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Boamah S, Zhang S, Xu B, Li T, Calderón-Urrea A, John Tiika R. Trichoderma longibrachiatum TG1 increases endogenous salicylic acid content and antioxidants activity in wheat seedlings under salinity stress. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12923. [PMID: 36530412 PMCID: PMC9753740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported the deleterious effects of excessive salt stress on Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. Seed pretreatment with exogenous salicylic acid (SA) enhances plants to tolerate salt stress. Herein, the present study aims to investigate the potential of plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) to increase the plant growth and enhance the salicylic acid (SA) contents and antioxidants activity in wheat seedlings under different concentrations of salt stress. Wheat seeds were pretreated in TG1 spore suspension before exposure to different salt stresses. Compared with 0, 50, 100, 150 salt stresses, the TG1 and NaCl increased the wheat seeds germination rate, germination potential and germination index significantly; the shoot height and root length were increased by an average of 39.45% and 29.73%, respectively. Compared to NaCl stress across the four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), the TG1 treated wheat seedlings increased SA concentration and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) by an average of 55.87% and 24.10% respectively. In addition, the TG1+NaCl-treated seedlings increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the shoot by an average of 47.68%, 23.68%, and 38.65% respectively compared to NaCl-stressed seedlings. Significantly, the genes, SOD, CAT, and POD were relatively up-regulated in the salt-tolerant TG1-treated seedlings at all NaCl concentrations in comparison to the control. Wheat seedlings treated with TG1+NaCl increased the transcript levels of SOD, POD and CAT by 1.35, 1.85 and 1.04-fold at 50 mM NaCl concentration, respectively, compared with 0 mM NaCl concentration. Our results indicated that seeds pretreatment with TG1 could increase endogenous SA of plants and promote seedling growth under salt stress by improving enzymatic antioxidant activities and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Boamah
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Richard John Tiika
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Xiao X, Li J, Lyu J, Hu L, Wu Y, Tang Z, Yu J, Calderón-Urrea A. Grafting-enhanced tolerance of cucumber to toxic stress is associated with regulation of phenolic and other aromatic acids metabolism. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13521. [PMID: 35669966 PMCID: PMC9166682 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic stress caused by autotoxins is a common phenomenon for cucumber under monoculture condition. A previous study demonstrated that grafting could enhance the resistance of cucumber to cinnamic acid (CA) stress, but the underlying mechanism behind this enhanced resistance is still unclear. In the present study, we reconfirmed the stronger resistance of grafted rootstock (RG) compared to the non-grafted (NG) cucumber as measured though plant biomass accumulation. In addition, we focused on the phenolic and other aromatic acids metabolism in hydroponic culture model system using a combination of qRT-PCR (to measure gene expression of relevant genes) and HPLC (to detect the presence of phenolic and other aromatic acids). The results showed that the exogenous CA lead to the expression of four enzymes involved in phenolic and other aromatic acids biosynthesis, and a larger increase was observed in grafted rootstock (RG). Specifically, expression of six genes, involved in phenolic and other aromatic acids biosynthesis (PAL, PAL1, C4H, 4CL1, 4CL2 and COMT), with the exception of 4CL2, were significantly up-regulated in RG but down-regulated in NG when exposed to CA. Furthermore, six kinds of phenolic and other aromatic acids were detected in leaves and roots of NG and RG cucumber, while only benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were detected in root exudate of all samples. The CA treatment resulted in an increase of p-hydroxybenzonic acid, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid contents in RG cucumber, but decrease of p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid contents in NG cucumber. Surprisingly, the type and amount of phenolic and other aromatic acids in root exudate was improved by exogenous CA, particularly for RG cucumber. These results suggest that a possible mechanism for the stronger resistance to CA of RG than NG cucumber could involve the up-regulation of key genes involved in phenolic and other aromatic acids metabolism, and that the excessive phenolic compounds released to surroundings is a result of the accumulation of phenolic compounds in a short time by the plant under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ju Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
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Boamah S, Zhang S, Xu B, Li T, Calderón-Urrea A. Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) Enhances Wheat Seedlings Tolerance to Salt Stress and Resistance to Fusarium pseudograminearum. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:741231. [PMID: 34868125 PMCID: PMC8635049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is abiotic stress that inhibits seed germination and suppresses plant growth and root development in a dose-dependent manner. Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fg) is a plant pathogen that causes wheat crown rot. Chemical control methods against Fg are toxic to the environment and resistance has been observed in wheat crops. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed to manage this devastating disease and the effects of salinity. Our research focused on the mycoparasitic mechanisms of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) on Fg and the induction of defenses in wheat seedlings under salt and Fg stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The average inhibition rate of TG1 against Fg was 33.86%, 36.32%, 44.59%, and 46.62%, respectively, in the four NaCl treatments (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM). The mycoparasitic mechanisms of TG1 against Fg were coiling, penetration, and wrapping of Fg hyphae. In response to inoculation of TG1 with Fg, significant upregulation of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) was observed. The expression of β-1, 6-glucan synthase (PP4), endochitinase precursor (PH-1), and chitinase (chi18-15) increased by 1. 