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Barroso FD, da Silva LJ, Sá LG, da Silva CR, Neto JB, do Nascimento FB, Queiroz HA, Leitão AC, Cabral VP, Rodrigues DS, Barbosa AD, Cavalcanti BC, Morais MO, Júnior HV. Synergistic activity of dobutamine combined with azoles and its mechanism of action against strains of Candida glabrata. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:437-448. [PMID: 35285249 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the antifungal effect of dobutamine against Candida glabrata as well as its synergism with azoles and its action on biofilm. Methods: The M27-A3 protocol and flow cytometry were used for elucidation of the possible mechanism of action. Results: The tested isolates presented MICs ranging from 2 to 32 μg/ml for dobutamine, with fungistatic effect. A total of 82% of the strains showed synergism with fluconazole, with 90% showing synergism with itraconazole. The effect on biofilm formation was nonsignificant. Cytometry tests showed that dobutamine induced mitochondrial depolarization. Conclusion: Dobutamine has an antifungal effect on strains of C. glabrata and synergistic activity with azoles. This effect is probably mediated by increased oxidative damage to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Dd Barroso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lisandra J da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gav Sá
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Faculty of Biomedicine, Unichristus University Center, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cecília R da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - João Ba Neto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Faculty of Biomedicine, Unichristus University Center, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Francisca Ba do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Helaine A Queiroz
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Leitão
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vitória Pf Cabral
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Manoel O Morais
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-276, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vn Júnior
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Sadanandan B, Ashrit P, Nataraj LK, Shetty K, Jogalekar AP, Vaniyamparambath V, Hemanth B. High throughput comparative assessment of biofilm formation of Candida glabrata on polystyrene material. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Poosapati S, Ravulapalli PD, Viswanathaswamy DK, Kannan M. Proteomics of Two Thermotolerant Isolates of Trichoderma under High-Temperature Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1002. [PMID: 34946985 PMCID: PMC8704589 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of the soil borne fungus of the genus Trichoderma are known to be versatile, opportunistic plant symbionts and are the most successful biocontrol agents used in today's agriculture. To be successful in field conditions, the fungus must endure varying climatic conditions. Studies have indicated that a high atmospheric temperature coupled with low humidity is a major factor in the inconsistent performance of Trichoderma under field conditions. Understanding the molecular modulations associated with Trichoderma that persist and deliver under abiotic stress conditions will aid in exploiting the value of these organisms for such uses. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) mass spectrometry, was used to identify proteins associated with thermotolerance in two thermotolerant isolates of Trichoderma: T. longibrachiatum 673, TaDOR673 and T. asperellum 7316, TaDOR7316; with 32 differentially expressed proteins being identified. Sequence homology and conserved domains were used to identify these proteins and to assign a probable function to them. The thermotolerant isolate, TaDOR673, seemed to employ the stress signaling MAPK pathways and heat shock response pathways to combat the stress condition, whereas the moderately tolerant isolate, TaDOR7316, seemed to adapt to high-temperature conditions by reducing the accumulation of misfolded proteins through an unfolded protein response pathway and autophagy. In addition, there were unique, as well as common, proteins that were differentially expressed in the two isolates studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Poosapati
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India;
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Prasad Durga Ravulapalli
- Department of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India;
| | | | - Monica Kannan
- Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India;
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4
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Fakhruddin KS, Perera Samaranayake L, Egusa H, Ngo HC, Pesee S. Profuse diversity and acidogenicity of the candida-biome of deep carious lesions of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1964277. [PMID: 34447489 PMCID: PMC8386706 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1964277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The retentive niches of deep caries lesions have a distinct biome. Methods: We evaluated the site-specific (occlusal and proximal) Candida-biome of Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) in 66- children (132 lesions). Asymptomatic primary molars fitting the definition of the International Caries Detection and Assessment-(ICDAS)-caries-code 5/6 were analyzed. Deep-dentinal sampling and simultaneous assessment of pH were performed. Clinical isolates were speciated using multiplex-PCR and evaluated for their acidogenic and aciduric potential.Results: Surprisingly, a high prevalence of Candida species (72.7%), either singly or in combination, was noted from both the proximal and occlusal cavities. C. tropicalis was the most prevalent species (47%; 34/72), followed by C. krusei (43.1%; 31/72) and C. albicans (40.3%; 29/72), with C. glabrata being the least (9.7%; 7/72). Over 45% low-pH niches (pH <7) of both sites yielded either dual or triple species of Candida. Genotyping revealed three distinct C. albicans genotypes (A, B, and C) with (14/29; 48.3%) of strains belonging to Genotype A. All four evaluated Candida species exhibited acidogenic and aciduric potential, C. tropicalis being the most potent.Conclusion: This, the first report of the high-density, multispecies, yeast colonization of deep-dentinal lesions in S-ECC, suggests that the Candida-biome plays a significant etiologic role in the condition, possibly due to their profound acidogenicity in milieus rich in dietary carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hien Chi Ngo
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Siripen Pesee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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5
