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Park S, Cho ES, Kim CH, Lee S, Jeong YD, Park M, Kim D, Seo D, Kim YH, Hochi S, Choi I, Chung HJ. Detection of sow pregnancy in day-20 urine samples using monoclonal antibody against synthesized porcine early pregnancy factor: Preliminary results. Theriogenology 2024; 229:23-29. [PMID: 39142067 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of pregnancy is directly related to cost-effective livestock production. We produced a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) against synthesized porcine early pregnancy factor (pEPF) using conventional hybridoma technology and used it as a tool for the detection of early pregnancy in Duroc sows. The rat pEPF-mAb showed reactivity to uterine tissues of pregnant sows 20 or 30 days post-mating (day 0 defined as the day of mating) and non-pregnant sows (confirmed signs of estrus) in western blotting. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that pEPF was located in the stromal and grand epithelial tissues of pregnant sows 20 or 30 days post-mating. In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, pEPF expression in urine and blood showed similar results, with the highest expression observed in pregnant sows 20 days post-mating, whereas there was no significant difference in expression levels between non-pregnant sows and pregnant sows 30 days post-mating. The pEPF-mAb-based pregnancy diagnostic kit can be applied to pig urine samples non-invasively collected at 20 days post-mating with 70 % accuracy. Further improvements to the kit's diagnostic performance may lead to substantial benefits for the swine industry, facilitating more efficient and accurate reproductive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Park
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, 31000, Republic of Korea; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon-si, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Hyun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju-gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Jeong
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghum Park
- R&D Center, TNT Research Co., Sejeong-si, 30141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- R&D Center, TNT Research Co., Sejeong-si, 30141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Seo
- R&D Center, TNT Research Co., Sejeong-si, 30141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ho Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan-si, 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinichi Hochi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Inchul Choi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon-si, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- R&D Center, TNT Research Co., Sejeong-si, 30141, Republic of Korea.
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Sun H, Jiang Z, Chen Z, Liu G, Liu Z. Effects of fermented unconventional protein feed on pig production in China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1446233. [PMID: 39144079 PMCID: PMC11322053 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1446233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein feeds, characterized by low nutritional value, high variability, and poor palatability, have limited their application in swine production. Fermentation technology holds the key to addressing these shortcomings. Given the ban on antibiotics in China, the inferior quality of imported pig breeds, and long-term dependence on imported soybean, the prospects for fermented unconventional protein feeds are promising. This paper delves into the common types of fermented unconventional protein feeds, factors influencing the fermentation process, the mechanisms by which they enhance swine health, and the challenges and prospects of fermented feeds, offering theoretical insights for the future development of the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Sun
- Cofco Joycome (Jilin) Co., Ltd., Songyuan, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zexue Liu
- COFCO Wuhan Meat Product Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
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Landi V, Maggiolino A, Hidalgo J, Rossoni A, Chebel RC, De Palo P. Effect of transgenerational environmental condition on genetics parameters of Italian Brown Swiss. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1549-1560. [PMID: 37806626 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to infer the effects of heat stress (HS) of dams during late gestation on direct and maternal genetic parameters for traits related to milk production and milk quality parameters (90,558 records) in Italian Brown Swiss cattle (12,072 cows in 617 herds). Daily average temperature-humidity indices (THI) during the last 56 d of pregnancy were calculated, using the climate data from the nearest public weather station for each herd. Heat load effects were considered as the average across the entire periods considering a thermoneutrality condition for data below the THI 60. For parameter estimation a random regression model using the second-order Legendre polynomial regression coefficient for THI considering both animal and maternal effect for heat load. Direct heritability increased sharply from THI 60 to 65, then decreased gradually up to THI ∼72, and sharply thereafter. Maternal heritability showed a different trend, with values close to 0 up until to THI 65 and slightly increasing toward extreme THI values. The study suggests a lower threshold of THI 60 for the onset of HS. Higher heritability values indicate greater selective efficiency in the THI range of 65 to 70, even if a higher standard deviation value have been detected. The effects of high THI during intrauterine life varied among traits with different heritability levels. Genetic correlations for milk, fat, and protein content at 60 THI with increasing value of environmental variable, remained constant (∼0.90) until THI >75, where they slightly decreased (∼0.85). Fat and protein yields, as well as milk and energy-corrected milk, showed correlations dropping to 0.80 around THI 67 to 68 and stabilizing between 0.75 and 0.85 at extreme THI values. Maternal component correlations dropped close to zero, with negative values for protein content at THI 65 to 70. Antagonism between direct and maternal components was stronger for intermediate THI values but less divergent for extremes. Genotype by environment interaction was observed, indicating the selection of resilient animals would be theoretically possible. In the future, the application of climate variables in selection schemes first should take into account the dimensions of the genetic correlations to be able to decide between the simple inclusion of the environmental effect in the statistical models, rather than a real parallel genetic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Landi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - A Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
| | - J Hidalgo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A Rossoni
- Italian Brown Swiss Breeders Association, Loc. Ferlina 204, Bussolengo 37012, Italy
| | - R C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Adi YK, Taechamaeteekul P, Ruampatana J, Malison M, Suwimonteerabutr J, Kirkwood RN, Tummaruk P. Influence of prepartum feed levels on colostrum production and farrowing performance in highly prolific sows in a tropical environment. Animal 2024; 18:101066. [PMID: 38217893 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of data on the effects of altering feed levels on sow performance and piglet characteristics during the transition period in tropical environments. The present study determined the effect of sow feed levels during the transition period on colostrum yield, colostrum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, colostrum intake of piglets, farrowing duration, proportion of stillborn piglets per litter (SB) and the incidence of farrowing assistance in highly prolific sows. A total of 114 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows and their offspring (n = 2 072) were included in the experiment. Sows were assigned to different feed supply levels from entry to farrowing at 110 days of gestation until farrowing based on their parity number. Three feed-level groups were the control group who received 3.0 kg/day of lactation feed (n = 40), treatment 1 group who received 3.6 kg/day of gestation feed (n = 39) and treatment 2 group who received 4.0 kg/day of lactation feed (n = 35). Colostrum samples (5 ml) were obtained from the sows within 3 h after the onset of farrowing for IgG assay. Piglets were weighed immediately after birth and then again 17-24 h later to estimate their colostrum intake. Colostrum yield was determined by aggregating the colostrum intake of piglets within the litter. The total number of piglets born, SB and farrowing duration were 18.2 ± 3.8, 7.5% and 259.1 ± 138.1 min, respectively. Among these sows, 28.9% experienced a farrowing duration exceeding 300 min and 50.9% required assistance during farrowing. Interestingly, piglets in the treatment 2 group demonstrated a greater colostrum intake (403.1 ± 14.9 g) compared to the control group (360.6 ± 15.1 g, P = 0.046) and the treatment 1 group (361.0 ± 12.9 g, P = 0.033). On average, colostrum yield of sows in the treatment 2 group tended to be higher than in the control group (+0.5 kg, P = 0.081), but did not differ from the treatment 1 group (+0.3 kg, P = 0.191). No significant differences in farrowing duration, SB, farrowing assistance, or colostrum IgG concentration were found across various feed-level groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the study showed that raising lactation feed by 1.0 kg/day prefarrowing increased piglet colostrum intake and tended to boost sow colostrum production, without significantly affecting farrowing duration, stillbirth rates, or need for assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Adi
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - P Taechamaeteekul
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - J Ruampatana
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - M Malison
- Thai Food Research Center Co. Ltd, Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - J Suwimonteerabutr
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - R N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - P Tummaruk
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Lin KH, Flowers B, Knauer M, Lin EC. Estimation of genotype by environmental interaction for litter traits by reaction norm model in Taiwan Landrace sows. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae189. [PMID: 38995099 PMCID: PMC11310594 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The negative effects of heat stress on swine reproduction have been well documented and the recent global warming trend caused by climate change is leading to more days with high temperatures every year. This has caused a reduction in litter trait performance of Landrace sows in Taiwan, a country extending across tropical and subtropical oceanic zones. Therefore, this study developed a modified model to determine which stages of pregnancy, before, early, middle, and late, had the largest impacts of heat stress on litter traits. A reaction norm model (RNM) was used to identify sows with high resilience to heat stress for litter traits followed by analysis of the modified model. Data from Landrace sows were collected from 2 farms in Taiwan between 2008 and 2021. A total of 11,059 records were collected for total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), and stillborn rate (STBR). The results showed that the heritabilities of TNB, NBA, and STBR were 0.170, 0.115, and 0.077, respectively. These results were similar between the conventional model and the modified model. In the modified model, the before and early stages of sow pregnancy were the significant periods for TNB and NBA (P < 0.05), while the early and middle stages were significant for STBR (P < 0.05). According to the RNM results, the heritability estimates for TNB, NBA, and STBR were 0.23 to 0.11, 0.18 to 0.08, and 0.10 to 0.04, respectively, showing a decrease from low temperature-humidity index (THI) to high THI. The minimum genetic correlations between the highest and the lowest THI for TNB, NBA, and STBR were 0.85, 0.64, and 0.80, respectively. The results of the RNM for breeding value showed re-ranking across THI values. In conclusion, similar results were obtained for heritability when the model was modified for heat stress estimation. Yet re-ranking of breeding values across THI could help farmers to select not only for improved litter trait performance but also for heat stress resilience of Landrace sows in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Billy Flowers
