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Coppo L, Scheggi S, DeMontis G, Priora R, Frosali S, Margaritis A, Summa D, Di Giuseppe D, Ulivelli M, Di Simplicio P. Does Risk of Hyperhomocysteinemia Depend on Thiol-Disulfide Exchange Reactions of Albumin and Homocysteine? Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:920-958. [PMID: 36352822 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Increased plasma concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy; mild-moderate hyperhomocysteinemia: 15-50 μM tHcy) are considered an independent risk factor for the onset/progression of various diseases, but it is not known about how the increase in tHcy causes pathological conditions. Recent Advances: Reduced homocysteine (HSH ∼1% of tHcy) is presumed to be toxic, unlike homocystine (∼9%) and mixed disulfide between homocysteine and albumin (HSS-ALB; homocysteine [Hcy]-albumin mixed disulfide, ∼90%). This and other notions make it difficult to explain the pathogenicity of Hcy because: (i) lowering tHcy does not improve pathological outcomes; (ii) damage due to HSH usually emerges at supraphysiological doses; and (iii) it is not known why tiny increments in plasma concentrations of HSH can be pathological. Critical Issues: Albumin may have a role in Hcy toxicity, because HSS-ALB could release toxic HSH via thiol-disulfide (SH/SS) exchange reactions in cells. Similarly, thiol-disulfide exchange processes of reduced albumin (albumin with free SH group of Cys34 [HS-ALB]) or N-homocysteinylated albumin are plausible alternatives for initiating Hcy pathological events. Adverse effects of albumin and other data reviewed here suggest the hypothesis of a role of albumin in Hcy toxicity. Future Directions: HSS-ALB might be involved in disruption of the antioxidant/oxidant balance in critical tissues (brain, liver, kidney). Since homocysteine-albumin mixed disulfide is a possible intermediate of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, we suggest that homocysteinylated albumin could be a new pathological factor, and that studies on the redox role of albumin and mixed disulfide production via thiol-disulfide exchange reactions could offer new therapeutic insights for reducing Hcy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Coppo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Graziella DeMontis
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Priora
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Frosali
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Margaritis
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Summa
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Danila Di Giuseppe
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Ulivelli
- Department of Surgery, Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Simplicio
- Department of Molecular and Development Medicine and Medical Science and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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2
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Kleinberg A, Joseph R, Mao Y, Li N. Ultrasensitive disulfide scrambling analysis of mAbs by LC-MS with post-column reduction and glycine signal enhancement. Anal Biochem 2022; 653:114773. [PMID: 35688259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Explicitly confirming the complete disulfide bond linkage pattern of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) presents a challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. Although proper native disulfide connections are in high abundance for analytical purposes within a peptide mapping digest under non-reducing conditions, disulfide scrambling can also exist but be difficult to detect, let alone characterize, particularly at low levels. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive high-confidence method for identifying explicit disulfide connectivity in mAbs. By applying a post-column addition of tris (2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) to the liquid chromatography (LC) eluent of a non-reduced mAb digest, partial reduction of disulfide peptides is achieved after the initial peptide separation, allowing both the parent disulfide and its reduced daughter peptides to co-elute for simultaneous mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Combining this concept with the recently discovered ability of glycine to enhance MS signal when added to the LC eluent, we demonstrate a method for detecting, characterizing and quantifying low-abundance disulfide scrambling in mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kleinberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States
| | - Rachel Joseph
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States
| | - Yuan Mao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, United States
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3
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A simple colorimetric assay to determine the concentration and proportion of human mercaptalbumin. Pract Lab Med 2022; 31:e00281. [PMID: 35711386 PMCID: PMC9192801 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2022.e00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Design and methods Results Conclusions Concentrations of the reduced form of human serum albumin (human mercaptalbumin) were measured by a colorimetric assay using Michler's Hydrol. The assay uses the total thiol concentration to approximate the human mercaptalbumin concentration. Accuracy was improved by alkylating part of the samples and canceling the contribution of the non-thiol component to the colorimetric changes. Combining Michler's Hydrol assay with bromocresol purple assay enabled us to obtain the proportions of mercaptalbumin and non-mercaptalbumin, which correlated with HPLC as a reference method.
