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Ren S, Li J, Dorado J, Sierra A, González-Díaz H, Duardo A, Shen B. From molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer to translational applications: based on multi-omics fusion analysis and intelligent medicine. Health Inf Sci Syst 2024; 12:6. [PMID: 38125666 PMCID: PMC10728428 DOI: 10.1007/s13755-023-00264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men worldwide and has a high mortality rate. The complex and heterogeneous development of prostate cancer has become a core obstacle in the treatment of prostate cancer. Simultaneously, the issues of overtreatment in early-stage diagnosis, oligometastasis and dormant tumor recognition, as well as personalized drug utilization, are also specific concerns that require attention in the clinical management of prostate cancer. Some typical genetic mutations have been proved to be associated with prostate cancer's initiation and progression. However, single-omic studies usually are not able to explain the causal relationship between molecular alterations and clinical phenotypes. Exploration from a systems genetics perspective is also lacking in this field, that is, the impact of gene network, the environmental factors, and even lifestyle behaviors on disease progression. At the meantime, current trend emphasizes the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques to process extensive multidimensional data, including multi-omics. These technologies unveil the potential patterns, correlations, and insights related to diseases, thereby aiding the interpretable clinical decision making and applications, namely intelligent medicine. Therefore, there is a pressing need to integrate multidimensional data for identification of molecular subtypes, prediction of cancer progression and aggressiveness, along with perosonalized treatment performing. In this review, we systematically elaborated the landscape from molecular mechanism discovery of prostate cancer to clinical translational applications. We discussed the molecular profiles and clinical manifestations of prostate cancer heterogeneity, the identification of different states of prostate cancer, as well as corresponding precision medicine practices. Taking multi-omics fusion, systems genetics, and intelligence medicine as the main perspectives, the current research results and knowledge-driven research path of prostate cancer were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Ren
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jiakun Li
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Julián Dorado
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sierra
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- IKERDATA S.L., ZITEK, University of Basque Country UPVEHU, Rectorate Building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Humbert González-Díaz
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- IKERDATA S.L., ZITEK, University of Basque Country UPVEHU, Rectorate Building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Aliuska Duardo
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- IKERDATA S.L., ZITEK, University of Basque Country UPVEHU, Rectorate Building, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Bairong Shen
- Department of Urology and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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2
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Segalés L, Juanpere N, Gallarín N, Lorenzo M, López D, Perera-Bel J, Rodriguez-Vida A, Fumadó L, Cecchini L, Bellmunt J, Lloreta-Trull J, Hernández-Llodrà S. Immunohistochemical markers as predictors of prognosis in multifocal prostate cancer. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03699-z. [PMID: 38017230 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The impact of tumor focality on prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis has been addressed in several studies with conflicting results. Tumor foci from multifocal (MF) PCa can show highly heterogeneous molecular features. Our aim was to analyze the protein expression of PTEN, SPOP, SLC45A3, ETV1, ERG and the "triple hit" (ERG overexpression, PTEN plus SLC45A3 loss) in unifocal (UF) and MF PCa, to evaluate their value as prognostic markers according to focality, and the role of tumor heterogeneity in MF disease. PTEN, SPOP, SLC45A3, ETV1 and ERG immunohistochemical expression was evaluated in 185 PCa from 9 TMAs, 51 UF and 134 MF. In a subset of 69 MF cases, the dominant and secondary foci (DF and SF) were compared. Heterogeneity was considered when both tumor foci presented different expression patterns. Relationship with clinicopathological features was also analyzed. MF PCa was diagnosed in significantly younger patients when compared to UF ones (p = 0.007). ETV1 overexpression was associated with UF disease (p = 0.028). A shorter time to PSA recurrence was related to SLC45A3 wt expression in UF PCa (p = 0.052), and to SPOP expression loss (p = 0.043) or "triple hit" phenotype in MF PCa (p = 0.041). In MF cases, PTEN loss, SLC45A3 loss and "triple hit" phenotype were associated with the DF and had significant heterogeneity. In conclusion, our results indicate that UF and MF PCa have relevant and consistent molecular differences. The analysis of an immunohistochemical panel, composed by PTEN, SPOP, SLC45A3, ETV1 and ERG, could be useful to predict outcome in MF cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Segalés
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Juanpere
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Lorenzo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David López
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alejo Rodriguez-Vida
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Fumadó
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Cecchini
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josep Lloreta-Trull
