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Romero-Martínez R, Maher A, Àlvarez G, Figueiredo R, León R, Arredondo A. Whole Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance in Filifactor alocis Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1059. [PMID: 37370380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is scarce knowledge regarding the antimicrobial resistance profile of F. alocis. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess antimicrobial resistance in recently obtained F. alocis clinical isolates and to identify the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Isolates were obtained from patients with periodontal or peri-implant diseases and confirmed by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene. Confirmed isolates had their genome sequenced by whole genome sequencing and their phenotypical resistance to nine antibiotics (amoxicillin clavulanate, amoxicillin, azithromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, metronidazole, and tetracycline) tested by E-test strips. Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in six of the eight isolates analyzed, of which five carried tet(32) and one erm(B). Overall, susceptibility to the nine antibiotics tested was high except for azithromycin in the isolate that carried erm(B). Moreover, susceptibility to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline was lower in those isolates that carried tet(32). The genetic surroundings of the detected genes suggested their inclusion in mobile genetic elements that might be transferrable to other bacteria. These findings suggest that, despite showing high susceptibility to several antibiotics, F. alocis might obtain new antimicrobial resistance traits due to its acceptance of mobile genetic elements with antibiotic resistance genes in their genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anushiravan Maher
- Oral Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Àlvarez
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Figueiredo
- Oral Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
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Mangar M, Mishra A, Yang Z, Deivanayagam C, Fletcher HM. Characterization of FA1654: A putative DPS protein in Filifactor alocis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:23-33. [PMID: 36412172 PMCID: PMC9905271 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The survival/adaptation of Filifactor alocis, a fastidious Gram-positive asaccharolytic anaerobe, to the inflammatory environment of the periodontal pocket requires an ability to overcome oxidative stress. Moreover, its pathogenic characteristics are highlighted by its capacity to survive in the oxidative-stress microenvironment of the periodontal pocket and a likely ability to modulate the microbial community dynamics. There is still a significant gap in our understanding of its mechanism of oxidative stress resistance and its impact on the virulence and pathogenicity of the microbial biofilm. Coinfection of epithelial cells with F. alocis and Porphyromonas gingivalis resulted in the upregulation of several genes, including HMPREF0389_01654 (FA1654). Bioinformatics analysis indicates that FA1654 has a "di-iron binding domain" and could function as a DNA starvation and stationary phase protection (DPS) protein. We have further characterized the FA1654 protein to determine its role in oxidative stress resistance in F. alocis. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress, there was an ∼1.3 fold upregulation of the FA1654 gene in F. alocis. Incubation of the purified FA1654 protein with DNA in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iron resulted in the protection of the DNA from Fenton-mediated degradation. Circular dichroism and differential scanning fluorimetry studies have documented the intrinsic ability of rFA1654 protein to bind iron; however, the rFA1654 protein is missing the intrinsic ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide. Collectively, the data may suggest that FA1654 in F. alocis is involved in oxidative stress resistance via an ability to protect against Fenton-mediated oxidative stress-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malissa Mangar
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Zhengrong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Champion Deivanayagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA,Corresponding author: Phone: (909) 558-8497, FAX: (909) 558-4035,
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Razooqi Z, Höglund Åberg C, Kwamin F, Claesson R, Haubek D, Oscarsson J, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Filifactor alocis as Associated with Periodontal Attachment Loss in a Cohort of Ghanaian Adolescents. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122511. [PMID: 36557764 PMCID: PMC9781193 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to document the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomyctemcomitans and the emerging oral pathogen Filifactor alocis, as well as to identify genotypes of these bacterial species with enhanced virulence. In addition, these data were analyzed in relation to periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and the progression of PPD from the sampled periodontal sites during a two-year period. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 172 periodontal pockets of 68 Ghanaian adolescents. PPD at sampling varied from 3-14 mm and the progression from baseline, i.e., two years earlier up to 8 mm. The levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. alocis were determined with quantitative PCR. The highly leukotoxic JP2-genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans and the ftxA a gene of F. alocis, encoding a putative Repeats-in-Toxin (RTX) protein, were detected with conventional PCR. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was 57%, and 14% of the samples contained the JP2 genotype. F. alocis was detected in 92% of the samples and the ftxA gene in 52%. The levels of these bacterial species were significantly associated with enhanced PPD and progression, with a more pronounced impact in sites positive for the JP2 genotype or the ftxA gene. Taken together, the results indicate that the presence of both A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. alocis with their RTX proteins are linked to increased PPD and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Razooqi