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Mark Knauer
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - En-Chung Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cowell W, Ard N, Herrera T, Medley EA, Trasande L. Ambient temperature, heat stress and fetal growth: A review of placenta-mediated mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 576:112000. [PMID: 37460007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is increasingly considered a period of vulnerability for extreme heat exposure. Multiple lines of evidence support that heat stress is associated with placental insufficiency, poor fetal growth and decreased birth weight. In this narrative review, we first summarize evidence linking ambient temperature or experimentally-induced heat stress with fetal and placental growth outcomes in humans, ruminants and murine species. We then synthesize the literature on putative underlying biological pathways with a focus on the placenta. Reviewed mechanisms include: reduced uterine-placental blood flow, impaired supply of metabolic substrates to the fetus, activation of the maternal stress-response system, and disruption of other endocrine and immune system endpoints. Taken together, this body of evidence supports that exposure to extreme ambient heat likely has adverse consequences for placental development and function. However, research investigating placenta-mediated pathophysiological mechanisms in humans remains extremely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Cowell
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Ard
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Herrera
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor A Medley
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Flowers WL. Litter-of-origin traits and their association with lifetime productivity in sows and boars. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:585-593. [PMID: 35338538 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Litter-of-origin variables refer to unique characteristics of piglets between birth and weaning. They also are associated with reproductive organ development, so it seems plausible that they should influence lifetime productivity. Birthweight exhibited positive relationships with total sperm per ejaculate and total pigs produced over three parities for boars and sows, respectively. There were minimum birthweights below which the likelihood of future reproductive success was low so its use as an early selection criterion to exclude replacements with poor lifetime potential merits consideration. Colostrum is critical for normal adult reproductive physiology, and its intake can be estimated by measuring immunocrit levels after birth. Immunocrit had positive linear relationships with total pigs born alive over four parities in sows and total sperm produced per ejaculate in boars. Consequently, management strategies that enhance both the quality and quantity of colostrum consumed hold considerable potential for improving lifetime productivity. Results from both retrospective and prospective studies demonstrated that preweaning growth and weaning weight were associated positively with the development of reproductive organs, adult reproductive processes, and lifetime productivity. These should be, perhaps, the easiest to improve from a management perspective through the implementation of strategic cross-fostering, split-nursing, or supplemental feeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Flowers
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Li Y, Li T, Shang B, Zhao Y, Tao X, Peng F, Zou X, Zhang S. Evaluation of the effect of the indoor environment on the physiological responses of early-gestation sows in a commercial house in China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1178970. [PMID: 37332739 PMCID: PMC10270292 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1178970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The environment influences the sow's health and physiology during gestation. This study was conducted to evaluate indoor environmental parameters and physiological responses of early-gestation sows and investigate the possible methods for assessing the thermal environment in commercial houses. Methods A total of 20 early-gestation sows (commercial purebred Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 193.20 ± 3.62 kg were used for this study in winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The indoor environment parameters comprising dry-bulb temperature (Tdb), relative humidity (RH), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were recorded in 30-min intervals. Physiological parameters including heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) of sows were also measured every 30 min. Wet-bulb temperature (Twb) was calculated using Tdb, RH and atmospheric pressure was recorded at a nearby weather station. Results The average indoor Tdb and RH were 12.98 ± 2.03°C and 80.4 ± 6.4% in winter, 18.98 ± 2.68°C and 74.4 ± 9.0% in spring, 27.49 ± 2.05°C and 90.6 ± 6.4% in summer, and 17.10 ± 2.72°C and 64.5 ± 10.9% in autumn. A higher average concentration of CO2 was observed in winter (1,493 ± 578 mg/m3) than in spring (1,299 ± 489 mg/m3), autumn (1,269 ± 229 mg/m3), and summer (702 ± 128 mg/m3). Compared with the HR and RR in the optimum environment, high RH in the house led to a significant decrease in both HR and RR (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant decline in HR was also obtained at high temperatures (P < 0.05). A temperature humidity index (THI), THI = 0.82 × Tdb + 0.18 × Twb, was determined for early-gestation sows, and the THI thresholds were 25.6 for HR. The variation in THI in summer showed that heat stress still occurred under the pad-fan cooling system. Conclusion This study demonstrated the critical significance of considering physiological responses of early-gestation sows in commercial houses and THI thresholds. We recommend that much more cooling measures should be taken for early-gestation sows in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management in Agricultural Structures, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xiuping Tao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Henan Zhumei Swine Breeding Co., Ltd., Zhumadian, China
| | - Xiaojun Zou
- Henan Zhumei Swine Breeding Co., Ltd., Zhumadian, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- Zhengyang Pig Farm in Henan Province, Zhumadian, China
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Wang L, Wang C, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yin Y. Research progress on anti-stress nutrition strategies in swine. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:342-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Abarnou J, Durand M, Dourmad JY, Gaillard C. Effects of thermal conditions on gestating sows' behaviors and energy requirements. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6956982. [PMID: 36548114 PMCID: PMC9890445 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Room temperature and individual behavior may influence the energy requirements of gestating sows. These factors are not yet integrated on a daily and individual basis in the calculation of these requirements. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of temperatures on the sows' behaviors, especially on the level of physical activity, and on the energy requirements of gestating sows. Over four consecutive weeks, the temperature of two gestation rooms was maintained at medium temperatures (16.7 °C and 18.5 °C, respectively, for room 1 and room 2) for the first and third week, at low temperatures (14.4 °C and 15.3 °C) for the second week, and at high temperatures (31.6 °C and 31.9 °C) for the fourth week. Individual behavior was manually recorded based on videos and the data used to estimate the physical activity and social interactions of 37 gestating sows separated into two groups. The videos were analyzed over two periods of 5 h ("Feeding period" from 2300 to 0400 hours, "Resting period" from 1330 to 1830 hours). The energy requirements were calculated by the InraPorc model, modified for gestating sows, on the basis of a thermo-neutral situation and an average activity of 4 h standing per day for all the sows. The sows of one group were less active in high than low temperatures (83 vs. 103 min standing or walking over 5 h, P < 0.001). Isolation for high temperatures or huddling for low temperatures could be observed when sows were lying down. The sows spent more time lying laterally with high temperatures than low temperatures (66% vs. 52% of time spent lying, respectively, P < 0.001). Both groups reacted differently to high temperatures, in one the sows changed their activity (lying more) whereas in the other they drank more water compared to medium temperatures (11 vs. 8.5 L/d, P = 0.01). In one group, with high temperatures the sows were fed above their requirements (they should have received 110 g of feed per day per sow less, P < 0.001) and with low temperatures the same group should have received 50 g/d per sow more to fulfill their requirements. For the second group of sows, the temperatures did not significantly affect the feed requirements. In conclusion, daily ambient temperature and individual physical activity seem to be relevant information to add in nutritional models to improve precision feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maëva Durand
- Institut Agro, PEGASE, INRAE, Saint Gilles, France
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Ramirez BC, Hoff SJ, Hayes MD, Brown-Brandl T, Harmon JD, Rohrer GA. A review of swine heat production: 2003 to 2020. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.908434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine heat production (HP) data are an essential element of numerous aspects affecting swine production sustainability, such as, housing environmental control design, energetics and thermoregulation modeling, as well as understanding of feed energy partitioning. Accurate HP values that reflect the continuous advances in growth, nutrition, health, and reproduction are needed to update outdated models and data; hence, this review of swine HP values is a critical contribution. This review updates the last previous review conducted in 2004, by reviewing literature from growing and breeding pigs from 2003 to 2020. In total, 33 references were identified that provided relevant HP data and from these references, 192 records were identified for pigs ranging in weight from 12.5 to 283 kg and exposed to temperatures between 12.0°C and 35.5°C. For growing pigs at thermoneutral conditions, a 4.7% average increase in HP was observed compared to HP data summarized from 1988 to 2004. Only five records were identified for gestating sows and the 43 records for lactating sows plus litter. This sow data shows high variability and inconsistent trends with temperature, most likely attributed to variation in experimental protocols, management, and limited reported information. There is still a lack of data on growing pigs greater than 105 kg, gilts and gestating sows housed in different systems (stall, pen, mixed, etc.), and latent HP values that reflect different housing systems. Further, there is a need to standardize reporting of HP values (with an example provided) across different disciplines to drive documentation of increased swine production efficiency, environmental control design, and energetics modeling.