6, 1. 9, and 1.3-fold on day 14 compared with day 3. Wheat seedlings with combined TG1 + Fg treatments under different NaCl stress levels decreased disease index by an average of 51.89%; increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity by an average of 38%, 61%, and 24.96%, respectively; and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content by an average of 44.07% and 41.75% respectively, compared with Fg treated seedlings. The combined TG1 + Fg treatment induced the transcription level of plant defense-related genes resulting in an increase in tyrosin-protein kinase (PR2), chitinase class I (CHIA1), and pathogenesis-related protein (PR1-2) by an average of 1.15, 1.35, and 1.37-fold, respectively compared to Fg treatment. However, the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased 3.40-fold under various NaCl stresses. Our results suggest that TG1 enhances wheat seedling growth and controls wheat crown rot disease by strengthening the plant defense system and upregulating the expression of pathogenesis-related genes under both Fg and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Boamah
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuwu Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Dormatey R, Sun C, Ali K, Fiaz S, Xu D, Calderón-Urrea A, Bi Z, Zhang J, Bai J. ptxD/Phi as alternative selectable marker system for genetic transformation for bio-safety concerns: a review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11809. [PMID: 34395075 PMCID: PMC8323600 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic and herbicide resistance genes are the most common marker genes for plant transformation to improve crop yield and food quality. However, there is public concern about the use of resistance marker genes in food crops due to the risk of potential gene flow from transgenic plants to compatible weedy relatives, leading to the possible development of “superweeds” and antibiotic resistance. Several selectable marker genes such as aph, nptII, aaC3, aadA, pat, bar, epsp and gat, which have been synthesized to generate transgenic plants by genetic transformation, have shown some limitations. These marker genes, which confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance and are introduced into crops along with economically valuable genes, have three main problems: selective agents have negative effects on plant cell proliferation and differentiation, uncertainty about the environmental effects of many selectable marker genes, and difficulty in performing recurrent transformations with the same selectable marker to pyramid desired genes. Recently, a simple, novel, and affordable method was presented for plant cells to convert non-metabolizable phosphite (Phi) to an important phosphate (Pi) for developing cells by gene expression encoding a phosphite oxidoreductase (PTXD) enzyme. The ptxD gene, in combination with a selection medium containing Phi as the sole phosphorus (P) source, can serve as an effective and efficient system for selecting transformed cells. The selection system adds nutrients to transgenic plants without potential risks to the environment. The ptxD/Phi system has been shown to be a promising transgenic selection system with several advantages in cost and safety compared to other antibiotic-based selection systems. In this review, we have summarized the development of selection markers for genetic transformation and the potential use of the ptxD/Phi scheme as an alternative selection marker system to minimize the future use of antibiotic and herbicide marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dormatey
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China
| | - Kazim Ali
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China.,National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Derong Xu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Bi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China
| | - Junlian Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China
| | - Jiangping Bai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Landzhou, China
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Lyu J, Wu Y, Jin X, Tang Z, Liao W, Dawuda MM, Hu L, Xie J, Yu J, Calderón-Urrea A. Proteomic analysis reveals key proteins involved in ethylene-induced adventitious root development in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). PeerJ 2021; 9:e10887. [PMID: 33868797 PMCID: PMC8034359 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in adventitious root formation reflect the adaptability of plants to the environment. Moreover, the rooting process is regulated by endogenous hormone signals. Ethylene, a signaling hormone molecule, has been shown to play an essential role in the process of root development. In the present study, in order to explore the relationship between the ethylene-induced adventitious rooting process and photosynthesis and energy metabolism, the iTRAQ technique and proteomic analysis were employed to ascertain the expression of different proteins that occur during adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Out of the 5,014 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), there were 115 identified DEPs, among which 24 were considered related to adventitious root development. Most of the identified proteins were related to carbon and energy metabolism, photosynthesis, transcription, translation and amino acid metabolism. Subsequently, we focused on S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS) and ATP synthase subunit a (AtpA). Our findings suggest that the key enzyme, SAMS, upstream of ethylene synthesis, is directly involved in adventitious root development in cucumber. Meanwhile, AtpA may be positively correlated with photosynthetic capacity during adventitious root development. Moreover, endogenous ethylene synthesis, photosynthesis, carbon assimilation capacity, and energy material metabolism were enhanced by exogenous ethylene application during adventitious rooting. In conclusion, endogenous ethylene synthesis can be improved by exogenous ethylene additions to stimulate the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Moreover, photosynthesis and starch degradation were enhanced by ethylene treatment to provide more energy and carbon sources for the rooting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Horticulture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, CA, USA.,College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wu Y, Liu N, Hu L, Liao W, Tang Z, Xiao X, Lyu J, Xie J, Calderón-Urrea A, Yu J. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improves Morphogenesis and Na + Subcellular Distribution in the Apical Cells of Cucumis sativus L. Under Salinity Stress. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:636121. [PMID: 33815443 PMCID: PMC8012848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity causes damage to plants and a reduction in output. A natural plant growth regulator, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), has been shown to promote plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. In the present study, we assessed the effects of exogenously applied ALA (25 mg L-1) on the root architecture and Na+ distribution of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under moderate NaCl stress (50 mmol L-1). The results showed that exogenous ALA improved root length, root volume, root surface area, and cell activity in the root tips, which were inhibited under salt stress. In addition, although salinity stress increased the subcellular Na+ contents, such as those of the cell wall, nucleus, plastid, and mitochondria, ALA treatment reduced these Na+ contents, except the soluble fraction. Molecular biological analysis revealed that ALA application upregulated both the SOS1 and HA3 transcriptional and translational levels, which suggested that the excretion of Na+ into the cytoplasm cloud was promoted by exogenous ALA. Meanwhile, exogenously applied ALA also upregulated the gene and protein expression of NHX1 and VHA-A under salinity stress, which suggested that the compartmentalization of Na+ to the vacuole was enhanced. Overall, exogenous ALA mitigated the damage caused by NaCl in cucumber by enhancing Na+ redistribution and increasing the cytoactivity of root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Liang Q, Wei L, Xu B, Liu L, Calderón-Urrea A. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera xanthii on Hulless Cucurbita pepo of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China. Plant Dis 2020; 105:491. [PMID: 32967556 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0703-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hulless Cucurbita pepo is an annual herb in the Cucurbitaceae family and is one of the main economic vegetable crops in China, and is a raw material for cosmetics and health care products. It is also called hulless pumpkin because its seeds have no seed coat, which is a rare variation of the Cucurbita. In July 2010, powdery mildew was observed on hulless Cucurbita pepo 'Tianran' in fields of Wuwei District, China(Liang et al.2010). Disease incidence when first observed was 65.67%, but increased to 100% in July 2019. Early disease symptoms appeared as circular or irregular white powdery areas on both leaf surfaces. At later infection stages, entire leaves,petioles, and stems were covered with white fungal mycelia that resulted in leaf yellowing and senescence,but not defoliation . Fungal hyphae were septate, branched and flexuous to straigh. Conidiophores were unbranched, straight and grew vertically to the mycelium. Conidiophore foot cells of the were cylindrical with slight constriction at basal septa and followed by one to four short cells that eventually became conidia. Conidia were barrel-shaped with ends darker than the middle and measured 20 to 32 × 12 to 19μm.T Cleistothecium formed at 20 ℃, 70% relative humidity and light intensity of 4,400 lx. They were scattered, spherical, dark brown, with parietal cells irregularly rectangular or polygonal, and 70 to 75×90 to 95μm in diameter. Cleistothecia had four to eight appendages that were colorless to partially brown, each with three to five septa and lengths 0.5 to 3.0 times the diameter of cleistothecia. The powdery mildew fungus was tentatively identified as Podosphaera xanthii and showed characteristics similar to those reported by others (Cui et al. 2018; Choi et al. 2020). rDNA was extracted from pools of fungus conidia and the ITS region amplified using primers ITS 1:5'-TCCGTAGGT GAACCTGCGG-3'/ITS 4:5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3' and then sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 540-bp (MT250855) amplicon revealed 100% sequence identity with respective rDNA sequences of Podosphaera xanthii isolates from Momordica charantia(AB774158.1). Based on the morphological characteristics and ITS sequences, the fungal species was identified as P. xanthii .Pathogenicity of the powdery mildew fungus was tested by dusting conidia from infected hulless pumpkin leaves onto three asymptomatic plants. Three noninoculated plants was used as a controls. The Infection process of P.xanthii on pumpkins observed that the conidia began to germinate at 12h after inoculation.Twenty four to 72 h post inoculation, powdery mildew mycelia appeared on inoculated leaves. After 73 to 96 h, chains of conidia formed and these germinated to form secondary infection sites. In later stages of the disease cycle, dark brown cleistothecia formed on the yellowing plant foliage. Fungus morphology from inoculated leaves was identical to that observed on original naturally infected plants. Uninoculated plants remained healthy. Powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii is a major foliage disease that affects members of the Cucurbitaceae family worldwide. The fungus has previously been reported from China on Cucurbita moschata (DQ490752), Cucurbita maxima (DQ490759), Cucurbita pepo(DQ490750), Cucumis sativus(DQ490755)(Park et al.2010; Liang et al.2007) and Cucurbita maxima, Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), Sechium edule (mirliton, vegetable pear), and Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) (Choi et al. 2020; Fan et al. 2019; Xu et al. 2020; Cui et al. 2018).To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of P. xanthii on hulless Cucurbita pepo in China.
