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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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2
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have documented that insulin resistance and diabetes not only constitute metabolic abnormalities but also predispose to hypertension, vascular stiffness, and associated cardiovascular disease. Meanwhile, excessive arterial stiffness and impaired vasorelaxation, in turn, contribute to worsening insulin resistance and the development of diabetes. Molecular mechanisms promoting hypertension in diabetes include inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system, mitochondria dysfunction, excessive oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. This review highlights recent studies which have uncovered new underlying mechanisms for the increased propensity for the development of hypertension in association with diabetes. These include enhanced activation of epithelial sodium channels, alterations in extracellular vesicles and their microRNAs, abnormal gut microbiota, and increased renal sodium-glucose cotransporter activity, which collectively predispose to hypertension in association with diabetes. This review also covers socioeconomic factors and currently recommended blood pressure targets and related treatment strategies in diabetic patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology (G.J., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (G.J., J.R.S.)
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology (G.J., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (G.J., J.R.S.)
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3
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Natural Bioactive Compounds as Potential Browning Agents in White Adipose Tissue. Pharm Res 2021; 38:549-567. [PMID: 33783666 PMCID: PMC8082541 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of overweight and obesity underlies many common metabolic diseases. Approaches aimed to reduce energy intake and/or stimulate energy expenditure represent potential strategies to control weight gain. Adipose tissue is a major energy balancing organ. It can be classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT stores excess metabolic energy, BAT dissipates it as heat via adaptive thermogenesis. WAT also participates in thermogenesis by providing thermogenic fuels and by directly generating heat after browning. Browned WAT resembles BAT morphologically and metabolically and is classified as beige fat. Like BAT, beige fat can produce heat. Human adults have BAT-like or beige fat. Recruitment and activation of this fat type have the potential to increase energy expenditure, thereby countering against obesity and its metabolic complications. Given this, agents capable of inducing WAT browning have recently attracted broad attention from biomedical, nutritional and pharmaceutical societies. In this review, we summarize natural bioactive compounds that have been shown to promote beige adipocyte recruitment and activation in animals and cultured cells. We also discuss potential molecular mechanisms for each compound to induce adipose browning and metabolic benefits.
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4
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Bini S, D’Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, Pecce V, Arca M. The Interplay between Angiopoietin-Like Proteins and Adipose Tissue: Another Piece of the Relationship between Adiposopathy and Cardiometabolic Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020742. [PMID: 33451033 PMCID: PMC7828552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins, namely ANGPTL3-4-8, are known as regulators of lipid metabolism. However, recent evidence points towards their involvement in the regulation of adipose tissue function. Alteration of adipose tissue functions (also called adiposopathy) is considered the main inducer of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its related complications. In this review, we intended to analyze available evidence derived from experimental and human investigations highlighting the contribution of ANGPTLs in the regulation of adipocyte metabolism, as well as their potential role in common cardiometabolic alterations associated with adiposopathy. We finally propose a model of ANGPTLs-based adipose tissue dysfunction, possibly linking abnormalities in the angiopoietins to the induction of adiposopathy and its related disorders.
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5
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Zhang J, Vardy E, Muise ES, Wang TM, Visconti R, Vadlamudi A, Pinto S, Peier AM. Utilizing Designed Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug Chemogenetic Tools to Identify Beneficial G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling for Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:357-366. [PMID: 32848074 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis or accumulation of extracellular matrix is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism adopted by an organism as a response to chronic injury. Excessive fibrosis, however, leads to disruption of organ homeostasis and is a common feature of many chronic diseases. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important cell signaling mediators and represent molecular targets for many Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. To identify new targets for fibrosis, we used a synthetic GPCR system named designed receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to probe signaling pathways essential for fibrotic response. We found that upon expression in human lung fibroblasts, activation of Gq- and Gs-DREADDs abrogated the induction of TGFβ-induced fibrosis marker genes. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis identified dysregulation of multiple GPCRs in lung fibroblasts treated with TGFβ To investigate endogenous GPCR modulating TGFβ signaling, we selected 13 GPCRs that signal through Gq or Gs and activated them by using specific agonists. We examined the impact of each agonist and how activation of endogenous GPCR affects TGFβ signaling. Among the agonists examined, prostaglandin receptor agonists demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effect on fibrosis. Together, we have demonstrated that the DREADDs system is a valuable tool to identify beneficial GPCR signaling for fibrosis. This study in fibroblasts has served as a proof of concept and allowed us to further develop in vivo models for fibrosis GPCR discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Fibrosis is the hallmark of many end-stage cardiometabolic diseases, and there is an unmet medical need to discover new antifibrotic therapies, reduce disease progression, and bring clinically meaningful efficacy to patients. Our work utilizes designed receptors exclusively activated by designer drug chemogenetic tools to identify beneficial GPCR signaling for fibrosis, providing new insights into GPCR drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Eyal Vardy
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Eric S Muise
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Tzu-Ming Wang
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Richard Visconti
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Ashita Vadlamudi
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
| | - Andrea M Peier
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Diseases (J.Z., S.P.), Screening and Compound Profiling (E.V., R.V., A.V., A.M.P.), GpGx (E.S.M.), and Translational Biomarkers (T.-M.W.), MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey; and Kallyope Inc., New York, New York (E.V., S.P.)