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Francis Kwamin
- Dental School University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra KB 460, Ghana
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Jammerbugt Municipal Dental Service, Skolevej 1, DK-9460 Brovst, Denmark
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-90-8856291
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Bao K, Claesson R, Belibasakis GN, Oscarsson J. Extracellular Vesicle Subproteome Differences among Filifactor alocis Clinical Isolates. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091826. [PMID: 36144428 PMCID: PMC9503520 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a Gram-positive asaccharolytic, obligate anaerobic rod of the Firmicutes phylum, which has recently been implicated in oral infections. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial conveyors of microbial virulence in bacteria and archaea. Previously, in highly purified EVs from the F. alocis reference strain ATCC 35896 (CCUG 47790), 28 proteins were identified. The present study aimed to use label-free quantification proteomics in order to chart these EV proteins, in the reference strain, and in nine less-well-characterized clinical F. alocis isolates. In total, 25 of the EV proteins were identified and 24 were quantified. Sixteen of those were differentially expressed between the ten strains and the novel FtxA RTX toxin and one lipoprotein were among them. Consistent expression was observed among ribosomal proteins and proteins involved in L-arginine biosynthesis and type IV pilin, demonstrating a degree of EV protein expression preservation among strains. In terms of protein–protein interaction analysis, 21 functional associations were revealed between 19 EV proteins. Interestingly, FtxA did not display predicted interactions with any other EV protein. In conclusion, the present study charted 25 EV proteins in ten F. alocis strains. While most EV proteins were consistently identified among the strains, several of them were also differentially expressed, which justifies that there may be potential variations in the virulence potential among EVs of different F. alocis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14104 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14104 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Proteomic Characterization of the Oral Pathogen Filifactor alocis Reveals Key Inter-Protein Interactions of Its RTX Toxin: FtxA. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050590. [PMID: 35631111 PMCID: PMC9145396 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a Gram-positive asaccharolytic, obligate anaerobic rod that has been isolated from a variety of oral infections including periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and odontogenic abscesses. As a newly emerging pathogen, its type strain has been investigated for pathogenic properties, yet little is known about its virulence variations among strains. We previously screened the whole genome of nine clinical oral isolates and a reference strain of F. alocis, and they expressed a novel RTX toxin, FtxA. In the present study, we aimed to use label-free quantification proteomics to characterize the full proteome of those ten F. alocis strains. A total of 872 proteins were quantified, and 97 among them were differentially expressed in FtxA-positive strains compared with the negative strains. In addition, 44 of these differentially expressed proteins formed 66 pairs of associations based on their predicted functions, which included clusters of proteins with DNA repair/mediated transformation and catalytic activity-related function, indicating different biosynthetic activities among strains. FtxA displayed specific interactions with another six intracellular proteins, forming a functional cluster that could discriminate between FtxA-producing and non-producing strains. Among them were FtxB and FtxD, predicted to be encoded by the same operon as FtxA. While revealing the broader qualitative and quantitative proteomic landscape of F. alocis, this study also sheds light on the deeper functional inter-relationships of FtxA, thus placing this RTX family member into context as a major virulence factor of this species.
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Aja E, Mishra A, Dou Y, Fletcher HM. Role of the Filifactor alocis Hypothetical Protein FA519 in Oxidative Stress Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0121221. [PMID: 34756068 PMCID: PMC8579941 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01212-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the periodontal pocket, there is a direct correlation between environmental conditions, the dynamic oral microbial flora, and disease. The relative abundance of several newly recognized microbial species in the oral microenvironment has raised questions on their impact on disease development. One such organism, Filifactor alocis, is significant to the pathogenic biofilm structure. Moreover, its pathogenic characteristics are highlighted by its ability to survive in the oxidative-stress microenvironment of the periodontal pocket and alter the microbial community dynamics. There is a gap in our understanding of its mechanism(s) of oxidative stress resistance and impact on pathogenicity. Several proteins, including HMPRFF0389-00519 (FA519), were observed in high abundance in F. alocis during coinfection of epithelial cells with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. Bioinformatics analysis shows that FA519 contains a "Cys-X-X-Cys zinc ribbon domain" which could be involved in DNA binding and oxidative stress resistance. We have characterized FA519 to elucidate its roles in the oxidative stress resistance and virulence of F. alocis. Compared to the wild-type strain, the F. alocis isogenic gene deletion mutant, FLL1013 (ΔFA519::ermF), showed significantly reduced sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide-induced stress. The ability to form biofilm and adhere to and invade gingival epithelial cells was also reduced in the isogenic mutant. The recombinant FA519 protein was shown to protect DNA from Fenton-mediated damage with an intrinsic ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide and disulfide bonds. Collectively, these results suggest that FA519 is involved in oxidative stress resistance and can modulate important virulence attributes in F. alocis. IMPORTANCE Filifactor alocis is an emerging member of the periodontal community and is now proposed to be a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. However, due to the lack of genetic tools available to study this organism, not much is known about its virulence attributes. The mechanism(s) of oxidative stress resistance in F. alocis is unknown. Therefore, identifying the adaptive mechanisms utilized by F. alocis to survive in the oxidative stress environment of the periodontal pocket would lead to understanding its virulence regulation, which could help develop novel therapeutic treatments to combat the effects of periodontal disease. This study is focused on the characterization of FA519, a hypothetical protein in F. alocis, as a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in the reactive oxygen species-detoxification pathway. Collectively, our results suggest that FA519 is involved in oxidative stress resistance and can modulate important virulence attributes in F. alocis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezinne Aja
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Regulation of olfactomedin 4 by Porphyromonas gingivalis in a community context. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2627-2642. [PMID: 33731837 PMCID: PMC8397782 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
At mucosal barriers, the virulence of microbial communities reflects the outcome of both dysbiotic and eubiotic interactions with the host, with commensal species mitigating or potentiating the action of pathogens. We examined epithelial responses to the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis as a monoinfection and in association with a community partner, Streptococcus gordonii. RNA-Seq of oral epithelial cells showed that the Notch signaling pathway, including the downstream effector olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), was differentially regulated by P. gingivalis alone; however, regulation was overridden by S. gordonii. OLFM4 was required for epithelial cell migratory, proliferative and inflammatory responses to P. gingivalis. Activation of Notch signaling was induced through increased expression of the Notch1 receptor and the Jagged1 (Jag1) agonist. In addition, Jag1 was released in response to P. gingivalis, leading to paracrine activation. Following Jag1-Notch1 engagement, the Notch1 extracellular domain was cleaved by P. gingivalis gingipain proteases. Antagonism by S. gordonii involved inhibition of gingipain activity by secreted hydrogen peroxide. The results establish a novel mechanism by which P. gingivalis modulates epithelial cell function which is dependent on community context. These interrelationships have relevance for innate inflammatory responses and epithelial cell fate decisions in oral health and disease.
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Oscarsson J, Claesson R, Bao K, Brundin M, Belibasakis GN. Phylogenetic Analysis of Filifactor alocis Strains Isolated from Several Oral Infections Identified a Novel RTX Toxin, FtxA. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110687. [PMID: 33143036 PMCID: PMC7692872 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a Gram-positive asaccharolytic, obligate anaerobic rod of the phylum Firmicutes, and is considered an emerging pathogen in various oral infections, including periodontitis. We here aimed to perform phylogenetic analysis of a genome-sequenced F. alocis type strain (ATCC 35896; CCUG 47790), as well as nine clinical oral strains that we have independently isolated and sequenced, for identification and deeper characterization of novel genomic elements of virulence in this species. We identified that 60% of the strains carried a gene encoding a hitherto unrecognized member of the large repeats-in-toxins (RTX) family, which we have designated as FtxA. The clinical infection origin of the ftxA-positive isolates largely varied. However, according to MLST, a clear monophylogeny was reveled for all ftxA-positive strains, along with a high co-occurrence of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh)-positivity. Cloning and expression of ftxA in E. coli, and purification of soluble FtxA yielded a protein of the predicted molecular size of approximately 250 kDa. Additional functional and proteomics analyses using both the recombinant protein and the ftxA-positive, and -negative isolates may reveal a possible role and mechanism(s) of FtxA in the virulence properties of F.alocis, and whether the gene might be a candidate diagnostic marker for more virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oscarsson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14104 Huddinge, Sweden; (K.B.); (G.N.B.)
| | - Malin Brundin
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14104 Huddinge, Sweden; (K.B.); (G.N.B.)
