-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and NFkB. Interestingly, GRP was detected at protein and mRNA levels in extracellular vesicles released by macrophages, which may act as vehicles for extracellular trafficking and release. Our data indicate GRP as an endogenous mediator of inflammatory responses acting as an anti-inflammatory agent in monocytes/macrophages. We propose that in a context of chronic inflammation and calcification-related pathologies, GRP might act as a novel molecular mediator linking inflammation and calcification events, with potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S. B. Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rúben M. Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Videira
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Zélia Silva
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuna Araújo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Anjos L. Macedo
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - António P. Matos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cees Vermeer
- VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dina C. Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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24
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Stock M, Menges S, Eitzinger N, Geßlein M, Botschner R, Wormser L, Distler A, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Dietel K, Distler J, Beyer C, Gelse K, Engelke K, Koenders MI, van den Berg W, von der Mark K, Schett G. A Dual Role of Upper Zone of Growth Plate and Cartilage Matrix-Associated Protein in Human and Mouse Osteoarthritic Cartilage: Inhibition of Aggrecanases and Promotion of Bone Turnover. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1233-1245. [PMID: 28086000 DOI: 10.1002/art.40042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage damage and subchondral bone changes are closely connected in osteoarthritis. Nevertheless, how these processes are interlinked is, to date, incompletely understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanistic role of a cartilage-derived protein, upper zone of growth plate and cartilage matrix-associated protein (UCMA), in osteoarthritis-related cartilage and bone changes. METHODS UCMA expression was assessed in healthy and osteoarthritic human and mouse cartilage. For analysis of cartilage and bone changes, osteoarthritis was induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in wild-type (WT) and Ucma-deficient mice. UCMA-collagen interactions, the effect of UCMA on aggrecanase activity, and the impact of recombinant UCMA on osteoclast differentiation were studied in vitro. RESULTS UCMA was found to be overexpressed in human and mouse osteoarthritic cartilage. DMM-triggered cartilage changes, including increased structural damage, proteoglycan loss, and chondrocyte cell death, were aggravated in Ucma-deficient mice compared to WT littermates, thereby demonstrating the potential chondroprotective effects of UCMA. Moreover, UCMA inhibited ADAMTS-dependent aggrecanase activity and directly interacted with cartilage-specific collagen types. In contrast, osteoarthritis-related bone changes were significantly reduced in Ucma-deficient mice, showing less pronounced osteophyte formation and subchondral bone sclerosis. Mechanistically, UCMA directly promoted osteoclast differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSION UCMA appears to link cartilage with bone changes in osteoarthritis by supporting cartilage integrity as an endogenous inhibitor of aggrecanases while also promoting osteoclastogenesis and subchondral bone turnover. Thus, UCMA represents an important link between cartilage and bone in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stock
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Menges
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Eitzinger
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Geßlein
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Renate Botschner
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Wormser
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfiya Distler
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Dietel
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Distler
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Beyer
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kolja Gelse
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Engelke
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Georg Schett
- Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Harshman SG, Shea MK. The Role of Vitamin K in Chronic Aging Diseases: Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, and Osteoarthritis. Curr Nutr Rep 2016; 5:90-98. [PMID: 27648390 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an enzyme cofactor required for the carboxylation of vitamin K dependent proteins, several of which have been implicated in diseases of aging. Inflammation is recognized as a crucial component of many chronic aging diseases and evidence suggests vitamin K has an anti-inflammatory action that is independent of its role as an enzyme co-factor. Vitamin K-dependent proteins and inflammation have been implicated in cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis, which are leading causes of disability and mortality in older adults. The purpose of this review is to summarize observational studies and randomized trials focused on vitamin K status and inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis. Although mechanistic evidence suggests a protective role for vitamin K in these age-related conditions, the benefit of vitamin K supplementation is controversial because observational data are equivocal and the number of randomized trials is few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Harshman
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, Phone number: 617-556-3151, Fax number: 617 556 3149
| | - M Kyla Shea
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, Phone number: 617-556-3073, fax number: 617 556 3344
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26
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Cavaco S, Viegas CSB, Rafael MS, Ramos A, Magalhães J, Blanco FJ, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Gla-rich protein is involved in the cross-talk between calcification and inflammation in osteoarthritis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1051-65. [PMID: 26337479 PMCID: PMC11108449 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease characterized by articular cartilage loss, tissue inflammation, abnormal bone formation and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Disease-modifying treatments are not yet available and a better understanding of osteoarthritis pathophysiology should lead to the discovery of more effective treatments. Gla-rich protein (GRP) has been proposed to act as a mineralization inhibitor and was recently shown to be associated with OA in vivo. Here, we further investigated the association of GRP with OA mineralization-inflammation processes. Using a synoviocyte and chondrocyte OA cell system, we showed that GRP expression was up-regulated following cell differentiation throughout ECM calcification, and that inflammatory stimulation with IL-1β results in an increased expression of COX2 and MMP13 and up-regulation of GRP. Importantly, while treatment of articular cells with γ-carboxylated GRP inhibited ECM calcification, treatment with either GRP or GRP-coated basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals resulted in the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and mediators of inflammation, independently of its γ-carboxylation status. Our results strengthen the calcification inhibitory function of GRP and strongly suggest GRP as a novel anti-inflammatory agent, with potential beneficial effects on the main processes responsible for osteoarthritis progression. In conclusion, GRP is a strong candidate target to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cavaco
