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Spence H, Waldron FM, Saleeb RS, Brown AL, Rifai OM, Gilodi M, Read F, Roberts K, Milne G, Wilkinson D, O'Shaughnessy J, Pastore A, Fratta P, Shneider N, Tartaglia GG, Zacco E, Horrocks MH, Gregory JM. RNA aptamer reveals nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early aggregation event that coincides with STMN-2 cryptic splicing and precedes clinical manifestation in ALS. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:50. [PMID: 38443601 PMCID: PMC10914926 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
TDP-43 is an aggregation-prone protein which accumulates in the hallmark pathological inclusions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the analysis of deeply phenotyped human post-mortem samples has shown that TDP-43 aggregation, revealed by standard antibody methods, correlates poorly with symptom manifestation. Recent identification of cryptic-splicing events, such as the detection of Stathmin-2 (STMN-2) cryptic exons, are providing evidence implicating TDP-43 loss-of-function as a potential driving pathomechanism but the temporal nature of TDP-43 loss and its relation to the disease process and clinical phenotype is not known. To address these outstanding questions, we used a novel RNA aptamer, TDP-43APT, to detect TDP-43 pathology and used single molecule in situ hybridization to sensitively reveal TDP-43 loss-of-function and applied these in a deeply phenotyped human post-mortem tissue cohort. We demonstrate that TDP-43APT identifies pathological TDP-43, detecting aggregation events that cannot be detected by classical antibody stains. We show that nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early event, occurring prior to cytoplasmic accumulation and is associated with loss-of-function measured by coincident STMN-2 cryptic splicing pathology. Crucially, we show that these pathological features of TDP-43 loss-of-function precede the clinical inflection point and are not required for region specific clinical manifestation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that gain-of-function in the form of extensive cytoplasmic accumulation, but not loss-of-function, is the primary molecular correlate of clinical manifestation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate implications for early diagnostics as the presence of STMN-2 cryptic exons and early TDP-43 aggregation events could be detected prior to symptom onset, holding promise for early intervention in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Spence
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Fergal M Waldron
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca S Saleeb
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna-Leigh Brown
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Olivia M Rifai
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martina Gilodi
- RNA System Biology Lab, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiona Read
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kristine Roberts
- Department of Pathology, NHS Grampian Tissue Biorepository, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gillian Milne
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Debbie Wilkinson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Judi O'Shaughnessy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Pietro Fratta
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Neil Shneider
- Department of Neurology, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Elsa Zacco
- RNA System Biology Lab, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- Department of Pathology, NHS Grampian Tissue Biorepository, Aberdeen, UK.
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2
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Wang W, Chang R, Wang Y, Hou L, Wang Q. Mitophagy-dependent mitochondrial ROS mediates 2,5-hexanedione-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BV2 microglia. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:50-58. [PMID: 37722613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
We recently revealed a pivotal role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the neurotoxicity induced by n-hexane, owing to its activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms of how the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was triggered by 2,5-hexanedione (HD), the toxic product of n-hexane metabolism, remain to be explored. Here, we investigated whether mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) was involved in HD-elicited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. We demonstrated that exposure to HD at 4 and 8 mM elevated production of mtROS in BV2 microglia. Scavenging mtROS by Mito-TEMPO, an mtROS scavenger, dramatically reduced HD-induced NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β production, pointing a crucial role of mtROS in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mechanistic study revealed that HD intoxication promoted activation of mitophagy. HD induced expression of Beclin-1, LC3II, and two mitophagy-related proteins, i.e., Pink1 and Parkin and simultaneously, reduced p62 expression in both whole cell and isolated mitochondria of microglia. Furthermore, inhibition of mitophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) greatly reduced production of mtROS, expression of mitochondrial fission-related proteins, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission protein 1 (Fis1) and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in HD-intoxicated microglia. Blocking mitochondrial fission by Mdivi-1 also prevented HD-induced mtROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia. In conclusion, our data indicated that HD triggered activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through mitophagy-dependent mtROS production, offering an important insight for the immunopathogenesis of environmental toxins-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiong Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rui Chang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The second division, unit 32752, the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Dalian, China
| | - Liyan Hou
- Dalian Medical University Library, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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3
