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Batt MC, Venzor LG, Gardner K, Reith RR, Roberts KA, Herrera NJ, Fuller AM, Sullivan GA, Mulliniks JT, Spangler ML, Valberg SJ, Steffen DJ, Petersen JL. An autosomal recessive variant in PYGM causes myophosphorylase deficiency in Red Angus composite cattle. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:417. [PMID: 38678201 PMCID: PMC11055281 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between 2020 and 2022, eight calves in a Nebraska herd (composite Simmental, Red Angus, Gelbvieh) displayed exercise intolerance during forced activity. In some cases, the calves collapsed and did not recover. Available sire pedigrees contained a paternal ancestor within 2-4 generations in all affected calves. Pedigrees of the calves' dams were unavailable, however, the cows were ranch-raised and retained from prior breeding seasons, where bulls used for breeding occasionally had a common ancestor. Therefore, it was hypothesized that a de novo autosomal recessive variant was causative of exercise intolerance in these calves. RESULTS A genome-wide association analysis utilizing SNP data from 6 affected calves and 715 herd mates, followed by whole-genome sequencing of 2 affected calves led to the identification of a variant in the gene PYGM (BTA29:g.42989581G > A). The variant, confirmed to be present in the skeletal muscle transcriptome, was predicted to produce a premature stop codon (p.Arg650*). The protein product of PYGM, myophosphorylase, breaks down glycogen in skeletal muscle. Glycogen concentrations were fluorometrically assayed as glucose residues demonstrating significantly elevated glycogen concentrations in affected calves compared to cattle carrying the variant and to wild-type controls. The absence of the PYGM protein product in skeletal muscle was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and label-free quantitative proteomics analysis; muscle degeneration was confirmed in biopsy and necropsy samples. Elevated skeletal muscle glycogen persisted after harvest, resulting in a high pH and dark-cutting beef, which is negatively perceived by consumers and results in an economic loss to the industry. Carriers of the variant did not exhibit differences in meat quality or any measures of animal well-being. CONCLUSIONS Myophosphorylase deficiency poses welfare concerns for affected animals and negatively impacts the final product. The association of the recessive genotype with dark-cutting beef further demonstrates the importance of genetics to not only animal health but to the quality of their product. Although cattle heterozygous for the variant may not immediately affect the beef industry, identifying carriers will enable selection and breeding strategies to prevent the production of affected calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie C Batt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Leila G Venzor
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Keri Gardner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rachel R Reith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kelsey A Roberts
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nicolas J Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anna M Fuller
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gary A Sullivan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - J Travis Mulliniks
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Matthew L Spangler
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Stephanie J Valberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David J Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jessica L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Koeberl DD, Koch RL, Lim JA, Brooks ED, Arnson BD, Sun B, Kishnani PS. Gene therapy for glycogen storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:93-118. [PMID: 37421310 PMCID: PMC10874648 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) are inherited disorders of metabolism resulting from the deficiency of individual enzymes involved in the synthesis, transport, and degradation of glycogen. This literature review summarizes the development of gene therapy for the GSDs. The abnormal accumulation of glycogen and deficiency of glucose production in GSDs lead to unique symptoms based upon the enzyme step and tissues involved, such as liver and kidney involvement associated with severe hypoglycemia during fasting and the risk of long-term complications including hepatic adenoma/carcinoma and end stage kidney disease in GSD Ia from glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, and cardiac/skeletal/smooth muscle involvement associated with myopathy +/- cardiomyopathy and the risk for cardiorespiratory failure in Pompe disease. These symptoms are present to a variable degree in animal models for the GSDs, which have been utilized to evaluate new therapies including gene therapy and genome editing. Gene therapy for Pompe disease and GSD Ia has progressed to Phase I and Phase III clinical trials, respectively, and are evaluating the safety and bioactivity of adeno-associated virus vectors. Clinical research to understand the natural history and progression of the GSDs provides invaluable outcome measures that serve as endpoints to evaluate benefits in clinical trials. While promising, gene therapy and genome editing face challenges with regard to clinical implementation, including immune responses and toxicities that have been revealed during clinical trials of gene therapy that are underway. Gene therapy for the glycogen storage diseases is under development, addressing an unmet need for specific, stable therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D. Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Arnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Generation of the First Human In Vitro Model for McArdle Disease Based on iPSC Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213964. [PMID: 36430443 PMCID: PMC9692531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the PYGM gene. This gene encodes for the skeletal muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase), the first enzyme in glycogenolysis. Patients with this disorder are unable to obtain energy from their glycogen stored in skeletal muscle, prompting an exercise intolerance. Currently, there is no treatment for this disease, and the lack of suitable in vitro human models has prevented the search for therapies against it. In this article, we have established the first human iPSC-based model for McArdle disease. For the generation of this model, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with McArdle disease (harbouring the homozygous mutation c.148C>T; p.R50* in the PYGM gene) were differentiated into myogenic cells able to contract spontaneously in the presence of motor neurons and generate calcium transients, a proof of their maturity and functionality. Additionally, an isogenic skeletal muscle model of McArdle disease was created. As a proof-of-concept, we have tested in this model the rescue of PYGM expression by two different read-through compounds (PTC124 and RTC13). The developed model will be very useful as a platform for testing drugs or compounds with potential pharmacological activity.