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4
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Garner CE, Wegerski CJ, Doyle-Eisele M, McDonald JD, Sanders JM, Moeller BC, Waidyanatha S. Disposition and metabolism of 2',2'"-Dithiobisbenzanilide in rodents following intravenous and oral administration and dermal application. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:883-892. [PMID: 32760656 PMCID: PMC7390853 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
2′,2′′′-Dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) is a chemical used as a peptizing agent for rubber. Humane exposure to DTBBA is possible via oral and dermal routes. DTBBA is well-absorbed in rodents following oral and dermal administration. Absorbed DTBBA was extensively metabolized and excreted mainly via urine. N-(2-mercaptophenyl)benzamide accounted for more than 50% of radioactivity in urine.
2′,2′′′-Dithiobisbenzanilide (DTBBA) is a high-production-volume chemical used as a peptizing agent for rubber. The disposition and metabolism of [14C]DTBBA were determined in male and female rats and mice following oral (4, 40, or 400 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV) (4 mg/kg) administration and dermal application (0.4 or 4 mg/kg). [14C]DTBBA was well absorbed following oral administration (> 60%) and dermal application (∼40–50%) in rats and mice. Following oral administration, the majority of radioactivity was excreted in urine (29 − 70%) and feces (16 − 45%). Unlike rats, mice excreted ∼1-5% of the dose as exhaled CO2. The residual radioactivity in tissues was <1% in both species and sexes. The pattern of disposition following IV administration in male rats was similar to that following oral. When [14C]DTBBA was administered via IV to rats, a significant portion of the dose was recovered in bile (∼13%) suggesting that at least a portion of the dose recovered in feces following oral administration was likely the absorbed dose. The profiles of urine from rats and mice were similar and consisted of four major metabolites and three minor metabolites. The predominant metabolite in urine was the S-glucuronide of the thiol/sulfide cleavage product N-(2-mercaptophenyl)benzamide, which accounted for more than 50% of radioactivity in the radiochromatogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Edwin Garner
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob D McDonald
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - J Michael Sanders
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Reina S, Pittalà MGG, Guarino F, Messina A, De Pinto V, Foti S, Saletti R. Cysteine Oxidations in Mitochondrial Membrane Proteins: The Case of VDAC Isoforms in Mammals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:397. [PMID: 32582695 PMCID: PMC7287182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues are reactive amino acids that can undergo several modifications driven by redox reagents. Mitochondria are the source of an abundant production of radical species, and it is surprising that such a large availability of highly reactive chemicals is compatible with viable and active organelles, needed for the cell functions. In this work, we review the results highlighting the modifications of cysteines in the most abundant proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), that is, the voltage-dependent anion selective channel (VDAC) isoforms. This interesting protein family carries several cysteines exposed to the oxidative intermembrane space (IMS). Through mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, cysteine posttranslational modifications (PTMs) were precisely determined, and it was discovered that such cysteines can be subject to several oxidization degrees, ranging from the disulfide bridge to the most oxidized, the sulfonic acid, one. The large spectra of VDAC cysteine oxidations, which is unique for OMM proteins, indicate that they have both a regulative function and a buffering capacity able to counteract excess of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) load. The consequence of these peculiar cysteine PTMs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Reina
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gaetana Giovanna Pittalà
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Foti
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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6
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Baykara RA, Tuzcu A, Omma A, Acet GK, Dogan E, Aydin A, Cure MC, Cure E, Kucuk A, Erel O. Evaluation of serum thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by a novel method. North Clin Istanb 2019; 6:348-354. [PMID: 31909379 PMCID: PMC6936950 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2018.37132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased reactive oxygen species may play an important role in Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) etiopathogenesis. The thiol group is a very potent antioxidant. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of oxidative stress in patients with AS by evaluating thiol/disulfide homeostasis. METHODS In this study, a total of 66 AS patients (27 male, 39 female) and 66 healthy controls (21 male, 45 female) were enrolled. Recently, a novel method for the thiol measurement was found. Thiol and disulfide values were measured by the novel methods. RESULTS Native thiol (NT) (p<0.001) and native thiol/total thiol (NTT) (p<0.001) levels of AS patients were significantly lower compared to the values of the healthy group. However, disulfide (p<0.001), disulfide/native thiol (DNT) (p<0.001) and disulfide/total thiol (DTT) levels of AS patients were a strongly higher control group. A negative correlation was found between BASFI and NTT. Also, a negative correlation was found between BASDAI and NT, NTT levels. A positive correlation was found between BASFI and disulfide, DNT and DTT levels. A positive correlation was found between BASDAI and disulfide, DNT and DTT levels. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that thiol-disulfide homeostasis deteriorated in patients with AS in favor of disulfide amounts. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis can play roles in the etiology and severity of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aydogan Baykara