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Gonçalves B, Fernandes L, Henriques M, Silva S. Environmental pH modulates biofilm formation and matrix composition in Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:621-630. [PMID: 32674601 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1793963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are fungal opportunistic pathogens capable of colonizing and infecting various human anatomical sites, where they have to adapt to distinct niche-specific pH conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the features of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms developed under neutral and vaginal acidic (pH 4) conditions. C. albicans produced thicker and more filamentous biofilms under neutral than under acidic conditions. On the other hand, the formation of biofilms by C. glabrata was potentiated by the acidic conditions suggesting the high adaptability of this species to the vaginal environment. In general, both species developed biofilms containing higher amounts of matrix components (protein and carbohydrate) under neutral than acidic conditions, although the opposite result was found for one C. glabrata strain. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the modulation of C. albicans and C. glabrata virulence by specific pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gonçalves
- LIBRO - Biofilm Research Laboratory Rosário Oliveira, CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Liliana Fernandes
- LIBRO - Biofilm Research Laboratory Rosário Oliveira, CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- LIBRO - Biofilm Research Laboratory Rosário Oliveira, CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- LIBRO - Biofilm Research Laboratory Rosário Oliveira, CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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6
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Widiasih Widiyanto T, Chen X, Iwatani S, Chibana H, Kajiwara S. Role of major facilitator superfamily transporter Qdr2p in biofilm formation by Candida glabrata. Mycoses 2019; 62:1154-1163. [PMID: 31519064 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata represents the second-most frequent cause of candidiasis infections of the mucosa, bloodstream and genito-urinary tract in immunocompromised individuals. The incidence of C glabrata infection has increased significantly in the last two decades, mainly due to this species' abilities to resist various antifungal drugs and to form biofilms. We focused on the relationship between biofilm formation and the product of QDR2, a C glabrata member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) gene family, given that fungal biofilm formation limits drug penetration and is associated with persistent infection. The fungal cells in biofilms were compared between a C glabrata ∆qdr2 mutant and its wild-type strain. Cells were analysed for metabolism activity and drug susceptibility (using tetrazolium assay), adhesion activity, growth assay and intracellular pH (using flow cytometry). Compared to the wild type, the C glabrata ∆qdr2 showed lower adhesion activity and higher fluconazole susceptibility when assessed as a biofilm. The mutant also showed decreased metabolic activity during biofilm formation. Furthermore, the mutant grew more slowly under neutral-basic pH conditions. The qdr2 deletion in C glabrata resulted in an impaired ability to maintain pH homeostasis, which led in turn to a reduction of cell growth and of adherence to an artificial matrix. These results suggested that the Qdr2p function is needed for proper biofilm formation and biofilm maintenance in C glabrata as well as biofilm drug resistance towards fluconazole. Qdr2p may play an important role in C glabrata's ability to form biofilms on implanted medical devices in human bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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7
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Gonçalves B, Azevedo NM, Henriques M, Silva S. Hormones modulate Candida vaginal isolates biofilm formation and decrease their susceptibility to azoles and hydrogen peroxide. Med Mycol 2019; 58:341-350. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an infection usually caused by Candida albicans and increasingly by Candida glabrata, which has an intrinsically high resistance to commonly used antifungals. Candida species possess virulence factors that contribute to VVC development, as the ability to form biofilms in vaginal walls and intrauterine devices. It is known that VVC is promoted by conditions that increase the hormones levels, during pregnancy, however, the effects of hormones on Candida cells are poorly studied, especially in C. glabrata. Thus, the influence of progesterone and β-estradiol, at normal cycle and pregnancy concentrations, on biofilm formation and resistance of C. albicans and C. glabrata vaginal isolates, was analyzed using acidic conditions (pH 4). Biofilms of C. albicans developed in the presence of hormones presented reduced biomass (up to 65%) and impaired cells ability to produce filamentous forms. On the other hand, C. glabrata presented high adaptation to the presence of hormones, which did not affect its biofilm formation. Additionally, hormones impaired the susceptibility of C. albicans and C. glabrata cells to azoles, with potential clinical significance in the presence of pregnancy hormone levels. A similar result was obtained for the susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide, a biological vaginal barrier against Candida growth. Overall, the results of this study suggest that hormones may act as environmental cues promoting Candida protection from vaginal defenses and harmful conditions, what may have implications in Candida vaginal pathogenicity and treatment of VVC, especially in C. glabrata infections due to its high adaptability to vaginal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gonçalves
- CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO – “Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira”, University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4715-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Miguel Azevedo
- CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO – “Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira”, University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4715-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO – “Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira”, University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4715-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO – “Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira”, University of Minho, Gualtar Campus, 4715-057 Braga, Portugal
