1
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Shao Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Yuan Y, Xing D. Growth differentiation factor 11: A new hope for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:82-93. [PMID: 37414617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that has garnered significant attention due to its anti-cardiac aging properties. Many studies have revealed that GDF11 plays an indispensable role in the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Consequently, it has emerged as a potential target and novel therapeutic agent for CVD treatment. However, currently, no literature reviews comprehensively summarize the research on GDF11 in the context of CVDs. Therefore, herein, we comprehensively described GDF11's structure, function, and signaling in various tissues. Furthermore, we focused on the latest findings concerning its involvement in CVD development and its potential for clinical translation as a CVD treatment. We aim to provide a theoretical basis for the prospects and future research directions of the GDF11 application regarding CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Shao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Liu Z, Wang T, Shi X, Wang X, Ren W, Huang B, Wang C. Identification of LTBP2 gene polymorphisms and their association with thoracolumbar vertebrae number, body size, and carcass traits in Dezhou donkeys. Front Genet 2022; 13:969959. [PMID: 36482906 PMCID: PMC9723334 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.969959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of thoracolumbar vertebrae in Dezhou donkeys varies from 22 to 24 and is associated with body size and carcass traits. In mammals, the latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2 (LTBP2) has been found to have some functions in the development of thoracolumbar vertebrae. The relationship between LTBP2 and TLN (the number of thoracolumbar vertebrae) of Dezhou donkeys is yet to be reported. The purposes of this study are as follows: 1) to quantify the effect of thoracolumbar vertebrae number variation of Dezhou donkeys on body size and carcass trait; 2) to study the distribution of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the LTBP2 gene of Dezhou donkeys; and 3) to explore whether these SNVs can be used as candidate sites to study the mechanism of Dezhou donkey muti-thoracolumbar vertebrae development. The TLN, body size, and carcass traits of 392 individuals from a Dezhou donkey breed were recorded. All animals were sequenced for LTBP2 using GBTS liquid chip and 16 SNVs were used for further analysis. We then analyzed the relationship between these SNVs with TLN, body size, and carcass traits. The results showed that: 1) c.5547 + 860 C > T, c.5251 + 281 A > C, c.3769 + 40 C > T, and c.2782 + 3975 A > G were complete genetic linkages and significantly associated with thoracic vertebrae number (TN) (p < 0.05) (wild-type homozygotes had more TN than heterozygotes); 2) c.1381 + 768 T > G and c.1381 + 763 G > T were significantly associated with lumber vertebrae number (LN) (p < 0.05); 3) c.1003 + 704 C > T, c.1003 + 651 C > T, c.1003 + 626 A > G, and c.812 + 22526 T > G were significantly associated with chest circumference (CHC), front carcass weight (CWF), after carcass weight (CWA), and carcass weight (CW) (p < 0.05) (wild-type homozygotes were larger than other genotypes in CHC, CWF, CWA, and CW); and 4) the effect of variation is not consistent in c.565 + 11921 A > G, c.565 + 6840 A > G, c.565 + 3453 C > T, and c.494 + 5808 C > T. These results provide useful information that the polymorphism of LTBP2 is significantly associated with TLN, body size, and carcass traits in Dezhou donkeys, which can serve as a molecule marker to improve donkey production performance.
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The relationship between transforming growth factor β superfamily members (GDF11 and BMP4) and lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:737-747. [PMID: 34417839 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between transforming growth factor β superfamily members (GDF11 and BMP4) and bone metabolism remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum GDF11 and BMP4 levels and lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD) in a cohort of postmenopausal Chinese women. METHODS This was a non-prospective cross-sectional study of 350 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 63.13 ± 8.66 years who came from Shenyang, China. LBMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum GDF11 and BMP4 concentrations were detected using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay kit. Pearson's correlation analysis and regression analyses were carried out to investigate the relationships between LBMD and serum GDF11 and BMP4 levels. RESULTS A linear association between LBMD and serum LgGDF11 concentration was observed after adjusting for numerous confounders (P = 0.018). In addition, the osteoporosis (OP) was inversely related to LgGDF11 and the odds ratios for postmenopausal women with lumbar OP in LgGDF11 quartile group 2, group 3, and group 4 were 0.46 (95% CI 0.23-0.90, P < 0.05), 0.41 (95% CI 0.20-0.84, P < 0.05), and 0.30 (95% CI 0.14-0.63, P < 0.01), respectively (P = 0.001 for the trend), when compared to the highest quartile of LgGDF11 after adjustments for many confounding variables in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that serum GDF11 levels were linearly related to LBMD, and it was also revealed that serum GDF11 levels were significantly associated with lumbar OP in postmenopausal women. However, serum BMP4 levels were not associated with LBMD and lumbar OP.
