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Yamamoto K, Ohsumi S, Nagashima T, Akiyama H, Honda H, Shimizu K. Screening of anti-atrophic peptides by using photo-cleavable peptide array and 96-well scale contractile human skeletal muscle atrophy models. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2196-2205. [PMID: 35478456 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is characterized by decreases in protein content, myofiber diameter, and contractile force generation. As muscle atrophy worsens the quality of life, the development of anti-atrophic substances is desirable. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate a screening process for anti-atrophic peptides using photo-cleavable peptide array technology and human contractile atrophic muscle models. We developed a 96-well system, and established a screening process with less variability. Dexamethasone-induced human atrophic tissue was constructed on the system. Eight peptides were selected from the literature and used for the screening of peptides for preventing the decrease of the contractile forces of tissues. The peptide QIGFIW, which showed preventive activity, was selected as the seed sequence. As a result of amino acid substitution, we obtained QIGFIQ as a peptide with higher anti-atrophic activity. These results indicate that the combinatorial use of the photo-cleavable peptide array technology and 96-well screening system could comprise a powerful approach to obtaining anti-atrophic peptides, and suggest that the 96-well screening system and atrophic model represent a practical and powerful tool for the development of drugs/functional food ingredients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Saki Ohsumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takunori Nagashima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Akiyama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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Salvadori L, Chiappalupi S, Arato I, Mancuso F, Calvitti M, Marchetti MC, Riuzzi F, Calafiore R, Luca G, Sorci G. Sertoli Cells Improve Myogenic Differentiation, Reduce Fibrogenic Markers, and Induce Utrophin Expression in Human DMD Myoblasts. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1504. [PMID: 34680138 PMCID: PMC8533898 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease caused by mutations in DMD gene translating in lack of functional dystrophin and resulting in susceptibility of myofibers to rupture during contraction. Inflammation and fibrosis are critical hallmarks of DMD muscles, which undergo progressive degeneration leading to loss of independent ambulation in childhood and death by early adulthood. We reported that intraperitoneal injection of microencapsulated Sertoli cells (SeC) in dystrophic mice translates into recovery of muscle morphology and performance thanks to anti-inflammatory effects and induction of the dystrophin paralogue, utrophin at the muscle level, opening new avenues in the treatment of DMD. The aim of this study is to obtain information about the direct effects of SeC on myoblasts/myotubes, as a necessary step in view of a translational application of SeC-based approaches to DMD. We show that (i) SeC-derived factors stimulate cell proliferation in the early phase of differentiation in C2C12, and human healthy and DMD myoblasts; (ii) SeC delay the expression of differentiation markers in the early phase nevertheless stimulating terminal differentiation in DMD myoblasts; (iii) SeC restrain the fibrogenic potential of fibroblasts, and inhibit myoblast-myofibroblast transdifferentiation; and, (iv) SeC provide functional replacement of dystrophin in preformed DMD myotubes regardless of the mutation by inducing heregulin β1/ErbB2/ERK1/2-dependent utrophin expression. Altogether, these results show that SeC are endowed with promyogenic and antifibrotic effects on dystrophic myoblasts, further supporting their potential use in the treatment of DMD patients. Our data also suggest that SeC-based approaches might be useful in improving the early phase of muscle regeneration, during which myoblasts have to adequately proliferate to replace the damaged muscle mass.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/metabolism
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Neuregulin-1/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Regeneration/genetics
- Sertoli Cells/metabolism
- Sertoli Cells/pathology
- Utrophin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Salvadori
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Sara Chiappalupi
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Iva Arato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Maria Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calafiore
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
- Centro Biotecnologico Internazionale di Ricerca Traslazionale ad Indirizzo Endocrino, Metabolico ed Embrio-Riproduttivo (CIRTEMER), 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
- Centro Biotecnologico Internazionale di Ricerca Traslazionale ad Indirizzo Endocrino, Metabolico ed Embrio-Riproduttivo (CIRTEMER), 06132 Perugia, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale (CURGeF), 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), 06132 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (F.R.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.A.); (F.M.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.); (R.C.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (CIB), 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Centro Biotecnologico Internazionale di Ricerca Traslazionale ad Indirizzo Endocrino, Metabolico ed Embrio-Riproduttivo (CIRTEMER), 06132 Perugia, Italy
- Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale (CURGeF), 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Shimokawa T, Nabeka H, Khan SI, Yamamiya K, Doihara T, Kobayashi N, Wakisaka H, Matsuda S. Prosaposin in the rat oviductal epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1191-1202. [PMID: 33242172 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) has two forms: a precursor and a secreted form. The secreted form has neurotrophic, myelinotrophic, and myotrophic properties. The precursor form is a precursor protein of saposins A-D. Although the distribution of PSAP in male reproductive organs is well known, its distribution in female reproductive organs, especially in the oviduct, is unclear. Immunoblots and immunohistochemistry of oviducts showed that oviductal tissues contain PSAP proteins, and a significant increase in PSAP was observed in the estrus-metestrus phase compared to the diestrus-proestrus phase in the ampulla. To identify PSAP trafficking in cells, double-immunostaining was performed with antibodies against PSAP in combination with sortilin, mannose 6 phosphate receptor (M6PR), or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). PSAP and sortilin double-positive reactions were observed near the nuclei, as well as in the apical portion of microvillous epithelial cells, whereas these reactions were only observed near the nuclei of ciliated epithelial cells. PSAP and M6PR double-positive reactions were observed near the nuclei of microvillous and ciliated epithelial cells. PSAP and M6PR double-positive reactions were also observed in the apical portion of microvillous epithelial cells. PSAP and LRP1 double-positive reactions were observed in the plasma membrane and apical portion of both microvillous and ciliated epithelial cells. Immunoelectron staining revealed PSAP immunoreactive small vesicles with exocytotic features at the apical portion of microvillous epithelial cells. These findings suggest that PSAP is present in the oviductal epithelium and has a pivotal role during pregnancy in providing an optimal environment for gametes and/or sperm in the ampulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Sakirul Islam Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamiya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Takuya Doihara
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
| | - Naoto Kobayashi
- Medical Education Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wakisaka
- Department of Liberal Arts, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 543 Takaoda, Tobe, Ehime, 791-2101, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0212, Japan
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Mechanisms regulating myoblast fusion: A multilevel interplay. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:81-92. [PMID: 32063453 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion into myotubes is one of the crucial steps of skeletal muscle development (myogenesis). The fusion is preceded by specification of a myogenic lineage (mesodermal progenitors) differentiating into myoblasts and is followed by myofiber-type specification and neuromuscular junction formation. Similarly to other processes of myogenesis, the fusion requires a very precise spatial and temporal regulation occuring both during embryonic development as well as regeneration and repair of the muscle. A plethora of genes and their products is involved in regulation of myoblast fusion and a precise multilevel interplay between them is crucial for myogenic cells to fuse. In this review, we describe both cellular events taking place during myoblast fusion (migration, adhesion, elongation, cell-cell recognition, alignment, and fusion of myoblast membranes enabling formation of myotubes) as well as recent findings on mechanisms regulating this process. Also, we present muscle disorders in humans that have been associated with defects in genes involved in regulation of myoblast fusion.
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Ojima K, Oe M, Nakajima I, Shibata M, Chikuni K, Muroya S, Nishimura T. Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from skeletal muscle cells during differentiation. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Impaired prosaposin secretion during nerve regeneration in diabetic rats and protection of nerve regeneration by a prosaposin-derived peptide. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:702-10. [PMID: 18596543 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31817e23f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin is both a precursor of sphingolipid activator proteins and a secreted neurotrophic and myelinotrophic factor. Because peripheral nerve regeneration is impaired in diabetes mellitus, we measured prosaposin protein levels from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats by collecting endoneurial fluid secreted into a bridging tube connecting the ends of transected sciatic nerve. Prosaposin protein levels were significantly reduced in endoneurial fluid from diabetic rats and increased in the proximal nerve stump compared to controls. To investigate whether a prosaposin-derived peptide could improve nerve regeneration, rats were treated with prosaptide TX14(A) after sciatic nerve crush. In control rats, TX14(A) was without effect in the uninjured nerve but shortened toe spread recovery time after nerve crush. In diabetic rats, efficacy of prosaptide TX14(A) was confirmed by correction of thermal hypoalgesia, formalin-evoked hyperalgesia, and conduction slowing in the uninjured nerve. The peptide also prevented diabetes-induced abnormalities in nerve regeneration distance and mean axonal diameter of regenerated axons, whereas delayed recovery of toe spread was not improved. Muscle denervation atrophy was attenuated by TX14(A) in both control and diabetic rats. These results suggest that reduced prosaposin secretion after nerve injury may contribute to impaired regeneration rates in diabetic rats, and that prosaptide TX14(A) can improve aspects of nerve regeneration.