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12
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McConn BR, Schinckel AP, Robbins L, Gaskill BN, Green-Miller AR, Lay DC, Johnson JS. A behavior and physiology-based decision support tool to predict thermal comfort and stress in non-pregnant, mid-gestation, and late-gestation sows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:135. [PMID: 36496420 PMCID: PMC9737732 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although thermal indices have been proposed for swine, none to our knowledge differentiate by reproductive stage or predict thermal comfort using behavioral and physiological data. The study objective was to develop a behavior and physiology-based decision support tool to predict thermal comfort and stress in multiparous (3.28 ± 0.81) non-pregnant (n = 11), mid-gestation (n = 13), and late-gestation (n = 12) sows. RESULTS Regression analyses were performed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4 to determine the optimal environmental indicator [dry bulb temperature (TDB) and dew point] of heat stress (HS) in non-pregnant, mid-gestation, and late-gestation sows with respiration rate (RR) and body temperature (TB) successively used as the dependent variable in a cubic function. A linear relationship was observed for skin temperature (TS) indicating that TDB rather than the sow HS response impacted TS and so TS was excluded from further analyses. Reproductive stage was significant for all analyses (P < 0.05). Heat stress thresholds for each reproductive stage were calculated using the inflections points of RR for mild HS and TB for moderate and severe HS. Mild HS inflection points differed for non-pregnant, mid-gestation, and late gestation sows and occurred at 25.5, 25.1, and 24.0 °C, respectively. Moderate HS inflection points differed for non-pregnant, mid-gestation, and late gestation sows and occurred at 28.1, 27.8, and 25.5 °C, respectively. Severe HS inflection points were similar for non-pregnant and mid-gestation sows (32.9 °C) but differed for late-gestation sows (30.8 °C). These data were integrated with previously collected behavioral thermal preference data to estimate the TDB that non-pregnant, mid-gestation, and late-gestation sows found to be cool (TDB < TDB preference range), comfortable (TDB = TDB preference range), and warm (TDB preference range < TDB < mild HS). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide valuable information about thermal comfort and thermal stress thresholds in sows at three reproductive stages. The development of a behavior and physiology-based decision support tool to predict thermal comfort and stress in non-pregnant, mid-gestation, and late-gestation sows is expected to provide swine producers with a more accurate means of managing sow environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R. McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA
| | - Allan P. Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Lindsey Robbins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Brianna N. Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Angela R. Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Donald C. Lay
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Brito AA, da Silva NAM, Alvarenga Dias ALN, Nascimento MRBDM. Heat wave exposure impairs reproductive performance in primiparous sows and gilts in a tropical environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2417-2424. [PMID: 36264504 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of heat waves (HW), defined as three consecutive days with an ambient temperature ≥ 25 °C and a temperature and humidity index (THI) > 74, on the reproductive performance of sows. Meteorological data were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology and reproductive data from a commercial farm with 51,578 inseminations and 49,103 pregnancies from September 5, 2013, to July 12, 2019. Sows were divided into the following groups according to the parity order: group 1 (sows that did not experience HW on the day of insemination) and group 2 (sows exposed to HW on the day of insemination). The percentage of days that pregnant sows were exposed to HW was calculated as 0 to 25% (1), 26 to 50% (2), 51 to 75% (3), and > 75% (4). Out of a total of 2137 days, there were 160 HW and more than 10 HW per month, except in May, June, and July. Gilts in group 2 showed a decrease in the percentage of gestation (98.21% and 98.78%, respectively, P = 0.0267) and the percentage of births compared with those in group 1 (95.53% and 96.61, respectively, P = 0.0065). Primiparous sows in group 2 had a higher percentage of abortions than gilts in group 1 (3.20% and 2.42%, respectively; P = 0.0334). Sows exposed to more than 50% HW during gestation produced more mummified piglets than sows exposed to less than 50% HW. The number of stillborn piglets was higher in sows exposed to temperatures above 25% HW during gestation. The occurrence of heat waves in gilts and primiparous sows impairs reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aparecida Brito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Adi YK, Boonprakob R, Kirkwood RN, Tummaruk P. Factors Associated with Farrowing Duration in Hyperprolific Sows in a Free Farrowing System under Tropical Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212943. [PMID: 36359066 PMCID: PMC9653905 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing selection for increased litter size has had significant impacts on sow husbandry practice. The present study investigated factors associated with farrowing duration and the proportion of sows that had prolonged farrowing in modern hyperprolific sows kept in a free farrowing system in a tropical environment. Farrowing data from 2493 Landrace x Yorkshire cross-bred sows in a commercial swine herd in Thailand were included in the study. The time of farrowing, parity number, litter size, and the birth status of each piglet were recorded. Farrowing duration was analysed using multiple analyses of variance. Total number of piglets born per litter (TB), parity, and time onset of farrowing were included in the statistical models. On average, TB, piglets born alive, and farrowing duration were 13.7, 12.1, and 221.0 min, respectively. Of these sows, 26.4% had TB ≥ 16 and 21.7% had a prolonged farrowing duration (≥300 min). Farrowing duration was positively correlated with TB (r = 0.141, p < 0.001), percentage of stillborn (SB) piglets per litter (r = 0.259, p < 0.001), percentage of mummified foetuses (MF) per litter (r = 0.049, p = 0.015), piglet birth weight (r = 0.068, p < 0.001), and litter birth weight (r = 0.041, p = 0.043). The proportion of SB per litter was higher and piglet birth weight lower in litters that had ≥16 TB than those with 8−12 TB (p < 0.05). The farrowing duration of sows with parity numbers 5−7 (247.7 ± 5.1 min) and 8−10 (237.1 ± 5.1 min) was longer than that of sows with parity numbers 1 (188.3 ± 5.2 min) and 2−4 (214.3 ± 3.9 min) (p < 0.05). Sows that had started farrowing during working hours had longer farrowing durations (229.3 ± 3.6 min) than those that had started farrowing during non-working hours (217.6 ± 3.4 min, p = 0.017). In multiparous sows, the duration of farrowing was positively correlated with the maximum temperature (r = 0.056, p = 0.012) and the maximum temperature−humidity index (r = 0.059, p = 0.008) in the 7 days before farrowing. The present data confirm that TB, sow parity, and time of onset of farrowing are significant risk factors for a prolonged farrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosua Kristian Adi
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rafa Boonprakob
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-819271066
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Walls A, Hatze B, Lomax S, Bathgate R. Defining "Normal" in Pig Parturition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202754. [PMID: 36290140 PMCID: PMC9597809 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dual considerations of efficient food production and good animal welfare have never been so important nor under such strong public scrutiny as they are in current times. Intensive animal production industries play an important role in feeding an ever-growing, increasingly affluent population that is hungry for animal proteins. The efforts to improve efficiency in these production systems must not come at the cost of animal welfare. One pain point in pig production is that of parturition, where factors such as litter size and sow-housing type have been shown to influence the process and outcome. However, there are still many gaps in knowledge surrounding the normal physiology and endocrinology in a farrowing and this review seeks to summarise what is known and highlight areas where further work is required. Abstract Animal production industries rely on efficient and successful reproductive outcomes, with pigs being no exception. The process of parturition in pigs (farrowing) can be especially prolonged, due to the large numbers of piglets being born (on average, approximately 13 piglets per litter in Australian conditions). Difficulties in farrowing (dystocia) lead to poor piglet outcomes and health problems in sows, in turn, causing economic loss for producers and welfare concerns for the animals. Despite the importance of this topic and publications in the area stretching back nearly 50 years, there is still no consensus on the prevalence of dystocia in pigs nor on how to identify a pig experiencing the condition. Understanding the process of parturition and the factors that influence its success is a crucial step towards the early identification of sows undergoing dystocia and development of best practices to assist them. This article describes the key factors that contribute to successful farrowing and identifies areas in which more research is required before the parturition process in the pig can be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walls
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Bianca Hatze
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Sabrina Lomax
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Roslyn Bathgate
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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16
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Earley B, Edwards S, Faucitano L, Marti S, de La Lama GCM, Costa LN, Thomsen PT, Ashe S, Mur L, Van der Stede Y, Herskin M. Welfare of pigs during transport. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07445. [PMID: 36092763 PMCID: PMC9449989 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of pigs during transport. The welfare of pigs during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of pigs during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 10 welfare consequences were identified as highly relevant for the welfare of pigs during transport based on the severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards were identified, mainly relating to factors such as mixing of unfamiliar pigs, inappropriate handling methods and devices, the use of pick-up pens, inexperienced/untrained handlers, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport of pigs. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences are made. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions and minimum space allowance within means of transport. The development of the welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of cull sows and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these.
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Dou J, Luo H, Sammad A, Lou W, Wang D, Schenkel F, Yu Y, Fang L, Wang Y. Epigenomics of rats' liver and its cross-species functional annotation reveals key regulatory genes underlying short term heat-stress response. Genomics 2022; 114:110449. [PMID: 35985612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Molecular responses to heat stress are multifaceted and under a complex cellular post-transcriptional control. This study explores the epigenetic and transcriptional alterations induced by heat stress (42 °C for 120 min) in the liver of rats, by integrating ATAC-seq, RNA-Seq, and WGBS information. Out of 2586 differential ATAC-seq peaks induced by heat stress, 36 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated transcript factors (TFs) are predicted, such as Cebpα, Foxa2, Foxo4, Nfya and Sp3. Furthermore, 150,189 differentially methylated regions represent 2571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). By integrating all data, 45 DEGs are concluded as potential heat stress response markers in rats. To comprehensively annotate and narrow down predicted markers, they are integrated with GWAS results of heat stress parameters in cows, and PheWAS data in humans. Besides better understanding of heat stress responses in mammals, INSR, MAPK8, RHPN2 and BTBD7 are proposed as candidate markers for heat stress in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Abdul Sammad
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenqi Lou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Flavio Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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18
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Baert S, Aubé L, Haley DB, Bergeron R, Devillers N. The protective role of wallowing against heat stress in gestating and lactating sows housed outdoors. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113898. [PMID: 35792155 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the physiological response of gestating and lactating sows to naturally-occurring environmental conditions, and to identify factors that may contribute to or prevent heat stress, while being kept outdoors in Québec, Canada during the summer. Six groups of 4 Yorkshire-Landrace sows lived in outdoor pens equipped with a wallow, shade structure, farrowing huts and access to a pasture from July to September, 2018. Between week 15 of gestation and week 3 of lactation (inclusive), we recorded the location of each sow 5 days/week during 5 daily 15-min observation periods, and additionally measured the sow's respiratory rate and mud cover at the end of each observation period. Simultaneously, we collected sow body temperature data with vaginal temperature loggers 24h/d on week 15 of gestation and week 2 of lactation, and monitored environmental conditions with temperature and humidity loggers to calculate the temperature humidity index (THI). Sows had significantly higher and more variable body temperatures during lactation compared to gestation (P≤0.0001), and when THI was analyzed as a continuous variable, it was positively associated with sow body temperature during the night in lactation. During gestation, neither respiratory rate nor body temperature were associated with high or low levels of THI (P=0.15 and 0.79, respectively) or mud cover (P=0.29 and 0.94, respectively). However, in lactation, respiratory rate was higher when, simultaneously, THI exceeded 74 and mud cover was low (P=0.006), while a THI higher than 74 and a low mud cover had independent effects on body temperature (P=0.012 and 0.004, respectively). In lactation, sows that spent an entire observation period in the farrowing hut also had a higher respiratory rate than sows that left the hut at least once (P=0.009). In summary, lactating sows were more likely to show increases in respiratory rate and body temperature in warmer conditions than gestating sows, and our findings also suggest that time in the farrowing hut may be a risk factor for heat stress. However, mud cover may limit these physiological consequences when sows have access to a wallow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baert
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1M 1Z3; Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Gordon Street & College Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - Lydiane Aubé
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1M 1Z3.
| | - Derek B Haley
- Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Gordon Street & College Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - Renée Bergeron
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1M 1Z3.