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Schimmelpfennig C, Rade M, Füssel S, Löffler D, Blumert C, Bertram C, Borkowetz A, Otto DJ, Puppel SH, Hönscheid P, Sommer U, Baretton GB, Köhl U, Wirth M, Thomas C, Horn F, Kreuz M, Reiche K. Characterization and evaluation of gene fusions as a measure of genetic instability and disease prognosis in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:575. [PMID: 37349736 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. The clinical manifestations and molecular characteristics of PCa are highly variable. Aggressive types require radical treatment, whereas indolent ones may be suitable for active surveillance or organ-preserving focal therapies. Patient stratification by clinical or pathological risk categories still lacks sufficient precision. Incorporating molecular biomarkers, such as transcriptome-wide expression signatures, improves patient stratification but so far excludes chromosomal rearrangements. In this study, we investigated gene fusions in PCa, characterized potential novel candidates, and explored their role as prognostic markers for PCa progression. METHODS We analyzed 630 patients in four cohorts with varying traits regarding sequencing protocols, sample conservation, and PCa risk group. The datasets included transcriptome-wide expression and matched clinical follow-up data to detect and characterize gene fusions in PCa. With the fusion calling software Arriba, we computationally predicted gene fusions. Following detection, we annotated the gene fusions using published databases for gene fusions in cancer. To relate the occurrence of gene fusions to Gleason Grading Groups and disease prognosis, we performed survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and Cox regression. RESULTS Our analyses identified two potential novel gene fusions, MBTTPS2,L0XNC01::SMS and AMACR::AMACR. These fusions were detected in all four studied cohorts, providing compelling evidence for the validity of these fusions and their relevance in PCa. We also found that the number of gene fusions detected in a patient sample was significantly associated with the time to biochemical recurrence in two of the four cohorts (log-rank test, p-value < 0.05 for both cohorts). This was also confirmed after adjusting the prognostic model for Gleason Grading Groups (Cox regression, p-values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our gene fusion characterization workflow revealed two potential novel fusions specific for PCa. We found evidence that the number of gene fusions was associated with the prognosis of PCa. However, as the quantitative correlations were only moderately strong, further validation and assessment of clinical value is required before potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schimmelpfennig
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Rade
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Füssel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Catharina Bertram
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Borkowetz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominik J Otto
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Holger Puppel
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Hönscheid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Wirth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedemann Horn
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Kreuz
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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ARPC1B Is Associated with Lethal Prostate Cancer and Its Inhibition Decreases Cell Invasion and Migration In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031476. [PMID: 35163398 PMCID: PMC8836051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ARPC1B (Actin Related Protein 2/3 Complex Subunit 1B) has been found to be involved in platelet abnormalities of immune-mediated inflammatory disease and eosinophilia. However, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) has not been established. We characterized the role of ARPC1B in PCa invasion and metastasis and investigated its prognosis using in vitro cellular models and PCa clinical data. Higher immunohistochemistry (IHC) expressions of ARPC1B were observed in localized and castrate resistant PCa (CRPC) vs. benign prostate tissue (p < 0.01). Additionally, 47% of patients with grade group 5 (GG) showed high ARPC1B expression vs. other GG patients. Assessing ARPC1B expression in association with two of the common genetic aberrations in PCa (ERG and PTEN) showed significant association to overall and cause-specific survival for combined assessment of ARPC1B and PTEN, and ARPC1B and ERG. Knockdown of ARPC1B impaired the migration and invasion of PC3 and DU145 PCa cells via downregulation of Aurora A kinase (AURKA) and resulted in the arrest of the cells in the G2/M checkpoint of the cell cycle. Additionally, higher ARPC1B expression was observed in stable PC3-ERG cells compared to normal PC3, supporting the association between ERG and ARPC1B. Our findings implicate the role of ARPC1B in PCa invasion and metastasis in association with ERG and further support its prognostic value as a biomarker in association with ERG and PTEN in identifying aggressive phenotypes of PCa cancer.
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5
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Flores-Téllez TDNJ, Baena E. Experimental challenges to modeling prostate cancer heterogeneity. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:194-205. [PMID: 34688843 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity plays a key role in prostate cancer prognosis, therapy selection, relapse, and acquisition of treatment resistance. Prostate cancer presents a heterogeneous diversity at inter- and intra-tumor and inter-patient levels which are influenced by multiple intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors. Recent studies have started to characterize the complexity of prostate tumors and these different tiers of heterogeneity. In this review, we discuss the most common factors that contribute to tumoral diversity. Moreover, we focus on the description of the in vitro and in vivo approaches, as well as high-throughput technologies, that help to model intra-tumoral diversity. Further understanding tumor heterogeneities and the challenges they present will guide enhanced patient risk stratification, aid the design of more precise therapies, and ultimately help beat this chameleon-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Del N J Flores-Téllez
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Esther Baena
- Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, UK.