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6
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Zhang J, Muise ES, Han S, Kutchukian PS, Costet P, Zhu Y, Kan Y, Zhou H, Shah V, Huang Y, Saigal A, Akiyama TE, Shen XL, Cai TQ, Shah K, Carballo-Jane E, Zycband E, Yi L, Tian Y, Chen Y, Imbriglio J, Smith E, Devito K, Conway J, Ma LJ, Hoek M, Sebhat IK, Peier AM, Talukdar S, McLaren DG, Previs SF, Jensen KK, Pinto S. Molecular Profiling Reveals a Common Metabolic Signature of Tissue Fibrosis. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100056. [PMID: 33205063 PMCID: PMC7659620 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, or the accumulation of extracellular matrix, is a common feature of many chronic diseases. To interrogate core molecular pathways underlying fibrosis, we cross-examine human primary cells from various tissues treated with TGF-β, as well as kidney and liver fibrosis models. Transcriptome analyses reveal that genes involved in fatty acid oxidation are significantly perturbed. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and acylcarnitine accumulation are found in fibrotic tissues. Substantial downregulation of the PGC1α gene is evident in both in vitro and in vivo fibrosis models, suggesting a common node of metabolic signature for tissue fibrosis. In order to identify suppressors of fibrosis, we carry out a compound library phenotypic screen and identify AMPK and PPAR as highly enriched targets. We further show that pharmacological treatment of MK-8722 (AMPK activator) and MK-4074 (ACC inhibitor) reduce fibrosis in vivo. Altogether, our work demonstrate that metabolic defect is integral to TGF-β signaling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Eric S Muise
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Seongah Han
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Peter S Kutchukian
- Department of Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Philippe Costet
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Haihong Zhou
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Vinit Shah
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yongcheng Huang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ashmita Saigal
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Taro E Akiyama
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Xiao-Lan Shen
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kashmira Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ester Carballo-Jane
- Department of Pharmacology, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Emanuel Zycband
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lan Yi
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of PPDM, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jason Imbriglio
- Department of Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kristine Devito
- Department of Pharmacology, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - James Conway
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Iyassu K Sebhat
- Department of Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Andrea M Peier
- Department of Pharmacology, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David G McLaren
- Department of Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kristian K Jensen
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.,Kallyope Inc., 430 E 29 Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Whole transcriptome analysis and validation of metabolic pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissues during FGF21-induced weight loss in non-human primates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7287. [PMID: 32350364 PMCID: PMC7190698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) induces weight loss in mouse, monkey, and human studies. In mice, FGF21 is thought to cause weight loss by stimulating thermogenesis, but whether FGF21 increases energy expenditure (EE) in primates is unclear. Here, we explore the transcriptional response and gene networks active in adipose tissue of rhesus macaques following FGF21-induced weight loss. Genes related to thermogenesis responded inconsistently to FGF21 treatment and weight loss. However, expression of gene modules involved in triglyceride (TG) synthesis and adipogenesis decreased, and this was associated with greater weight loss. Conversely, expression of innate immune cell markers was increased post-treatment and was associated with greater weight loss. A lipogenesis gene module associated with weight loss was evaluated by testing the function of member genes in mice. Overexpression of NRG4 reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice, while overexpression of ANGPTL8 resulted in elevated TG levels in lean mice. These observations provide evidence for a shifting balance of lipid storage and metabolism due to FGF21-induced weight loss in the non-human primate model, and do not fully recapitulate increased EE seen in rodent and in vitro studies. These discrepancies may reflect inter-species differences or complex interplay of FGF21 activity and counter-regulatory mechanisms.