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19
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Gao Y, Wang C, Wang K, He C, Hu K, Liang M. The effects and molecular mechanism of heat stress on spermatogenesis and the mitigation measures. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2022; 68:331-347. [PMID: 35722894 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2022.2074325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, to achieve optimal spermatogenesis, the temperature of the testes should be 2-6 °C lower than body temperature. Cryptorchidism is one of the common pathogenic factors of male infertility. The increase of testicular temperature in male cryptorchidism patients leads to the disorder of body regulation and balance, induces the oxidative stress response of germ cells, destroys the integrity of sperm DNA, yields morphologically abnormal sperm, and leads to excessive apoptosis of germ cells. These physiological changes in the body can reduce sperm fertility and lead to male infertility. This paper describes the factors causing testicular heat stress, including lifestyle and behavioral factors, occupational and environmental factors (external factors), and clinical factors caused by pathological conditions (internal factors). Studies have shown that wearing tight pants or an inappropriate posture when sitting for a long time in daily life, and an increase in ambient temperature caused by different seasons or in different areas, can cause an increase in testicular temperature, induces testicular oxidative stress response, and reduce male fertility. The occurrence of cryptorchidism causes pathological changes within the testis and sperm, such as increased germ cell apoptosis, DNA damage in sperm cells, changes in gene expression, increase in chromosome aneuploidy, and changes in Na+/K+-ATPase activity, etc. At the end of the article, we list some substances that can relieve oxidative stress in tissues, such as trigonelline, melatonin, R. apetalus, and angelica powder. These substances can protect testicular tissue and relieve the damage caused by excessive oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixian Wang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan He
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People's Republic of China
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20
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Faccin JEG, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Gebhardt JT. Gilt development to improve offspring performance and survivability. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6609152. [PMID: 35708589 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for developing incoming replacement gilts can indirectly and directly influence survivability of their offspring. Indirectly, having proper gilt development reduces culling rates and mortality, which increases longevity and creates a more mature sow herd. Older sows are more likely to have greater immunity than gilts and therefore can pass this along to their pigs in both quantity and quality of colostrum and milk, thus improving piglet survivability. Directly, proper gilt development will maximize mammary gland development which increases colostrum and milk production leading to large, healthy pig. As for the developing gilt at birth, increasing colostrum intake, reducing nursing pressure, providing adequate space allowance, and good growth rate can increase the likelihood that gilts successfully enter and remain in the herd. Light birth weight gilts (<1 kg) or gilts from litters with low birth weight should be removed early in the selection process. Gilts should be weaned at 24 d of age or older and then can be grown in a variety of ways as long as lifetime growth rate is over 600 g/d. Current genetic lines with exceptional growth rate run the risk of being bred too heavy, reducing longevity. On the other hand, restricting feed intake at specific times could be detrimental to mammary development. In these situations, reducing diet amino acid concentration and allowing ad libitum feed is a possible strategy. Gilts should be bred between 135 and 160 kg and at second estrus or later while in a positive metabolic state to increase lifetime productivity and longevity in the herd. Once bred, gilts should be fed to maintain or build body reserves without becoming over-conditioned at farrowing. Proper body condition at farrowing impacts the percentage of pigs born alive as well as colostrum and milk production, and consequently, offspring performance and survivability. Combined with the benefit in pig immunity conferred by an older sow parity structure, gilt development has lasting impacts on offspring performance and survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil E G Faccin
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Mannose Oligosaccharides on the Body Condition, Lactation Performance and Their Offspring of Heat-Stressed Sows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111397. [PMID: 35681861 PMCID: PMC9179884 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) on the condition of the body and the reproductive and lactation performances of sows. Eighty pregnant sows were randomly assigned to four groups with a 2 × 2 factorial design: with or without MOS (1 g/kg) and with or without heat stress (HS) challenge. The temperature in the HS groups (HS and HM group) was controlled at 31.56 ± 1.22 °C, while the temperature in the active cooling (AC) groups (AC and AM group) was controlled at 23.49 ± 0.72 °C. The weight loss of sows in the AC group was significantly lower than that of sows in the HS group (p < 0.01). The weight and backfat thickness loss of sows supplemented with MOS displayed a downward trend. The average birth weight of the litter significantly increased in the HM group (basic diet + MOS) compared with the HS group (p < 0.05). The milk protein of sows significantly decreased under the HS condition at 2 and 12 h after delivery (p < 0.05). However, the milk immunoglobin G (IgG) of sows in the HS group increased significantly compared with that of sows in the HM group (p < 0.05) at 12 and 24 h after delivery. The levels of serum urea nitrogen (UREA) and glucose (GLU) decreased significantly under the HS condition (p < 0.05), while the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased significantly under the HS condition (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with MOS also significantly reduced TNF-α under the AC conditions (p < 0.05). In conclusion, HS significantly affected the body condition, lactation performances and their offspring of sows. However, dietary supplementation with 1 g/kg MOS did not result in statistically significant changes.
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Lagoda ME, Marchewka J, O'Driscoll K, Boyle LA. Risk Factors for Chronic Stress in Sows Housed in Groups, and Associated Risks of Prenatal Stress in Their Offspring. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:883154. [PMID: 35498729 PMCID: PMC9039259 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.883154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress has a detrimental effect on sow welfare and productivity, as well as on the welfare and resilience of their piglets, mediated prenatally. Despite this, the specific risk factors for chronic stress in pregnant sows are understudied. Group-housed pregnant sows continuously face numerous challenges associated with aspects of the physical (group type and size, flooring, feeding system) and social (stocking density, mixing strategy) environment. There are many well-known potent stressors for pigs that likely contribute to chronic, physiological stress, including overcrowding, hot temperatures, feed restriction, inability to forage, uncomfortable floors, and poor handling. Some of these stressors also contribute to the development of production diseases such as lameness, which in turn are also likely causes of chronic stress because of the associated pain and difficulty accessing resources. The aim of this review is to discuss potential risk factors for chronic stress in pregnant sows such as space allowance, group size and type (stable/dynamic), feeding level, lameness, pen design, feed system, enrichment and rooting material, floor type, the quality of stockmanship, environmental conditions, and individual sow factors. The mechanisms of action of both chronic and prenatal stress, as well as the effects of the latter on offspring are also discussed. Gaps in existing research and recommendations for future work are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Ewa Lagoda
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Keelin O'Driscoll
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
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Xiong L, Zhang W, Zhao H, Tian Z, Ren M, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Dietary Supplementation of Enzymatically Treated Artemisia annua L. Improves Lactation Performance, Alleviates Inflammatory Response of Sows Reared Under Heat Stress, and Promotes Gut Development in Preweaning Offspring. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:843673. [PMID: 35400113 PMCID: PMC8990795 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua L., which is known for its antimalarial compound artemisinin, has commonly been used for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial functions. Enzymatically treating Artemisia annua L. can improve its bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. (EA) supplementation in late gestation and lactation diets on sow performance, serum hormone, inflammatory cytokines, and immunoglobulin level of heat-stressed sows. A total of 135 multiparous sows (Large White × Landrace) on day 85 of gestation were selected and randomly distributed into 3 groups with 45 replicates per group. The control group was reared under standard conditions (temperature: 27.12 ± 0.18°C, THI (temperature-humidity index): 70.90 ± 0.80) and fed with basal diet. The heat stress (HS) and HS + EA groups were raised in heat-stressed conditions (temperature: 30.11 ± 0.16°C, THI: 72.70 ± 0.60) and fed with basal diets supplemented with 0 or 1.0 g/kg EA, respectively. This trial lasted for 50 consecutive days until day 21 of lactation. Compared with the control group, HS increased the concentrations of serum endotoxin and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), and inflammatory cytokines in serum, colostrum, and 14 day milk of sows. Meanwhile, the EA supplementation decreased levels of serum endotoxin, HSP-70, and inflammatory cytokines in both sows and offspring and increased serum triiodothyronine (T3) level and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of sows. In addition, EA significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and altered intestinal morphology with an increased villus height in the duodenum and ileum of piglets. Collectively, EA supplementation at 1.0 g/kg in late gestation and lactation diets alleviated the adverse effects of HS, which were reflected by enhancing ADFI and decreasing endotoxin as well as inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum and colostrum of heat-stressed sows, while promoting ADG and gut development of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - WenFei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZheZhe Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Ren
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Fengyang, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - WuTai Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: WuTai Guan
| | - ShiHai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- ShiHai Zhang
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24
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To wallow or nurse: Sows housed outdoors have distinctive approaches to thermoregulation in gestation and lactation. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Risha MA, Ali A, Siengdee P, Trakooljul N, Dannenberger D, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Insights into molecular pathways and fatty acid membrane composition during the temperature stress response in the murine C2C12 cell model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151019. [PMID: 34662617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations are inevitable due to climate change, which highlights the importance of studying the detrimental effects of temperature fluctuations on the health, productivity, and product quality of farm animals. Muscle membrane composition and the molecular signals are vital for muscle cell differentiation and muscle growth, but their response to temperature stress is not well characterized. Temperature changes can lead to modification of membrane components of the cell, which may affect its surroundings and intracellular signaling pathways. Using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model of skeletal muscle development, this study was designed to investigate the effects of high temperature (39 °C and 41 °C) and low temperature (35 °C) on molecular pathways in the cells as well as the cell membrane fatty acid composition. Our results show that several genes were differentially expressed in C2C12 cells cultured under heat or cold stress, and these genes were enriched important KEGG pathways including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, lysosome and HIF- signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway. Our analysis further reveals that several membrane transporters and genes involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid elongation were also differentially expressed in C2C12 cells cultured under high or low temperature. Additionally, temperature stress shifts the fatty acid composition in the cell membranes, including the proportion of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study revealed an interference between fatty acid composition in the membranes and changing molecular pathways including lipid metabolism and fatty acids elongation mediated under thermal stress. These findings will reinforce a better understanding of the adaptive mechanisms in skeletal muscle under temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marua Abu Risha