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Cohen T, Auerbach W, Ravid L, Bodennec J, Fein A, Futerman AH, Joyner AL, Horowitz M. The exon 8-containing prosaposin gene splice variant is dispensable for mouse development, lysosomal function, and secretion. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2431-40. [PMID: 15743835 PMCID: PMC1061615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.6.2431-2440.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin is a multifunctional protein with diverse functions. Intracellularly, prosaposin is a precursor of four sphingolipid activator proteins, saposins A to D, which are required for hydrolysis of sphingolipids by several lysosomal exohydrolases. Secreted prosaposin has been implicated as a neurotrophic, myelinotrophic, and myotrophic factor as well as a spermatogenic factor. It has also been implicated in fertilization. The human and the mouse prosaposin gene has a 9-bp exon (exon 8) that is alternatively spliced, resulting in an isoform with three extra amino acids, Gln-Asp-Gln, within the saposin B domain. Alternative splicing in the prosaposin gene is conserved from fish to humans, tissue specific, and regulated in the brain during development and nerve regeneration-degeneration processes. To elucidate the physiological role of alternative splicing, we have generated a mouse lacking exon 8 by homologous recombination. The exon 8 prosaposin mutant mice are healthy and fertile with no obvious phenotype. No changes were detected in prosaposin secretion or in accumulation and metabolism of gangliosides, sulfatides, neutral glycosphingolipids, neutral phospholipids, other neutral lipids, and ceramide. These data strongly indicate that the prosaposin variant containing the exon 8-encoded three amino acids is dispensable for normal mouse development and fertility as well as for prosaposin secretion and its lysosomal function, at least in the presence of the prosaposin variant missing the exon 8-encoded three amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsadok Cohen
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Cohen T, Ravid L, Altman N, Madar-Shapiro L, Fein A, Weil M, Horowitz M. Conservation of expression and alternative splicing in the prosaposin gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 129:8-19. [PMID: 15469878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin is the precursor of four lysosomal activator molecules known as saposins A, B, C and D. It is also secreted and was proposed to be a neurotrophic factor. The neurotrophic function was attributed to the amino terminus of saposin C. In man, mouse and rat prosaposin is transcribed to two major isoforms differing in the inclusion of 9 bps of exon 8 within the saposin B domain. In the present study, we show that there is evolutionary conservation of the prosaposin structure and alternative splicing in chick and zebrafish as well. Moreover, there is conservation in prosaposin expression as tested immunohistochemically in the mouse and chick developing brain. We developed a sensitive assay to quantitate the prosaposin alternatively spliced forms. Our results indicate that, in mouse brain, skeletal and cardiac muscle the exon 8-containing RNA is most abundant, while it is almost absent from visceral and smooth muscle-containing organs. We observed temporal and differential expression of the alternatively spliced prosaposin mRNAs in mouse and chick brain as well as during development. The elevation in the abundance of exon 8-containing prosaposin RNA during mouse and chick brain development may suggest a role for the exon 8-containing prosaposin form in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsadok Cohen
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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Bois PR, Grosveld GC. FKHR (FOXO1a) is required for myotube fusion of primary mouse myoblasts. EMBO J 2003; 22:1147-57. [PMID: 12606579 PMCID: PMC150349 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2002] [Revised: 11/13/2002] [Accepted: 01/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor FKHR (Forkhead in human rhabdomyosarcoma, FOXO1a) in various established cell lines induces cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. These effects are inhibited through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, resulting in FKHR phosphorylation and its export from the nucleus, thus blocking its pro-apoptotic activity. Here we report that FKHR regulates fusion of differentiating primary myoblasts. We demonstrate that FKHR is localized in the cytoplasm of proliferating myoblasts, yet translocates to the nucleus by a phosphorylation-independent pathway following serum starvation, a condition that induces myoblast differentiation. FKHR phosphorylation during terminal differentiation appears to downregulate its fusion activity, as a dominant-active non-phosphorylatable FKHR mutant dramatically augments the rate and extent of myotube fusion. However, this FKHR mutant exerts its effects only after other events initiated the differentiation pro cess. Conversely, enforced expression of a dominant-negative FKHR mutant blocks myotube formation whereas wild-type FKHR has no effect. We conclude that in addition to the role of FoxO proteins in regulating cell cycle progress and apoptosis, FKHR controls the rate of myotube fusion during myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard C. Grosveld
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Genetics, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
Corresponding author e-mail:
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Mizisin AP, Steinhardt RC, O'Brien JS, Calcutt NA. TX14(A), a prosaposin-derived peptide, reverses established nerve disorders in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and prevents them in galactose-fed rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:953-60. [PMID: 11589426 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.10.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, TX14(A), a prosaposin-derived neurotrophic peptide, was shown to prevent both large and small fiber deficits in streptozotocin diabetes. Here, the efficacy of TX14(A) in reversing established nerve conduction disorders in streptozotocin diabetes, a model of insulin deficiency, and preventing them in galactose feeding, an insulin-replete model of polyol pathway flux, was investigated. Following streptozotocin injection (50 mg/kg ip), TX14(A) treatment (1 mg/kg ip thrice weekly) was initiated in half of the animals. After 8 wk, treatment was begun in half of the untreated animals and discontinued in half of the treated animals, and the experiment continued for 6 wk. TX14(A) reversed established motor and sensory nerve conduction deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and the impact of previous treatment was still evident 3 wk after withdrawal. With the onset of 40% galactose feeding, the same dose of TX14(A) was given to half of the control and half of the galactose-fed animals for 16 wk. TX14(A) was without effect in control animals but it attenuated motor and sensory nerve conduction deficits in galactose-fed rats, an effect associated with amelioration of axonal dwindling in the sciatic nerve. These observations extend the therapeutic utility of TX14(A) and highlight its potential in treating established diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Mizisin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0612, USA
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