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Rifai OM, O’Shaughnessy J, Dando OR, Munro AF, Sewell MDE, Abrahams S, Waldron FM, Sibley CR, Gregory JM. Distinct neuroinflammatory signatures exist across genetic and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cohorts. Brain 2023; 146:5124-5138. [PMID: 37450566 PMCID: PMC10690026 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. ALS is on a pathogenetic disease spectrum with frontotemporal dementia, referred to as ALS-frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD). For mutations associated with ALS-FTSD, such as the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion, the molecular factors associated with heterogeneity along this spectrum require further characterization. Here, using a targeted NanoString molecular barcoding approach, we interrogate neuroinflammatory dysregulation and heterogeneity at the level of gene expression in post-mortem motor cortex tissue from a cohort of clinically heterogeneous C9-ALS-FTSD cases. We identified 20 dysregulated genes in C9-ALS-FTSD, with enrichment of microglial and inflammatory response gene sets. Two genes with significant correlations to available clinical metrics were selected for validation: FKBP5, a correlate of cognitive function, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a correlate of disease duration. FKBP5 and its signalling partner, NF-κB, appeared to have a cell type-specific staining distribution, with activated (i.e. nuclear) NF-κB immunoreactivity in C9-ALS-FTSD. Expression of BDNF, a correlate of disease duration, was confirmed to be higher in individuals with long compared to short disease duration using BaseScope™ in situ hybridization. Our analyses also revealed two distinct neuroinflammatory panel signatures (NPS), NPS1 and NPS2, delineated by the direction of expression of proinflammatory, axonal transport and synaptic signalling pathways. We compared NPS between C9-ALS-FTSD cases and those from sporadic ALS and SOD1-ALS cohorts and identified NPS1 and NPS2 across all cohorts. Moreover, a subset of NPS was also able to separate publicly available RNA sequencing data from independent C9-ALS and sporadic ALS cohorts into two inflammatory subgroups. Importantly, NPS subgroups did not clearly segregate with available demographic, genetic, clinical or pathological features, highlighting the value of molecular stratification in clinical trials for inflammatory subgroup identification. Our findings thus underscore the importance of tailoring therapeutic approaches based on distinct molecular signatures that exist between and within ALS-FTSD cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Rifai
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Judi O’Shaughnessy
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Owen R Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XF, UK
| | - Alison F Munro
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael D E Sewell
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sharon Abrahams
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience-Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Fergal M Waldron
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Christopher R Sibley
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XF, UK
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Garmendia-Berges M, Sola-Sevilla N, Mera-Delgado MC, Puerta E. Age-Associated Changes of Sirtuin 2 Expression in CNS and the Periphery. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 38132302 PMCID: PMC10741187 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), one of the seven members of the sirtuin family, has emerged as a potential regulator of aging and age-related pathologies since several studies have demonstrated that it shows age-related changes in humans and different animal models. A detailed analysis of the relevant works published to date addressing this topic shows that the changes that occur in SIRT2 with aging seem to be opposite in the brain and in the periphery. On the one hand, aging induces an increase in SIRT2 levels in the brain, which supports the notion that its pharmacological inhibition is beneficial in different neurodegenerative diseases. However, on the other hand, in the periphery, SIRT2 levels are reduced with aging while keeping its expression is protective against age-related peripheral inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, systemic administration of any known modulator of this enzyme would have conflicting outcomes. This review summarizes the currently available information on changes in SIRT2 expression in aging and the underlying mechanisms affected, with the aim of providing evidence to determine whether its pharmacological modulation could be an effective and safe pharmacological strategy for the treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Garmendia-Berges
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
| | - Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - MCarmen Mera-Delgado
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
| | - Elena Puerta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-B.); (N.S.-S.); (M.M.-D.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Phongpreecha T, Godrich D, Berson E, Espinosa C, Kim Y, Cholerton B, Chang AL, Mataraso S, Bukhari SA, Perna A, Yakabi K, Montine KS, Poston KL, Mormino E, White L, Beecham G, Aghaeepour N, Montine TJ. Quantitative estimate of cognitive resilience and its medical and genetic associations. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:192. [PMID: 37926851 PMCID: PMC10626669 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have proposed that cognitive resilience (CR) counteracts brain damage from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or AD-related dementias such that older individuals who harbor neurodegenerative disease burden sufficient to cause dementia remain cognitively normal. However, CR traditionally is considered a binary trait, capturing only the most extreme examples, and is often inconsistently defined. METHODS This study addressed existing discrepancies and shortcomings of the current CR definition by proposing a framework for defining CR as a continuous variable for each neuropsychological test. The linear equations clarified CR's relationship to closely related terms, including cognitive function, reserve, compensation, and damage. Primarily, resilience is defined as a function of cognitive performance and damage from neuropathologic damage. As such, the study utilized data from 844 individuals (age = 79 ± 12, 44% female) in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center cohort that met our inclusion criteria of comprehensive lesion rankings for 17 neuropathologic features and complete neuropsychological test results. Machine learning models and GWAS then were used to identify medical and genetic factors that are associated with CR. RESULTS CR varied across five cognitive assessments and was greater in female participants, associated with longer survival, and weakly associated with educational attainment or APOE ε4 allele. In contrast, damage was strongly associated with APOE ε4 allele (P value < 0.0001). Major predictors of CR were cardiovascular health and social interactions, as well as the absence of behavioral symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our framework explicitly decoupled the effects of CR from neuropathologic damage. Characterizations and genetic association study of these two components suggest that the underlying CR mechanism has minimal overlap with the disease mechanism. Moreover, the identified medical features associated with CR suggest modifiable features to counteract clinical expression of damage and maintain cognitive function in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Dana Godrich
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eloise Berson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Camilo Espinosa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yeasul Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Alan L Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samson Mataraso
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Syed A Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amalia Perna
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Koya Yakabi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen L Poston