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4
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Similar sequences but dissimilar biological functions of GDF11 and myostatin. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1673-1693. [PMID: 33077875 PMCID: PMC8080601 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (MSTN) are closely related TGFβ family members that are often believed to serve similar functions due to their high homology. However, genetic studies in animals provide clear evidence that they perform distinct roles. While the loss of Mstn leads to hypermuscularity, the deletion of Gdf11 results in abnormal skeletal patterning and organ development. The perinatal lethality of Gdf11-null mice, which contrasts with the long-term viability of Mstn-null mice, has led most research to focus on utilizing recombinant GDF11 proteins to investigate the postnatal functions of GDF11. However, the reported outcomes of the exogenous application of recombinant GDF11 proteins are controversial partly because of the different sources and qualities of recombinant GDF11 used and because recombinant GDF11 and MSTN proteins are nearly indistinguishable due to their similar structural and biochemical properties. Here, we analyze the similarities and differences between GDF11 and MSTN from an evolutionary point of view and summarize the current understanding of the biological processing, signaling, and physiological functions of GDF11 and MSTN. Finally, we discuss the potential use of recombinant GDF11 as a therapeutic option for a wide range of medical conditions and the possible adverse effects of GDF11 inhibition mediated by MSTN inhibitors.
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5
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Lan D, Ji W, Xiong X, Liang Q, Yao W, Mipam TD, Zhong J, Li J. Population genome of the newly discovered Jinchuan yak to understand its adaptive evolution in extreme environments and generation mechanism of the multirib trait. Integr Zool 2020; 16:685-695. [PMID: 32822522 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation and diversity of animals to the extreme environments of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) are typical materials to study adaptive evolution. The recently discovered Jinchuan yak population has many individuals with multiple ribs. However, little is known about this yak's origin, evolution, and the genetic mechanisms that formed its unique multirib trait. Here, we report a valuable population genome resource of the Jinchuan yak by resequencing the whole genome of 150 individuals. Population genetic polymorphism and structure analysis reveal that Jinchuan yak can be differentiated as a unique and original yak population among the domestic yak. Combined with geological change, the Jinchuan yak's evolutionary origin is speculated to be about 6290 years ago, which may be related to the unique geographical environment of the eastern edge of the QTP during this period. Compared with other domestic yaks, this new population has 280 positively selected genes. The genes related to skeletal function hold a considerable and remarkable proportion, suggesting that the specific skeletal characteristics have been enhanced in the adaptive evolution of Jinchuan yak in the extreme plateau environment. The genome-wide association study has revealed that TUBA8 and TUBA4A, the genes that regulate the cytoskeleton, are potential genes associated with the multirib trait. Our findings provide a basis to further understand the generation mechanism of the adaptive evolution of this new population in high-altitude extreme environments and the multivertebrate trait of domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Lan
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhui Ji
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianrong Xiong
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiqi Liang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wenye Yao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tserang-Donko Mipam
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jincheng Zhong
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Ministry of Education of Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Qi X, Xiao Q, Sheng R, Jiang S, Yuan Q, Liu W. Endogenous GDF11 regulates odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11457-11464. [PMID: 32845070 PMCID: PMC7576269 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cell‐based tooth regeneration is the futuristic treatment for missing teeth. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a novel member of the TGF‐beta superfamily, has been reported to play a critical role in regulating stem cell differentiation. However, the role of endogenous GDF11 during dental stem cell differentiation remains unknown. Here, we have shown that GDF11 was highly expressed in dental pulp tissues in both mouse and human. Knockdown of endogenous GDF11 in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) led to comparable proliferation and migration but attenuated odontogenic differentiation as evidenced by alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S staining. In addition, transcriptional levels of odontogenic‐related genes were significantly down‐regulated according to real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Mechanistically, we performed RNA sequencing analysis and found that silencing of endogenous GDF11 compromised the process of ossification and osteoblast differentiation, especially down‐regulated transcription expression of Wnt pathway‐specific genes. Immunofluorescence staining also showed diminished β‐catenin expression and nuclei accumulation after knockdown of endogenous GDF11 in hDPSCs. In summary, our results suggested that endogenous GDF11 positively regulate odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs through canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingying Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Egerman MA, Glass DJ. The role of GDF11 in aging and skeletal muscle, cardiac and bone homeostasis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:174-183. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1610722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Egerman
- Age-Related Disorders, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J. Glass
- Age-Related Disorders, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Wu Y, Qu J, Li H, Yuan H, Guo Q, Ouyang Z, Lu Q. Relationship between serum level of growth differentiation factors 8, 11 and bone mineral density in girls with anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:88-93. [PMID: 30281844 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) have low body mass and low bone mineral density (BMD). Growth differentiation factor 8 (Myostatin, GDF8) and its homologue growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), members of the TGF-β super-family, play an important role in muscle regeneration and bone metabolism in healthy individuals. However, their association with BMD in AN is unknown. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between GDF8, GDF11 and BMD in adolescent girls with AN. METHODS Serum GDF8, GDF11 and BMD were determined in 25 girls (12-16 years old) with AN and 31 healthy girls (12-16 years old). RESULTS Growth differentiation factor 8 levels were lower in AN subjects. On the contrary, GDF11 levels were higher in AN subjects than controls. There was no relationship between GDF8 and BMD. A significant negative correlation between GDF11 and BMD was found. In multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, BMI, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, GDF11, or lean mass, but not fat mass and GDF8, were independent predictors of BMD in the AN and control groups separately. CONCLUSIONS Growth differentiation factor 11 was independent predictor of BMD in girls with AN. It suggested that GDF11 exerts a negative effect on bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Science and Education, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Endocrinology Research Center, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanbo Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Jin Q, Qiao C, Li J, Li J, Xiao X. Neonatal Systemic AAV-Mediated Gene Delivery of GDF11 Inhibits Skeletal Muscle Growth. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1109-1117. [PMID: 29503194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11; BMP11) is a circulating cytokine in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. Treatment with recombinant GDF11 (rGDF11) protein has previously been shown to reverse skeletal muscle dysfunction in aged mice. However, the actions of GDF11 in skeletal muscle are still not fully understood. Because GDF11 activates the TGF-β-SMAD2/3 pathway, we hypothesized that GDF11 overexpression would inhibit skeletal muscle growth. To test this hypothesis, we generated recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors harboring the gene for either human GDF11 (AAV9-GDF11) or human IgG1 Fc-fused GDF11 propeptide (AAV9-GDF11Pro-Fc-1) to study the effects of GDF11 overexpression or blockade on skeletal muscle growth and function in vivo. After intravenous administration of AAV9-GDF11 into neonatal C57BL/6J mice, we observed sustained limb muscle growth inhibition along with reductions in forelimb grip strength and treadmill running endurance at 16 weeks. Conversely, treatment with AAV9-GDF11Pro-Fc-1 led to increased limb muscle mass and forelimb grip strength after 28 weeks, although a difference in the total body mass/muscle mass ratio was not observed between treatment and control groups. In sum, our results suggest GDF11 overexpression has an inhibitory effect on skeletal muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Jin
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chunping Qiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jianbin Li
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juan Li
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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10