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Balmasova IP, Tsarev VN, Arutyunov SD, Babayev EA. [Filifactor alocis and its role in the etiology of chronic periodontitis]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2020; 99:78-82. [PMID: 32608955 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20209903178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis of modern ideas about the role of bacteria Filifactor alocis in the etiology of chronic periodontitis. The study of these bacteria, discovered in 1985, is complicated by the difficulty of their detection with cultural methods. According to modern researches, the bacteria F.alocis with good reason can be included in the red complex of periodontal pathogens as the most important pathogens of chronic periodontitis. F.alocis is a synergist of such a key pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as a frequent satellite of Fusobacterium nucleatum and, somewhat less frequently, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. F.alocis is practically not found in healthy people (except for smokers), with a high frequency accompanies the aggressive course of periodontal disease, and also recorded in endodontitis. Due to the ability to participate in the metabolism of arginine, expressed protease activity, a wide range of virulence factors, F.alocis not only colonizes the periodontal tissues, but also significantly affects the formation of the community of periodontal microorganisms (including viruses), contributing to their invasion of epithelial tissues. F. alocis has a number of unique properties, including resistance to oxidative stress conditions in the home defeat, induction of apoptosis of epithelial cells, extracellular matrix degradation of periodontal tissues, activation of proinflammatory cytokines formulation in sites of its presence, suppression of protective reactions of neutrophilic granulocytes, inhibition of the process of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Balmasova
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Tsarev
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - S D Arutyunov
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Babayev
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
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Role of Superoxide Reductase FA796 in Oxidative Stress Resistance in Filifactor alocis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9178. [PMID: 32513978 PMCID: PMC7280497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is now a proposed diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. Because the stress response of this bacterium to the oxidative environment of the periodontal pocket may impact its pathogenicity, an understanding of its oxidative stress resistance strategy is vital. Interrogation of the F. alocis genome identified the HMPREF0389_00796 gene that encodes for a putative superoxide reductase (SOR) enzyme. SORs are non-heme, iron-containing enzymes that can catalyze the reduction of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and are important in the protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we have functionally characterized the putative SOR (FA796) from F. alocis ATCC 35896. The recombinant FA796 protein, which is predicted to be a homotetramer of the 1Fe-SOR class, can reduce superoxide radicals. F. alocis FLL141 (∆FA796::ermF) was significantly more sensitive to oxygen/air exposure compared to the parent strain. Sensitivity correlated with the level of intracellular superoxide radicals. Additionally, the FA796-defective mutant had increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide-induced stress, was inhibited in its ability to form biofilm and had reduced survival in epithelial cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the F. alocis SOR protein is a key enzymatic scavenger of superoxide radicals and protects the bacterium from oxidative stress conditions.
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Nokhbehsaim M, Nogueira AVB, Damanaki A, Dalagiorgou G, Eick S, Adamopoulos C, Piperi C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG, Deschner J. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 by Filifactor alocis in human gingival and monocytic cells. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1987-1995. [PMID: 31444694 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogens, such as Filifactor alocis. This study sought to examine the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 synthesis by monocytic and fibroblastic cells in response to F. alocis and to unravel the underlying cellular mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival biopsies from periodontally healthy and periodontitis individuals were analyzed for the presence of F. alocis and MMP-1 by RT-PCR. Human gingival fibroblastic (HGF-1) and monocytic (THP-1) cells were stimulated with F. alocis in the presence and absence of a blocking toll-like receptor (TLR)2 antibody or specific inhibitors against MAPKs. MMP-1 expression and protein levels were studied by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS F. alocis was highly prevalent in biopsies from periodontitis patients but barely present in the healthy gingiva. Significantly higher MMP-1 expression levels were found in the inflamed gingiva as compared with healthy biopsies. F. alocis caused a significant and dose-dependent MMP-1 upregulation in both cells. The stimulatory effect of F. alocis on MMP-1 was TLR2- and MAPK-dependent and more pronounced on THP-1 cells as compared with HGF-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that F. alocis and MMP-1 are more prevalent at periodontitis sites. Additionally, our study provides original evidence that F. alocis can stimulate MMP-1 production by fibroblastic and monocytic cells, suggesting that F. alocis may contribute to periodontal breakdown through MMP-1. CLINICAL RELEVANCE F. alocis and MMP-1 are linked to each other and key players in periodontitis, which may have significant implications for future diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53111, Germany
| | - Andressa V B Nogueira
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Anna Damanaki