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Asghar Ali
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Puntita Siengdee
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Lipid metabolism and muscular adaptation workgroup, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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26
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Byrd CJ, McConn BR, Gaskill BN, Schinckel AP, Green-Miller AR, Lay DC, Johnson JS. Characterizing the effect of incrementally increasing dry bulb temperature on linear and nonlinear measures of heart rate variability in nonpregnant, mid-gestation, and late-gestation sows. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6502463. [PMID: 35020904 PMCID: PMC8827002 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the sow physiological response to an increased heat load is essential for effective heat stress mitigation. The study objective was to characterize the effects of a 400-min heating episode on sow heart rate variability (HRV) at different reproductive stages. HRV is a commonly used noninvasive proxy measure of autonomic function. Twenty-seven sows were enrolled in the study according to their gestation stage at time of selection: 1) nonpregnant (NP; n = 7), 2) mid-gestation (MID; 57.3 ± 11.8 d gestation; n = 11), and 3) late-gestation (LATE; 98.8 ± 4.9 d gestation; n = 8). The HRV data utilized in the study were collected from each pig as the dry bulb temperature in the room increased incrementally from 19.84 ± 2.15 °C to 35.54 ± 0.43 °C (range: 17.1-37.5 °C) over a 400-min period. After data collection, one 5-min set of continuous heart rate data were identified per pig for each of nine temperature intervals (19-20.99, 21-22.99, 23-24.99, 25-26.99, 27-28.99, 29-30.99, 31-32.99, 33-34.99, and 35-36.99 °C). Mean inter-beat interval length (RR), standard deviation of r-r intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), high frequency spectral power (HF), sample entropy (SampEn), short-term detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAα1), and three measures (%REC, DET, LMEAN) derived from recurrence quantification analysis were calculated for each data set. All data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4. Overall, LATE sows exhibited lower RR than NP sows (P < 0.01). The standard deviation of r-r intervals and RMSSD differed between each group (P < 0.01), with LATE sows exhibiting the lowest SDNN and RMSSD and NP sows exhibiting the greatest SDNN and RMSSD. Late-gestation sows exhibited lower HF than both MID and NP sows (P < 0.0001), greater DFA values than NP sows (P = 0.05), and greater DET compared to MID sows (P = 0.001). Late-gestation also sows exhibited greater %REC and LMEAN compared to MID (P < 0.01) and NP sows (all P < 0.01). In conclusion, LATE sows exhibited indicators of greater autonomic stress throughout the heating period compared to MID and NP sows. However, temperature by treatment interactions were not detected as dry bulb increased. Future studies are needed to fully elucidate the effect of gestational stage and increasing dry bulb temperature on sow HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58103, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Betty R McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Donald C Lay
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Guo H, Yang Y, Qiao Y, He J, Yao W, Zheng W. Heat stress affects fetal brain and intestinal function associated with the alterations of placental barrier in late pregnant mouse. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112916. [PMID: 34695613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High ambient temperature-induced heat stress (HS) during pregnancy may affect the placental function and fetal development. Late gestation is a critical period of the developing fetal brain and intestine. The study aimed to investigate the effects of HS during late pregnancy on the function of placenta, fetal brain and intestine in a mouse model. We found that the number of stillborn fetal mice were increased due to maternal HS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of genes enriched in nutrients transport and metabolism of HS group were up-regulated in the placenta, but down-regulated in the fetal duodenum and jejunum. Interestingly, the concentration of triglyceride (TG) in the HS group was raised in the placenta, but reduced both in the fetal duodenum and jejunum compared with the thermal-neutral (TN) group. Additionally, maternal HS also reduced total cholesterol (TC) contents in the fetal duodenum. The mRNA expression and protein levels of placental fatty acid binding protein 2 and 4 (fabp2 and fabp4) were not affected by maternal HS, but the mRNA expression and protein levels of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (Dgat2) were decreased in the fetal intestine. Furthermore, maternal HS reduced the mRNA expression and protein levels of the placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (Hsd11b2) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D (Htr1d). The concentrations of corticosterone and the expression of heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1), hypoxia up-regulated 1 (hyou1) and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (crhr1) enriched in response to glucocorticoids in the fetal brain were increased by maternal HS. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that maternal HS disrupted the placental glucocorticoid barrier and serotonin system associated with the raised corticosterone levels in the fetal brain, which might contribute to the decreased capacity of nutrients transport and metabolism in the fetal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiduo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianwen He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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28
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Rodrigues GDA, Júnior DTV, Soares MH, da Silva CB, Fialho FA, Barbosa LMDR, Neves MM, Rocha GC, Duarte MDS, Saraiva A. L-Arginine Supplementation for Nulliparous Sows during the Last Third of Gestation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123476. [PMID: 34944251 PMCID: PMC8698042 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of L-arginine supplementation during the last third of gestation on molecular mechanisms related to skeletal muscle development of piglets and litter traits at birth. Twenty-three nulliparous sows averaging 205.37 ± 11.50 kg of body weight were randomly assigned to the following experimental treatments: control (CON), where pregnant sows were fed diets to meet their nutritional requirements; arginine (ARG), where sows where fed CON + 1.0% L-arginine. Skeletal muscle from piglets born from sows from ARG group had greater mRNA expression of MYOD (p = 0.043) and MYOG (p ≤ 0.01), and tended to present greater mRNA expression (p = 0.06) of IGF-2 gene compared to those born from CON sows. However, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in the histomorphometric variables of fetuses' skeletal muscle. The total weight of born piglets, total weight of born alive piglets, piglet weight at birth, coefficient of variation of birth weight, and the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) piglets did not differ between groups. No stillborn piglets (p < 0.01) were verified in the ARG sows compared to CON group. The blood levels of estradiol (p = 0.035) and urea (p = 0.03) were higher in ARG sows compared to those from the CON group. In summary, our data show that arginine supplementation of nulliparous sows at late gestation enhance mRNA expression of key myogenic regulatory factors, which likely contribute to improve animal growth rates in later stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Amorim Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Dante Teixeira Valente Júnior
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Soares
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brito da Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Abranches Fialho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria dos Reis Barbosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
| | - Mariana Machado Neves
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Alysson Saraiva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (G.d.A.R.); (D.T.V.J.); (M.H.S.); (C.B.d.S.); (F.A.F.); (L.M.d.R.B.); (M.M.N.); (G.C.R.)
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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29
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Ni Y, Cai J, Chen Q, Wu F, Hu J, Zhang J. Circular RNA transcriptome analysis responses to heat stress in the hypothalamus of sows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.2005070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ni
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiangqiang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Wu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Animal Breeding, Hangzhou Daguanshan Pigs Breeding Company Limited, Yuhang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Piñán J, Alegre B, Kirkwood RN, Soriano-Úbeda C, Maj M, Domínguez JC, Manjarín R, Martínez-Pastor F. Effect of Season and Parity on Reproduction Performance of Iberian Sows Bred with Duroc Semen. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3275. [PMID: 34828007 PMCID: PMC8614353 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iberian pig is an autochthonous breed from the Iberian Peninsula highly valued for its meat. The sows are often bred as Iberian × Duroc crossings for increased efficiency. Since sow parity and season affect the reproductive performance, we evaluated two-year records from a commercial farrow-to-finish farm (live, stillborn, and mummified piglets after artificial insemination, AI). A total of 1293 Iberian sows were inseminated with semen from 57 boars (3024 AI). The effects of parity (gilts, 1, 2-4, 5-10, and >10 farrowings) and season were analyzed by linear mixed-effects models (LME). The data were fitted to cosinor models to investigate seasonal effects within parity groups. The effects of maximum daily temperature (MDT) and day length change (DLC) during spermatogenesis, pre-AI, and post-AI periods were analyzed with LME. The 2-4 group was the optimal one for parity. A seasonal effect was evident between spring-summer (lower fertility/prolificacy) and autumn-winter (higher). Cosinor showed that the seasonal drop in reproductive performance occurs earlier in Iberian sows than in other breeds, more evident in gilts. MDT negatively affected performance in all periods and DLC in spermatogenesis and pre-AI. These results are relevant for the improvement of Iberian sows' intensive farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Piñán
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alegre
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5317, Australia;
| | - Cristina Soriano-Úbeda
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
| | - Magdalena Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, One Grand Ave., Bldg. 10, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Juan Carlos Domínguez
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, One Grand Ave., Bldg. 10, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Felipe Martínez-Pastor
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.P.); (B.A.); (C.S.-Ú.); (J.C.D.); (F.M.-P.)
- Department of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Robbins LA, Green-Miller AR, Lay DC, Schinckel AP, Johnson JS, Gaskill BN. Evaluation of sow thermal preference across three stages of reproduction. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6312682. [PMID: 34197578 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic heat production of modern pigs has increased by an average of 16%, compared with sows of 30 years ago. Therefore, it is likely that temperature recommendations require updating to meet the needs of modern pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether different reproductive stages of sows altered thermal preference and if current recommendations required updating. Twenty multiparous sows (3.4 ± 1.2 parity) in different reproductive stages (nonpregnant: n = 7; mid-gestation: 58.5 ± 5.68 d, n = 6; and late-gestation: 104.7 ± 2.8 d, n = 7) were tested. Thermal preference was individually tested, and sows could freely choose a temperature, using a thermal gradient between 10.4 and 30.5 °C. Sows were given 24 h to acclimate to the thermal apparatus. Before testing began, sows were given daily feed allotment and returned to the apparatus. Video from the 24-h test period was used to record sow behavior (time spent inactive), posture (upright and sternal and lateral lying), and location using instantaneous scan samples every 15 min. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. A cubic regression model was used to calculate the sow's most preferred temperature based on the location, or temperature, in which they spent the most time. The preference range was calculated using peak temperature preference ±SE for each sow. The reproductive stage altered where sows spent their time within the thermal gradient (P < 0.01). Late-gestation sows preferred cooler temperatures (14.0 °C) than mid-gestation (14.8 °C; P < 0.01) and nonpregnant sows (14.8 °C; P < 0.01). In summary, sow thermal preferences were within the lower half of the current recommended range (10 to 25 °C). This indicates that temperatures at the higher end of the recommended range could be uncomfortable to sows and that the thermal comfort zone of sows may be narrower than recommendations indicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Robbins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Angela R Green-Miller