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Dawuda MM, Liao W, Hu L, Yu J, Xie J, Calderón-Urrea A, Wu Y, Tang Z. Foliar application of abscisic acid mitigates cadmium stress and increases food safety of cadmium-sensitive lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) genotype. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9270. [PMID: 32676218 PMCID: PMC7335501 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd2 +) is among the toxic non-essential heavy metals that adversely affect plants metabolic processes and the safety of produce. However, plant hormones can improve plant’s tolerance to various stresses. This study investigated the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on the biochemical and physiological processes and food safety of cadmium (Cd2 +)-sensitive lettuce genotype (Lüsu). Seedlings were subjected to five treatments: [(i) Control (untreated plants), (ii) 100 µM CdCl2, (iii) 100 µM CdCl2+10 µg L−1 ABA (iv) 10 µg L−1 ABA, and (v) 0.01 g L−1 ABA-inhibitor (fluridone)] for fourteen days in hydroponic system. The 100 µM CdCl2 increased the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased photosynthesis and plant biomass. Moreover, it decreased the contents of essential nutrients (except copper) in the leaves but increased the contents of toxic Cd2 + in the leaves and roots of the plants. Foliar application of fluridone (0.01 g L−1) also caused oxidative stress by increasing the contents of H2O2 and MDA. It also decreased the contents of nutrient elements in the leaves of the plants. However, exogenous ABA (10 µg L−1) mitigated the Cd2 +-induced stress, increased antioxidant enzymes activities, photosynthesis and plant biomass under CdCl2 treatment. Remarkably, exogenous ABA increased the contents of essential nutrient elements but decreased the Cd2 + content in leaves under the CdCl2 treatment. Our results have demonstrated that foliar application of ABA mitigates Cd2 + stress and increases the nutritional quality and food safety of Cd2 +-sensitive lettuce genotype under CdCl2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States of America
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Shi G, Sun H, Calderón-Urrea A, Jia X, Yang H, Su G. Soil Fungal Diversity Loss and Appearance of Specific Fungal Pathogenic Communities Associated With the Consecutive Replant Problem (CRP) in Lily. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1649. [PMID: 32760386 PMCID: PMC7373732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) has economic value in China, particularly in Gansu Province, due to its uses as food and in gardening. Edible lily is usually cultivated in a long-term continuous monoculture resulting in the so-called consecutive replant problem (CRP), which is associated with severe soil degradation and significant yield and quality losses. This study was conducted to investigate the fungal community structure and specific fungal members related to lily's CRPs using metabarcoding analysis. Fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil was analyzed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (Miseq) of samples collected in fields at 0, 3, 6, and 9 replant years (L0, L3, L6, and L9, respectively). The results show that long-term replanting significantly decreased both soil fungal diversity and abundance at the OTUs levels. Furthermore, replanting altered the soil microbial communities, where 4 to 5 years of replanting is a key transition period for substantial change of fungal community structure, resulting in new fungal community structures in L6 and L9 compared to in L0 and L3. The fungal diversity loss and fungal community structure simplification contributes to the negative effect of replanting in lily, and after 6 years of replanting, accumulation of highly abundant pathogenic fungal genera and depletion of the putative plant-beneficial fungal genera exacerbate the lily CRP. In addition, changes in the soil physiochemical properties strongly contributes to the new structure of fungal communities, and the genera Cryptococcus and Guehomyces could be regarded as potential indicators to monitor and manage sustainable soil health in the lily cropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Shi
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongqiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Xixia Jia
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoli Su
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang J, Xie J, Gan Y, Coulter JA, Dawuda MM, Yu J, Lv J, Li J, Zhang X, Tang C, Wang C, Niu T, Calderón-Urrea A. Corrigendum to: Promoting pepper (Capsicum annuum) photosynthesis via chloroplast ultrastructure and enzyme activities by optimising the ammonium to nitrate ratio. Funct Plant Biol 2020; 47:473. [PMID: 32248893 DOI: 10.1071/fp19149_co] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. In this pot experiment, the effects of five different ammonium:nitrate ratios (ANRs) (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50) on photosynthesis efficiency in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were evaluated. The results showed that an ANR of 25:75 increased the contents of chl a, leaf area and dry matter, whereas chl b content was not affected by the ANRs. Regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, an ANR of 25:75 also enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching and maximum photosynthetic rate. However, the 0:100 and 50:50 ANRs resulted in higher values for nonphotochemical quenching. An inhibition of maximal photochemical efficiency was found when 50% NH4+ was supplied at the later stage of plant growth. The addition of 25% or 37.5% NH4+ was beneficial for gas exchange parameters and the 25% NH4+ optimised the thylakoid of chloroplasts. Compared with nitrate alone, 12.5-50% NH4+ upregulated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the large subunit and the small subunit of Rubisco. It can be concluded that the 25:75 ANR accelerated N assimilation through active GDH, which provides a material basis for chloroplast and Rubisco formation, resulting in the increased photosynthetic rate and enhanced growth in chilli pepper.