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Huang J, Zhang M, Ye R, Ma Y, Lei C. Effects of increased vertebral number on carcass weight in PIC pigs. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:2057-2062. [PMID: 28776879 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Variation of the vertebral number is associated with carcass traits in pigs. However, results from different populations do not match well with others, especially for carcass weight. Therefore, effects of increased vertebral number on carcass weight were investigated by analyzing the relationship between two loci multi-vertebra causal loci (NR6A1 g.748 C > T and VRTN g.20311_20312ins291) and carcass weight in PIC pigs. Results from the association study between vertebral number and carcass weight showed that increased thoracic number had negative effects on carcass weight, but the results were not statistically significant. Further, VRTN Ins/Ins genotype increased more than one thoracic than that of Wt/Wt genotype on average in this PIC population. Meanwhile, there was a significant negative effect of VRTN Ins on carcass weight (P < 0.05). Thus, our results suggested negative effect of increased thoracic number on carcass weight in PIC pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.,Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.,Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Runqing Ye
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.,Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.,Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Abstract
In addition to its roles in embryonic development, Growth and Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF 11) has recently drawn much interest about its roles in other processes, such as aging. GDF 11 has been shown to play pivotal roles in the rescue of the proliferative and regenerative capabilities of skeletal muscle, neural stem cells and cardiomyocytes. We would be remiss not to point that some controversy exists regarding the role of GDF 11 in biological processes and whether it will serve as a therapeutic agent. The latest studies have shown that the level of circulating GDF 11 correlates with the outcomes of patients with cardiovascular diseases, cancer and uremia. Based on these studies, GDF 11 is a promising candidate to serve as a novel biomarker of diseases. This brief review gives a detailed and concise view of the regulation and functions of GDF 11 and its roles in development, neurogenesis and erythropoiesis as well as the prospect of using this protein as an indicator of cardiac health and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jamaiyar
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - W Wan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA; Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - D M Janota
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - M K Enrick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - W M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - L Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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12
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The Epidemiological, Morphological, and Clinical Aspects of the Cervical Ribs in Humans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8034613. [PMID: 27975060 PMCID: PMC5126392 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8034613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A familiarity with the anatomy of some types of bone anomalies is necessary for clinicians involved in many medical areas. The aim of this paper is to review the newest literature concerning the morphology, embryology, clinical image, and therapeutic methods of the cervical ribs in the humans. The incidence of cervical ribs has been found to vary from 0.58% in Malaysian population to 6.2% in Turkish population. Cervical ribs have clinical implications that are generally divided into neurological or vascular. This study is of particular importance for clinicians, as early identification of cervical ribs may prevent life-threatening complications.
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13
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Lu Q, Tu ML, Li CJ, Zhang L, Jiang TJ, Liu T, Luo XH. GDF11 Inhibits Bone Formation by Activating Smad2/3 in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:500-509. [PMID: 27395058 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Recent studies confirmed that GDF11 plays an important role in regulating the regeneration of brain, skeletal muscle, and heart during aging; however, its role in bone metabolism remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of GDF11 on bone metabolism, including bone formation and bone resorption, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that GDF11 inhibited osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Mechanistically, GDF11 repressed Runx2 expression by inducing SMAD2/3 phosphorylation during osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of GDF11 inhibited bone formation and accelerated age-related bone loss in mice. Our results also showed that GDF11 had no effect on osteoclast differentiation or bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a further rationale for the therapeutic targeting of GDF11 for the treatment of age-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Man-Li Tu