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Xu X, Ran J, Jiao L, Liang X, Zhao R. Label free quantitative analysis of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spore germination subjected to low ambient pH. Food Res Int 2019; 115:580-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Pais P, Galocha M, Teixeira MC. Genome-Wide Response to Drugs and Stress in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 58:155-193. [PMID: 30911893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia worldwide and its prevalence has continuously increased over the last decades. C. glabrata infections are especially worrisome in immunocompromised patients, resulting in serious systemic infections, associated to high mortality rates. Intrinsic resistance to azole antifungals, widely used drugs in the clinical setting, and the ability to efficiently colonize the human host and medical devices, withstanding stress imposed by the immune system, are thought to underlie the emergence of C. glabrata. There is a clear clinical need to understand drug and stress resistance in C. glabrata. The increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant isolates needs to be addressed in order to overcome the decrease of viable therapeutic strategies and find new therapeutic targets. Likewise, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying its impressive ability thrive under oxidative, nitrosative, acidic and metabolic stresses, is crucial to design drugs that target these pathogenesis features. The study of the underlying mechanisms that translate C. glabrata plasticity and its competence to evade the immune system, as well as survive host stresses to establish infection, will benefit from extensive scrutiny. This chapter provides a review on the contribution of genome-wide studies to uncover clinically relevant drug resistance and stress response mechanisms in the human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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10
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Kumari S, Kumar M, Khandelwal NK, Kumari P, Varma M, Vishwakarma P, Shahi G, Sharma S, Lynn AM, Prasad R, Gaur NA. ABC transportome inventory of human pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata: Phylogenetic and expression analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202993. [PMID: 30153284 PMCID: PMC6112666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) is one of the two major superfamilies of transporters present across the evolutionary scale. ABC superfamily members came to prominence due to their ability to extrude broad spectrum of substrates and to confer multi drug resistance (MDR). Overexpression of some ABC transporters in clinical isolates of Candida species was attributed to the development of MDR phenotypes. Among Candida species, Candida glabrata is an emerging drug resistant species in human fungal infections. A comprehensive analysis of such proteins in C. glabrata is required to untangle their role not only in MDR but also in other biological processes. Bioinformatic analysis of proteins encoded by genome of human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata identified 25 putative ABC protein coding genes. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, domain organization and nomenclature adopted by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) scheme, these proteins were categorized into six subfamilies such as Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR)/ABCG, Multi Drug Resistance (MDR)/ABCB, Multi Drug Resistance associated Protein (MRP)/ABCC, Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDp)/ABCD, RNase L Inhibitor (RLI)/ABCE and Elongation Factor 3 (EF3)/ABCF. Among these, only 18 ABC proteins contained transmembrane domains (TMDs) and were grouped as membrane proteins, predominantly belonging to PDR, MDR, MRP, and ALDp subfamilies. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of these ABC proteins with other yeast species revealed their orthologous relationship and pointed towards their conserved functions. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of putative membrane localized ABC protein encoding genes of C. glabrata confirmed their basal expression and showed variable transcriptional response towards antimycotic drugs. This study presents first comprehensive overview of ABC superfamily proteins of a human fungal pathogen C. glabrata, which is expected to provide an important platform for in depth analysis of their physiological relevance in cellular processes and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Khandelwal
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahendra Varma
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Tan Y, Leonhard M, Schneider-Stickler B. Evaluation of culture conditions for mixed biofilm formation with clinically isolated non- albicans Candida species and Staphylococcus epidermidis on silicone. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Ferreira C, Gonçalves B, Vilas Boas D, Oliveira H, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Silva S. Candida tropicalis biofilm and human epithelium invasion is highly influenced by environmental pH. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw101. [PMID: 27702793 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to investigate the role of pH on Candida tropicalis virulence determinants, namely the ability to form biofilms and to colonize/invade reconstituted human vaginal epithelia. METHODS Biofilm formation was evaluated by enumeration of cultivable cells, total biomass quantification and structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Candida tropicalis human vaginal epithelium colonization and invasiveness were examined qualitatively by epifluorescence microscopy and quantitatively by a novel quantitative real-time PCR protocol for Candida quantification in tissues. RESULTS The results revealed that environmental pH influences C. tropicalis biofilm formation as well as the colonization and potential to invade human epithelium with intensification at neutral and alkaline conditions compared to acidic conditions. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we have demonstrated that C. tropicalis biofilm formation and invasion is highly influenced by environmental pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ferreira
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruna Gonçalves
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Vilas Boas
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Hugo Oliveira
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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13