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Donald C Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brianna N Gaskill
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Zhu Y, Johnston LJ, Reese MH, Buchanan ES, Tallaksen JE, Hilbrands AH, Li YZ. Effects of cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water on behavior and performance of lactating sows under heat stress. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6157005. [PMID: 33677551 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate whether cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water could alleviate negative impacts of heat stress on lactating sows. Thirty sows (Landrace × Yorkshire, Parity = 1 to 6) were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700-1900 hours) and 23.9°C (1900-0700 hours). Sows in one room (Cool), but not in the other room (Control) were provided cooled floor pads (21-22°C) and chilled drinking water (13-15°C). Behavior of sows (15 sows/treatment) was video recorded during farrowing, and days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed continuously to register the birth time of each piglet, from which total farrowing duration and birth intervals were calculated. The number of drinking bouts and the duration of each drinking bout were registered for each sow through viewing videos continuously for 2 h (1530-1730 hours) each video-recording day. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each video-recording day, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured for all sows the day before and after farrowing, and then once weekly. Sow and litter performance was recorded. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. The cooling treatment did not affect sow behavior or litter performance. Sows in the Cool room had lower rectal temperature (P = 0.03) and lower respiration rate (P < 0.001), consumed more feed (P = 0.03), tended to have reduced weight loss (P = 0.07), and backfat loss (P = 0.07) during lactation than sows in the Control room. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (P < 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (P < 0.0001), standing (P < 0.001), and sitting (P < 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (P < 0.0001) in both Cool and Control rooms. While cooled floor pads combined with chilled drinking water did not affect sow behavior, they did alleviate heat stress partially, as indicated by decreased rectal temperature, respiration rate, weight, and backfat loss, and increased feed intake in lactating sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
| | - L J Johnston
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
| | - M H Reese
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
| | - E S Buchanan
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
| | - J E Tallaksen
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
| | - A H Hilbrands
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
| | - Y Z Li
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267
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Dou J, Cánovas A, Brito LF, Yu Y, Schenkel FS, Wang Y. Comprehensive RNA-Seq Profiling Reveals Temporal and Tissue-Specific Changes in Gene Expression in Sprague-Dawley Rats as Response to Heat Stress Challenges. Front Genet 2021; 12:651979. [PMID: 33897767 PMCID: PMC8063118 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.651979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding heat stress physiology and identifying reliable biomarkers are paramount for developing effective management and mitigation strategies. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying thermal tolerance in animals. In an experimental model of Sprague–Dawley rats subjected to temperatures of 22 ± 1°C (control group; CT) and 42°C for 30 min (H30), 60 min (H60), and 120 min (H120), RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) assays were performed for blood (CT and H120), liver (CT, H30, H60, and H120), and adrenal glands (CT, H30, H60, and H120). A total of 53, 1,310, and 1,501 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly identified in the blood (P < 0.05 and |fold change (FC)| >2), liver (P < 0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)–adjusted P = 0.05 and |FC| >2) and adrenal glands (P < 0.01, FDR-adjusted P = 0.05 and |FC| >2), respectively. Of these, four DEGs, namely Junb, P4ha1, Chordc1, and RT1-Bb, were shared among the three tissues in CT vs. H120 comparison. Functional enrichment analyses of the DEGs identified in the blood (CT vs. H120) revealed 12 biological processes (BPs) and 25 metabolic pathways significantly enriched (FDR = 0.05). In the liver, 133 BPs and three metabolic pathways were significantly detected by comparing CT vs. H30, H60, and H120. Furthermore, 237 BPs were significantly (FDR = 0.05) enriched in the adrenal glands, and no shared metabolic pathways were detected among the different heat-stressed groups of rats. Five and four expression patterns (P < 0.05) were uncovered by 73 and 91 shared DEGs in the liver and adrenal glands, respectively, over the different comparisons. Among these, 69 and 73 genes, respectively, were proposed as candidates for regulating heat stress response in rats. Finally, together with genome-wide association study (GWAS) results in cattle and phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) analysis in humans, five genes (Slco1b2, Clu, Arntl, Fads1, and Npas2) were considered as being associated with heat stress response across mammal species. The datasets and findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of heat stress response in mammals and to the development of effective approaches to mitigate heat stress response in livestock through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Fan G, Liu Y, Yao W, Albrecht E, Zhao R, Yang X. Heat stress during late pregnancy of sows influences offspring longissimus dorsi muscle growth at weaning. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:336-342. [PMID: 33765607 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In pregnant sows, heat stress (HS) not only affects sows, but also has long-term effects on offspring growth. However, it is still unclear how HS in pregnant sows influences offspring skeletal muscle development. In this study, 12 sows with similar body conditions were assigned into either a control (CON) or an HS group. The CON sows were housed at 18-22 ℃, and the sows in the HS group were housed at 28-32 ℃ from day 85 to 114 of pregnancy. The results showed that maternal HS decreased the total protein content (P < 0.05) and prolactin level (P < 0.05), yet increased the triglyceride content (P < 0.05) of milk. The piglets of both groups had similar body weight and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle weight at birth, but body weight (P < 0.05) and LD weight (P < 0.05) was significantly lower at weaning age in the HS group. Increased expression of myostatin (MSTN) (P < 0.05) and its receptor (P < 0.05) in the LD of HS piglets was observed at weaning. The following decreased in HS piglets: expression of serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (P < 0.05), the mammalian target of rapamycin (P < 0.05), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (P < 0.05) signal pathway-involved proteins. The results indicated that maternal HS during late pregnancy influenced offspring LD muscle growth via the activated MSTN pathway. This effect may be related to sow's milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Impacts of in Utero Heat Stress on Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Market Weight Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030717. [PMID: 33800814 PMCID: PMC8002069 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the effects of exposure of the porcine fetus to in utero heat stress (IUHS) during the first half of gestation on carcass and meat quality attributes when market weight was reached. Pigs exposed to IUHS had lower head and heart weights at slaughter compared to the thermoneutral group. Most measures of carcass quality were not impacted by the treatments, but lower loin muscle area was observed for IUHS carcasses. Additionally, the loins from the heat stressed pigs were found to be tougher, regardless of the duration of aging. Accordingly, minimizing heat stress experienced by gestating pigs would be considered an important factor in improving both yield and quality of pork production systems. Abstract This study evaluated the impacts of in utero heat stress (IUHS) on the carcass and meat quality traits of offspring when market weight was reached. Twenty-four F1 Landrace × Large White gilts were blocked by body weight and allocated among thermoneutral (IUTN) or IUHS treatments from d 6 to d 59 of gestation. The offspring were raised under identical thermoneutral conditions, and gilts (n = 10/treatment) at market weight (117.3 ± 1.7 kg) were harvested. At 24 h postmortem, the loins (M. longissimus lumborum) were obtained, and sections were allocated among 1 d and 7 d aging treatments at 2 °C. Carcasses from IUHS pigs had lower head and heart weights (p < 0.05), as well as decreased loin muscle area (p < 0.05) compared to IUTN pigs. Loins from the IUHS group had a higher shear force value than the IUTN group (p < 0.05). Treatments had no other impacts on carcass and meat quality traits (p > 0.05), and Western blots suggested increased toughness of IUHS loins would not be attributed to proteolysis. These results suggest minimizing IUHS during the first half of gestation may be beneficial in improving pork yield and quality, though in general the effects of IUHS would be minimal.
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Kasani PH, Oh SM, Choi YH, Ha SH, Jun H, Park KH, Ko HS, Kim JE, Choi JW, Cho ES, Kim JS. A computer vision-based approach for behavior recognition of gestating sows fed different fiber levels during high ambient temperature. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:367-379. [PMID: 33987611 PMCID: PMC8071751 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate convolutional neural network models and computer vision techniques for the classification of swine posture with high accuracy and to use the derived result in the investigation of the effect of dietary fiber level on the behavioral characteristics of the pregnant sow under low and high ambient temperatures during the last stage of gestation. A total of 27 crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; average body weight, 192.2 ± 4.8 kg) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design during the last stage of gestation (days 90 to 114). The sows in group 1 were fed a 3% fiber diet under neutral ambient temperature; the sows in group 2 were fed a diet with 3% fiber under high ambient temperature (HT); the sows in group 3 were fed a 6% fiber diet under HT. Eight popular deep learning-based feature extraction frameworks (DenseNet121, DenseNet201, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, MobileNet, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) used for automatic swine posture classification were selected and compared using the swine posture image dataset that was constructed under real swine farm conditions. The neural network models showed excellent performance on previously unseen data (ability to generalize). The DenseNet121 feature extractor achieved the best performance with 99.83% accuracy, and both DenseNet201 and MobileNet showed an accuracy of 99.77% for the classification of the image dataset. The behavior of sows classified by the DenseNet121 feature extractor showed that the HT in our study reduced (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows and also has a tendency to increase (p = 0.082) lying behavior. High dietary fiber treatment tended to increase (p = 0.064) lying and decrease (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows, but there was no change in sitting under HT conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research
Institute, Yeongju, 63052, Korea
| | - Yo Han Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of
Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Ha
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyungmin Jun
- Division of Mechanical System Engineering,
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun Park
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Han Seo Ko
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jo Eun Kim
- Swine Division, National Institute of
Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Choi
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eun Seok Cho
- Swine Division, National Institute of
Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan