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Preclinical Research in McArdle Disease: A Review of Research Models and Therapeutic Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010074. [PMID: 35052414 PMCID: PMC8774685 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism caused by pathogenic mutations in the PYGM gene, which encodes the skeletal muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase. Clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by transient acute “crises” of early fatigue, myalgia and contractures, which can be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis. Owing to the difficulty of performing mechanistic studies in patients that often rely on invasive techniques, preclinical models have been used for decades, thereby contributing to gain insight into the pathophysiology and pathobiology of human diseases. In the present work, we describe the existing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models for McArdle disease and review the insights these models have provided. In addition, despite presenting some differences with the typical patient’s phenotype, these models allow for a deep study of the different features of the disease while representing a necessary preclinical step to assess the efficacy and safety of possible treatments before they are tested in patients.
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Almodóvar-Payá A, Villarreal-Salazar M, de Luna N, Nogales-Gadea G, Real-Martínez A, Andreu AL, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A, Vissing J, Krag T, Pinós T. Preclinical Research in Glycogen Storage Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Current Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249621. [PMID: 33348688 PMCID: PMC7766110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GSD are a group of disorders characterized by a defect in gene expression of specific enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown or synthesis, commonly resulting in the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues (primarily the liver and skeletal muscle). Several different GSD animal models have been found to naturally present spontaneous mutations and others have been developed and characterized in order to further understand the physiopathology of these diseases and as a useful tool to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies. In the present work we have reviewed a total of 42 different animal models of GSD, including 26 genetically modified mouse models, 15 naturally occurring models (encompassing quails, cats, dogs, sheep, cattle and horses), and one genetically modified zebrafish model. To our knowledge, this is the most complete list of GSD animal models ever reviewed. Importantly, when all these animal models are analyzed together, we can observe some common traits, as well as model specific differences, that would be overlooked if each model was only studied in the context of a given GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Almodóvar-Payá
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Mónica Villarreal-Salazar
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Noemí de Luna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Laboratori de Malalties Neuromusculars, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediàtriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d’Investigacio en Ciencies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alberto Real-Martínez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- EATRIS, European Infrastructure for Translational Medicine, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Miguel Angel Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, 12 de Octubre Hospital Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.-P.); (M.V.-S.); (A.R.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (N.d.L.); (G.N.-G.); (M.A.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934894057
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6
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McArdle Disease: New Insights into Its Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235919. [PMID: 31775340 PMCID: PMC6929006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease, also known as glycogen storage disease type V (GSDV), is characterized by exercise intolerance, the second wind phenomenon, and high serum creatine kinase activity. Here, we recapitulate PYGM mutations in the population responsible for this disease. Traditionally, McArdle disease has been considered a metabolic myopathy caused by the lack of expression of the muscle isoform of the glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM). However, recent findings challenge this view, since it has been shown that PYGM is present in other tissues than the skeletal muscle. We review the latest studies about the molecular mechanism involved in glycogen phosphorylase activity regulation. Further, we summarize the expression and functional significance of PYGM in other tissues than skeletal muscle both in health and McArdle disease. Furthermore, we examine the different animal models that have served as the knowledge base for better understanding of McArdle disease. Finally, we give an overview of the latest state-of-the-art clinical trials currently being carried out and present an updated view of the current therapies.