- Department of Neurology Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mormino
- Department of Neurology Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lon White
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gary Beecham
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm L216, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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6
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Yao J, Wang Z, Song W, Zhang Y. Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome for neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4512-4527. [PMID: 37670126 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key pathological feature in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family that sense stress signals, which play an important role in inflammation. As a member of NLRs, the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is predominantly expressed in microglia, the principal innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia release proinflammatory cytokines to cause pyroptosis through activating NLRP3 inflammasome. The active NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Recent studies also indicate the key role of neuronal NLRP3 in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In this article, we reviewed the mechanisms of NLRP3 expression and activation and discussed the role of active NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of NDs, particularly focusing on AD. The studies suggest that targeting NLRP3 inflammasome could be a novel approach for the disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China.
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7
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Nazari S, Pourmand SM, Motevaseli E, Hassanzadeh G. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived exosomes in animal models of central nervous system diseases: Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:794-810. [PMID: 37278718 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that is engaged in the innate immune system and plays a vital role in inflammatory reactions. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines can be triggered by microbial infection or cellular injury. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS), ranging from stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Furthermore, emerging evidence has suggested that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes may modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a way that might be promising for the therapeutic management of CNS diseases. In the present review, particular focus is placed on highlighting and discussing recent scientific evidence regarding the regulatory effects of MSC-based therapies on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and their potential to counteract proinflammatory responses and pyroptotic cell death in the CNS, thereby achieving neuroprotective impacts and improvement in behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Nazari
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Pourmand
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jellinger KA. The Spectrum of Cognitive Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14647. [PMID: 37834094 PMCID: PMC10572320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is an important non-motor symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has a negative impact on survival and caregiver burden. It shows a wide spectrum ranging from subjective cognitive decline to frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and covers various cognitive domains, mainly executive/attention, language and verbal memory deficits. The frequency of cognitive impairment across the different ALS phenotypes ranges from 30% to 75%, with up to 45% fulfilling the criteria of FTD. Significant genetic, clinical, and pathological heterogeneity reflects deficits in various cognitive domains. Modern neuroimaging studies revealed frontotemporal degeneration and widespread involvement of limbic and white matter systems, with hypometabolism of the relevant areas. Morphological substrates are frontotemporal and hippocampal atrophy with synaptic loss, associated with TDP-43 and other co-pathologies, including tau deposition. Widespread functional disruptions of motor and extramotor networks, as well as of frontoparietal, frontostriatal and other connectivities, are markers for cognitive deficits in ALS. Cognitive reserve may moderate the effect of brain damage but is not protective against cognitive decline. The natural history of cognitive dysfunction in ALS and its relationship to FTD are not fully understood, although there is an overlap between the ALS variants and ALS-related frontotemporal syndromes, suggesting a differential vulnerability of motor and non-motor networks. An assessment of risks or the early detection of brain connectivity signatures before structural changes may be helpful in investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment in ALS, which might even serve as novel targets for effective disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
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Chiarini A, Gui L, Viviani C, Armato U, Dal Prà I. NLRP3 Inflammasome’s Activation in Acute and Chronic Brain Diseases—An Update on Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives with Respect to Other Inflammasomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11040999. [PMID: 37189617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly prevalent acute and chronic human brain diseases are scourges for the elderly. Besides the lack of therapies, these ailments share a neuroinflammation that is triggered/sustained by different innate immunity-related protein oligomers called inflammasomes. Relevant neuroinflammation players such as microglia/monocytes typically exhibit a strong NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence the idea that NLRP3 suppression might solve neurodegenerative ailments. Here we review the recent Literature about this topic. First, we update conditions and mechanisms, including RNAs, extracellular vesicles/exosomes, endogenous compounds, and ethnic/pharmacological agents/extracts regulating NLRP3 function. Second, we pinpoint NLRP3-activating mechanisms and known NLRP3 inhibition effects in acute (ischemia, stroke, hemorrhage), chronic (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, MS, ALS), and virus-induced (Zika, SARS-CoV-2, and others) human brain diseases. The available data show that (i) disease-specific divergent mechanisms activate the (mainly animal) brains NLRP3; (ii) no evidence proves that NLRP3 inhibition modifies human brain diseases (yet ad hoc trials are ongoing); and (iii) no findings exclude that concurrently activated other-than-NLRP3 inflammasomes might functionally replace the inhibited NLRP3. Finally, we highlight that among the causes of the persistent lack of therapies are the species difference problem in disease models and a preference for symptomatic over etiologic therapeutic approaches. Therefore, we posit that human neural cell-based disease models could drive etiological, pathogenetic, and therapeutic advances, including NLRP3’s and other inflammasomes’ regulation, while minimizing failure risks in candidate drug trials.