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georgia Dalagiorgou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72, Athens, Greece
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Miralda I, Vashishta A, Uriarte SM. Neutrophil Interaction with Emerging Oral Pathogens: A Novel View of the Disease Paradigm. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:165-178. [PMID: 31732941 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory infectious disease that compromises the integrity of tooth-supporting tissues. The disease progression depends on the disruption of host-microbe homeostasis in the periodontal tissue. This disruption is marked by a shift in the composition of the polymicrobial oral community from a symbiotic to a dysbiotic, more complex community that is capable of evading killing while promoting inflammation. Neutrophils are the main phagocytic cell in the periodontal pocket, and the outcome of the interaction with the oral microbiota is an important determinant of oral health. Novel culture-independent techniques have facilitated the identification of new bacterial species at periodontal lesions and induced a reappraisal of the microbial etiology of periodontitis. In this chapter, we discuss how neutrophils interact with two emerging oral pathogens, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, and the different strategies deploy by these organisms to modulate neutrophil effector functions, with the goal to outline a new paradigm in our knowledge about neutrophil responses to putative periodontal pathogens and their contribution to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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13
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Sudhakara P, Gupta A, Bhardwaj A, Wilson A. Oral Dysbiotic Communities and Their Implications in Systemic Diseases. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:E10. [PMID: 29659479 PMCID: PMC6023521 DOI: 10.3390/dj6020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body supports the growth of a wide array of microbial communities in various niches such as the oral cavity, gastro-intestinal and urogenital tracts, and on the surface of the skin. These host associated microbial communities include yet-un-cultivable bacteria and are influenced by various factors. Together, these communities of bacteria are referred to as the human microbiome. Human oral microbiome consists of both symbionts and pathobionts. Deviation from symbiosis among the bacterial community leads to “dysbiosis”, a state of community disturbance. Dysbiosis occurs due to many confounding factors that predispose a shift in the composition and relative abundance of microbial communities. Dysbiotic communities have been a major cause for many microbiome related systemic infections. Such dysbiosis is directed by certain important pathogens called the “keystone pathogens”, which can modulate community microbiome variations. One such persistent infection is oral infection, mainly periodontitis, where a wide array of causal organisms have been implied to systemic infections such as cardio vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The keystone pathogens co-occur with many yet-cultivable bacteria and their interactions lead to dysbiosis. This has been the focus of recent research. While immune evasion is one of the major modes that leads to dysbiosis, new processes and new virulence factors of bacteria have been shown to be involved in this important process that determines a disease or health state. This review focuses on such dysbiotic communities, their interactions, and their virulence factors that predispose the host to other systemic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Sudhakara
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India.
| | - Abishek Gupta
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India.
| | | | - Aruni Wilson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Center, VA Loma Linda, Department of Veterans Affairs, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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14
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Filifactor alocis Promotes Neutrophil Degranulation and Chemotactic Activity. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3423-3433. [PMID: 27647870 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00496-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a recently recognized periodontal pathogen; however, little is known regarding its interactions with the immune system. As the first-responder phagocytic cells, neutrophils are recruited in large numbers to the periodontal pocket, where they play a crucial role in the innate defense of the periodontium. Thus, in order to colonize, successful periodontal pathogens must devise means to interfere with neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. In this study, we assessed major neutrophil functions, including degranulation and cell migration, associated with the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway upon challenge with F. alocis. Under conditions lacking a chemotactic gradient, F. alocis-challenged neutrophils had increased migration compared to uninfected cells, indicating that F. alocis increases chemokinesis in human neutrophils. In addition, neutrophil chemotaxis induced by interleukin-8 was significantly enhanced when cells were challenged with F. alocis, compared to noninfected cells. Similar to live bacteria, heat-killed F. alocis induced both random and directed migration of human neutrophils. The interaction of F. alocis with Toll-like receptor 2 induced granule exocytosis along with a transient ERK1/2 and sustained p38 MAPK activation. Moreover, F. alocis-induced secretory vesicle and specific granule exocytosis were p38 MAPK dependent. Blocking neutrophil degranulation with TAT-SNAP23 fusion protein significantly reduced the chemotactic and random migration induced by F. alocis Therefore, we propose that induction of random migration by F. alocis will prolong neutrophil traffic time in the gingival tissue, and subsequent degranulation will contribute to tissue damage.