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11
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Zhang J, Xie J, Gan Y, Coulter JA, Dawuda MM, Yu J, Lv J, Li J, Zhang X, Tang C, Wang C, Niu T, Calderón-Urrea A. Promoting pepper (Capsicum annuum) photosynthesis via chloroplast ultrastructure and enzyme activities by optimising the ammonium to nitrate ratio. Funct Plant Biol 2020; 47:303-317. [PMID: 32122461 DOI: 10.1071/fp19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. In this pot experiment, the effects of five different ammonium:nitrate ratios (ANRs) (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50) on photosynthesis efficiency in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were evaluated. The results showed that an ANR of 25:75 increased the contents of chl a, leaf area and dry matter, whereas chl b content was not affected by the ANRs. Regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, an ANR of 25:75 also enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching and maximum photosynthetic rate. However, the 0:100 and 50:50 ANRs resulted in higher values for nonphotochemical quenching. An inhibition of maximal photochemical efficiency was found when 50% NH4+ was supplied at the later stage of plant growth. The addition of 25% or 37.5% NH4+ was beneficial for gas exchange parameters and the 25% NH4+ optimised the thylakoid of chloroplasts. Compared with nitrate alone, 12.5–50% NH4+ upregulated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the large subunit and the small subunit of Rubisco. It can be concluded that the 25:75 ANR accelerated N assimilation through active GDH, which provides a material basis for chloroplast and Rubisco formation, resulting in the increased photosynthetic rate and enhanced growth in chilli pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; and Corresponding Author.
| | - Yantai Gan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; and Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Post Office Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Chaonan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Tianhang Niu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China; and Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
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Xiao X, Lv J, Xie J, Feng Z, Ma N, Li J, Yu J, Calderón-Urrea A. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Different Response to Toxic Stress in Rootstock Grafted and Non-Grafted Cucumber Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030774. [PMID: 31991638 PMCID: PMC7037640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotoxicity of root exudates is one of the main reasons for consecutive monoculture problem (CMP) in cucumber under greenhouse cultivation. Rootstock grafting may improve the tolerance of cucumber plants to autotoxic stress. To verify the enhanced tolerance to autotoxic stress and illuminate relevant molecular mechanism, a transcriptomic comparative analysis was performed between rootstock grafted (RG) and non-grafted (NG) cucumber plants by a simulation of exogenous cinnamic acid (CA). The present study confirmed that relatively stable plant growth, biomass accumulation, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis was observed in RG than NG under CA stress. We identified 3647 and 2691 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NG and RG cucumber plants when compared to respective control, and gene expression patterns of RNA-seq was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Functional annotations revealed that DEGs response to CA stress were enriched in pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway, phenylalanine metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. Interestingly, the significantly enriched pathway of photosynthesis-related, carbon and nitrogen metabolism only identified in NG, and most of DEGs were down-regulated. However, most of photosynthesis, Calvin cycle, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and nitrogen metabolism-related DEGs exhibited not or slightly down-regulated in RG. In addition, several stress-related transcription factor families of AP2/ERF, bHLH, bZIP, MYB. and NAC were uniquely triggered in the grafted cucumbers. Overall, the results of this study suggest that rootstock grafting improve the tolerance of cucumber plants to autotoxic stress by mediating down-regulation of photosynthesis, carbon, and nitrogen metabolism-related DEGs and activating the function of stress-related transcription factor. The transcriptome dataset provides an extensive sequence resource for further studies of autotoxic mechanism at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
| | - Zhi Feng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
| | - Ju Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (Z.F.); (N.M.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-7632188
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, CA 97340, USA
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Hu L, Li Y, Wu Y, Lv J, Dawuda MM, Tang Z, Liao W, Calderón-Urrea A, Xie J, Yu J. Nitric Oxide Is Involved in the Regulation of the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle Induced by the Appropriate Ammonium: Nitrate to Mitigate Low Light Stress in Brassica pekinensis. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:plants8110489. [PMID: 31717921 PMCID: PMC6918350 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Low light intensity is common in northern China due to fog or haze, and causes stress for crop plants. To solve the problem of low light intensity stress on the growth and development of vegetable crops in China, new cropping strategies must be developed. We previously showed that an appropriate ratio of ammonium and nitrate (NH4+:NO3−) can alleviate the effect of low light stress on plants, although it is not clear what mechanism is involved in this alleviation. We propose the hypothesis that an appropriate ammonium/nitrate ratio (10:90) can induce NO synthesis to regulate the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light intensity. To test the hypothesis, we conducted a series of hydroponic experiments. The results indicated that, under low light intensity conditions, appropriate NH4+:NO3− (N, NH4+:NO3− = 10:90) decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2−) in leaves compared with nitrate treatment. Exogenous nitric oxide (SNP) had the same effects on MDA, H2O2, and O2−. However, with the addition of a NO scavenger (hemoglobin, Hb) and