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
- Correspondence: Dr. Rabia AYDOGAN BAYKARA. Malatya Egitim Arastirma Hastanesi, Fiziksel Tip ve Rehabilitasyon Klinigi, Malatya, Turkey. Tel: +90 532 200 70 41 e-mail:
| | - Ayca Tuzcu
- Department of Biochemistry, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Omma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunseli Karaca Acet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Erdal Dogan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Private Malatya Park Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Almila Aydin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Adem Kucuk
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
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7
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Evaluation of serum thiol/disulfide homeostasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by a novel method. North Clin Istanb 2018. [PMID: 31909379 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2018.37132.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased reactive oxygen species may play an important role in Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) etiopathogenesis. The thiol group is a very potent antioxidant. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of oxidative stress in patients with AS by evaluating thiol/disulfide homeostasis. METHODS In this study, a total of 66 AS patients (27 male, 39 female) and 66 healthy controls (21 male, 45 female) were enrolled. Recently, a novel method for the thiol measurement was found. Thiol and disulfide values were measured by the novel methods. RESULTS Native thiol (NT) (p<0.001) and native thiol/total thiol (NTT) (p<0.001) levels of AS patients were significantly lower compared to the values of the healthy group. However, disulfide (p<0.001), disulfide/native thiol (DNT) (p<0.001) and disulfide/total thiol (DTT) levels of AS patients were a strongly higher control group. A negative correlation was found between BASFI and NTT. Also, a negative correlation was found between BASDAI and NT, NTT levels. A positive correlation was found between BASFI and disulfide, DNT and DTT levels. A positive correlation was found between BASDAI and disulfide, DNT and DTT levels. CONCLUSION The findings revealed that thiol-disulfide homeostasis deteriorated in patients with AS in favor of disulfide amounts. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis can play roles in the etiology and severity of AS.
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8
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Patrice T, Rozec B, Sidoroff A, Blanloeil Y, Despins P, Perrigaud C. Influence of Vitamins on Secondary Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Sera of Patients with Resectable NSCLC. Diseases 2016; 4:diseases4030025. [PMID: 28933405 PMCID: PMC5456288 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) oxidizes targets through the production of secondary reactive oxygen species (SOS). Cancers induce oxidative stress changing with progression, the resulting antioxidant status differing from one patient to the other. The aim of this study was to determine the oxidative status of patients with resectable Non-Small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and the potential influence of antioxidants, compared to sera from healthy donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum samples from 10 women and 28 men, 19 adenocarcinomas (ADK), 15 patients N1 or M1 were submitted to a photoreaction producing ¹O₂. Then, samples were supplemented with vitamins (Vit C, Vit E), or glutathione (GSH). RESULTS Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and metastatic SCCs induced a lower SOS rate. While Vit C increased SOS in controls as in patients with metastases, Vit E or the combination of Vit E and C strongly reduced SOS. GSH alone lightly decreased SOS in controls but had no effect in patients either alone or combined with Vit C. CONCLUSION In "early" lung cancers, SOS are comparable or lower than for healthy persons. The role of Vitamins varies with gender, cancer type, and metastases. This suggests that an eventual supplementation should be performed on a per-patient basis to evidence any effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Patrice
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Laënnec Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Bertrand Rozec
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Laënnec Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | - Alexis Sidoroff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria.
| | - Yvonnick Blanloeil
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Laënnec Hospital, 44093 Nantes, France.