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Guo H, Wan H, Chen H, Fang F, Liu S, Zhou J. Proteomic analysis of the response of α-ketoglutarate-producer Yarrowia lipolytica WSH-Z06 to environmental pH stimuli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8829-41. [PMID: 27535241 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During bioproduction of short-chain carboxylates, a shift in pH is a common strategy for enhancing the biosynthesis of target products. Based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, comparative proteomics analysis of general and mitochondrial protein samples was used to investigate the cellular responses to environmental pH stimuli in the α-ketoglutarate overproducer Yarrowia lipolytica WSH-Z06. The lower environmental pH stimuli tensioned intracellular acidification and increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A total of 54 differentially expressed protein spots were detected, and 11 main cellular processes were identified to be involved in the cellular response to environmental pH stimuli. Slight decrease in cytoplasmic pH enhanced the cellular acidogenicity by elevating expression level of key enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Enhanced energy biosynthesis, ROS elimination, and membrane potential homeostasis processes were also employed as cellular defense strategies to compete with environmental pH stimuli. Owing to its antioxidant role of α-ketoglutarate, metabolic flux shifted to α-ketoglutarate under lower pH by Y. lipolytica in response to acidic pH stimuli. The identified differentially expressed proteins provide clues for understanding the mechanisms of the cellular responses and for enhancing short-chain carboxylate production through metabolic engineering or process optimization strategies in combination with manipulation of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biological Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, Fujian, 361021, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hui Wan
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hongwen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Biological Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Amoy, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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14
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Turgeman T, Shatil-Cohen A, Moshelion M, Teper-Bamnolker P, Skory CD, Lichter A, Eshel D. The Role of Aquaporins in pH-Dependent Germination of Rhizopus delemar Spores. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150543. [PMID: 26959825 PMCID: PMC4784744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus delemar and associated species attack a wide range of fruit and vegetables after harvest. Host nutrients and acidic pH are required for optimal germination of R. delemar, and we studied how this process is triggered. Glucose induced spore swelling in an acidic environment, expressed by an up to 3-fold increase in spore diameter, whereas spore diameter was smaller in a neutral environment. When suspended in an acidic environment, the spores started to float, indicating a change in their density. Treatment of the spores with HgCl2, an aquaporin blocker, prevented floating and inhibited spore swelling and germ-tube emergence, indicating the importance of water uptake at the early stages of germination. Two putative candidate aquaporin-encoding genes-RdAQP1 and RdAQP2-were identified in the R. delemar genome. Both presented the conserved NPA motif and six-transmembrane domain topology. Expressing RdAQP1 and RdAQP2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts increased the cells' osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) compared to controls, indicating their role as water channels. A decrease in R. delemar aquaporin activity with increasing external pH suggested pH regulation of these proteins. Substitution of two histidine (His) residues, positioned on two loops facing the outer side of the cell, with alanine eliminated the pH sensing resulting in similar Pf values under acidic and basic conditions. Since hydration is critical for spore switching from the resting to activate state, we suggest that pH regulation of the aquaporins can regulate the initial phase of R. delemar spore germination, followed by germ-tube elongation and host-tissue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidhar Turgeman
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arava Shatil-Cohen
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paula Teper-Bamnolker
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Christopher D. Skory
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, NTL Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Dani Eshel
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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15
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Bujdáková H. Management of Candida biofilms: state of knowledge and new options for prevention and eradication. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:235-51. [PMID: 26849383 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by Candida species (spp.) on medical devices represent a potential health risk. The focus of current research is searching for new options for the treatment and prevention of biofilm-associated infections using different approaches including modern nanotechnology. This review summarizes current information concerning the most relevant resistance/tolerance mechanisms to conventional drugs and a role of additional factors contributing to these phenomena in Candida spp. (mostly Candida albicans). Additionally, it provides an information update in prevention and eradication of a Candida biofilm including experiences with 'lock' therapy, potential utilization of small molecules in biomedical applications, and perspectives of using photodynamic inactivation in the control of a Candida biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bujdáková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology & Virology, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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16