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10
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Anderson FL, Biggs KE, Rankin BE, Havrda MC. NLRP3 inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease. Transl Res 2023; 252:21-33. [PMID: 35952982 PMCID: PMC10614656 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a dysregulated neuro-glial microenvironment, culminating in functional deficits resulting from neuronal cell death. Inflammation is a hallmark of the neurodegenerative microenvironment and despite a critical role in tissue homeostasis, increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammatory insult can contribute to progressive neuronal loss. Inflammation has been studied in the context of neurodegenerative disorders for decades but few anti-inflammatory treatments have advanced to clinical use. This is likely due to the related challenges of predicting and mitigating off-target effects impacting the normal immune response while detecting inflammatory signatures that are specific to the progression of neurological disorders. Inflammasomes are pro-inflammatory cytosolic pattern recognition receptors functioning in the innate immune system. Compelling pre-clinical data has prompted an intense interest in the role of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease. NLRP3 is typically inactive but can respond to sterile triggers commonly associated with neurodegenerative disorders including protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial and oxidative stress, and exposure to disease-associated environmental toxicants. Clear evidence of enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activity in common neurodegenerative diseases has coincided with rapid advancement of novel small molecule therapeutics making the NLRP3 inflammasome an attractive target for near-term interventional studies. In this review, we highlight evidence from model systems and patients indicating inflammasome activity in neurodegenerative disease associated with the NLRP3 inflammasome's ability to recognize pathologic forms of amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein. We discuss inflammasome-driven pyroptotic processes highlighting the potential utility of evaluating extracellular inflammasome-related proteins in the context of biomarker discovery. We complete the report by pointing out gaps in our understanding of intracellular modifiers of inflammasome activity and mechanisms regulating the resolution of inflammasome activation. The literature review and perspectives provide a conceptual platform for continued analysis of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases through the study of inflammasomes and pyroptosis, mechanisms of inflammation and cell death now recognized to function in multiple highly prevalent neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith L Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Karl E Biggs
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brynn E Rankin
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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11
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Liao Y, Wang X, Huang L, Qian H, Liu W. Mechanism of pyroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and its therapeutic potential by traditional Chinese medicine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122104. [PMID: 36713841 PMCID: PMC9880437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are disorders characterized by degenerative degeneration of neurons and loss of their function. NDs have a complicated pathophysiology, of which neuroinflammation and neuronal death are significant factors. The inflammatory process known as pyroptosis ("fiery death") is caused by a family of pore-forming proteins called Gasdermins (GSDMs), which appears downstream from the activation of the inflammasome. Clear evidence of enhanced pyroptosis-related proteins activity in common NDs has coincided with abnormal aggregation of pathological proteins (such as Aβ, tau, α-synuclein et al.), making pyroptosis an attractive direction for the recent study of NDs. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms driving pyroptosis, the mechanistic links between pyroptosis and NDs, and emerging therapeutic strategies in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to inhibit pyroptosis for the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Liao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liting Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hu Qian
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan No 1 Hospital, Foshan, China,*Correspondence: Hu Qian, ; Wei Liu,
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Clinical Medicine College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Integrative Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hu Qian, ; Wei Liu,
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12
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Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Content in Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Early Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152364. [PMID: 35954208 PMCID: PMC9367540 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common hallmark in different neurodegenerative conditions that share neuronal dysfunction and a progressive loss of a selectively vulnerable brain cell population. Alongside ageing and genetics, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered key risk factors. Microglia are considered immune sentinels of the central nervous system capable of initiating an innate and adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms underlying the initiation and spread of inflammation in the brain are still poorly described. Recently, a new mechanism of intercellular signalling mediated by small extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been identified. EVs are nanosized particles (30–150 nm) with a bilipid membrane that carries cell-specific bioactive cargos that participate in physiological or pathological processes. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are cellular components recognised by the immune receptors of microglia, inducing or aggravating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Diverse evidence links mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation mediated by mitochondrial-DAMPs (mtDAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and cardiolipin, among others. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) are a subtype of EVs produced after mild damage to mitochondria and, upon fusion with multivesicular bodies are released as EVs to the extracellular space. MDVs are particularly enriched in mtDAMPs which can induce an immune response and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, growing evidence supports the association between mitochondrial dysfunction, EV release and inflammation. Here, we describe the role of extracellular vesicles-associated mtDAMPS in physiological conditions and as neuroinflammation activators contributing to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Van Schoor E, Ospitalieri S, Moonen S, Tomé SO, Ronisz A, Ok O, Weishaupt J, Ludolph AC, Van Damme P, Van Den Bosch L, Thal DR. Increased pyroptosis activation in white matter microglia is associated with neuronal loss in ALS motor cortex. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:393-411. [PMID: 35867112 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Although ALS is considered a motor neuron disorder, neuroinflammation also plays an important role. Recent evidence in ALS disease models indicates activation of the inflammasome and subsequent initiation of pyroptosis, an inflammatory type of cell death. In this study, we determined the expression and distribution of the inflammasome and pyroptosis effector proteins in post-mortem brain and spinal cord from ALS patients (n = 25) and controls (n = 19), as well as in symptomatic and asymptomatic TDP-43A315T transgenic and wild-type mice. Furthermore, we evaluated its correlation with the presence of TDP-43 pathological proteins and neuronal loss. Expression of the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, pyroptosis effector protein cleaved Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and IL-18 was detected in microglia in human ALS motor cortex and spinal cord, indicative of canonical inflammasome-triggered pyroptosis activation. The number of cleaved GSDMD-positive precentral white matter microglia was increased compared to controls and correlated with a decreased neuronal density in human ALS motor cortex. Neither of this was observed in the spinal cord. Similar results were obtained in TDP-43A315T mice, where microglial pyroptosis activation was significantly increased in the motor cortex upon symptom onset, and correlated with neuronal loss. There was no significant correlation with the presence of TDP-43 pathological proteins both in human and mouse tissue. Our findings emphasize the importance of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis activation for neuronal degeneration in ALS and pave the way for new therapeutic strategies counteracting motor neuron degeneration in ALS by inhibiting microglial inflammasome/pyroptosis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Van Schoor
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium. .,Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Simona Ospitalieri
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Moonen
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra O Tomé
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicja Ronisz
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Orkun Ok
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jochen Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Divisions of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), O&N IV Herestraat 49-bus 1032, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Mehta PR, Lashley T, Fratta P, Bampton A. Markers of cognitive resilience and a framework for investigating clinical heterogeneity in ALS. J Pathol 2022; 257:251-254. [PMID: 35342958 DOI: 10.1002/path.5897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Despite the unifying pathological hallmark of TDP-43 proteinopathy, ALS is clinically a highly heterogeneous disease, and little is known about the underlying mechanisms driving this phenotypic diversity. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, Banerjee et al. use region-specific transcriptomic profiling in postmortem brains from a deeply phenotyped clinical cohort of ALS patients to detect molecular signatures differentiating cognitively affected and unaffected patients. They identified differential expression of specific genes, including upregulation of pro-inflammatory IL-6 in the cognitively affected group and anti-inflammatory IL-1 in the cognitively unaffected group. They then utilised BaseScope™ in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry to validate upregulation of NLRP3, an activator of the inflammasome, in the cognitively affected group, and upregulation of SIRT2, an inhibitor of NLRP3, in the cognitively unaffected group. In summary, Banerjee et al. demonstrate the usefulness of combining a well curated clinical cohort with transcriptomic analysis of pathological samples to identify a perturbed pathway (e.g., the inflammasome), offering opportunities for novel therapeutic targets in ALS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja R Mehta
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexander Bampton
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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