31000, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Bernhard CJ, Sharp KG, Safranski TJ, Lamberson WR, Lucy MC. Reproduction and reproductive tract morphology of male and female pigs whose mothers were heat stressed during the second month of gestation. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5956278. [PMID: 33150362 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary objective was to assess the development of fetal gonads and measure the subsequent reproductive capacity of boars and gilts whose mother was either subjected to gestational heat stress (GHS) or thermoneutral (GTN; control) conditions during pregnancy. Gilts were subjected to either GHS (28 to 38 °C; 65% to 88% relative humidity [RH]; n = 30) or GTN (17 to 22 °C; 56% to 65% RH; n = 29) for the second month of gestation (a period that coincides with a critical window of gonadal development). A subset of GHS (n = 12) and GTN (n = 11) gilts was sacrificed immediately following treatment for the collection of pregnancy data. The remaining gilts (n = 18 GHS and n = 18 GTN) were allowed to farrow. Female offspring from the farrowed gilts were studied through puberty, first insemination, and early pregnancy when fetal tissues were again collected. During the treatment period, GHS gilts had greater (P < 0.001) rectal temperature and respiration rate at both measurement time points (morning and afternoon) compared with GTN gilts. When assessed at the end of the second month of gestation, the total number of viable fetuses did not differ (P > 0.10) for GHS vs. GTN. Likewise, the weight of the fetus, placenta, fetal testes, and fetal ovaries were similar (P > 0.10) for GHS and GTN pregnancies. There was a tendency for an effect of treatment (63.3 ± 2.3 vs. 70.1 ± 2.6; GHS vs. GTN; P < 0.073) on the number of oogonia per histological section in the fetal ovaries. There was no effect of treatment on the number of prespermatogonia per histological section in the fetal testis. For gilts farrowing after treatment, litter size, piglet birth weight, and weaning weight were similar (P > 0.10) for the GHS and GTN gilts. Testes collected from castrated GHS boars had fewer prespermatogonia per seminiferous tubule cross section (P < 0.049). Female offspring from the GHS (n = 30) or GTN (n = 37) sows reached puberty at a similar age, and their pregnancies (ninth week of gestation) had fewer corpora lutea (15.6 ± 0.5 vs. 17.1 ± 0.4; GHS vs. GTN; P < 0.038) but the number of fetuses was similar for GHS and GTN. In summary, compared with GTN, GHS during a critical window of gonadal development tended to reduce the number of oogonia in the fetal ovary, reduced the number of prespermatogonia in the neonatal testes, and reduced ovulation rate at first pregnancy in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Bernhard
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | | | | | - Matthew C Lucy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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de Castro Júnior SL, Silva IJOD. The specific enthalpy of air as an indicator of heat stress in livestock animals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:149-161. [PMID: 32968875 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with recognition of environmental effects on the performance and welfare of livestock animals, studies have been proposing new methodologies and parameters to diagnose the heat stress of animals through the physical properties of air. This article aims to present the state-of-the-art on the use of the specific enthalpy of air as an indicator of heat stress in livestock animals. As a starting point, conceptual considerations were made about the connection between homoeothermic animals and the environment. Variables for heat stress evaluation based on psychrometric air properties are then described, including dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, which are often used microclimate variables, and the specific enthalpy of dry air, which acts as a thermal comfort index. Final considerations highlight the recent history of the use of specific enthalpy of air equations as indicators of heat stress in livestock animals, with the intention of better understanding the relationship between animals and the environment. As a conclusion, the specific enthalpy of air is recommended as an indicator in the assessment of livestock housing conditions as, unlike other indices, it is based on thermodynamic air properties and not on linear regressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Luis de Castro Júnior
- Livestock-Environment Research Group (NUPEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering (LEB), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Iran José Oliveira da Silva
- Livestock-Environment Research Group (NUPEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering (LEB), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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Miretti S, Lecchi C, Ceciliani F, Baratta M. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Animal Health and Welfare in Livestock. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:578193. [PMID: 33392281 PMCID: PMC7775535 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.578193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small and highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that orchestrate a wide range of biological processes through the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. An intriguing aspect in identifying these molecules as biomarkers is derived from their role in cell-to-cell communication, their active secretion from cells into the extracellular environment, their high stability in body fluids, and their ease of collection. All these features confer on miRNAs the potential to become a non-invasive tool to score animal welfare. There is growing interest in the importance of miRNAs as biomarkers for assessing the welfare of livestock during metabolic, environmental, and management stress, particularly in ruminants, pigs, and poultry. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the potential use of tissue and/or circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for the assessment of the health and welfare status in these livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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Wu Y, Zhao J, Xu C, Ma N, He T, Zhao J, Ma X, Thacker PA. Progress towards pig nutrition in the last 27 years. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5102-5110. [PMID: 29691867 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 27 years (1990-2017), based on the revolutionary progresses of basic nutrition research, novel methods and techniques have been developed which bring a profound technological revolution to pig production from free-range system to intensive farming all over the world. Basic theoretical innovations and feed production studies have provided vital advancements in pig nutrition by developing formula feed, utilizing balanced diets, determining feed energy value, dividing pig physiological stages, enhancing gut health, and improving feed processing technique. Formula feed is the primary contributor of the rise of the mechanized farming industry, and meets comprehensive nutritional needs of the pig. The focuses of the development of a balanced diet by optimizing nutrient levels are the amino acids balance, the balance between amino acids and energy, the balance between calcium and phosphorus. Multiple-site-production and targeted feeding program have been applied extensively. Early weaning of piglets improves production efficiency, but piglets that have not yet fully developed their intestine are prone to diarrhea. Therefore, intestinal health has received special attention in recent years. Feed processing technologies, such as granulation, puffing, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, can improve the utilization of feed nutrients and reduce production cost. However, increasing a sow's potential for production, seeking alternatives to antibiotics, reducing drug treatment in piglets, developing functional additives and improving meat quality remain future challenges. Herein, we outline the important progresses of pig nutrition in the past 27 years, which will shed light on the basic nutrition rules of pig production, and help to push forward its future development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Phil A Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Bjerg B, Brandt P, Pedersen P, Zhang G. Sows' responses to increased heat load - A review. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102758. [PMID: 33292999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a comprehensive body of literature on how increased air temperature affects the physiology, production and behaviour of sows, while very few studies consider the thermal effects of air humidity and air velocity. This review summarises studies that have investigated effects of air temperature by reviewing published literature in which sows were exposed to at least two different levels of air temperature ranging from 15 °C to 39 °C. Increased rectal temperature was investigated in the majority of the studies (26) and on average, the rectal temperature increased by 0.099 °C per °C increased air temperature above 25 °C. The increase was smaller at lower air temperatures, and it was suggested that rectal temperature is practically unaffected by air temperatures in the range of 15 °C-21 °C. This review elucidates how air temperature also affects performance indicators such as respiration rate, vaginal temperature, skin temperature, feed intake, milk yield, body weight loss during lactation, mortality, litter daily weight gain during lactation and sow behaviour. One study reported how respiration rate, rectal temperature, vaginal temperature and skin temperature were affected by both air temperature and air humidity, and the results suggest that the relative significance of air temperature and humidity may be similar for sows and finishing pigs (e.g. an increase of 40% relative humidity at an air temperature of 30 °C has a similar effect as a 1.9 °C increase in temperature). Studies on mitigation methods against the effects of high temperature and humidity such as snout cooling, drip cooling and floor cooling were reviewed to extract knowledge related to the effects of air velocity, temperatures of surrounding surfaces and the opportunity for sows to moisten their skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Bjerg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pia Brandt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Pedersen
- Skov A/S, Hedelund 4, Glyngøre, 7870, Roslev, Denmark
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Inge Lehmanns Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Association of Summer Heat Waves and the Probability of Preterm Birth in Minnesota: An Exploration of the Intersection of Race and Education. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176391. [PMID: 32887349 PMCID: PMC7503599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is common and has negative impacts on infant health. While some maternal risk factors have been identified, including age under 20 or over 40, substance abuse, low BMI, and racism, less is known about the impact of environmental exposures like high heat. We combined 154,157 records of live births occurring in Minnesota between 2009 and 2015 with hourly weather records collected from the Minneapolis–St. Paul airport. We tested if maternal heat wave exposure (a seven-day period with a mean daily high temp of 37 °C) immediately prior to birth leads to a higher risk of preterm birth. Additional covariates included maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational status, and residence in the seven-county Minneapolis–St. Paul metro area. Pregnant women exposed to a seven-day heat wave of 37 °C or higher experienced a higher relative risk of PTB compared to women who did not experience a heat wave (1.14 risk ratio (RR), 1.0–1.3 95% confidence interval (CI)). The result is robust to controls for a woman’s age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, place of residence, and year of the birth. Children born to Black women with college degrees who are exposed to heat waves experience a higher relative risk of PTB compared to White women with college degrees in a heat wave (2.97 RR, 1.5–6.1 95% CI). Summer heat waves are associated with higher risk of PTB in late-term pregnancies in Minnesota.
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In utero heat stress alters postnatal phenotypes in swine. Theriogenology 2020; 154:110-119. [PMID: 32540511 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal environment influences offspring health and development, and this is readily apparent when considering the well-described effects of maternal nutrition and stress on the postnatal metabolism, neural function, and stress response of progeny. Moreover, in laboratory species, sheep, and humans, the effects of in utero heat stress on offspring development have been described in detail for >50 years. Despite our extensive knowledge of the postnatal phenotypes elicited by in utero stressors, the carryover effects of in utero heat stress in pigs have only recently begun to be elucidated. The effects of climate change on increasing global temperatures, combined with greater metabolic heat production in modern swine, has increased heat stress susceptibility in pigs. Greater heat stress susceptibility can negatively affect swine welfare and performance and may impact future generations of pigs through in utero heat stress. Pigs exposed to in utero heat stress develop a variety of postnatal phenotypes that prevent profitable production, and compromise health, and welfare in commercial production systems. Specifically, in utero heat stress alters the postnatal stress response, core body temperature, response to an immune challenge, and is teratogenic. In addition, in utero heat stress changes postnatal body composition through reduced lean and increased adipose tissue accretion rates, respectively. Furthermore, in utero heat stress reduces piglet birth weight, body weight gain, and reproductive efficiency. Although the economic impact of in utero heat stress in pigs has yet to be determined, it likely rivals the postnatal consequences of heat stress and is a threat to the global sustainability of swine production.