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Carla S B Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Rafael
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Acácio Ramos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Algarve Medical Centre (CHAlgarve), Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Grupo de Bioingeniería Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC-CHUAC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Grupo de Bioingeniería Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC-CHUAC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cees Vermeer
- VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dina C Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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27
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Viegas CSB, Rafael MS, Enriquez JL, Teixeira A, Vitorino R, Luís IM, Costa RM, Santos S, Cavaco S, Neves J, Macedo AL, Willems BAG, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Gla-rich protein acts as a calcification inhibitor in the human cardiovascular system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:399-408. [PMID: 25538207 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular and valvular calcifications are pathological processes regulated by resident cells, and depending on a complex interplay between calcification promoters and inhibitors, resembling skeletal metabolism. Here, we study the role of the vitamin K-dependent Gla-rich protein (GRP) in vascular and valvular calcification processes. APPROACH AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that GRP expression and accumulation are upregulated with calcification simultaneously with osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP). Using conformation-specific antibodies, both γ-carboxylated GRP and undercarboxylated GRP species were found accumulated at the sites of mineral deposits, whereas undercarboxylated GRP was predominant in calcified aortic valve disease valvular interstitial cells. Mineral-bound GRP, MGP, and fetuin-A were identified by mass spectrometry. Using an ex vivo model of vascular calcification, γ-carboxylated GRP but not undercarboxylated GRP was shown to inhibit calcification and osteochondrogenic differentiation through α-smooth muscle actin upregulation and osteopontin downregulation. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that GRP is part of an MGP-fetuin-A complex at the sites of valvular calcification. Moreover, extracellular vesicles released from normal vascular smooth muscle cells are loaded with GRP, MGP, and fetuin-A, whereas under calcifying conditions, released extracellular vesicles show increased calcium loading and GRP and MGP depletion. CONCLUSIONS GRP is an inhibitor of vascular and valvular calcification involved in calcium homeostasis. Its function might be associated with prevention of calcium-induced signaling pathways and direct mineral binding to inhibit crystal formation/maturation. Our data show that GRP is a new player in mineralization competence of extracellular vesicles possibly associated with the fetuin-A-MGP calcification inhibitory system. GRP activity was found to be dependent on its γ-carboxylation status, with potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S B Viegas
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Marta S Rafael
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - José L Enriquez
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Alexandra Teixeira
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Rui Vitorino
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Inês M Luís
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Rúben M Costa
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Sofia Santos
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Sofia Cavaco
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - José Neves
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Anjos L Macedo
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Brecht A G Willems
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Cees Vermeer
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.)
| | - Dina C Simes
- From the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) (C.S.B.V., M.S.R., I.M.L., R.M.C., S.S., S.C., D.C.S.), GenoGla Diagnostics (C.S.B.V., D.C.S.), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Histopathology, Algarve Medical Centre, Faro, Portugal (J.L.E., A.T.); Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal (R.V.); Service of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Santa Cruz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal (J.N.); UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (A.L.M.); VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W., C.V.); and Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.A.G.W.).
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Gla-rich protein is a potential new vitamin K target in cancer: evidences for a direct GRP-mineral interaction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:340216. [PMID: 24949434 PMCID: PMC4052551 DOI: 10.1155/2014/340216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gla-rich protein (GRP) was described in sturgeon as a new vitamin-K-dependent protein (VKDP) with a high density of Gla residues and associated with ectopic calcifications in humans. Although VKDPs function has been related with γ-carboxylation, the Gla status of GRP in humans is still unknown. Here, we investigated the expression of recently identified GRP spliced transcripts, the γ-carboxylation status, and its association with ectopic calcifications, in skin basal cell and breast carcinomas. GRP-F1 was identified as the predominant splice variant expressed in healthy and cancer tissues. Patterns of γ-carboxylated GRP (cGRP)/undercarboxylated GRP (ucGRP) accumulation in healthy and cancer tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry, using newly developed conformation-specific antibodies. Both GRP protein forms were found colocalized in healthy tissues, while ucGRP was the predominant form associated with tumor cells. Both cGRP and ucGRP found at sites of microcalcifications were shown to have in vitro calcium mineral-binding capacity. The decreased levels of cGRP and predominance of ucGRP in tumor cells suggest that GRP may represent a new target for the anticancer potential of vitamin K. Also, the direct interaction of cGRP and ucGRP with BCP crystals provides a possible mechanism explaining GRP association with pathological mineralization.
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