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6
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Titze U, Hansen T, Brochhausen C, Titze B, Schulz B, Gunnemann A, Rocco B, Sievert KD. Diagnostic Performance of Ex Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy in the Assessment of Diagnostic Biopsies of the Prostate. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225685. [PMID: 34830839 PMCID: PMC8616222 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) is a novel micro-imaging technique providing optical sections of examined tissue. In this study, we compare intraoperative diagnoses from the real-time application of FCM in pre-therapeutic prostate biopsies with the final diagnoses from conventional histology. We found FCM to be an effective tool for the timely assessment of prostate biopsies enabling reliable real-time diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients requiring therapy. Abstract Background: Fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) is a novel micro-imaging technique providing optical sections of examined tissue. The method has been well established for the diagnosis of tumors in dermatological specimens. Methods: We compare intraoperative diagnoses of the real-time application of FCM in pre-therapeutic prostate biopsies (35 patients, total number of biopsy specimens: n = 438) with the findings of conventional histology. Results: Prostate carcinoma was reliably diagnosed in all patients. Depending on scan quality and experience of the examiner, smaller lesions of well differentiated carcinoma (ISUP1) could not be consistently differentiated from reactive changes. Furthermore, in some cases there was difficulty to distinguish ISUP grade 2 from ISUP grade 1 tumors. ISUP grades 3–5 were reliably detected in FCM. Conclusions: Despite some limitations, FCM seems to be an effective tool for the timely assessment of prostate biopsies enabling reliable diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients requiring therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Titze
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Campus Lippe, 32756 Detmold, Germany; (T.H.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-05231-72-3451
| | - Torsten Hansen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Campus Lippe, 32756 Detmold, Germany; (T.H.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Central Biobank Regensburg, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Titze
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Campus Lippe, 32756 Detmold, Germany; (T.H.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Birte Schulz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Campus Lippe, 32756 Detmold, Germany; (T.H.); (B.T.); (B.S.)
| | - Alfons Gunnemann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Campus Lippe, 32756 Detmold, Germany; (A.G.); (K.-D.S.)
| | - Bernardo Rocco
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Karl-Dietrich Sievert
- Department of Urology, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Campus Lippe, 32756 Detmold, Germany; (A.G.); (K.-D.S.)
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7
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Hintz HM, Snyder KM, Wu J, Hullsiek R, Dahlvang JD, Hart GT, Walcheck B, LeBeau AM. Simultaneous Engagement of Tumor and Stroma Targeting Antibodies by Engineered NK-92 Cells Expressing CD64 Controls Prostate Cancer Growth. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1270-1282. [PMID: 34452926 PMCID: PMC9119026 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has been largely resistant to immunotherapy. Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that detect and kill transformed cells without prior sensitization, and their infiltration into prostate tumors corresponds with an increased overall survival among patients with mCRPC. We sought to harness this knowledge to develop an approach to NK-cell based immunotherapy for mCRPC. We engineered an NK cell line (NK-92MI) to express CD64, the sole human high-affinity IgG Fcγ receptor (FcγR1), and bound these cells with antibodies to provide interchangeable tumor-targeting elements. NK-92MICD64 cells were evaluated for cell-activation mechanisms and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). A combination of mAbs was used to target the prostate tumor antigen tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TROP2) and the cancer-associated fibroblast marker fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP). We found that CD64, which is normally expressed by myeloid cells and associates with the adaptor molecule FcRγ, can be expressed by NK-92MI cells and mediate ADCC through an association with CD3ζ. Cytotoxicity from the combination approach was two-fold higher compared to treatment with NK-92MICD64 cells and either mAb alone, and seven-fold higher than NK-92MICD64 cells alone at an effector-target cell ratio of 20:1. The cytotoxic effect was lost when using isotype control antibodies, indicating a selective targeting mechanism. The combination approach demonstrated efficacy in vivo as well and significantly reduced tumor growth compared with the saline control. This combination therapy presents a potential approach for treating mCRPC and could improve immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie M Hintz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kristin M Snyder
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Robert Hullsiek
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - James D Dahlvang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Geoffrey T Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron M LeBeau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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8