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Li
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Jian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hang Luo
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Liu W, Zhou L, Zhou C, Zhang S, Jing J, Xie L, Sun N, Duan X, Jing W, Liang X, Zhao H, Ye L, Chen Q, Yuan Q. GDF11 decreases bone mass by stimulating osteoclastogenesis and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12794. [PMID: 27653144 PMCID: PMC5036163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related disease that affects millions of people. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a secreted member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. Deletion of Gdf11 has been shown to result in a skeletal anterior-posterior patterning disorder. Here we show a role for GDF11 in bone remodelling. GDF11 treatment leads to bone loss in both young and aged mice. GDF11 inhibits osteoblast differentiation and also stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through Smad2/3 and c-Fos-dependent induction of Nfatc1. Injection of GDF11 impairs bone regeneration in mice and blocking GDF11 function prevents oestrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss and ameliorates age-related osteoporosis. Our data demonstrate that GDF11 is a previously unrecognized regulator of bone remodelling and suggest that GDF11 is a potential target for treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ningyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Chen Y, Guo Q, Zhang M, Song S, Quan T, Zhao T, Li H, Guo L, Jiang T, Wang G. Relationship of serum GDF11 levels with bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal Chinese women. Bone Res 2016; 4:16012. [PMID: 27408764 PMCID: PMC4923943 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is an important circulating factor that regulates aging. However, the role of GDF11 in bone metabolism remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between serum GDF11 level, bone mass, and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal Chinese women. Serum GDF11 level, bone turnover biochemical markers, and bone mineral density (BMD) were determined in 169 postmenopausal Chinese women (47-78 years old). GDF11 serum levels increased with aging. There were negative correlations between GDF11 and BMD at the various skeletal sites. After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), the correlations remained statistically significant. In the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, age or years since menopause, BMI, GDF11, and estradiol were independent predictors of BMD. A significant negative correlation between GDF11 and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) was identified and remained significant after adjusting for age and BMI. No significant correlation was noted between cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen (NTX) and GDF11. In conclusion, GDF11 is an independent negative predictor of BMD and correlates with a biomarker of bone formation, BAP, in postmenopausal Chinese women. GDF11 potentially exerts a negative effect on bone mass by regulating bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Chen
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Hunan University of Medicine , Huaihua, China
| | - Shumin Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | - Lijuan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Tiejian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, China
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16
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Targeted mutations in myostatin by zinc-finger nucleases result in double-muscled phenotype in Meishan pigs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14435. [PMID: 26400270 PMCID: PMC4585837 DOI: 10.1038/srep14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a dominant inhibitor of skeletal muscle development and growth. Mutations in MSTN gene can lead to muscle hypertrophy or double-muscled (DM) phenotype in cattle, sheep, dog and human. However, there has not been reported significant muscle phenotypes in pigs in association with MSTN mutations. Pigs are an important source of meat production, as well as serve as a preferred animal model for the studies of human disease. To study the impacts of MSTN mutations on skeletal muscle growth in pigs, we generated MSTN-mutant Meishan pigs with no marker gene via zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) technology. The MSTN-mutant pigs developed and grew normally, had increased muscle mass with decreased fat accumulation compared with wild type pigs, and homozygote MSTN mutant (MSTN−/−) pigs had apparent DM phenotype, and individual muscle mass increased by 100% over their wild-type controls (MSTN+/+) at eight months of age as a result of myofiber hyperplasia. Interestingly, 20% MSTN-mutant pigs had one extra thoracic vertebra. The MSTN-mutant pigs will not only offer a way of fast genetic improvement of lean meat for local fat-type indigenous pig breeds, but also serve as an important large animal model for biomedical studies of musculoskeletal formation, development and diseases.