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Guo H, He J, Yang X, Zheng W, Yao W. Responses of intestinal morphology and function in offspring to heat stress in primiparous sows during late gestation. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102539. [PMID: 32364966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Late gestation is a key period for intestinal development. Maternal heat exposure may induce intestinal dysfunction of offspring. To investigate the responses of intestinal morphology and function of offspring to the maternal heat stress (HS), twelve first-parity Landrace × Large White sows were assigned to thermoneutral (TN) (18-22 °C; n = 6) or HS (28-32 °C; n = 6) treatment groups at 85 d of gestation until natural farrowing. Twenty-four newborn piglets (two piglets at medium body weight from each litter) were randomly selected and divided into in utero thermoneutral (IUTN, n = 12) and heat-stressed (IUHS, n = 12) groups according to the sow's treatment. Blood and intestinal samples were harvested to evaluate stress hormone levels, intestinal morphology, integrity and barrier function in the newborn piglets. Our results showed that maternal HS piglets exhibited increased serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration compared with that observed in the IUTN group. IUHS piglets showed lower lactase activities in the jejunum and ileum, whereas no significant differences were found between the two groups in the length of intestine, villus length or crypt depth. Serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity was increased in IUHS piglets. IUHS piglets also exhibited decreased ZO-1, ZO-2 and MUC2 mRNA expression in the jejunum, while the protein levels were not affected. Additionally, IUHS piglets had a lower apoptotic percentage and FAS mRNA expression in the jejunum than those in the IUTN group. Taken together, these results demonstrate that high ambient temperature during late gestation of primiparous sows causes stress response in neonatal piglets, compromising intestinal permeability and mucosal barrier function, which may be partly mediated by inducing intestinal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiduo Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jianwen He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Wen Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Sun J, Zhang H, Hu B, Xie Y, Wang D, Zhang J, Chen T, Luo J, Wang S, Jiang Q, Xi Q, Chen Z, Zhang Y. Emerging Roles of Heat-Induced circRNAs Related to Lactogenesis in Lactating Sows. Front Genet 2020; 10:1347. [PMID: 32117411 PMCID: PMC7027193 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively influences milk production and disrupts normal physiological activity of lactating sows, but the precious mechanisms by which hyperthermia adversely affects milk synthesis in sows still remain for further study. Circular RNAs are a novel class of non-coding RNAs with regulatory functions in various physiological and pathological processes. The expression profiles and functions of circRNAs of sows in lactogenesis remain largely unknown. In the present study, long-term heat stress (HS) resulted in a greater concentration of serum HSP70, LDH, and IgG, as well as decreased levels of COR, SOD, and PRL. HS reduced the total solids, fat, and lactose of sow milk, and HS significantly depressed CSNαs1, CSNαs2, and CSNκ biosynthesis. Transcriptome sequencing of lactating porcine mammary glands identified 42 upregulated and 25 downregulated transcripts in HS vs. control. Functional annotation of these differentially-expressed transcripts revealed four heat-induced genes involved in lactation. Moreover, 29 upregulated and 21 downregulated circRNA candidates were found in response to HS. Forty-two positively correlated circRNA-mRNA expression patterns were constructed between the four lactogenic genes and differentially expressed circRNAs. Five circRNA-miRNA-mRNA post-transcriptional networks were identified involving genes in the HS response of lactating sows. In this study we establish a valuable resource for circRNA biology in sow lactation. Analysis of a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network further uncovered a novel layer of post-transcriptional regulation that could be used to improve sow milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoyu Hu
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Xie
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zujing Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Amavizca-Nazar A, Montalvo-Corral M, González-Rios H, Pinelli-Saavedra A. Hot environment on reproductive performance, immunoglobulins, vitamin E, and vitamin A status in sows and their progeny under commercial husbandry. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:340-351. [PMID: 31844544 PMCID: PMC6906132 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.6.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hot environments can affect feed intake and lactation, and the subsequent unavailability of important micronutrients to the newborn piglet can impair piglet growth, reduce the viability of newborn piglets and limit their subsequent performance. This work addresses the effects of hot environments (summer season) upon the reproductive performance of sows during gestation and lactation as well as on the serum levels of vitamins and the concentration of immunoglobulins in their litters in comparison with the winter season. Fourteen sows were evaluated over 100 ± 2 days of gestation in each season. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was used as an indirect measure of heat stress during gestation. The reproductive performance, milk yield, and body condition of the sows were recorded. The concentrations of vitamin E and vitamin A in piglets and in sow serum, colostrum, milk and feed were determined by HPLC; immunoglobulins were assessed by an ELISA. The THI index indicated that animals were subject to heat stress only in during the summer. Although the effect was not significant, there were a lower number of piglets at birth and at weaning and the milk yield in summer compared with winter. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the body condition of sows between seasons. Season had an effect (p < 0.05) on the vitamin A concentration of postpartum sow serum (0.29 μg/mL in winter vs 0.21 μg/mL in summer) and on the vitamin E concentration before birth (2.00 μg/mL in winter vs 0.90 μg/mL in summer). Vitamin E in milk was higher (p < 0.05) in winter than in summer (2.23 vs 1.81 μg/mL). Serum levels of vitamins A and E in piglets at birth were lower (p < 0.05) in winter than in summer. The concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) in colostrum and milk were similar between seasons (p > 0.05), but the IgA in piglet serum was higher in winter than in summer (p < 0.05). High temperatures produced heat stress in sows, which affected certain aspects of production that can be translated into economic losses for this sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Amavizca-Nazar
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Sonora 83304, México
| | - Maricela Montalvo-Corral
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Sonora 83304, México
| | - Humberto González-Rios
- Department of Science of Animal Technology, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Sonora 83304, México
| | - Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Sonora 83304, México
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Feng YZ, Zhao HT, Jia GF, Ojukwu C, Tan HQ. Establishment of validated models for non-invasive prediction of rectal temperature of sows using infrared thermography and chemometrics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1405-1415. [PMID: 31375909 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rectal temperature is an important physiological indicator used to characterize the reproductive and health status of sows. Infrared thermography, a surface temperature measurement technology, was investigated in this study to explore its feasibility in non-invasive detection of rectal temperature in sows. A total of 124 records of rectal temperature and surface temperature in various body regions of 99 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows were collected. These surface temperatures together with ambient temperature, ambient humidity, and wind speed in pig pens were correlated with the real rectal temperature of sows to establish rectal temperature prediction models by introducing chemometrics algorithms. Two types of models, i.e., full feature models and selected feature models, were established by applying the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The optimal model was attained when 7 important features were selected by LARS-Lasso, where correlation coefficients and root mean squared errors of calibration were 0.80 and 0.30 °C, respectively. Particularly, the validity and stability of established simplified models were further evaluated by applying the model to an independent prediction set, where correlation coefficients and root mean squared errors for prediction were 0.80 and 0.35 °C, respectively. The validation of established models is scarce in previous similar studies. Above all, this study demonstrated that introduction of chemometrics methodologies would lead to more reliable and accurate model for predicting sow rectal temperature, thus the potential for ensuring animal welfare in a broader view if extended to more applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ze Feng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Zhao
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gui-Feng Jia
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chijioke Ojukwu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - He-Qun Tan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Heng J, Tian M, Zhang W, Chen F, Guan W, Zhang S. Maternal heat stress regulates the early fat deposition partly through modification of m 6A RNA methylation in neonatal piglets. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:635-645. [PMID: 31069641 PMCID: PMC6527640 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that heat stress induces various physiological challenges in livestock production including changes in lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism of how heat stress regulates lipid metabolism at the mRNA level is still largely unknown. N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) is the most common and abundant modification on RNA molecules present in eukaryotes, which affects almost all aspects of RNA metabolism and thus gives us the hint that it may participate in changes of gene expression of lipid metabolism during heat stress. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on fat metabolism in 21-day Large White × Landrace piglets from sows challenged by heat stress from day 85 of gestation until day 21 of lactation. We measured the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), genes associated with lipid metabolism, m6A-related enzymes, and m6A levels in abdominal fat and liver of offspring piglets. Our results showed that high ambient temperature significantly increased the expression of HSP70 (P < 0.01) in both liver and abdominal fat and upregulated HSP27 in the liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, genes involved in fat metabolism such as ACACA, FASN, DGAT1, PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, and FABP4 were upregulated in abdominal fat in the experimental group challenged by high ambient temperature. In the liver, heat stress increased the mRNA expression of DGAT1, SREBP-1c, and CD36 and decreased ATGL and CPT1A expression (P < 0.05). The m6A level was higher in the heat stress group compared with the control group in the liver and abdominal fat of offspring piglets (P < 0.01). Notably, heat stress also increased gene expression of METTL14, WTAP, FTO, and YTHDF2 (P < 0.05) in both abdominal fat and liver. The protein abundances of METTL3, METTL14, and FTO were upregulated after heat stress in abdominal fat (P < 0.05) but not in the liver. Although there was no difference in the protein abundance of YTHDF2 in abdominal fat, its level was increased in the liver (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings showed that heat stress increased expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, which provided scientific evidence to the observation of increased fatness in pigs under heat stress. We also demonstrated a possible mechanism that m6A RNA modification may be associated with these changes in lipid metabolism upon heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Min Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenfei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Leal DF, Muro BBD, Nichi M, Almond GW, Viana CHC, Vioti G, Carnevale RF, Garbossa CAP. Effects of post-insemination energy content of feed on embryonic survival in pigs: A systematic review. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 205:70-77. [PMID: 31010717 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The feeding of diets with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance following mating is believed to reduce embryonic survival in pigs. In swine operations, therefore, feed intake is often restricted during the first and second week of pregnancy to reduce embryo mortality. There is thought to be a relationship between feeding diets that result in energy intake that is greater than that needed for body maintenance and embryonic death. This relationship is associated with lesser than typical progesterone (P4) concentrations when feeding diets with greater energy content due to increased hepatic clearance. There is no consensus, however, as to whether feeding should be restricted during early pregnancy to avert this possible detrimental effect. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect in sows and gilts of feeding diets with different energy contents post-mating on embryonic survival, evaluating when possible, the relationship of a greater energy intake and P4 concentrations on embryonic survival. An electronic search was conducted of the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of science, and Scielo databases during June 2018. A total of 109 articles were retrieved, and of these, only 16 articles were selected after applying the selection criteria. There was no negative effect of a greater feed intake than that needed for body maintenance after breeding in 75% of the experiments. Results from 35% of the experiments indicated feeding early pregnant sows a diet with greater energy content than that needed for body maintenance resulted in augmented embryonic death. In 66.7% of the experiments, in which there was assessment of P4 concentration, there was no negative effect of feeding after farrowing a diet with greater energy than that needed for body maintenance. In conclusion, it appears that restricted feed intake in early pregnancy is no longer relevant when there are modern prolific dam lines utilized in swine production enterprises because dietary energy of as great as 54 MJ ME/day had no detrimental effect on embryo survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno B D Muro
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geovanna Vioti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP Campus, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, FMVZ-USP Campus, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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50
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Johnson JS, Baumgard LH. PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Postnatal consequences of in utero heat stress in pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:962-971. [PMID: 30534960 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal heat stress negatively impacts pig productivity and well-being as animals attempt to manage the resultant strain response. This is especially true when postnatal heat stress is combined with production stressors (e.g., mixing, weaning, transport, handling, and isolation) that have the potential to increase disease occurrence, morbidity and mortality. While pigs can utilize adaptive physiological mechanisms to compensate, these are often unfavorable to efficient livestock production. Specifically, postnatal heat stress decreases weight gain, reduces growth and production efficiency, alters carcass composition, and increases morbidity and mortality. Consequently, decreased animal performance constrains profitability and affects economic sustainability. In addition to the negative effects of postnatal heat stress, prenatal heat stress has long-term consequences that may compromise future piglet well-being and performance. Pigs gestated under heat stress conditions have an increased postnatal stress response and an increase in maintenance energy requirements. Furthermore, prenatal heat stress decreases swine birth weight, and increases teratogenicity, core body temperature set-point, and alters postnatal body composition (more adipose tissue and less skeletal muscle). Taken together, the effects of heat stress during pre- and postnatal pig development negatively influences productivity and well-being, a scenario that threatens the sustainability of global swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
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