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7
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Nielsen TL, Pinós T, Brull A, Vissing J, Krag TO. Exercising with blocked muscle glycogenolysis: Adaptation in the McArdle mouse. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:21-27. [PMID: 29174367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V) is an inborn error of skeletal muscle metabolism, which affects glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) activity leading to an inability to break down glycogen. Patients with McArdle disease are exercise intolerant, as muscle glycogen-derived glucose is unavailable during exercise. Metabolic adaptation to blocked muscle glycogenolysis occurs at rest in the McArdle mouse model, but only in highly glycolytic muscle. However, it is unknown what compensatory metabolic adaptations occur during exercise in McArdle disease. METHODS In this study, 8-week old McArdle and wild-type mice were exercised on a treadmill until exhausted. Dissected muscles were compared with non-exercised, age-matched McArdle and wild-type mice for histology and activation and expression of proteins involved in glucose uptake and glycogenolysis. RESULTS Investigation of expression and activation of proteins involved in glycolytic flux revealed that in glycolytic, but not oxidative muscle from exercised McArdle mice, the glycolytic flux had changed compared to that in wild-type mice. Specifically, exercise triggered in glycolytic muscle a differentiated activation of insulin receptor, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Akt and hexokinase II expression, while inhibiting glycogen synthase, suggesting that the need and adapted ability to take up blood glucose and use it for metabolism or glycogen storage is different among the investigated muscles. CONCLUSION The main finding of the study is that McArdle mouse muscles appear to adapt to the energy crisis by increasing expression and activation of proteins involved in blood glucose metabolism in response to exercise in the same directional way across the investigated muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue L Nielsen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Astrid Brull
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS_974, CNRS FRE 3617, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sun B, Brooks ED, Koeberl DD. Preclinical Development of New Therapy for Glycogen Storage Diseases. Curr Gene Ther 2016; 15:338-47. [PMID: 26122079 DOI: 10.2174/1566523215666150630132253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease (GSD) consists of more than 10 discrete conditions for which the biochemical and genetic bases have been determined, and new therapies have been under development for several of these conditions. Gene therapy research has generated proof-of-concept for GSD types I (von Gierke disease) and II (Pompe disease). Key features of these gene therapy strategies include the choice of vector and regulatory cassette, and recently adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors containing tissue-specific promoters have achieved a high degree of efficacy. Efficacy of gene therapy for Pompe disease depend upon the induction of immune tolerance to the therapeutic enzyme. Efficacy of von Gierke disease is transient, waning gradually over the months following vector administration. Small molecule therapies have been evaluated with the goal of improving standard of care therapy or ameliorating the cellular abnormalities associated with specific GSDs. The receptor-mediated uptake of the therapeutic enzyme in Pompe disease was enhanced by administration of β2 agonists. Rapamycin reduced the liver fibrosis observed in GSD III. Further development of gene therapy could provide curative therapy for patients with GSD, if efficacy from preclinical research is observed in future clinical trials and these treatments become clinically available.
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9
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Garton FC, North KN, Koch LG, Britton SL, Nogales-Gadea G, Lucia A. Rodent models for resolving extremes of exercise and health. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:82-92. [PMID: 26395598 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extremes of exercise capacity and health are considered a complex interplay between genes and the environment. In general, the study of animal models has proven critical for deep mechanistic exploration that provides guidance for focused and hypothesis-driven discovery in humans. Hypotheses underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and gene/tissue function can be tested in rodents to generate sufficient evidence to resolve and progress our understanding of human biology. Here we provide examples of three alternative uses of rodent models that have been applied successfully to advance knowledge that bridges our understanding of the connection between exercise capacity and health status. First we review the strong association between exercise capacity and all-cause morbidity and mortality in humans through artificial selection on low and high exercise performance in the rat and the consequent generation of the "energy transfer hypothesis." Second we review specific transgenic and knockout mouse models that replicate the human disease condition and performance. This includes human glycogen storage diseases (McArdle and Pompe) and α-actinin-3 deficiency. Together these rodent models provide an overview of the advancements of molecular knowledge required for clinical translation. Continued study of these models in conjunction with human association studies will be critical to resolving the complex gene-environment interplay linking exercise capacity, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur C Garton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Kathryn N North
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; and
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol i Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) and Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
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Santalla A, Nogales-Gadea G, Ørtenblad N, Brull A, de Luna N, Pinós T, Lucia A. McArdle disease: a unique study model in sports medicine. Sports Med 2015; 44:1531-44. [PMID: 25028051 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is arguably the paradigm of exercise intolerance in humans. This disorder is caused by inherited deficiency of myophosphorylase, the enzyme isoform that initiates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscles. Because patients are unable to obtain energy from their muscle glycogen stores, this disease provides an interesting model of study for exercise physiologists, allowing insight to be gained into the understanding of glycogen-dependent muscle functions. Of special interest in the field of muscle physiology and sports medicine are also some specific (if not unique) characteristics of this disorder, such as the so-called 'second wind' phenomenon, the frequent exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria episodes suffered by patients (with muscle damage also occurring under basal conditions), or the early appearance of fatigue and contractures, among others. In this article we review the main pathophysiological features of this disorder leading to exercise intolerance as well as the currently available therapeutic possibilities. Patients have been traditionally advised by clinicians to refrain from exercise, yet sports medicine and careful exercise prescription are their best allies at present because no effective enzyme replacement therapy is expected to be available in the near future. As of today, although unable to restore myophosphorylase deficiency, the 'simple' use of exercise as therapy seems probably more promising and practical for patients than more 'complex' medical approaches.