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16
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Jusko M, Miedziak B, Ermert D, Magda M, King BC, Bielecka E, Riesbeck K, Eick S, Potempa J, Blom AM. FACIN, a Double-Edged Sword of the Emerging Periodontal Pathogen Filifactor alocis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as a Complement Inhibitor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3245-3259. [PMID: 27638863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common inflammatory infectious diseases worldwide and it is associated with other syndromes, such as cardiovascular disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Recent advances in sequencing allowed for identification of novel periodontopathogens such as Gram-positive Filifactor alocis, but its virulence mechanisms remain largely unknown. We confirmed that F. alocis is a prevalent species in periodontitis patients, and we also observed strong correlation of this bacterium with clinical parameters, highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Further, we found that preincubation of human serum with F. alocis resulted in abolished bactericidal activity and that F. alocis was surviving readily in full blood. We demonstrated that one of the key contributors to F. alocis complement resistance is a unique protein, FACIN (F. alocis complement inhibitor), which binds to C3, resulting in suppression of all complement pathways. Interestingly, FACIN is a nonclassical cell surface protein, a cytosolic enzyme acetylornithine transaminase, for which we now identified a moonlighting function. FACIN binds to C3 alone, but more importantly it also captures activated complement factor 3 within the complex with factor B, thereby locking in the convertase in an inactive state. Because of the indispensable role of alternative pathway convertase in amplifying complement cascades, its inhibition by FACIN results in a very potent downregulation of activated complement factor 3 opsonization on the pathogen surface, accompanied by reduction of downstream C5 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jusko
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Beata Miedziak
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Ermert
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michal Magda
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ben C King
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 202 13 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; and
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Centre for Oral Health and Systemic Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Anna M Blom
- Section of Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden;
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17
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Uriarte SM, Edmisson JS, Jimenez-Flores E. Human neutrophils and oral microbiota: a constant tug-of-war between a harmonious and a discordant coexistence. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:282-98. [PMID: 27558341 PMCID: PMC5353849 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response, and the outcome of the interaction between the oral microbiota and neutrophils is a key determinant of oral health status. The composition of the oral microbiome is very complex and different in health and disease. Neutrophils are constantly recruited to the oral cavity, and their protective role is highlighted in cases where their number or functional responses are impeded, resulting in different forms of periodontal disease. Periodontitis, one of the more severe and irreversible forms of periodontal disease, is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gingival tissues supporting the tooth. This chronic inflammatory disease is the result of a shift of the oral bacterial symbiotic community to a dysbiotic more complex community. Chronic inflammatory infectious diseases such as periodontitis can occur because the pathogens are able to evade or disable the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss how human neutrophils interact with both the symbiotic and the dysbiotic oral community; an understanding of which is essential to increase our knowledge of the periodontal disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jacob S. Edmisson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emeri Jimenez-Flores
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Schoaol of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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18
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Chioma O, Aruni AW, Milford TA, Fletcher HM. Filifactor alocis collagenase can modulate apoptosis of normal oral keratinocytes. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:166-177. [PMID: 27149930 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To successfully colonize host cells, pathogenic bacteria must circumvent the host's structural barrier such as the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), as a preliminary step to invasion and colonization of the periodontal tissue. Filifactor alocis possesses a putative Peptidase U32 family protein (HMPREF0389_00504) with collagenase activity that may play a significant role in colonization of host tissue during periodontitis by breaking down collagen into peptides and disruption of the host cell. Domain architecture of the HMPREF0389_00504 protein predicted the presence of a characteristic PrtC-like collagenase domain, and a peptidase domain. Our study demonstrated that the recombinant F. alocis peptidase U32 protein (designated PrtFAC) can interact with, and degrade, type I collagen, heat-denatured collagen and gelatin in a calcium-dependent manner. PrtFAC decreased viability and induced apoptosis of normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) in a time and dose-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis of NOK cells treated with PrtFAC showed an upregulation of the genes encoding human pro-apoptotic proteins: Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (Apaf1) cytochrome C, as well as caspase 3 and caspase 9, suggesting the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. There was a significant increase in caspase 3/7 activity in NOK cells treated with PrtFAC. Taken together, these findings suggest that F. alocis PrtFAC protein may play a role in the virulence and pathogenesis of F. alocis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Chioma
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - A W Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - T-A Milford
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - H M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Aruni AW, Mishra A, Dou Y, Chioma O, Hamilton BN, Fletcher HM. Filifactor alocis--a new emerging periodontal pathogen. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:517-30. [PMID: 25841800 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Filifactor alocis, a previously unrecognized Gram-positive anaerobic rod, is now considered a new emerging pathogen that may play a significant role in periodontal disease. F. alocis' unique characteristics and variations at the molecular level that may be responsible for the functional changes required to mediate the pathogenic process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ozioma Chioma