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Niu LL, Bi Y, Bai XD, Zhang SG, Xue HL, Li YC, Wang Y, Calderón-Urrea A. Damage to Trichothecium roseum caused by sodium silicate is independent from pH. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:161-72. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Grassland Sciences and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-dong Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-gui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-li Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-cai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Wu J, Chen X, Cai L, Tang L, Liu L. Transcription factors Asg1p and Hal9p regulate pH homeostasis in Candida glabrata. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:843. [PMID: 26347728 PMCID: PMC4539521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important microorganism used in commercial fermentation to produce pyruvate, but very little is known about its mechanisms for surviving acid stress in culture. In this study, it was shown that transcription factors Asg1p and Hal9p play essential roles in C. glabrata in the tolerance of acid stress, as the deletion of CgASG1 or CgHAL9 resulted in the inability to survive in an acidic environment. Cgasg1Δ and Cghal9Δ mutant strains are unable to maintain pH homeostasis, as evidenced by a decrease in intracellular pH and an increase in reactive oxygen species production, which results in metabolic disorders. The results showed that intracellular acidification was partly due to the diminished activity of the plasma membrane proton pump, CgPma1p. In addition, transcriptome sequencing revealed that Cgasg1Δ and Cghal9Δ mutant strains displayed a variety of changes in gene expression under acidic conditions, including genes in the MAPK signaling pathway, plasma membrane, or cell wall organization, trehalose accumulation, and the RIM101 signaling pathway. Lastly, quantitative reverse-transcribed PCR and cellular localization showed that CgAsg1p and CgHal9p played independent roles in response to acid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China ; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China ; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China ; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
| | - Lei Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China ; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University Wuxi, China
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18
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Linde J, Duggan S, Weber M, Horn F, Sieber P, Hellwig D, Riege K, Marz M, Martin R, Guthke R, Kurzai O. Defining the transcriptomic landscape of Candida glabrata by RNA-Seq. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1392-406. [PMID: 25586221 PMCID: PMC4330350 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common pathogenic Candida species and has emerged as a leading cause of nosocomial fungal infections. Its reduced susceptibility to antifungal drugs and its close relationship to Saccharomyces cerevisiae make it an interesting research focus. Although its genome sequence was published in 2004, little is known about its transcriptional dynamics. Here, we provide a detailed RNA-Seq-based analysis of the transcriptomic landscape of C. glabrata in nutrient-rich media, as well as under nitrosative stress and during pH shift. Using RNA-Seq data together with state-of-the-art gene prediction tools, we refined the annotation of the C. glabrata genome and predicted 49 novel protein-coding genes. Of these novel genes, 14 have homologs in S. cerevisiae and six are shared with other Candida species. We experimentally validated four novel protein-coding genes of which two are differentially regulated during pH shift and interaction with human neutrophils, indicating a potential role in host–pathogen interaction. Furthermore, we identified 58 novel non-protein-coding genes, 38 new introns and condition-specific alternative splicing. Finally, our data suggest different patterns of adaptation to pH shift and nitrosative stress in C. glabrata, Candida albicans and S. cerevisiae and thus further underline a distinct evolution of virulence in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Linde
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Seána Duggan
- Septomics Research Center, Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Septomics Research Center, Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabian Horn
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Patricia Sieber
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Hellwig
- Septomics Research Center, Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Konstantin Riege
- Research Group Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Research Group Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Septomics Research Center, Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
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19
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Biolistic Transformation of Candida glabrata for Homoplasmic Mitochondrial Genome Transformants. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Ahmad KM, Kokošar J, Guo X, Gu Z, Ishchuk OP, Piškur J. Genome structure and dynamics of the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:529-35. [PMID: 24528571 PMCID: PMC4320752 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast pathogen Candida glabrata is the second most frequent cause of Candida infections. However, from the phylogenetic point of view, C. glabrata is much closer to Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to Candida albicans. Apparently, this yeast has relatively recently changed its life style and become a successful opportunistic pathogen. Recently, several C. glabrata sister species, among them clinical and environmental isolates, have had their genomes characterized. Also, hundreds of C. glabrata clinical isolates have been characterized for their genomes. These isolates display enormous genomic plasticity. The number and size of chromosomes vary drastically, as well as intra- and interchromosomal segmental duplications occur frequently. The observed genome alterations could affect phenotypic properties and thus help to adapt to the highly variable and harsh habitats this yeast finds in different human patients and their tissues. Further genome sequencing of pathogenic isolates will provide a valuable tool to understand the mechanisms behind genome dynamics and help to elucidate the genes contributing to the virulence potential.
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21
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Differentially-expressed genes in Candida albicans exposed to ε-poly-L-lysine. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:2147-53. [PMID: 23974498 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen whose disinfection is a challenge. ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), an antagonistic agent, can disrupt cell membranes and inhibit the growth of C. albicans. Genes that were differentially-expressed in response to ε-PL were isolated from C. albicans and identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Ten subtracted clones, that share >98 % homology with known genes of C. albicans, were isolated. Among these, four genes encoded cell wall-associated proteins. Real-time quantitative PCR and northern blot hybridization suggest that these genes are involved in the response to ε-PL. These findings will help to determine the mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of ε-PL against C. albicans.