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17
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Jurberg AD, Vasconcelos-Fontes L, Cotta-de-Almeida V. A Tale from TGF-β Superfamily for Thymus Ontogeny and Function. Front Immunol 2015; 6:442. [PMID: 26441956 PMCID: PMC4564722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways control every aspect of cell behavior, organ formation, and tissue homeostasis throughout the lifespan of any individual. This review takes an ontogenetic view focused on the large superfamily of TGF-β/bone morphogenetic protein ligands to address thymus morphogenesis and function in T cell differentiation. Recent findings on a role of GDF11 for reversing aging-related phenotypes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dias Jurberg
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Larissa Vasconcelos-Fontes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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18
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Vanbekbergen N, Hendrickx M, Leyns L. Growth differentiation factor 11 is an encephalic regionalizing factor in neural differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:766. [PMID: 25352416 PMCID: PMC4228095 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The central nervous system has a complex structural organization and consists of different subdomains along the antero-posterior axis. However, questions remain about the molecular mechanisms leading to the regionalization of this organ. We used a previously developed methodology to identify the novel patterning role of GDF11, a TGF-β signaling factor. Findings Using an assay based on neural differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells, GDF11 is shown to induce diencephalic (posterior forebrain), mesencephalic (midbrain) and metencephalic (anterior hindbrain) fates at the expense of telencephalic (anterior forebrain) specification. GDF11 has not previously been implicated in the early patterning of the nervous system. In addition, inhibition of the TGF-β type I receptors Alk4, Alk5 and Alk7 by the pharmacological inhibitor SB431542 caused a strong anteriorization of the cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that GDF11 is involved in the earliest steps of the brain patterning during neurogenesis in the vertebrate embryo and is shown to be a regionalizing factor of the regional fate in the developing brain. This regionalization is not a typical posteriorizing signal as seen with retinoic acid, FGF or BMP molecules. To our knowledge, this is the first time that GDF11 is implicated in the earliest steps of the patterning of the neural plate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luc Leyns
- Department of Biology, Lab for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 2 Pleinlaan, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Hyperactive self-inactivating piggyBac for transposase-enhanced pronuclear microinjection transgenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19184-9. [PMID: 23093669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216473109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a unique method for mouse transgenesis. The transposase-enhanced pronuclear microinjection (PNI) technique described herein uses the hyperactive piggyBac transposase to insert a large transgene into the mouse genome. This procedure increased transgene integration efficiency by fivefold compared with conventional PNI or intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated transgenesis. Our data indicate that the transposase-enhanced PNI technique additionally requires fewer embryos to be microinjected than traditional methods to obtain transgenic animals. This transposase-mediated approach is also very efficient for single-cell embryo cytoplasmic injections, offering an easy-to-implement transgenesis method to the scientific community.
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20
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Li Z, Zeng F, Mitchell AD, Kim YS, Wu Z, Yang J. Transgenic overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 11 propeptide in skeleton enhances bone formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:289-92. [PMID: 22093826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP11) is a key regulatory protein in skeletal development. BMP11 propeptide has been shown to antagonize GDF11 activity in vitro. To explore the role of BMP11 propeptide in skeletal formation in vivo, we generated transgenic mice with skeleton-specific overexpression of BMP11 propeptide cDNA. The mice showed a transformation of the seventh cervical vertebra into a thoracic vertebra in our previous report. Presently, further characterizations of the transgenic mice indicated that ossification in calvatia was dramatically enhanced in transgenic fetuses at 16.5 dpc in comparison with their wild-type littermates. At 10 weeks of age, bone mineral content and bone mineral density were significantly (P<0.05) higher in transgenic mice than that in their wild-type littermates based on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis. The relative trabecular bone volume measured by histological analysis was dramatically increased in transgenic mice compared with their wild-type littermates. The enhanced bone formations in the transgenic mice appear to result from increase osteoblast activities as the expressions of four osteoblast markers - α1 type 1 collagen, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and phex were significantly higher in transgenic fetuses than that in their wild-type littermates. These results suggest that over-expression of BMP11 propeptide stimulates bone formation by increasing osteoblast cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Li
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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21