NO inhibitors (N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), NaN3 (NR inhibitor) significantly increased the contents of MDA, H2O2, and O2-. The application of N solution enhanced the AsA-GSH cycle by increasing the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and ascorbate oxidase (AAO), compared with control (NH4+:NO3− = 0:100). Meanwhile, exogenous SNP significantly increased the above indicators. All these effects of N on AsA-GSH cycle were inhibited by the addition of Hb, L-NAME and NaN3 in N solution. The results also revealed that the N and SNP treatments upregulated the relative expression level of GR, MDHAR1, APXT, DHAR2, and AAO gene in mini Chinese cabbage leaves under low light stress. These results demonstrated that the appropriate NH4+:NO3− (10:90) induced NO synthesis which regulates the AsA-GSH cycle in mini Chinese cabbage seedlings under low light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Hu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yutong Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
- Department of Horticulture, FoA, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box, Tamale TL 1882, Ghana
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, CA 97340, USA;
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jihua Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (M.M.D.); (Z.T.); (W.L.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-7632188
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Dawuda MM, Liao W, Hu L, Yu J, Xie J, Calderón-Urrea A, Jin X, Wu Y. Root tolerance and biochemical response of Chinese lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) genotypes to cadmium stress. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7530. [PMID: 31497397 PMCID: PMC6708574 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the root tolerance and biochemical responses of four Chinese Lactuca sativa L. genotypes (Lüsu, Lümeng, Yidali and Anyan) to cadmium (Cd2+) stress. Twenty-eight days old seedlings were exposed to Hoagland’s nutrient solution supplied with or without 100 µM CdCl2 and monitored for seven days in a climate controlled room. The 100 µM CdCl2 significantly (P < 0.001) decreased all the root morphological indexes of the four genotypes. However, Yidali, which possessed the smallest root system, exhibited greater root tolerance to Cd2+ by having the highest tolerance indexes for root volume (46%), surface area (61%), projected area (74%) and numbers of root forks (63%) and root tips (58%). Moreover, Cd2+ stress also caused increases in H2O2 contents in the roots but the increase was least in Yidali which showed greater root tolerance to Cd2+stress. The effect of Cd2+ stress on the contents of hormones in the roots depended on the genotypes. Under Cd2+ stress, abscisic acid correlated positively with indole-3-acetic acid (r = 0.669*), gibberellic acid (r = 0.630*) and cytokinin (r = 0.785**). The antioxidant enzyme activities and proline responses of the four genotypes to Cd2+ stress were similar. The SOD activity was decreased whiles the CAT and POD activities, as well as the contents of proline increased in all the genotypes under the stress condition. These results suggest that lettuce genotypes with smaller root systems could be more tolerant to Cd2+ stress compared to those with larger root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.,College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States of America
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Agriculture and Forest Science, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang L, Yao L, Zhang N, Yang J, Zhu X, Tang X, Calderón-Urrea A, Si H. Lateral Root Development in Potato Is Mediated by Stu-mi164 Regulation of NAC Transcription Factor. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:383. [PMID: 29651294 PMCID: PMC5884874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The NAC designation is derived from petunia (Petunia hybrida) gene NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) and Arabidopsis genes ATAF1/ATAF2 and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 (CUC2), which belongs to the family of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs), and plays important role in plant development processes, such as response to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone signaling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding endogenous RNAs which play versatile and significant role in plant stress response and development via negatively affecting gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. Here, we showed that Stu-mi164 had a complementary sequence in the CDS sequence of potato NAC TFs, and that NAC expression exhibited significant differences under osmotic stress. We measured expression levels of the Stu-mi164 target gene StNAC262 between control and PEG-treated plants using real-time PCR, and the results demonstrated that they had inverse relationship. We suggested that Stu-miR164 might drive overexpression of NAC gene under osmotic stress in potato. To confirm the regulation of NAC TFs by Stu-mi164, we developed transgenic plants, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, of the potato cultivars "Gannongshu 2" and "Kexin 3" overexpressing the Stu-mi164 or the TF StNAC262. Real-time PCR analysis of transgenic potato plants under osmotic (PEG) stress, showed that potato plants overexpressing Stu-mi164 had reduced expression of StNAC262 and their osmotic resistance decreased. Furthermore, these plants had low number of lateral roots although the same length as the control. Our findings support the regulatory role of Stu-miRNAs in controlling plant response to osmotic stress via StNAC262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangwei Yang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Tang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Huaijun Si