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22
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Ullah A, Lopes MI, Brul S, Smits GJ. Intracellular pH homeostasis in Candida glabrata in infection-associated conditions. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:803-813. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.063610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Ullah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Inês Lopes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertien J. Smits
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Martínez-Salgado JL, León-Ramírez CG, Pacheco AB, Ruiz-Herrera J, de la Rosa APB. Analysis of the regulation of the Ustilago maydis proteome by dimorphism, pH or MAPK and GCN5 genes. J Proteomics 2013; 79:251-62. [PMID: 23305952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a dimorphic corn pathogenic basidiomycota whose haploid cells grow in yeast form at pH7, while at pH3 they grow in the mycelial form. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with LC-ESI/MS-MS was used to analyze the differential accumulation of proteins in yeast against mycelial morphologies. 2-DE maps were obtained in the pH range of 5-8 and 404 total protein spots were separated. From these, 43 were differentially accumulated when comparing strains FB2wt, constitutive yeast CL211, and constitutive mycelial GP25 growing at pH7 against pH3. Differentially accumulated proteins in response to pH are related with defense against reactive oxygen species or toxic compounds. Up-accumulation of CipC and down-accumulation of Hmp1 were specifically related with mycelial growth. Changes in proteins that were affected by mutation in the gene encoding the adaptor of a MAPK pathway (CL211 strain) were UM521* and transcription factors Btf3, Sol1 and Sti1. Mutation of GCN5 (GP25 strain) affected the accumulation of Rps19-ribosomal protein, Mge1-heath shock protein, and Lpd1-dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. Our results complement the information about the genes and proteins related with the dimorphic transition in U. maydis and changes in proteins affected by mutations in a MAPK pathway and GCN5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Martínez-Salgado
- IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica. Camino a La Presa San José No. 2055, Lomas 4ª Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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24
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Prasad TSK, Harsha HC, Keerthikumar S, Sekhar NR, Selvan LDN, Kumar P, Pinto SM, Muthusamy B, Subbannayya Y, Renuse S, Chaerkady R, Mathur PP, Ravikumar R, Pandey A. Proteogenomic Analysis of Candida glabrata using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:247-60. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Centre
of Excellence in Bioinformatics,
Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry -605 014, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104; India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam -690 525, India
| | - H. C. Harsha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
| | | | - Nirujogi Raja Sekhar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Centre
of Excellence in Bioinformatics,
Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry -605 014, India
| | - Lakshmi Dhevi N. Selvan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam -690 525, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam -690 525, India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104; India
| | - Babylakshmi Muthusamy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Centre
of Excellence in Bioinformatics,
Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry -605 014, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Jayanagar, Bangalore −560
041, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam -690 525, India
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore
-560 066, India
| | - Premendu P. Mathur
- Centre
of Excellence in Bioinformatics,
Bioinformatics Centre, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry -605 014, India
| | - Raju Ravikumar
- Department of
Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore -560029, India
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25
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Identification and differential gene expression of adhesin-like wall proteins in Candida glabrata biofilms. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:415-27. [PMID: 21769633 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An important initial step in biofilm development and subsequent establishment of fungal infections by the human pathogen Candida glabrata is adherence to a surface. Adherence is mediated through a large number of differentially regulated cell wall-bound adhesins. The fungus can modify the incorporation of adhesins in the cell wall allowing crucial adaptations to new environments. In this study, expression and cell wall incorporation of C. glabrata adhesins were evaluated in biofilms cultured in two different media: YPD and a semi-defined medium SdmYg. Tandem mass spectrometry of isolated C. glabrata cell walls identified 22 proteins including six adhesins: the novel adhesins Awp5 and Awp6, Epa3 and the previously identified adhesins Epa6, Awp2 and Awp4. Regulation of expression of these and other relevant adhesin genes was investigated using real-time qPCR analysis. For most adhesin genes, significant up-regulation was observed in biofilms in at least one of the culturing media. However, this was not the case for EPA6 and AWP2, which is consistent with their gene products already being abundantly present in planktonic cultures grown in YPD medium. Furthermore, most of the adhesin genes tested also show medium-dependent differential regulation. These results underline the idea that many adhesins in C. glabrata are involved in biofilm formation and that their expression is tightly regulated and dependent on environmental conditions and growth phase. This may contribute to its potential to form resilient biofilms and cause infection in various host tissues.
