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The mechanisms of chromogranin B-regulated Cl- homeostasis. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1659-1672. [PMID: 36511243 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chloride is the most abundant inorganic anions in almost all cells and in human circulation systems. Its homeostasis is therefore important for systems physiology and normal cellular activities. This topic has been extensively studied with chloride loaders and extruders expressed in both cell surfaces and intracellular membranes. With the newly discovered, large-conductance, highly selective Cl- channel formed by membrane-bound chromogranin B (CHGB), which differs from all other known anion channels of conventional transmembrane topology, and is distributed in plasma membranes, endomembrane systems, endosomal, and endolysosomal compartments in cells expressing it, we will discuss the potential physiological importance of the CHGB channels to Cl- homeostasis, cellular excitability and volume control, and cation uptake or release at the cellular and subcellular levels. These considerations and CHGB's association with human diseases make the CHGB channel a possible druggable target for future molecular therapeutics.
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2
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Yang N, Anapindi KDB, Rubakhin SS, Wei P, Yu Q, Li L, Kenny PJ, Sweedler JV. Neuropeptidomics of the Rat Habenular Nuclei. J Proteome Res 2018. [PMID: 29518334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conserved across vertebrates, the habenular nuclei are a pair of small symmetrical structures in the epithalamus. The nuclei functionally link the forebrain and midbrain by receiving input from and projecting to several brain regions. Each habenular nucleus comprises two major asymmetrical subnuclei, the medial and lateral habenula. These subnuclei are associated with different physiological processes and disorders, such as depression, nicotine addiction, and encoding aversive stimuli or omitting expected rewarding stimuli. Elucidating the functions of the habenular nuclei at the molecular level requires knowledge of their neuropeptide complement. In this work, three mass spectrometry (MS) techniques-liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to Orbitrap tandem MS (MS/MS), LC coupled to Fourier transform (FT)-ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) MS/MS, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) FT-ICR MS-were used to uncover the neuropeptide profiles of the rodent medial and lateral habenula. With the assistance of tissue stabilization and bioinformatics, a total of 262 and 177 neuropeptides produced from 27 and 20 prohormones were detected and identified from the medial and lateral habenula regions, respectively. Among these neuropeptides, 136 were exclusively found in the medial habenula, and 51 were exclusively expressed in the lateral habenula. Additionally, novel sites of sulfation, a rare post-translational modification, on the secretogranin I prohormone are identified. The results demonstrate that these two small brain nuclei have a rich and differentiated peptide repertoire, with this information enabling a range of follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Krishna D B Anapindi
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Pingli Wei
- Chemistry Department , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- Chemistry Department , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States.,School of Pharmacy , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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3
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Aslam R, Laventie BJ, Marban C, Prévost G, Keller D, Strub JM, Dorsselaer AV, Haikel Y, Taddei C, Metz-Boutigue MH. Activation of Neutrophils by the Two-Component Leukotoxin LukE/D from Staphylococcus aureus: Proteomic Analysis of the Secretions. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3667-78. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Aslam
- Inserm UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | - Benoît-Joseph Laventie
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne
précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle
de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, F-67000
Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Marban
- Inserm UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | - Gilles Prévost
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne
précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle
de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, F-67000
Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Keller
- EA 7290 Virulence bactérienne
précoce, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle
de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg - CHRU Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, F-67000
Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | | | - Youssef Haikel
- Inserm UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
| | - Corinne Taddei
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67000,
France
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Vrana NE, Dupret-Bories A, Chaubaroux C, Rieger E, Debry C, Vautier D, Metz-Boutigue MH, Lavalle P. Multi-scale modification of metallic implants with pore gradients, polyelectrolytes and their indirect monitoring in vivo. J Vis Exp 2013:e50533. [PMID: 23851618 DOI: 10.3791/50533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic implants, especially titanium implants, are widely used in clinical applications. Tissue in-growth and integration to these implants in the tissues are important parameters for successful clinical outcomes. In order to improve tissue integration, porous metallic implants have being developed. Open porosity of metallic foams is very advantageous, since the pore areas can be functionalized without compromising the mechanical properties of the whole structure. Here we describe such modifications using porous titanium implants based on titanium microbeads. By using inherent physical properties such as hydrophobicity of titanium, it is possible to obtain hydrophobic pore gradients within microbead based metallic implants and at the same time to have a basement membrane mimic based on hydrophilic, natural polymers. 