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Brittany N Hamilton
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA; Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Aruni AW, Dou Y, Mishra A, Fletcher HM. The Biofilm Community-Rebels with a Cause. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2015; 2:48-56. [PMID: 26120510 PMCID: PMC4478205 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-014-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral Biofilms are one of the most complex and diverse ecosystem developed by successive colonization of more than 600 bacterial taxa. Development starts with the attachment of early colonizers such as Actinomyces species and oral streptococci on the acquired pellicle and tooth enamel. These bacteria not only adhere to tooth surface but also interact with each other and lay foundation for attachment of bridging colonizer such as Fusobacterium nucleatum followed by late colonizers including the red complex species: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola-the founders of periodontal disease. As the biofilm progresses from supragingival sites to subgingival sites, the environment changes from aerobic to anaerobic thus favoring the growth of mainly Gram-negative obligate anaerobes while restricting the growth of the early Gram-positive facultative aerobes. Microbes present at supragingival level are mainly related to gingivitis and root-caries whereas subgingival species advance the destruction of teeth supporting tissues and thus causing periodontitis. This review summarizes our present understanding and recent developments on the characteristic features of supra- and subgingival biofilms, interaction between different genera and species of bacteria constituting these biofilms and draws our attention to the role of some of the recently discovered members of the oral community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA-92354
- Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Jarocki VM, Tacchi JL, Djordjevic SP. Non-proteolytic functions of microbial proteases increase pathological complexity. Proteomics 2015; 15:1075-88. [PMID: 25492846 PMCID: PMC7167786 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that catalyse hydrolysis of peptide bonds thereby controlling the shape, size, function, composition, turnover and degradation of other proteins. In microbes, proteases are often identified as important virulence factors and as such have been targets for novel drug design. It is emerging that some proteases possess additional non‐proteolytic functions that play important roles in host epithelia adhesion, tissue invasion and in modulating immune responses. These additional “moonlighting” functions have the potential to obfuscate data interpretation and have implications for therapeutic design. Moonlighting enzymes comprise a subcategory of multifunctional proteins that possess at least two distinct biological functions on a single polypeptide chain. Presently, identifying moonlighting proteins relies heavily on serendipitous empirical data with clues arising from proteins lacking signal peptides that are localised to the cell surface. Here, we describe examples of microbial proteases with additional non‐proteolytic functions, including streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B, PepO and C5a peptidases, mycoplasmal aminopeptidases, mycobacterial chaperones and viral papain‐like proteases. We explore how these non‐proteolytic functions contribute to host cell adhesion, modulate the coagulation pathway, assist in non‐covalent folding of proteins, participate in cell signalling, and increase substrate repertoire. We conclude by describing how proteomics has aided in moonlighting protein discovery, focusing attention on potential moonlighters in microbial exoproteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M. Jarocki
- The ithree instituteProteomics Core Facility, University of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Jessica L. Tacchi
- The ithree instituteProteomics Core Facility, University of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The ithree instituteProteomics Core Facility, University of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
- Proteomics Core FacilityUniversity of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
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22
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Aruni AW, Zhang K, Dou Y, Fletcher H. Proteome analysis of coinfection of epithelial cells with Filifactor alocis and Porphyromonas gingivalis shows modulation of pathogen and host regulatory pathways. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3261-74. [PMID: 24866790 PMCID: PMC4136196 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01727-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in periodontal status are associated with shifts in the composition of the bacterial community in the periodontal pocket. The relative abundances of several newly recognized microbial species, including Filifactor alocis, as-yet-unculturable organisms, and other fastidious organisms have raised questions on their impact on disease development. We have previously reported that the virulence attributes of F. alocis are enhanced in coculture with Porphyromonas gingivalis. We have evaluated the proteome of host cells and F. alocis during a polymicrobial infection. Coinfection of epithelial cells with F. alocis and P. gingivalis strains showed approximately 20% to 30% more proteins than a monoinfection. Unlike F. alocis ATCC 35896, the D-62D strain expressed more proteins during coculture with P. gingivalis W83 than with P. gingivalis 33277. Proteins designated microbial surface component-recognizing adhesion matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and cell wall anchor proteins were highly upregulated during the polymicrobial infection. Ultrastructural analysis of the epithelial cells showed formation of membrane microdomains only during coinfection. The proteome profile of epithelial cells showed proteins related to cytoskeletal organization and gene expression and epigenetic modification to be in high abundance. Modulation of proteins involved in apoptotic and cell signaling pathways was noted during coinfection. The enhanced virulence potential of F. alocis may be related to the differential expression levels of several putative virulence factors and their effects on specific host cell pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Kangling Zhang
- University of Texas Medical branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Hansel Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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23