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26
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Bairwa G, Kaur R. A novel role for a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored aspartyl protease, CgYps1, in the regulation of pH homeostasis in Candida glabrata. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:900-13. [PMID: 21299646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteases, key virulence factors of many bacterial and fungal pathogens, are pivotally important for nutrient acquisition, invasion and adherence to host cells and evasion/escape from host immune cells. In this study, we report a novel role for CgYps1, member of a family of 11 GPI-linked aspartyl proteases, in a human opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida glabrata, in the regulation of pH homeostasis under acidic environmental conditions. We show that CgYps1 is required to survive low-external-pH environment and the inability of Cgyps1Δ mutant to maintain pH homeostasis results in intracellular acidification and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We also provide evidence that the reduced intracellular pH in Cgyps1Δ mutant under acidic conditions is, partly, owing to the diminished activity of a plasma membrane proton pump, CgPma1, an orthologue of a key component of pH homeostasis machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pma1. In addition, we have examined C. glabrata's response to low environmental pH via genome-wide expression analysis and several genes required for protein folding/modification and stress response pathways including seven of the CgYPS genes were found to be upregulated. Lastly, we show that C. glabrata responds to acidic environment by reducing total β-glucan levels in the cell wall in a CgYps1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bairwa
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Building 7, Gruhakalpa, 5-4-399/B, Nampally, Hyderabad-500001, India
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27
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Kucharíková S, Tournu H, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P, Bujdáková H. Detailed comparison of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms under different conditions and their susceptibility to caspofungin and anidulafungin. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1261-1269. [PMID: 21566087 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.032037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida biofilm development can be influenced by diverse factors such as substrate, culture medium, carbohydrate source and pH. We have analysed biofilm formation of Candida albicans SC5314 and Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 wild-type strains in the presence of different media (RPMI 1640 versus YNB) and using different pH values (pH 5.6 or 7.0). We determined adhesion and biofilm formation on polystyrene, changes in the expression of adhesin genes during these processes and the susceptibility of mature biofilms to echinocandins. Biofilms formed on polystyrene by both Candida species proved to be influenced strongly by the composition of the medium rather than pH. C. albicans and C. glabrata formed thicker biofilms in RPMI 1640 medium, whereas in YNB medium, both species manifested adhesion rather than characteristic multilayer biofilm architecture. The stimulated biofilm formation in RPMI 1640 medium at pH 7.0 corroborated positively with increased expression of adhesin genes, essential to biofilm formation in vitro, including ALS3 and EAP1 in C. albicans and EPA6 in C. glabrata. The thicker biofilms grown in RPMI 1640 medium were more tolerant to caspofungin and anidulafungin than YNB-grown biofilms. We also observed that mature C. glabrata biofilms were less susceptible in RPMI 1640 medium to echinocandins than C. albicans biofilms. Environmental conditions, i.e. medium and pH, can significantly affect not only biofilm architecture, but also the expression profile of several genes involved during the different stages of biofilm development. In addition, growth conditions may also influence the antifungal-susceptibility profile of fungal populations within biofilm structures. Therefore, before designing any experimental biofilm set-up, it is important to consider the potential influence of external environmental factors on Candida biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Kucharíková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Mlynská dolina B-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2438, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hélène Tournu
- VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2438, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Medical Diagnostic Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB Department of Molecular Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Box 2438, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Mlynská dolina B-2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Szopinska A, Morsomme P. Quantitative Proteomic Approaches and Their Application in the Study of Yeast Stress Responses. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:639-49. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szopinska
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Croix du Sud Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Nevarez L, Vasseur V, Debaets S, Barbier G. Use of response surface methodology to optimise environmental stress conditions on Penicillium glabrum, a food spoilage mould. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:490-7. [PMID: 20943160 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous microorganisms often associated with spoilage and biodeterioration of a large variety of foods and feedstuffs. Their growth may be influenced by temporary changes in intrinsic or environmental factors such as temperature, water activity, pH, preservatives, atmosphere composition, all of which may represent potential sources of stress. Molecular-based analyses of their physiological responses to environmental conditions would help to better manage the risk of alteration and potential toxicity of food products. However, before investigating molecular stress responses, appropriate experimental stress conditions must be precisely defined. Penicillium glabrum is a filamentous fungus widely present in the environment and frequently isolated in the food processing industry as a contaminant of numerous products. Using response surface methodology, the present study evaluated the influence of two environmental factors (temperature and pH) on P. glabrum growth to determine 'optimised' environmental stress conditions. For thermal and pH shocks, a large range of conditions was applied by varying factor intensity and exposure time according to a two-factorial central composite design. Temperature and exposure duration varied from 30 to 50 °C and from 10 min to 230 min, respectively. The effects of interaction between both variables were observed on fungal growth. For pH, the duration of exposure, from 10 to 230 min, had no significant effect on fungal growth. Experiments were thus carried out on a range of pH from 0.15 to 12.50 for a single exposure time of 240 min. Based on fungal growth results, a thermal shock of 120 min at 40 °C or a pH shock of 240 min at 1.50 or 9.00 may therefore be useful to investigate stress responses to non-optimal conditions.