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Furtado LV, Thaker HM, Erickson LK, Shirts BH, Opitz JM. Cervical ribs are more prevalent in stillborn fetuses than in live-born infants and are strongly associated with fetal aneuploidy. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2011; 14:431-7. [PMID: 21711209 DOI: 10.2350/11-01-0974-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of cervical ribs in stillborn fetuses undergoing autopsy at our institution and to search for significant associations with cervical ribs. European studies have reported an increased prevalence of cervical ribs in patients with childhood cancer and in stillborn fetuses. We reviewed data from autopsies performed at Primary Children's Medical Center, Utah, between 2006 and 2009 on 225 stillborns (≥20 weeks) and 93 deceased live-born infants (<1 year). Digital fetal radiographs in anterior-posterior and lateral views had been taken of each subject. Chi-square analysis and general linear models were used for statistical analysis of the data. The overall prevalence of cervical ribs was higher in stillborns than in live-borns who died in the first year (43.1% vs 11.8%). Karyotypes were available for 93 (41.3%) of the stillborns. Of those, cervical ribs were present in 33 of 76 (43.4%) stillborns with normal karyotype and in 13 of 17 (76.4%) stillborns with aneuploidy. Females with unavailable karyotypes were more likely to have cervical ribs than those with normal karyotypes (P = 0.0002). This greater likelihood was not observed in males. Among the stillborns with normal karyotypes, we found no statistically significant association with gender or gestational age at fetal death. There was also no statistically significant association between congenital anomalies and the presence of cervical ribs. Our findings support the hypothesis that cervical ribs are markers for disadvantageous developmental events occurring during blastogenesis and have been subject to strong negative selection during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V Furtado
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
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Molecular characterizations of a novel putative DNA-binding protein LvDBP23 in marine shrimp L. vannamei tissues and molting stages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19959. [PMID: 21625495 PMCID: PMC3098851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Litopenaeus Vannamei, well known as pacific white shrimp, is the most popular shrimp in the world shrimp market. Identification and characterization of shrimp muscle regulatory genes are not only important for shrimp genetic improvement, but also facilitate comparative genomic tools for understanding of muscle development and regeneration. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A novel mRNA encoding for a putative DNA-binding protein LvDBP23 was identified from Litopenaeus vannamei abdominal muscle cDNA library. The LvDBP23 cDNA contains 639 nucleotides of protein-coding sequence with deduced 212 amino acids of predicted molecular mass 23.32 kDa with glycine-rich domain at amino acid position 94-130. The mRNA sequence is successfully used for producing LvDBP23 recombinant protein in sf9 insect cell expression system. The expression of LvDBP23 mRNA is presented in abdominal muscle and swimming leg muscle, as well as other tissues including intestine, lymphoid and gill. The mRNA expression has the highest level in abdominal muscle in all tested tissues. LVDBP23 transcript during the molt cycle is highly expressed in the intermolt stage. In vitro nucleic acid-binding assays reveal that LvDBP23 protein can bind to both ssDNA and dsDNA, indicating its possible role of regulation of gene transcription. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We are the first to report a DNA-binding protein identified from the abdominal muscle tissue of marine shrimp L. Vannamei. Its high-level specific expression during the intermot stage suggests its role in the regulation of muscle buildup during the growth phase of shrimp molt cycle.
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Breaking evolutionary and pleiotropic constraints in mammals: On sloths, manatees and homeotic mutations. EvoDevo 2011; 2:11. [PMID: 21548920 PMCID: PMC3120709 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammals as a rule have seven cervical vertebrae, except for sloths and manatees. Bateson proposed that the change in the number of cervical vertebrae in sloths is due to homeotic transformations. A recent hypothesis proposes that the number of cervical vertebrae in sloths is unchanged and that instead the derived pattern is due to abnormal primaxial/abaxial patterning. Results We test the detailed predictions derived from both hypotheses for the skeletal patterns in sloths and manatees for both hypotheses. We find strong support for Bateson's homeosis hypothesis. The observed vertebral and rib patterns cannot be explained by changes in primaxial/abaxial patterning. Vertebral patterns in sloths and manatees are similar to those in mice and humans with abnormal numbers of cervical vertebrae: incomplete and asymmetric homeotic transformations are common and associated with skeletal abnormalities. In sloths the homeotic vertebral shift involves a large part of the vertebral column. As such, similarity is greatest with mice mutant for genes upstream of Hox. Conclusions We found no skeletal abnormalities in specimens of sister taxa with a normal number of cervical vertebrae. However, we always found such abnormalities in conspecifics with an abnormal number, as in many of the investigated dugongs. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that the evolutionary constraints on changes of the number of cervical vertebrae in mammals is due to deleterious pleitropic effects. We hypothesize that in sloths and manatees low metabolic and activity rates severely reduce the usual stabilizing selection, allowing the breaking of the pleiotropic constraints. This probably also applies to dugongs, although to a lesser extent.
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