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Mao J, Li W, Mi B, Dawuda MM, Calderón-Urrea A, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Chen B. Different exogenous sugars affect the hormone signal pathway and sugar metabolism in "Red Globe" (Vitis vinifera L.) plantlets grown in vitro as shown by transcriptomic analysis. Planta 2017; 246:537-552. [PMID: 28550410 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exogenously applied 2% fructose is the most appropriate carbon source that enhances photosynthesis and growth of grape plantlets compared with the same concentrations of sucrose and glucose. The role of the sugars was regulated by the expression of key candidate genes related to hormones, key metabolic enzymes, and sugar metabolism of grape plantlets ( Vitis vinifera L.) grown in vitro. The addition of sugars including sucrose, glucose, and fructose is known to be very helpful for the development of grape (V. vinifera L.) plantlets in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which these sugars regulate plant development and sugar metabolism are poorly understood. In grape plantlets, sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis undergo special regulation. In the present study, transcriptomic analyses were performed on grape (V. vinifera L., cv. Red Globe) plantlets in an in vitro system, in which the plantlets were grown in 2% each of sucrose (S20), glucose (G20), and fructose (F20). The sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis of the plantlets were analyzed. In addition, 95.72-97.29% high-quality 125 bp reads were further analyzed out of which 52.65-60.80% were mapped to exonic regions, 13.13-28.38% to intronic regions, and 11.59-28.99% to intergenic regions. The F20, G20, and S20 displayed elevated sucrose synthase (SS) activities; relative chlorophyll contents; Rubisco activity; and IAA and zeatin (ZT) contents. We found F20 improved the growth and development of the plantlets better than G20 and S20. Sugar metabolism was a complex process, which depended on the balanced expression of key potential candidate genes related to hormones (TCP15, LOG3, IPT3, ETR1, HK2, HK3, CKX7, SPY, GH3s, MYBH, AGB1, MKK2, PP2C, PYL, ABF, SnRK, etc.), key metabolic enzymes (SUS, SPS, A/V-INV, and G6PDH), and sugar metabolism (BETAFRUCT4 and AMY). Moreover, sugar and starch metabolism controls the generation of plant hormone transduction pathway signaling molecules. Our dataset advances our knowledge of the genes involved in sugar metabolism and improves the understanding of complex regulatory networks involved in signal transduction in grape plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqin Mi
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, FoA, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Zonghuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Zhang
- Instrumental Researches and Analysis Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Baihong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Tang X, Zhang N, Si H, Calderón-Urrea A. Selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in potato under abiotic stress. Plant Methods 2017; 13:85. [PMID: 29075311 PMCID: PMC5644265 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most commonly used method for accurately detecting gene expression patterns. As part of RT-qPCR analysis, normalization of the data requires internal control gene(s) that display uniform expression under different biological conditions. However, no invariable internal control gene exists, and therefore more than one reference gene is needed to normalize RT-qPCR results. Identification of stable reference genes in potato will improve assay accuracy for selecting stress-tolerance genes and identifying molecular mechanisms conferring stress tolerance in this species. RESULTS In the experiment, we assessed the expression of eight candidate internal control genes, namely elongation factor-1alpha (EF1α), actin, tubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT), 60S ribosomal protein L8 (L8), Cullin 3A (CUL3A), and exocyst complex component sec3 (sec3), in a diverse set of potato samples representing drought stress and osmotic stress challenges, and using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder softwares. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that EF1α and sec3 were the most stably expressed genes in the potato under drought and osmotic stress conditions. This work will facilitate future work on gene expression studies in potato and also benefit other species of the Solanaceae, such as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaijun Si
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- Department of Biology, California State University, 2555 East San Ramon Avenue, Fresno, CA 93740 USA
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18
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Calderón-Urrea A, Vanholme B, Vangestel S, Kane SM, Bahaji A, Pha K, Garcia M, Snider A, Gheysen G. Early development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Dev Biol 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 27122249 PMCID: PMC4848817 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed descriptions of the early development of parasitic nematodes are seldom available. The embryonic development of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita was studied, focusing on the early events. RESULTS A fixed pattern of repeated cell cleavages was observed, resulting in the appearance of the six founder cells 3 days after the first cell division. Gastrulation, characterized by the translocation of cells from the ventral side to the center of the embryo, was seen 1 day later. Approximately 10 days after the first cell division a rapidly elongating two-fold stage was reached. The fully developed second stage juvenile hatched approximately 21 days after the first cell division. CONCLUSIONS When compared to the development of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the development of M. incognita occurs approximately 35 times more slowly. Furthermore, M. incognita differs from C. elegans in the order of cell divisions, and the early cleavage patterns of the germ line cells. However, cytoplasmic ruffling and nuclear migration prior to the first cell division as well as the localization of microtubules are similar between C. elegans and M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- />Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, 2555 East San Ramon Avenue, Fresno, CA 93740 USA
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- />Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- />Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Vangestel
- />Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Saben M. Kane
- />Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, 2555 East San Ramon Avenue, Fresno, CA 93740 USA
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- />Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Ctra. de mutilva baja, s/n 31192, Mutilva Baja, Navarra Spain
| | - Khavong Pha
- />Biochemistry, Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Miguel Garcia