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Zhou J, Liu L, Chen J. Improved ATP supply enhances acid tolerance of Candida glabrata during pyruvic acid production. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:44-53. [PMID: 20880146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A major problem in industrial fermentation of organic acids with micro-organisms is to ensure a suitable pH in the culture broth. To circumvent this problem, we investigated the effect of citrate, which is a widely used auxiliary energy co-substrate, on cell growth, organic acid production and pH homeostasis among extracellular environment, cytoplasm and vacuole, in the pyruvic acid production by Candida glabrata CCTCC M202019 under different pH conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Analysis of intracellular ATP regeneration, cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH values under different culture conditions points towards a relief of stress when C. glabrata is exposed to lower pH, if citrate is added. When 50 mmol l(-1) citrate was added to the culture medium, the intracellular ATP concentrations increased by 20·5% (pH 5·5), 20·4% (pH 5·0) and 39·3% (pH 4·5), and higher pH gradients among the culture broth, cell cytoplasm and vacuoles resulted. As a consequence, the cell growth and pyruvic acid production of C. glabrata CCTCC M202019 were significantly improved under pH 5·0 and 4·5. CONCLUSIONS The acid tolerance of yeast can be improved by enhancing the ATP supply, which helps to maintain higher pH gradients in the system. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results presented here expand our understanding of the physiological characteristics in eukaryotic micro-organisms under low pH conditions and provide a potential route for the further improvement of organic acids production process by process optimization or metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Li B, Lai T, Qin G, Tian S. Ambient pH stress inhibits spore germination of Penicillium expansum by impairing protein synthesis and folding: a proteomic-based study. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:298-307. [PMID: 19951004 DOI: 10.1021/pr900622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spore germination is the first step for fungal pathogens to infect host plants. The pH value, as one of the most important environmental parameters, has critical influence on spore germination. In this study, effects of ambient pH on spore germination were determined by culturing spores of Penicillium expansum in medium with pH values at 2.0, 5.0 and 8.0, and involved mechanisms were further investigated through methods of comparative proteomics. The results demonstrated that spore germination of P. expansum was obviously inhibited at pH 2.0 and 8.0. Using quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer, 34 proteins with significant changes in abundance were identified. Among them, 17 proteins were related to protein synthesis and folding, and most of them were down-regulated at pH 2.0 and 8.0. Accordingly, lower content of total soluble proteins and higher ratio of aggregated proteins were observed in spores at pH 2.0 and 8.0. In addition, it was found that ambient pH could affect intracellular pH and ATP level of P. expansum spores. These findings indicated that ambient pH might affect spore germination of P. expansum by changing intracellular pH and regulating protein expression. Further, impairing synthesis and folding of proteins might be one of the main reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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32
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Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in Candida glabrata after mitochondrial transformation. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:806-14. [PMID: 20207853 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00349-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the most direct method for investigating mtDNA, but until now, this has been achieved only in the diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, the ATP6 gene on mtDNA of the haploid yeast Candida glabrata (Torulopsis glabrata) was deleted by biolistic transformation of DNA fragments with a recoded ARG8(m) mitochondrial genetic marker, flanked by homologous arms to the ATP6 gene. Transformants were identified by arginine prototrophy. However, in the transformants, the original mtDNA was not lost spontaneously, even under arginine selective pressure. Moreover, the mtDNA transformants selectively lost the transformed mtDNA under aerobic conditions. The mtDNA heteroplasmy in the transformants was characterized by PCR, quantitative PCR, and Southern blotting, showing that the heteroplasmy was relatively stable in the absence of arginine. Aerobic conditions facilitated the loss of the original mtDNA, and anaerobic conditions favored loss of the transformed mtDNA. Moreover, detailed investigations showed that increases in reactive oxygen species in mitochondria lacking ATP6, along with their equal cell division, played important roles in determining the dynamics of heteroplasmy. Based on our analysis of mtDNA heteroplasmy in C. glabrata, we were able to generate homoplasmic Deltaatp6 mtDNA strains.
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Seneviratne CJ, Wang Y, Jin L, Abiko Y, Samaranayake LP. Proteomics of drug resistance in Candida glabrata
biofilms. Proteomics 2010; 10:1444-54. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Godfrey D, Zhang Z, Saalbach G, Thordal-Christensen H. A proteomics study of barley powdery mildew haustoria. Proteomics 2009; 9:3222-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Zhou J, Dong Z, Liu L, Du G, Chen J. A reusable method for construction of non-marker large fragment deletion yeast auxotroph strains: A practice in Torulopsis glabrata. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 76:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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