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9
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Abstract
Leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a common pathological feature in multiple sclerosis (MS). Following a breach of the BBB, albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, gains access to CNS tissue where it is exposed to an inflammatory milieu and tissue damage, e.g., demyelination. Once in the CNS, albumin can participate in protective mechanisms. For example, due to its high concentration and molecular properties, albumin becomes a target for oxidation and nitration reactions. Furthermore, albumin binds metals and heme thereby limiting their ability to produce reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Albumin also has the potential to worsen disease. Similar to pathogenic processes that occur during epilepsy, extravasated albumin could induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and affect the ability of astrocytes to maintain potassium homeostasis thereby possibly making neurons more vulnerable to glutamate exicitotoxicity, which is thought to be a pathogenic mechanism in MS. The albumin quotient, albumin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/albumin in serum, is used as a measure of blood-CSF barrier dysfunction in MS, but it may be inaccurate since albumin levels in the CSF can be influenced by multiple factors including: 1) albumin becomes proteolytically cleaved during disease, 2) extravasated albumin is taken up by macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes, and 3) the location of BBB damage affects the entry of extravasated albumin into ventricular CSF. A discussion of the roles that albumin performs during MS is put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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10
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Ulivelli M, Priora R, Di Giuseppe D, Coppo L, Summa D, Margaritis A, Frosali S, Bartalini S, Martini G, Cerase A, Di Simplicio P. Homocysteinemia control by cysteine in cerebral vascular patients after methionine loading test: evidences in physiological and pathological conditions in cerebro-vascular and multiple sclerosis patients. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1477-89. [PMID: 26969256 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity risk of hyperhomocysteinemia is prevented through thiol drug administration which reduces plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by activating thiol exchange reactions. Assuming that cysteine (Cys) is a homocysteinemia regulator, the hypothesis was verified in healthy and pathological individuals after the methionine loading test (MLT). The plasma variations of redox species of Cys, Hcy, cysteinylglycine, glutathione and albumin (reduced, HS-ALB, and at mixed disulfide, XSS-ALB) were compared in patients with cerebral small vessels disease (CSVD) (n = 11), multiple sclerosis (MS) (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 11) at 2-4-6 h after MLT. In MLT-treated subjects, the activation of thiol exchange reactions provoked significant changes over time in redox species concentrations of Cys, Hcy, and albumin. Significant differences between controls and pathological groups were also observed. In non-methionine-treated subjects, total Cys concentrations, tHcy and thiol-protein mixed disulfides (CSS-ALB, HSS-ALB) of CSVD patients were higher than controls. After MLT, all groups displayed significant cystine (CSSC) increases and CSS-ALB decreases, that in pathological groups were significantly higher than controls. These data would confirm the Cys regulatory role on the homocysteinemia; they also explain that the Cys-Hcy mixed disulfide excretion is an important point of hyperhomocysteinemia control. Moreover, in all groups after MLT, significant increases in albumin concentrations, named total albumin (tALB) and measured as sum of HS-ALB (spectrophometric), and XSS-ALB (assayed at HPLC) were observed. tALB increases, more pronounced in healthy than in the pathological subjects, could indicate alterations of albumin equilibria between plasma and other extracellular spaces, whose toxicological consequences deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ulivelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaella Priora
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Danila Di Giuseppe
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Coppo
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Summa
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonios Margaritis
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Frosali
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sabina Bartalini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martini
- Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cerase
- Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Simplicio
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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11