3D pore gradients are formed by synthetic polymers such as Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) by freeze-extraction method. 2D nanofibrillar surfaces are formed by using collagen/alginate followed by a crosslinking step with a natural crosslinker (genipin). This nanofibrillar film was built up by layer by layer (LbL) deposition method of the two oppositely charged molecules, collagen and alginate. Finally, an implant where different areas can accommodate different cell types, as this is necessary for many multicellular tissues, can be obtained. By, this way cellular movement in different directions by different cell types can be controlled. Such a system is described for the specific case of trachea regeneration, but it can be modified for other target organs. Analysis of cell migration and the possible methods for creating different pore gradients are elaborated. The next step in the analysis of such implants is their characterization after implantation. However, histological analysis of metallic implants is a long and cumbersome process, thus for monitoring host reaction to metallic implants in vivo an alternative method based on monitoring CGA and different blood proteins is also described. These methods can be used for developing in vitro custom-made migration and colonization tests and also be used for analysis of functionalized metallic implants in vivo without histology.
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Domínguez N, Estévez-Herrera J, Pardo MR, Pereda D, Machado JD, Borges R. The Functional Role of Chromogranins in Exocytosis. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:317-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Vrana NE, Dupret-Bories A, Bach C, Chaubaroux C, Coraux C, Vautier D, Boulmedais F, Haikel Y, Debry C, Metz-Boutigue MH, Lavalle P. Modification of macroporous titanium tracheal implants with biodegradable structures: tracking in vivo integration for determination of optimal in situ epithelialization conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2134-46. [PMID: 22331657 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that macroporous titanium implants, colonized in vivo together with an epithelial graft, are viable options for tracheal replacement in sheep. To decrease the number of operating steps, biomaterial-based replacements for epithelial graft and intramuscular implantation were developed in the present study. Hybrid microporous PLLA/titanium tracheal implants were designed to decrease initial stenosis and provide a surface for epithelialization. They have been implanted in New Zealand white rabbits as tracheal substitutes and compared to intramuscular implantation samples. Moreover, a basement membrane like coating of the implant surface was also designed by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method with collagen and alginate. The results showed that the commencement of stenosis can be prevented by the microporous PLLA. For determination of the optimum time point of epithelialization after implantation, HPLC analysis of blood samples, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Chromogranin A (CGA) analyses and histology were carried out. Following 3 weeks the implant would be ready for epithelialization with respect to the amount of tissue integration. Calcein-AM labeled epithelial cell seeding showed that after 3 weeks implant surfaces were suitable for their attachment. CRP readings were steady after an initial rise in the first week. Cross-linked collagen/alginate structures show nanofibrillarity and they form uniform films over the implant surfaces without damaging the microporosity of the PLLA body. Human respiratory epithelial cells proliferated and migrated on these surfaces which provided a better alternative to PLLA film surface. In conclusion, collagen/alginate LbL coated hybrid PLLA/titanium implants are viable options for tracheal replacement, together with in situ epithelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Engin Vrana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité 977, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg, France
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Processing of chromogranins/secretogranin in patients with diabetic retinopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 167:118-24. [PMID: 21185877 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammation has been linked to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Chromogranins A, B (CgA, CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII), are prohormones overexpressed in inflammatory diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the presence and processing of these prohormones in the vitreous of patients with DR (DV), compared with nondiabetic vitreous (NDV). METHODS Thirteen DV and 14 NDV samples were collected during vitreoretinal surgery. ELISA, Western blot, RP-HPLC, dot blot, protein sequencing and mass spectrometry were used to study the quantitative expression and the processing of CgA, CgB and SgII. RESULTS CgA, CgB and SgII presence was higher in DV than in NDV. Mean concentration of CgA evaluated by ELISA was 90.8 (± 90.1) n L⁻¹ in DV vs. 29.7 (±20.9) in NDV (p=0.039). In NDV, Western blot indicated that only short CgB-derived peptides were identified. In DV, proteomic analyses showed that long CgA-, CgB- and SgII-derived fragments and α1-antitrypsin were overexpressed, suggesting possible inhibition of the proteolytic process. CONCLUSIONS This study shows differences in the presence and endogenous processing of CgA, CgB and SgII from DV vs. NDV. In DV, the increase of complete granins and the attenuation of their endogenous proteolytic processing could participate in DR progression by reducing the presence of regulatory peptides, important for the pro-/anti-angiogenic balance in the eye.