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8
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Lu S, Liu G, Chen T, Wang W, Hu J, Tang D, Peng X. Lentivirus-Mediated hFGF21 Stable Expression in Liver of Diabetic Rats Model and Its Antidiabetic Effect Observation. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:472-484. [PMID: 32027183 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing annually, which is a serious threat to human health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is one of the most popular targets for the treatment of diabetes because it effectively improves glycolipid metabolism. In our experiment, human FGF21 (hFGF21) was injected and stably expressed in the liver tissues of a rat T2DM model with lentivirus system. Based on clinical and histopathological examinations, islet cells were protected and liver tissue lesions were repaired for >4 months. Glucose metabolism and histopathology were controlled perfectly when hFGF21 was stably expressed in partial liver of T2DM rats. The results showed that the liver tissue cell apoptosis was reduced, the lipid droplet content was decreased, the oxidative stress indexes were improved, the glycogen content was increased, and the islet cells were increased too. Besides, insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthesis-related genes expression were increased, but cell apoptosis-related genes caspase3 and NFκB expression were decreased. The effectiveness of results suggested that injecting hFGF21 to rats liver could effectively treat T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Guanglong Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Wanpu Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Donghong Tang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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9
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Zhou X, Muise ES, Haimbach R, Sebhat IK, Zhu Y, Liu F, Souza SC, Kan Y, Pinto S, Kelley DE, Hoek M. PAN-AMPK Activation Improves Renal Function in a Rat Model of Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:45-55. [PMID: 31300612 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction are important features of acute and chronic tissue injury across species, and human genetics and preclinical data suggest that the master metabolic regulator 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be an effective therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have recently disclosed a pan-AMPK activator, MK-8722, that was shown to have beneficial effects in preclinical models. In this study we investigated the effects of MK-8722 in a progressive rat model of diabetic nephropathy to determine whether activation of AMPK would be of therapeutic benefit. We found that MK-8722 administration in a therapeutic paradigm is profoundly renoprotective, as demonstrated by a reduction in proteinuria (63% decrease in MK-8722 10 mg/kg per day compared with vehicle group) and a significant improvement in glomerular filtration rate (779 and 430 μl/min per gram kidney weight in MK-8722 10 mg/kg per day and vehicle group, respectively), as well as improvements in kidney fibrosis. We provide evidence that the therapeutic effects of MK-8722 may be mediated by modulation of renal mitochondrial quality control as well by attenuating fibrotic and lipotoxic mechanisms in kidney cells. MK-8722 (10 mg/kg per day compared with vehicle group) achieved modest blood pressure reduction (10 mmHg lower for mean blood pressure) and significant metabolic improvements (decreased plasma glucose, triglyceride, and body weight) that could contribute to renoprotection. These data further validate the concept that targeting metabolic dysregulation in CKD could be a potential therapeutic approach. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We demonstrate in the present study that the pharmacological activation of AMPK using a small-molecule agent provided renoprotection and improved systemic and cellular metabolism. We further indicate that modulation of renal mitochondrial quality control probably contributed to renoprotection and was distinct from the effects of enalapril. Our findings suggest that improving renal mitochondrial biogenesis and function and attenuating fibrosis and lipotoxicity by targeting key metabolic nodes could be a potential therapeutic approach in management of CKD that could complement the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Eric S Muise
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Robin Haimbach
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Iyassu K Sebhat
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Franklin Liu
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sandra C Souza
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - David E Kelley
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Maarten Hoek
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases (X.Z., R.H., Y.Z., F.L., S.C.S., Y.K., S.P., D.E.K., M.H.), Genetics and Pharmacogenomics (E.S.M.), and Medicinal Chemistry (I.K.S.), Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
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10
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Thyagarajan B, Foster MT. Beiging of white adipose tissue as a therapeutic strategy for weight loss in humans. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0016/hmbci-2017-0016.xml. [PMID: 28672737 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leads to obesity. Adiposity associated with obesity progressively causes inflammation, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Excessive dietary intake of fat results in its accumulation and storage in the white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas energy expenditure by fat utilization and oxidation predominately occurs in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recently, the presence of a third type of fat, referred to as beige or brite (brown in white), has been recognized in certain kinds of WAT depots. It has been suggested that WAT can undergo the process of browning in response to stimuli that induce and enhance the expression of thermogenes characteristic of those typically associated with brown fat. The resultant beige or brite cells enhance energy expenditure by reducing lipids stored within adipose tissue. This has created significant excitement towards the development of a promising strategy to induce browning/beiging in WAT to combat the growing epidemic of obesity. This review systematically describes differential locations and functions of WAT and BAT, mechanisms of beiging of WAT and a concise analysis of drug molecules and natural products that activate the browning phenomenon in vitro and in vivo. This review also discusses potential approaches for targeting WAT with compounds for site-specific beiging induction. Overall, there are numerous mechanisms that govern browning of WAT. There are a variety of newly identified targets whereby potential molecules can promote beiging of WAT and thereby combat obesity.