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Chandrasekhar S, Moorthy BS, Xie R, Topp EM. Thiol-Disulfide Exchange in Human Growth Hormone. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1370-82. [PMID: 26887678 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thiol-disulfide exchange was monitored in recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) and in model tryptic peptides derived from hGH to investigate the effects of higher-order structure on the reaction. METHODS Different free thiol-containing peptides, varying in length and amino acid sequence, were used to initiate the reaction at pH 7.0 and 37°C in hGH. Protein samples were digested with trypsin and analyzed for native disulfides, scrambled disulfides and free thiols using LC/MS. The loss of native disulfide and disulfide exchange was compared with model peptides derived from hGH. RESULTS Loss of native disulfide in cyclic (cT20-T21) and linear peptides (T20-T21pep) derived from the C-terminal hGH disulfide during the first 60 min of reaction was greater than loss of the C-terminal disulfide in hGH itself. Of the thiols tested, glutathione (GSH) was the most reactive, forming the highest percentage of mixed disulfides in intact hGH and in the model peptides. At longer reaction times (>240 min), native disulfides in both hGH and cT20-T21 were regenerated. The fastest rates of regeneration were observed for Cys and the di- or tripeptide containing an Arg residue adjacent to Cys, suggesting that they may be useful in refolding. CONCLUSIONS Thiol-disulfide exchange reactions in hGH and related model peptides were influenced by higher order structure, by the size of the thiol reactant and by an Arg residue adjacent to Cys in the thiol reactant. Reduction of disulfide bonds in hGH did not affect higher order structure as measured by CD and HDX-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradha Chandrasekhar
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, Room 124D, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47901-2091, USA
| | - Balakrishnan S Moorthy
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, Room 124D, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47901-2091, USA
| | - Ruichao Xie
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, Room 124D, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47901-2091, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Topp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, Room 124D, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47901-2091, USA.
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12
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Moorthy BS, Xie B, Moussa EM, Iyer LK, Chandrasekhar S, Panchal JP, Topp EM. Effect of Hydrolytic Degradation on the In Vivo Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies. BIOBETTERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2543-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Chandrasekhar S, Epling DE, Sophocleous AM, Topp EM. Thiol-disulfide exchange in peptides derived from human growth hormone. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1032-42. [PMID: 24549831 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds stabilize proteins by cross-linking distant regions into a compact three-dimensional structure. They can also participate in hydrolytic and oxidative pathways to form nonnative disulfide bonds and other reactive species. Such covalent modifications can contribute to protein aggregation. Here, we present experimental data for the mechanism of thiol-disulfide exchange in tryptic peptides derived from human growth hormone in aqueous solution. Reaction kinetics was monitored to investigate the effect of pH (6.0-10.0), temperature (4-50°C), oxidation suppressants [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and N2 sparging], and peptide secondary structure (amide cyclized vs. open form). The concentrations of free thiol containing peptides, scrambled disulfides, and native disulfide-linked peptides generated via thiol-disulfide exchange and oxidation reactions were determined using reverse-phase HPLC and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentration versus time data were fitted to a mathematical model using nonlinear least squares regression analysis. At all pH values, the model was able to fit the data with R(2) ≥ 0.95. Excluding oxidation suppressants (EDTA and N2 sparging) resulted in an increase in the formation of scrambled disulfides via oxidative pathways but did not influence the intrinsic rate of thiol-disulfide exchange. In addition, peptide secondary structure was found to influence the rate of thiol-disulfide exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saradha Chandrasekhar
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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14
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The control of hyperhomocysteinemia through thiol exchange mechanisms by mesna. Amino Acids 2013; 46:429-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Coppo L, Priora R, Salzano S, Ghezzi P, Simplicio PD. Quantification of Global Protein Disulfides and Thiol-Protein Mixed Disulfides to Study the Protein Dethiolation Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.410a1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Tournebize J, Boudier A, Joubert O, Eidi H, Bartosz G, Maincent P, Leroy P, Sapin-Minet A. Impact of gold nanoparticle coating on redox homeostasis. Int J Pharm 2012; 438:107-16. [PMID: 22841848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) hold great potential for biomedical applications. This study was aimed at examination of the effect of AuNP coating on the redox status of their environment. Two kinds