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Jiang W, Xu Y, Chen X, Pan S, Zhu X. E26 transformation-specific variant 4 as a tumor promotor in human cancers through specific molecular mechanisms. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:518-527. [PMID: 34553037 PMCID: PMC8433062 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant 4 (ETV4) is an important transcription factor that belongs to the ETS transcription factor family and is essential for much cellular physiology. Recent evidence has revealed that ETV4 is aberrantly expressed in many types of tumors, and its overexpression is related to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Additionally, increasing studies have identified that ETV4 promotes cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Mechanistically, the level of ETV4 is regulated by some post-translation modulations in a broad spectrum of cancers. However, little progress has been made to comprehensively summarize the critical roles of ETV4 in different human cancers. Hence, this review mainly focuses on the physiological functions of ETV4 in various human tumors. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of ETV4-mediated cancer progression were elucidated, including how ETV4 modulates its downstream signaling pathways and how ETV4 is regulated by some factors. On this basis, the present review may provide a valuable therapeutics strategy for future cancer treatment by targeting ETV4-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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9
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Scaravilli M, Koivukoski S, Latonen L. Androgen-Driven Fusion Genes and Chimeric Transcripts in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:623809. [PMID: 33634124 PMCID: PMC7900491 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.623809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are steroid hormones governing the male reproductive development and function. As such, androgens and the key mediator of their effects, androgen receptor (AR), have a leading role in many diseases. Prostate cancer is a major disease where AR and its transcription factor function affect a significant number of patients worldwide. While disease-related AR-driven transcriptional programs are connected to the presence and activity of the receptor itself, also novel modes of transcriptional regulation by androgens are exploited by cancer cells. One of the most intriguing and ingenious mechanisms is to bring previously unconnected genes under the control of AR. Most often this occurs through genetic rearrangements resulting in fusion genes where an androgen-regulated promoter area is combined to a protein-coding area of a previously androgen-unaffected gene. These gene fusions are distinctly frequent in prostate cancer compared to other common solid tumors, a phenomenon still requiring an explanation. Interestingly, also another mode of connecting androgen regulation to a previously unaffected gene product exists via transcriptional read-through mechanisms. Furthermore, androgen regulation of fusion genes and transcripts is not linked to only protein-coding genes. Pseudogenes and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can also be affected by androgens and de novo functions produced. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, molecular mechanisms, and functional evidence for androgen-regulated prostate cancer fusion genes and transcripts. We also discuss the clinical relevance of especially the most common prostate cancer fusion gene TMPRSS2-ERG, as well as present open questions of prostate cancer fusions requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scaravilli
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sonja Koivukoski
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leena Latonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Haffner MC, Zwart W, Roudier MP, True LD, Nelson WG, Epstein JI, De Marzo AM, Nelson PS, Yegnasubramanian S. Genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:79-92. [PMID: 33328650 PMCID: PMC7969494 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From a clinical, morphological and molecular perspective, prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Primary prostate cancers are often multifocal, having topographically and morphologically distinct tumour foci. Sequencing studies have revealed that individual tumour foci can arise as clonally distinct lesions with no shared driver gene alterations. This finding demonstrates that multiple genomically and phenotypically distinct primary prostate cancers can be present in an individual patient. Lethal metastatic prostate cancer seems to arise from a single clone in the primary tumour but can exhibit subclonal heterogeneity at the genomic, epigenetic and phenotypic levels. Collectively, this complex heterogeneous constellation of molecular alterations poses obstacles for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. However, advances in our understanding of intra-tumoural heterogeneity and the development of novel technologies will allow us to navigate these challenges, refine approaches for translational research and ultimately improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan I. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bhanji Y, Allaway MJ, Gorin MA. Recent Advances and Current Role of Transperineal Prostate Biopsy. Urol Clin North Am 2020; 48:25-33. [PMID: 33218591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
"Approximately 1 million prostate biopsies are performed each year in the United States. This procedure has traditionally been performed using a transrectal approach, which is associated with a significant risk of infectious complications including sepsis. In recent years, transperineal prostate biopsy has been increasingly adopted due to its lower associated infectious risk. In this review, we explore the benefits of the transperineal approach for performing prostate biopsy and detail technical advancements that have allowed for this procedure to now be routinely performed in the outpatient settings under local anesthesia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Bhanji
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Marburg 134, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mathew J Allaway
- Urology Associates and UPMC Western Maryland, 12234 Williams Road, Cumberland, MD 21502, USA
| | - Michael A Gorin
- Urology Associates and UPMC Western Maryland, 12234 Williams Road, Cumberland, MD 21502, USA.