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Brull A, de Luna N, Blanco-Grau A, Lucia A, Martin MA, Arenas J, Martí R, Andreu AL, Pinós T. Phenotype consequences of myophosphorylase dysfunction: insights from the McArdle mouse model. J Physiol 2015; 593:2693-706. [PMID: 25873271 DOI: 10.1113/jp270085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS This is the first study to analyse the effect of muscle glycogen phosphorylase depletion in metabolically different muscle types. In McArdle mice, muscle glycogen phosphorylase is absent in both oxidative and glycolytic muscles. In McArdle mice, the glycogen debranching enzyme (catabolic) is increased in oxidative muscles, whereas the glycogen branching enzyme (anabolic) is increased in glycolytic muscles. In McArdle mice, total glycogen synthase is decreased in both oxidative and glycolytic muscles, whereas the phosphorylated inactive form of the enzyme is increased in both oxidative and glycolytic enzymes. In McArdle mice, glycogen content is higher in glycolytic muscles than in oxidative muscles. Additionally, in all muscles analysed, the glycogen content is higher in males than in females. The maximal endurance capacity of the McArdle mice is significantly lower compared to heterozygous and wild-type mice. ABSTRACT McArdle disease, caused by inherited deficiency of the enzyme muscle glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM), is arguably the paradigm of exercise intolerance. The recent knock-in (p.R50X/p.R50X) mouse disease model allows an investigation of the phenotypic consequences of muscle glycogen unavailability and the physiopathology of exercise intolerance. We analysed, in 2-month-old mice [wild-type (wt/wt), heterozygous (p.R50X/wt) and p.R50X/p.R50X)], maximal endurance exercise capacity and the molecular consequences of an absence of GP-MM in the main glycogen metabolism regulatory enzymes: glycogen synthase, glycogen branching enzyme and glycogen debranching enzyme, as well as glycogen content in slow-twitch (soleus), intermediate (gastrocnemius) and glycolytic/fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus; EDL) muscles. Compared with wt/wt, exercise capacity (measured in a treadmill test) was impaired in p.R50X/p.R50X (∼48%) and p.R50X/wt mice (∼18%). p.R50X/p.R50X mice showed an absence of GP-MM in the three muscles. GP-MM was reduced in p.R50X/wt mice, especially in the soleus, suggesting that the function of 'slow-twitch' muscles is less dependent on glycogen catabolism. p.R50X/p.R50X mice showed increased glycogen debranching enzyme in the soleus, increased glycogen branching enzyme in the gastrocnemius and EDL, as well as reduced levels of mucle glycogen synthase protein in the three muscles (mean ∼70%), reflecting a protective mechanism for preventing deleterious glycogen accumulation. Additionally, glycogen content was highest in the EDL of p.R50X/p.R50X mice. Amongst other findings, the present study shows that the expression of the main muscle glycogen regulatory enzymes differs depending on the muscle phenotype (slow- vs. fast-twitch) and that even partial GP-MM deficiency affects maximal endurance capacity. Our knock-in model might help to provide insights into the importance of glycogen on muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Brull
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Noemí de Luna
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Albert Blanco-Grau
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación 'i+12', Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Martí
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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12
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Brooks ED, Koeberl DD. Large animal models and new therapies for glycogen storage disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:505-9. [PMID: 25224826 PMCID: PMC4513910 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSD), a unique category of inherited metabolic disorders, were first described early in the twentieth century. Since then, the biochemical and genetic bases of these disorders have been determined, and an increasing number of animal models for GSD have become available. At least seven large mammalian models have been developed for laboratory research on GSDs. These models have facilitated the development of new therapies, including gene therapy, which are undergoing clinical translation. For example, gene therapy prolonged survival and prevented hypoglycemia during fasting for greater than one year in dogs with GSD type Ia, and the need for periodic re-administration to maintain efficacy was demonstrated in that dog model. The further development of gene therapy could provide curative therapy for patients with GSD and other inherited metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Nogales-Gadea G, Santalla A, Brull A, de Luna N, Lucia A, Pinós T. The pathogenomics of McArdle disease--genes, enzymes, models, and therapeutic implications. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:221-30. [PMID: 25053163 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biomedical advances have been made since Carl and Gerty Cori discovered the enzyme phosphorylase in the 1940s and the Scottish physician Brian McArdle reported in 1951 a previously 'undescribed disorder characterized by a gross failure of the breakdown in muscle of glycogen'. Today we know that this disorder, commonly known as 'McArdle disease', is caused by inherited deficiency of the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP). Here we review the main aspects of the 'pathogenomics' of this disease including, among others: the spectrum of mutations in the gene (PYGM) encoding muscle GP; the interplay between the different tissue GP isoforms in cellular cultures and in patients; what can we learn from naturally occurring and recently laboratory-generated animal models of the disease; and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Av. Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain,