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Muller A, Glattard E, Taleb O, Kemmel V, Laux A, Miehe M, Delalande F, Roussel G, Van Dorsselaer A, Metz-Boutigue MH, Aunis D, Goumon Y. Endogenous morphine in SH-SY5Y cells and the mouse cerebellum. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1641. [PMID: 18327293 PMCID: PMC2265639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Morphine, the principal active agent in opium, is not restricted to plants, but is also present in different animal tissues and cell types, including the mammalian brain. In fact, its biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated in a human neural cell line. These data suggest a role for morphine in brain physiology (e.g., neurotransmission), but this hypothesis remains a matter of debate. Recently, using the adrenal neuroendocrine chromaffin cell model, we have shown the presence of morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in secretory granules and their secretion products, leading us to propose that these endogenous alkaloids might represent new neuroendocrine factors. Here, we investigate the potential function of endogenous alkaloids in the central nervous system. Methodology and Principal Findings Microscopy, molecular biology, electrophysiology, and proteomic tools were applied to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (i) to characterize morphine and M6G, and (ii) to demonstrate the presence of the UDP-glucuronyltransferase 2B7 enzyme, which is responsible for the formation of M6G from morphine. We show that morphine is secreted in response to nicotine stimulation via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism involving specific storage and release mechanisms. We also show that morphine and M6G at concentrations as low as 10−10 M are able to evoke specific naloxone-reversible membrane currents, indicating possible autocrine/paracrine regulation in SH-SY5Y cells. Microscopy and proteomic approaches were employed to detect and quantify endogenous morphine in the mouse brain. Morphine is present in the hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum at concentration ranging from 1.45 to 7.5 pmol/g. In the cerebellum, morphine immunoreactivity is localized to GABA basket cells and their termini, which form close contacts on Purkinje cell bodies. Conclusions/Significance The presence of morphine in the brain and its localization in particular areas lead us to conclude that it has a specific function in neuromodulation and/or neurotransmission. Furthermore, its presence in cerebellar basket cell termini suggests that morphine has signaling functions in Purkinje cells that remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Muller
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Glattard
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Omar Taleb
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Kemmel
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexis Laux
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Miehe
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Guy Roussel
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut de Chimie Biologique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, The European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), Université Louis Pasteur, LC4-UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Dominique Aunis
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- Inserm, U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- *E-mail:
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Taylor SW, Sun C, Hsieh A, Andon NL, Ghosh SS. A Sulfated, Phosphorylated 7 kDa Secreted Peptide Characterized by Direct Analysis of Cell Culture Media. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:795-802. [DOI: 10.1021/pr7006686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Taylor
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Chengzao Sun
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Amy Hsieh
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Nancy L. Andon
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Soumitra S. Ghosh
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121
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10
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Yang W, Liu P, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tong Y, Ji J. Proteomic analysis of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Proteomics 2006; 6:2982-90. [PMID: 16622837 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PC12 cell line is well documented and widely applied as many kinds of models in neurobiological and neurochemical studies. Yet a thorough proteomic analysis has not been performed so far. Here we report the construction of a large-scale 2-D protein database for PC12 cells. The proteins extracted from PC12 cells were separated by 2-DE and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. A total of 1080 protein spots, excised from three different 2-D gels, were identified with high confidence. These proteins represent 474 different gene products, mainly binding proteins and enzymes. Three hundred and seven identified protein spots were located in the low-molecular weight region below 20 kDa. This database today represents one of the largest 2-D databases for higher eukaryotic cell proteomes and for low-molecular weight proteins. In addition, fragment ion spectra obtained by TOF/TOF confirmed that calcylin in PC12 cells was N-acetylated. The database of PC12 proteome is expected to be a powerful tool for neuroscientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Taylor SW, Andon NL, Bilakovics JM, Lowe C, Hanley MR, Pittner R, Ghosh SS. Efficient High-Throughput Discovery of Large Peptidic Hormones and Biomarkers. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1776-84. [PMID: 16823986 DOI: 10.1021/pr0600982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is presented for the simultaneous identification and relative quantification of secreted peptides, particularly those that have been historically difficult to analyze in a concerted manner. Peptides exceeding 60 residues with various degrees of post-translational modification were identified on a liquid chromatographic time scale. The approach demonstrates high efficiency pattern-based recognition analysis of complex neuroendocrine peptide sets and enables rapid identification of biomarkers from biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Taylor
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Dr., San Diego California 92121, USA.