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12
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Clonal evaluation of prostate cancer molecular heterogeneity in biopsy samples by dual immunohistochemistry and dual RNA in situ hybridization. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1791-1801. [PMID: 32238875 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is frequently multifocal. Although there may be morphological variation, the genetic underpinnings of each tumor are not clearly understood. To assess the inter and intra tumor molecular heterogeneity in prostate biopsy samples, we developed a combined immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization method for the simultaneous evaluation of ERG, SPINK1, ETV1, and ETV4. Screening of 601 biopsy cores from 120 consecutive patients revealed multiple alterations in a mutually exclusive manner in 37% of patients, suggesting multifocal tumors with considerable genetic differences. Furthermore, the incidence of molecular heterogeneity was higher in African Americans patients compared with Caucasian American patients. About 47% of the biopsy cores with discontinuous tumor foci showed clonal differences with distinct molecular aberrations. ERG positivity occurred in low-grade cancer, whereas ETV4 expression was observed mostly in high-grade cancer. Further studies revealed correlation between the incidence of molecular markers and clinical and pathologic findings, suggesting potential implications for diagnostic pathology practice, such as defining dominant tumor nodules and discriminating juxtaposed but molecularly different tumors of different grade patterns.
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13
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Erickson AM, Lokman U, Lahdensuo K, Tornberg S, Visapaa H, Bergroth R, Santti H, Petas A, Rannikko AS, Mirtti T. PTEN and ERG expression in MRI-ultrasound guided fusion biopsy correlated with radical prostatectomy findings in men with prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1118-1127. [PMID: 32634262 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional systematic prostate biopsies (SBx) have multiple limitations, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ultrasound fusion targeting is increasingly applied (fusion biopsies [FBx]). In our previous studies, we have shown that loss of the tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens predicts poor disease-specific survival, and in active surveillance (AS), PTEN loss in SBx predicts an adverse AS outcome, although SBx PTEN status does not correlate well with the corresponding RP status. Here, we have hypothesized that PTEN and erythroblast transformation-specific related gene (ERG) status in FBx correlate better with RP than they would in SBx. METHODS A total of 106 men, who had undergone FBx and subsequent RP in a single center between June 2015 and May 2017 were included. Fifty-three of the men had concomitant or previous SBx's. All biopsy and RP specimens were collected, and tissue microarrays (TMA) were constructed from RP specimens. Immunohistochemical stainings for PTEN and ERG expression were conducted on biopsies and RP TMAs and results were compared by using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The immunohistochemical predictive power of FBx, determined by the concordance of biopsy PTEN and ERG status with RP, is superior to SBx (77.6% vs 66.7% in PTEN, 92.4% vs 66.6% in ERG). FBx was superior to SBx in correlation with RP Gleason Grade Groups and MRI prostate imaging reporting and data system scores. CONCLUSION FBx grading correlates with RP histology and MRI findings and predicts the biomarker status in the RP specimens more accurately than SBx. A longer follow-up is needed to evaluate if this translates to better prediction of disease outcomes, especially in AS and radiation therapy where prostatectomy specimens are not available for prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Erickson
- Department of Pathology (HUS Diagnostic Center) and Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Utku Lokman
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Kanerva Lahdensuo
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Tornberg
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Visapaa
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robin Bergroth
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrikki Santti
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anssi Petas
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti S Rannikko
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology (HUS Diagnostic Center) and Medicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Cha HR, Lee JH, Ponnazhagan S. Revisiting Immunotherapy: A Focus on Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1615-1623. [PMID: 32066566 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions to harness the immune system against tumor cells have provided mixed results in the past for several solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. However, immunotherapy has advanced considerably over the last decade and is becoming an integral combination for treating patients with advanced solid tumors. In particular, prostate cancer immunotherapy has shown modest efficacy for patients in the past. With several key discoveries on immune mechanisms and advanced molecular diagnostic platforms recently, immunotherapy is re-emerging as a viable option for prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), to stimulate antitumor immunity. Combination of patient-tailored immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockers with conventional cytotoxic agents and androgen receptor-targeted therapies should move the field forward. With a recent adaptation that the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been successful in the treatment of more than a dozen solid tumors, including melanoma, lymphoma, liver, cervical, gastrointestinal, and breast cancers, it is a timely endeavor to harness immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Here, we provide an account on the progression of immunotherapy with new discoveries and precision approaches for tumors, in particular CRPC, from mechanistic standpoint to emerging limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Ram Cha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,PharmAbcine Inc., Yuseong-gu Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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