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Aruni W, Chioma O, Fletcher HM. Filifactor alocis: The Newly Discovered Kid on the Block with Special Talents. J Dent Res 2014; 93:725-32. [PMID: 24898946 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514538283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection-induced periodontal disease has been primarily focused on a small group of periodontal pathogens. A paradigm shift, based on data emerging from the oral microbiome project, now suggests the involvement of as-yet-unculturable and fastidious organisms. Collectively, these studies have demonstrated that there are changes in the periodontal status associated with shifts in the composition of the bacterial community in the periodontal pocket. In addition, it is likely that the emerging new pathogens may play a more significant role in the disease. One of the organisms previously unrecognized is Filifactor alocis. While this Gram-positive anaerobic rod has been identified in peri-implantitis, in endodontic infections, and in patients with localized aggressive periodontitis, its presence is now observed at significantly higher levels in patients with adult periodontitis or refractory periodontitis. Its colonization properties and its potential virulence attributes support the proposal that F. alocis should be included as a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. Moreover, these emerging characteristics would be consistent with the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) periodontal pathogenesis model. Here, unique characteristics of F. alocis are discussed. F. alocis has specific factors that can modulate multiple changes in the microbial community and host cell proteome. It is likely that such variations at the molecular level are responsible for the functional changes required to mediate the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - O Chioma
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - H M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Henry LG, Boutrin MC, Aruni W, Robles A, Ximinies A, Fletcher HM. Life in a Diverse Oral Community - Strategies for Oxidative Stress Survival. J Oral Biosci 2014; 56:63-71. [PMID: 26744578 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the oral cavity harbors more than 680 bacterial species, the interaction and association of selected bacterial species play a role in periodontal diseases. Bacterial species including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, a consortium previously designated as the "red complex" is now being expanded to include other new emerging pathogens that are significantly associated with periodontal disease. HIGHLIGHT In addition to novel mechanisms for oxidative resistance of individual species, community dynamics may lead to an overall strategy for survival in the inflammatory environment of the periodontal pocket. Complex systems controlled by response regulators protect against oxidative and nitrosative stress. CONCLUSION The combination of these multifaceted strategies would provide a comprehensive defense and support system against the repetitive host immune response to promote microbial persistence and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy G Henry
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350
| | - Marie-Claire Boutrin
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350
| | - Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350
| | - Antonette Robles
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350
| | - Alexia Ximinies
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350
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25
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Filifactor alocis infection and inflammatory responses in the mouse subcutaneous chamber model. Infect Immun 2013; 82:1205-12. [PMID: 24379289 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01434-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent microbiome studies have implicated a role for Filifactor alocis in periodontal disease. In this study, we investigated the colonization and survival properties of F. alocis in a mouse subcutaneous chamber model of infection and characterized host innate immune responses. An infection of 10(9) F. alocis successfully colonized all chambers; however, the infection was cleared after 72 h. F. alocis elicited a local inflammatory response with neutrophils recruited into the chambers at 2 h postinfection along with an increase in levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). F. alocis also induced apoptosis in chamber epithelial cells and neutrophils. Consistent with resolution of infection, neutrophil numbers and cytokine levels returned to baseline by 72 h. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and quantitative PCR demonstrated that F. alocis exited the chambers and spread to the spleen, liver, lung, and kidney. Massive neutrophil infiltration was observed in the spleen and lungs, and the recruited neutrophils were in close proximity to the infecting bacteria. Significant epithelial injury was observed in the kidneys. Infection of all tissues was resolved after 7 days. This first in vivo study of the pathogenicity of F. alocis shows that in the chamber model the organism can establish a proinflammatory, proapoptotic local infection which is rapidly resolved by the host concordant with neutrophil influx. Moreover, F. alocis can spread to, and transiently infect, remote tissues where neutrophils can also be recruited.
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26
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Wang Q, Wright CJ, Dingming H, Uriarte SM, Lamont RJ. Oral community interactions of Filifactor alocis in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76271. [PMID: 24098460 PMCID: PMC3789735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filifactor alocis is a gram positive anaerobe that is emerging as an important periodontal pathogen. In the oral cavity F. alocis colonizes polymicrobial biofilm communities; however, little is known regarding the nature of the interactions between F. alocis and other oral biofilm bacteria. Here we investigate the community interactions of two strains of F. alocis with Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, organisms with differing pathogenic potential in the oral cavity. In an in vitro community development model, S. gordonii was antagonistic to the accumulation of F. alocis into a dual species community. In contrast, F. nucleatum and the type strain of F. alocis formed a synergistic partnership. Accumulation of a low passage isolate of F. alocis was also enhanced by F. nucleatum. In three species communities of S. gordonii, F. nucleatum and F. alocis, the antagonistic effects of S. gordonii superseded the synergistic effects of F. nucleatum toward F. alocis. The interaction between A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. alocis was strain specific and A. actinomycetemcomitans could either stimulate F. alocis accumulation or have no effect depending on the strain. P. gingivalis and F. alocis formed heterotypic communities with the amount of P. gingivalis greater than in the absence of F. alocis. However, while P. gingivalis benefited from the relationship, levels of F. alocis in the dual species community were lower compared to F. alocis alone. The inhibitory effect of P. gingivalis toward F. alocis was dependent, at least partially, on the presence of the Mfa1 fimbrial subunit. In addition, AI-2 production by P. gingivalis helped maintain levels of F. alocis. Collectively, these results show that the pattern of F. alocis colonization will be dictated by the spatial composition of microbial microenvironments, and that the organism may preferentially accumulate at sites rich in F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christopher J. Wright
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Huang Dingming
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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