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14
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Howell JM, Dunton E, Creed KE, Quinlivan R, Sewry C. Investigating sodium valproate as a treatment for McArdle disease in sheep. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 25:111-9. [PMID: 25455802 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is due to an absence of the enzyme muscle glycogen phosphorylase and results in significant physical impairment in humans. We hypothesised that sodium valproate, an HDAC inhibitor, might have the ability to up-regulate the enzyme. We treated McArdle sheep with sodium valproate given enterically at 20-60 mg/kg body wt. Compared with untreated control animals, there was increased expression of phosphorylase in muscle fibres. The response was dose dependent and reached a maximum 2 hours after the application and increased with repeated applications. Improvement in mobility could not be demonstrated. These findings suggest that sodium valproate is a potential therapeutic treatment for McArdle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McC Howell
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Neuro-Muscular Research Institute, CNND, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - E Dunton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K E Creed
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Quinlivan
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - C Sewry
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
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15
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Howell JM, Walker KR, Creed KE, Dunton E, Davies L, Quinlivan R, Karpati G. Phosphorylase re-expression, increase in the force of contraction and decreased fatigue following notexin-induced muscle damage and regeneration in the ovine model of McArdle disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 24:167-77. [PMID: 24309536 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is caused by a deficiency of myophosphorylase and currently a satisfactory treatment is not available. The injection of notexin into, or the layering of notexin onto, the muscles of affected sheep resulted in necrosis followed by regeneration of muscle fibres with the expression of both non-muscle isoforms of phosphorylase within the fibres and a reduction of the amount of glycogen in the muscle with an increase in the strength of contraction and a decrease in fatiguability in the muscle fibres. The sustained re-expression of both the brain and liver isoforms of phosphorylase within the muscle fibres provides further emphasis that strategies to enhance the re-expression of these isoforms should be investigated as a possible treatment for McArdle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McC Howell
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia; Australian Neuro-Muscular Research Institute,CNND, University of Western Australia, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - K R Walker
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K E Creed
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E Dunton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L Davies
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Quinlivan
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Karpati
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Disorders of glycogen metabolism are inborn errors of energy homeostasis affecting primarily skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and, less frequently, the central nervous system. These rare diseases are quite variable in age of onset, symptoms, morbidity, and mortality. This review provides an update on disorders of glycogen metabolism affecting skeletal muscle exclusively or predominantly. From a pathogenetic perspective, we classify these diseases as primary, if the defective enzyme is directly involved in glycogen/glucose metabolism, or secondary, if the genetic mutation affects proteins which indirectly regulate glycogen or glucose processing. In addition to summarizing the most recent clinical reports in this field, we briefly describe animal models of human glycogen disorders. These experimental models are greatly improving the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the muscle degenerative process associated to these diseases and provide in vivo platforms to test new therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Cell models for McArdle disease and aminoglycoside-induced read-through of a premature termination codon. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 23:43-51. [PMID: 22818872 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.06.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
McArdle disease results from mutations in the gene encoding muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) protein and the two most common mutations are a premature termination codon (R50X) and a missense mutation (G205S). Myoblasts from patients cannot be used to create a cell model of McArdle disease because even normal myoblasts produce little or no PYGM protein in cell culture. We therefore created cell models by expressing wild-type or mutant (R50X or G205S) PYGM from cDNA integrated into the genome of Chinese hamster ovary cells. These cell lines enable the study of McArdle mutations in the absence of nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA transcripts. Although all cell lines produced stable mRNA, only wild-type produced detectable PYGM protein. Our data suggest that the G205S mutation affects PYGM by causing misfolding and accelerated protein turnover. Using the N-terminal region of PYGM containing the R50X mutation fused to green fluorescent protein, we were able to demonstrate both small amounts of truncated protein production and read-through of the R50X premature termination codon induced by the aminoglycoside, G418.