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11
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Satapati S, Qian Y, Wu MS, Petrov A, Dai G, Wang SP, Zhu Y, Shen X, Muise ES, Chen Y, Zycband E, Weinglass A, Di Salvo J, Debenham JS, Cox JM, Lan P, Shah V, Previs SF, Erion M, Kelley DE, Wang L, Howard AD, Shang J. GPR120 suppresses adipose tissue lipolysis and synergizes with GPR40 in antidiabetic efficacy. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1561-1578. [PMID: 28583918 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m075044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR40 and GPR120 are fatty acid sensors that play important roles in glucose and energy homeostasis. GPR40 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and demonstrated in clinical studies robust glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. GPR120 improves insulin sensitivity in rodents, albeit its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Here, we postulated that the antidiabetic efficacy of GPR40 could be enhanced by coactivating GPR120. A combination of GPR40 and GPR120 agonists in db/db mice, as well as a single molecule with dual agonist activities, achieved superior glycemic control compared with either monotherapy. Compared with a GPR40 selective agonist, the dual agonist improved insulin sensitivity in ob/ob mice measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, preserved islet morphology, and increased expression of several key lipolytic genes in adipose tissue of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Novel insights into the mechanism of action for GPR120 were obtained. Selective GPR120 activation suppressed lipolysis in primary white adipocytes, although this effect was attenuated in adipocytes from obese rats and obese rhesus, and sensitized the antilipolytic effect of insulin in rat and rhesus primary adipocytes. In conclusion, GPR120 agonism enhances insulin action in adipose tissue and yields a synergistic efficacy when combined with GPR40 agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Qian
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Margaret S Wu
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Aleksandr Petrov
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Ge Dai
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Sheng-Ping Wang
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Xiaolan Shen
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Eric S Muise
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Ying Chen
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Emanuel Zycband
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Adam Weinglass
- Genetics and Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- Genetics and Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - John S Debenham
- Genetics and Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Jason M Cox
- Genetics and Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Ping Lan
- Genetics and Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Vinit Shah
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Mark Erion
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - David E Kelley
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Andrew D Howard
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Jin Shang
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033.
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12
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Jia G, Jia Y, Sowers JR. Contribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:253-262. [PMID: 28135006 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The overweight and obesity epidemic has led to an increase in the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). These abnormalities include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular stiffness, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) expansion and associated fibrosis/stiffness of WAT promote insulin resistance and CVD through increases in proinflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, dysregulation of adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy, dysfunctional immune modulation, and adverse changes in the gut microbiome. The expansion of WAT is partly determined by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal S6 kinase signaling pathways. Further, the chronic activation of these signaling pathways may not only induce adipocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, but also contribute to systemic inflammation, and impairment of insulin metabolic signaling in fat, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue. Therefore, the interplay of adipocyte dysfunction, maladaptive immune and inflammatory responses, and associated metabolic disorders often coexist leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that are associated with increased CVD in obese individuals. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:253-262, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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13
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Mitochondria in White, Brown, and Beige Adipocytes. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6067349. [PMID: 27073398 PMCID: PMC4814709 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6067349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in energy metabolism in many tissues, including cardiac and skeletal muscle, brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Three types of adipose depots can be identified in mammals, commonly classified according to their colour appearance: the white (WAT), the brown (BAT), and the beige/brite/brown-like (bAT) adipose tissues. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy and BAT is predominantly responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis. Recent data suggest that adipocyte mitochondria might play an important role in the development of obesity through defects in mitochondrial lipogenesis and lipolysis, regulation of adipocyte differentiation, apoptosis, production of oxygen radicals, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of conversion of white adipocytes into brown-like adipocytes. This review summarizes the main characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype and describes morphological and functional modifications focusing on mitochondria and their activity in healthy and unhealthy adipocytes.
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