- />Department of Biology, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, 318 Campus Drive, W200, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Alyssa Snider
- />IVIGEN Los Angeles, 406 Amapola Ave. Suite 215, Torrance, CA 90501 USA
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- />Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, BW14, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Niu LL, Bi Y, Bai XD, Zhang SG, Xue HL, Li YC, Wang Y, Calderón-Urrea A. Damage to Trichothecium roseum caused by sodium silicate is independent from pH. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:161-72. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Grassland Sciences and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-dong Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-gui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-li Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-cai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Li J, Yang P, Kang J, Gan Y, Yu J, Calderón-Urrea A, Lyu J, Zhang G, Feng Z, Xie J. Transcriptome Analysis of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Revealed a Role of 24-Epibrassinolide in Response to Chilling. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1281. [PMID: 27621739 PMCID: PMC5002408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) have positive effects on many processes during plant growth, development, and various abiotic stress responses. However, little information is available regarding the global gene expression of BRs in response to chilling stress in pepper. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to determine the molecular roles of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) during a chilling stress response. There were 39,829 transcripts, and, among them, 656 were differently-expressed genes (DEGs) following EBR treatment (Chill+EBR) compared with the control (Chill only), including 335 up-regulated and 321 down-regulated DEGs. We selected 20 genes out of the 656 DEGs for RT-qPCR analysis to confirm the RNA-Seq. Based on GO enrich and KEGG pathway analysis, we found that photosynthesis was significantly up-enriched in biological processes, accompanied by significant increases in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Fv/Fm, and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, the results indicate that EBR enhanced endogenous levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) while suppressing the ethylene (ETH) biosynthesis pathway, suggesting that BRs function via a synergistic cross-talk with SA, JA, and ETH signaling pathways in response to chilling stress. In addition, EBR induced cellulose synthase-like protein and UDP-glycosyltransferase, suggesting a contribution to the formation of cell wall and hormone metabolism. EBR also triggered the calcium signaling transduction in cytoplasm, and activated the expression of cellular redox homeostasis related genes, such as GSTX1, PER72, and CAT2. This work, therefor, identified the specific genes showed different expression patterns in EBR-treated pepper and associated with the processes of hormone metabolism, redox, signaling, transcription, and defense. Our study provides the first evidence of the potent roles of BRs, at the transcription level, to induce the tolerance to chilling stress in pepper as a function of the combination of the transcriptional activities, signaling transduction, and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Facility Horticulture Science, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jungen Kang
- Department of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yantai Gan
- Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaSwift Current, SK, Canada
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- Department of Facility Horticulture Science, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | | | - Jian Lyu
- Department of Facility Horticulture Science, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- Department of Facility Horticulture Science, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- Department of Facility Horticulture Science, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- Department of Facility Horticulture Science, College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianming Xie
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21
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Cheng DW, Calderón-Urrea A. Nontemplate polymerization of free nucleotides into genetic elements by thermophilic DNA polymerase in vitro. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2012; 30:979-90. [PMID: 22060559 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.628637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA synthesis is the cornerstone of all life forms and is required to replicate and restore the genetic information. Usually, DNA synthesis is carried out only by DNA polymerases semiconservatively to copy preexisting DNA templates. We report here that DNA strands were synthesized ab initio in the absence of any DNA or RNA template by thermophilic DNA polymerases at (a) a constant high temperature (74°C), (b) alternating temperatures (94°C/60°C/74°C), or (c) physiological temperatures (37°C). The majority of the ab initio synthesized DNA represented short sequence blocks, repeated sequences, intergenic spacers, and other unknown genetic elements. These results suggest that novel DNA elements could be synthesized in the absence of a nucleic acid template by thermophilic DNA polymerases in vitro. Biogenesis of genetic information by thermophilic DNA polymerase-mediated nontemplate DNA synthesis may explain the origin of genetic information and could serve as a new way of biosynthesis of genetic information that may have facilitated the evolution of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis W Cheng
- Department of Biology, Research Infrastructure for Minority Institutions, California State University, Fresno, California 93740, USA.
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22
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Attar S, O'Brien Z, Alhaddad H, Golden ML, Calderón-Urrea A. Ferrocenyl chalcones versus organic chalcones: A comparative study of their nematocidal activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2055-73. [PMID: 21349727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Attar
- Department of Chemistry (M/S SB-70), California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
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