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18
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Nogales-Gadea G, Pinós T, Lucia A, Arenas J, Camara Y, Brull A, de Luna N, Martín MA, Garcia-Arumí E, Martí R, Andreu AL. Knock-in mice for the R50X mutation in the PYGM gene present with McArdle disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:2048-57. [PMID: 22730558 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease (glycogenosis type V), the most common muscle glycogenosis, is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in PYGM, the gene encoding myophosphorylase. Patients with McArdle disease typically experience exercise intolerance manifested as acute crises of early fatigue and contractures, sometimes with rhabdomyolysis and myoblobinuria, triggered by static muscle contractions or dynamic exercises. Currently, there are no therapies to restore myophosphorylase activity in patients. Although two spontaneous animal models for McArdle disease have been identified (cattle and sheep), they have rendered a limited amount of information on the pathophysiology of the disorder; therefore, there have been few opportunities for experimental research in the field. We have developed a knock-in mouse model by replacing the wild-type allele of Pygm with a modified allele carrying the common human mutation, p.R50X, which is the most frequent cause of McArdle disease. Histochemical, biochemical and molecular analyses of the phenotype, as well as exercise tests, were carried out in homozygotes, carriers and wild-type mice. p.R50X/p.R50X mice showed undetectable myophosphorylase protein and activity in skeletal muscle. Histochemical and biochemical analyses revealed massive muscle glycogen accumulation in homozygotes, in contrast to heterozygotes or wild-type mice, which did not show glycogen accumulation in this tissue. Additional characterization confirmed a McArdle disease-like phenotype in p.R50X/p.R50X mice, i.e. they had hyperCKaemia and very poor exercise performance, as assessed in the wire grip and treadmill tests (6% and 5% of the wild-type values, respectively). This model represents a powerful tool for in-depth studies of the pathophysiology of McArdle disease and other neuromuscular disorders, and for exploring new therapeutic approaches for genetic disorders caused by premature stop codon mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Laboratori de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Auto` noma deBarcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Johnstone AC, McSporran KD, Kenny JE, Anderson IL, Macpherson GR, Jolly RD. Myophosphorylase deficiency (glycogen storage disease Type V) in a herd of Charolais cattle in New Zealand: confirmation by PCR-RFLP testing. N Z Vet J 2009; 52:404-8. [PMID: 15768143 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe a disease of muscle in Charolais calves and confirm the putative diagnosis of inherited myophosphorylase deficiency. METHODS Variously stained paraffin sections of muscle prepared from affected calves were used to describe the lesions. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test was developed and applied to affected calves, their sires, dams and other individuals. RESULTS The lesions were those of rhabdomyolysis of skeletal muscles and sub-sarcolemmal spaces in normal fibres. The PCRRFLP test confirmed the expected mutation for phosphorylase deficiency of Charolais cattle in two affected calves. In addition, sires, dams and other closely-related individuals of four affected calves tested as heterozygous for the mutation. Other apparently unrelated animals also tested as heterozygous. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of myophosphorylase deficiency was confirmed. The PCR-RFLP test is suitable for use in controlling this recessively-inherited disorder as it can diagnose heterozygous individuals that are otherwise clinically normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Johnstone
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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20
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Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Baird JD, Hunt L, DiMauro S. Insulin sensitivity in Belgian horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:818-23. [PMID: 18518664 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine insulin sensitivity, proportions of muscle fiber types, and activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes in Belgians with and without polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). ANIMALS 10 Quarter Horses (QHs) and 103 Belgians in which PSSM status had been determined. PROCEDURES To determine insulin sensitivity, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) technique was used in 5 Belgians with PSSM and 5 Belgians without PSSM. Insulin was infused i.v. at 3 mU/min/kg for 3 hours, and concentrations of blood glucose and plasma insulin were determined throughout. An i.v. infusion of glucose was administered to maintain blood glucose concentration at 100 mg/dL. Activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes were assessed in snap-frozen biopsy specimens of gluteus medius muscle obtained from 4 Belgians with PSSM and 5 Belgians without PSSM. Percentages of type 1, 2a, and 2b muscle fibers were determined via evaluation of >or= 250 muscle fibers in biopsy specimens obtained from each Belgian used in the aforementioned studies and from 10 QHs (5 with PSSM and 5 without PSSM). RESULTS Belgians with and without PSSM were not significantly different with respect to whole-body insulin sensitivity, muscle activities of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzymes, or proportions of muscle fiber types. However, Belgians had an increased proportion of type 2a and decreased proportion of type 2b muscle fibers, compared with proportions in QHs, regardless of PSSM status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PSSM in Belgians may be attributable to excessive glycogen synthesis rather than decreased glycogen utilization or enhanced glucose uptake into muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Firshman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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21
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Howell JM, Walker KR, Davies L, Dunton E, Everaardt A, Laing N, Karpati G. Adenovirus and adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of human myophosphorylase cDNA and LacZ cDNA to muscle in the ovine model of McArdle's disease: expression and re-expression of glycogen phosphorylase. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:248-58. [PMID: 18343113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
At present there is no satisfactory treatment for McArdle's disease, deficiency of myophosphorylase. Injection of modified adenovirus 5 (AdV5) and adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) vectors containing myophosphorylase expression cassettes, into semitendinosus muscle of sheep with McArdle's disease, produced expression of functional myophosphorylase and some re-expression of the non-muscle glycogen phosphorylase isoforms (both liver and brain) in regenerating fibres. Expression of both non-muscle isoforms was also seen after control injections of AdV5LacZ vectors. There was up to an order of magnitude greater expression of phosphorylase after myophosphorylase vector injection than after LacZ controls (62% of sections with over 1000 positive muscle fibres, versus 7%). The results presented here suggest that the use of viral vector-mediated phosphorylase gene transfer may be applicable to the treatment of McArdle's disease and that sustained re-expression of the brain and liver isoforms should also be investigated as a possible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McC Howell
- Department of Veterinary Biology and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, WA, Australia.