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12
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Goumon Y, Muller A, Glattard E, Marban C, Gasnier C, Strub JM, Chasserot-Golaz S, Rohr O, Stefano GB, Welters ID, Van Dorsselaer A, Schoentgen F, Aunis D, Metz-Boutigue MH. Identification of morphine-6-glucuronide in chromaffin cell secretory granules. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8082-9. [PMID: 16434406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502298200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time that morphine-6-glucuronide, a highly analgesic morphine-derived molecule, is present in adrenal chromaffin granules and secreted from chromaffin cells upon stimulation. We also demonstrate that phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (alternatively named Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein or RKIP) acts as an endogenous morphine-6-glucuronide-binding protein. An UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B-like enzyme, described to transform morphine into morphine-6-glucuronide, has been immunodetected in the chromaffin granule matrix, and morphine-6-glucuronide de novo synthesis has been characterized, demonstrating the possible involvement of intragranular UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B-like enzyme in morphine-6-glucuronide metabolism. Once secreted into the circulation, morphine-6-glucuronide may mediate several systemic actions (e.g. on immune cells) based on its affinity for mu-opioid receptors. These activities could be facilitated by phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP), acting as a molecular shield and preventing morphine-6-glucuronide from rapid clearance. Taken together, our data represent an important observation on the role of morphine-6-glucuronide as a new endocrine factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Goumon
- Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, INSERM U575, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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Abstract
The pituitary is the central endocrine gland that regulates the functions of various target organs in the human body. Because of the pivotal regulatory role of the pituitary, it is essential to define on a global scale the components of the pituitary protein machinery, including a comprehensive characterization of the post-translational modifications of the pituitary proteins. Of particular interest is the examination of the phosphorylation status of the pituitary in health and disease. Towards the goal of global profiling of pituitary protein phosphorylation, we report here the application of the in-gel IEF-LC-MS/MS approach to the study of the pituitary phosphoproteome. The analytical strategy combined isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradient strips with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry. With this method, a total of 50 phosphorylation sites were characterized in 26 proteins. Because the investigation involved primary tissue, the findings provide a direct glimpse into the phosphoprotein machinery operating within the human pituitary tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Abstract
Endocrine tumors are defined as neoplastic lesions resulting from the proliferation of cells engaged in an endocrine differentiation pathway, as shown by their expression of a set of specific markers, including true endocrine markers (such as chromogranine A) and neuro-endocrine markers, shared between neurons and endocrine cells (such as synaptophysin). The demonstration of the synthesis and secretion of one or several hormones is not necessary for the assessment of the endocrine nature of a tumor; only tumors associated with a clinical syndrome resulting from hormone overproduction can be said functioning endocrine tumors. Beyond their common features, endocrine tumors are characterized by a marked diversity, which results from the large functional, structural and embryological heterogeneity of normal endocrine cells. The natural history of endocrine tumors is also characterized by a marked heterogeneity in their evolution and rate of progression. While most endocrine tumors are locally and slowly evolving, some of them behave as truly malignant tumors, as shown by their capacity of metastatic dissemination and their fatal evolution. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression and metastatic dissemination is necessary for the identification of new prognostic tools and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot Service Central d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, 3 place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon cedex
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2004. [PMCID: PMC2447475 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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