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22
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Cítek J, Rehout V, Vecerek L, Hájková J. Genotyping glycogen storage disease type II and type V in cattle reared in the Czech Republic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:257-9. [PMID: 17523960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping was carried out for glycogen storage disease type II and type V in seven cattle breeds. The analysis was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) method. In the breeds analysed [Charolais, Czech Spotted (Czech Simmental), Belgian Blue, Limousine, Blonde d'Aquitaine, Aberdeen Angus, and Beef Simmental sires reared in the Czech Republic], the recessive allele was not found in the PYGM (phosphorylase glycogen, muscle) responsible for the glycogen storage disease type V. In the same panel, the recessive allele in exon 7, exon 9 and exon 13 of the GAA (glucosidase alpha, acid), causing the glycogen storage disease type II was not found. Therefore, we have not revealed the recessives outside previous reported breeds. The knowledge of the breed-specific occurrence of inherited disorders facilitates focusing and reduces the costs of detecting the heterozygous carriers of recessive inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cítek
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, University of South Bohemia, Studentska 13, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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23
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Current Research Status for Economically Important Candidate Genes and Microarray Studies in Cattle. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2006.48.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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O'Rourke BA, Dennis JA, Healy PJ. Internal restriction sites: quality assurance aids in genotyping. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:195-7. [PMID: 16617701 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-based genotyping assays currently used for detection of mutations responsible for bovine ferrochelatase and myophosphorylase deficiencies, and equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) are described. Reports of sporadic inhibition of restriction enzyme activity suggest a critical factor in RFLP-based genotyping assays should be assurance that restriction enzymes perform to specification with every sample. The RFLP genotyping assays that use either a mismatched recognition sequence in one or both of the oligonucleotides, or incorporate a second native site within the PCR amplicon, provide the mechanism by which efficiency of restriction enzymes can be assessed with every sample. The outcome is confirmation of the activity of the discriminating enzyme regardless of genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon A O'Rourke
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA.
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26
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Soethout EC, Verkaar ELC, Jansen GH, Müller KE, Lenstra JA. A direct StyI polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) test for the myophosphorylase mutation in cattle. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2002; 49:289-90. [PMID: 12227470 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myophosphorylase deficiency in cattle is a muscle disease induced by a C-->T point mutation in codon 489 of the myophosphorylase gene, which until now has only been diagnosed in the Charolais breed. The disease seems to be inherited in an autosomal monogenic recessive manner. A calf of double muscled phenotype was suspected of suffering from myophosphorylase deficiency based on typical symptoms, i.e. brown-coloured, transparent urine, occurring after exercise; exercise intolerance; symptoms of pain; and an elevated level of plasma creatine kinase. The presence of the previously described mutation was excluded using a newly developed, improved polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) procedure to identify easily heterozygous carriers and homozygous affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Soethout
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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27
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Moisan PG, Steffen DJ, Sanderson MW, Nietfeld JC, Finley MR, Grotelueschen DM, Andrews GA, Johnson G, Williamson L, Rushton SD, Hall DG, Harmon BG. A familial degenerative neuromuscular disease of Gelbvieh cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:140-9. [PMID: 11939335 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A degenerative skeletal muscle disease with vascular, neurologic, and renal lesions and a probable familial distribution was identified in 4-20-month-old purebred Gelbvieh cattle. Thirteen affected animals were confirmed from 6 separate beef herds, with a mortality rate of 100%. Clinical signs in affected animals consisted of ataxia, weakness, and terminal recumbency. Gross and histologic muscle lesions were indicative of nutritional myopathy of ruminants, with a lack of myocardial lesions in most cases and only rare myocardial changes in a few animals. Acute to chronic lesions in most large skeletal muscle groups consisted of degeneration, necrosis, regeneration, fibrosis, and atrophy. Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles was a common feature in multiple tissues. Lesions in the spinal cord white matter and peripheral nerves consisted of degeneration of the dorsal columns and axons, respectively. Changes in the kidneys consisted of chronic interstitial nephritis with fibrosis, hyaline droplet change and tubular epithelial vacuolar change and were most severe in the older calves. Intracytoplasmic myoglobin and iron were demonstrated within the hyaline droplets in degenerate renal cortical tubular epithelial cells. Vitamin E levels were deficient in most (6/7) of the animals tested. Investigation of the pedigree of affected animals revealed a common ancestry for all but 1 of the animals whose parentage could be traced. This investigation suggests that a hereditary metabolic defect, possibly involving antioxidant metabolism, could be responsible for this condition. Renal disease, possibly secondary to myoglobinuria, may be unique to this bovine condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Moisan
- Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, USA
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28
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Valberg SJ, Macleay JM, Billstrom JA, Hower-Moritz MA, Mickelson JR. Skeletal muscle metabolic response to exercise in horses with 'tying-up' due to polysaccharide storage myopathy. Equine Vet J 1999; 31:43-7. [PMID: 9952328 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a distinct cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses that results in glycogen and abnormal polysaccharide accumulation. The purpose of this study was to determine if excessive glycogen storage in PSSM is due to a glycolytic defect that impairs utilisation of this substrate during exercise. Muscle biopsies, blood lactates and serum CK were obtained 1) at rest from 5 PSSM Quarter Horses, 4 normal Quarter Horses (QH controls) and 6 Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (TB RER) and 2) after a maximal treadmill exercise test in PSSM and QH controls. In addition, 3 PSSM horses performed a submaximal exercise test. At rest, muscle glycogen concentrations were 2.4x and 1.9x higher in PSSM vs. QH controls or TB RER, respectively. Muscle lactates at rest were similar between PSSM and QH controls but significantly higher in PSSM vs. TB RER. Muscle glucose-6-phosphate concentrations were also higher in PSSM horses than controls combined. During maximal exercise, mean muscle glycogen concentrations declined 2.7x more and mean lactate increased 2x more in PSSM vs. QH controls; however, differences were not statistically significant. Blood lactate concentrations after maximal exercise did not reflect generally higher muscle lactate in PSSM vs. QH controls. No change in blood lactate concentrations occurred in PSSM horses with submaximal exercise. Serum CK activity increased significantly 4 h after maximal and submaximal exercise and was significantly higher in PSSM vs. QH controls. These results show that during maximal exercise, PSSM horses utilised muscle glycogen and produce lactic acid via a functional glycolytic pathway and that during submaximal exercise oxidative metabolism was unimpaired. The excessive glycogen storage and formation of abnormal polysaccharide in PSSM horses therefore appear to reflect increased glycogen synthesis rather than decreased utilisation. The specific subset of horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis due to PSSM would likely benefit clinically from a diet low in soluble carbohydrates like grain with fat added as well as gradually increasing daily exercise to reduce excessive glycogen accumulation and enhance utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Valberg
- Department of Clinical and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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29
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Abstract
Ten specific enzyme defects of glycogen metabolism affect skeletal muscle alone or in combination with other tissues. The newest addition to this group of disorders is the defect of aldolase A (glycogenosis type XII), a block in terminal glycolysis associated with myopathy and a hemolytic trait. The muscle glycogenoses cause two major syndromes, one characterized by exercise intolerance, cramps, and myoglobinuria, and the other dominated by fixed, often progressive weakness. This review considers sequentially recent advances in the following: clinical features or clinical variants, including a brief description of glycogenosis type XII; animal models, both spontaneous and genetically engineered; physiopathologic mechanisms, especially of the exercise intolerance and myoglobinuria; biochemical and molecular features--molecular defects are just beginning to be discovered for some glycogenoses (e.g. phosphorylase-b-kinase deficiency or branching enzyme deficiency), whereas they form long lists for others, such as acid maltase deficiency and myophosphorylase deficiency; and therapeutic approaches, including enzyme replacement and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DiMauro
- H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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30
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Abstract
This article presents a brief description of what is known about the cause and pathogenesis of chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis in horses. Clinically applicable diagnostic tests and published results in affected horses, prophylaxis, and treatment of the acute case are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Beech
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, USA
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Karpati G, Lochmuller H. Prospects of gene therapy for genetic skeletal muscle disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-3886(95)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Tsujino S, Shanske S, Valberg SJ, Cardinet GH, Smith BP, DiMauro S. Cloning of bovine muscle glycogen phosphorylase cDNA and identification of a mutation in cattle with myophosphorylase deficiency, an animal model for McArdle's disease. Neuromuscul Disord 1996; 6:19-26. [PMID: 8845714 DOI: 10.1016/0960-8966(95)00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic defects of myophosphorylase in humans cause a metabolic myopathy (McArdle's disease) characterized by exercise intolerance, cramps, and recurrent myoglobinuria. Recently, a breed of cattle with myophosphorylase deficiency has been identified: this is the first animal model of McArdle's disease. To define the molecular genetic error in the cattle, we cloned and sequenced the wild-type bovine myophosphorylase cDNA. Homology to human cDNA is 95.8% for the amino acid sequence, and 92.0% for the nucleotide sequence. Sequence homology to rabbit cDNA is 97.3% in amino acid, 90.8% in nucleotide. In the cDNA fragments amplified by RT-PCR from muscle RNA of the cattle with myophosphorylase deficiency, we identified a C-to-T substitution, changing an encoded arginine (CGG) to tryptophan (TGG) at codon 489. The mutant residue is adjacent to pyridoxal phosphate binding sites and to an active site residue, and the sequence around this mutation is highly conserved in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsujino
- Department of Neurology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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