of AuNP were tested, similar by shape and size, but with different surface coatings: either stabilized with citrate or functionalized with dihydrolipoic acid (Au@DHLA NP). Interestingly, whereas citrate-stabilized AuNP interact in vitro with reduced glutathione (GSH) and S-nitrosoglutathione, Au@DHLA NP do not interfere with both biomolecules. Albumin exhibits higher affinity toward citrate-stabilized AuNP than Au@DHLA NP, increasing their hydrodynamic diameter (8.0- and 1.3-fold, respectively). Furthermore, the AuNP coating affects also their internalization by macrophages (which was two fold higher for citrate-stabilized AuNP), following an exposure to a subtoxic NP concentration (10 nM, 80% viability). Citrate-stabilized AuNP were found to decrease the intracellular GSH level (ca. 20%), with no increase in reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, these AuNP did not induce apoptosis (as shown by caspase-3 activity and nfkb2 transcription factor), and also did not activate gene expression related to oxidative stress (ncf1) and inflammatory response (tnfα). The present data highlight that the functionalization of AuNP with DHLA decreases their reactivity with biomolecules and cells, resulting in a promising medical platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tournebize
- CITHEFOR, EA 3452, Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise préclinique du médicament, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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17
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Pathak RK, Hinge VK, Mahesh K, Rai A, Panda D, Rao CP. Cd2+ complex of a triazole-based calix[4]arene conjugate as a selective fluorescent chemosensor for Cys. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6907-13. [PMID: 22834792 DOI: 10.1021/ac301492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An N,N-Dimethylamine ethylimino-appended triazole-linked calix[4]arene conjugate, L, has been synthesized and characterized, and its Cd(2+) complex has been isolated and characterized. The structure of [CdL] was established by computational calculation using B3LYP/LANL2DZ. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed to demonstrate the electronic properties of [CdL]. This highly fluorescing [CdL] has been used to recognize Cys selectively among the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. [CdL] exhibits a minimum detection limit of 58 ppb for Cys, with reusability and reversibility being imparted to the system during sensing. Thus, the sensing of Cys was well demonstrated using various techniques, viz., fluorescence, absorption, visual color change, electrospray ionization MS, (1)H NMR, and live cell imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Pathak
- Bioinorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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18
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Guerin P, Bigot E, Patrice T. Evidence for antioxidants consumption in the coronary blood of patients with an acute myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 35:41-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Kumar Pathak R, Tabbasum K, Kumar Hinge V, Pulla Rao C. Selective Recognition of Cysteine in Its Free and Protein-Bound States by the Zn2+ Complex of a Triazole-Based Calix[4]arene Conjugate. Chemistry 2011; 17:13999-4003. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Bridges CC, Krasnikov BF, Joshee L, Pinto JT, Hallen A, Li J, Zalups RK, Cooper AJL. New insights into the metabolism of organomercury compounds: mercury-containing cysteine S-conjugates are substrates of human glutamine transaminase K and potent inactivators of cystathionine γ-lyase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 517:20-9. [PMID: 22093698 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic practices and recycling in the environment through natural processes result in release of potentially harmful levels of mercury into the biosphere. Mercury, especially organic forms, accumulates in the food chain. Mercury reacts readily with sulfur-containing compounds and often exists as a thiol S-conjugate, such as the l-cysteine (Cys)-S-conjugate of methylmercury (CH(3)Hg-S-Cys) or inorganic mercury (Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys). These S-conjugates are structurally similar to l-methionine and l-cystine/l-cystathionine, respectively. Bovine and rat glutamine transaminase K (GTK) catalyze transamination of sulfur-containing amino acids. Recombinant human GTK (rhGTK) has a relatively open catalytic active site, and we report here that this enzyme, like the rat and bovine enzymes, can also utilize sulfur-containing l-amino acids, including l-methionine, l-cystine, and l-cystathionine as substrates. The current study extends this list to include mercuric S-conjugates, and shows that CH(3)Hg-S-Cys and Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys are substrates and reversible inhibitors of rhGTK. The homocysteine S-conjugates, Hcy-S-Hg-S-Hcy and CH(3)Hg-S-Hcy, are also inhibitors. Finally, we show that HgCl(2), CH(3)Hg-S-Cys and Cys-S-Hg-S-Cys are potent irreversible inhibitors of rat cystathionine γ-lyase. The present study broadens our knowledge of the biochemistry of mercury compounds by showing that Cys S-conjugates of mercury interact with enzymes that catalyze transformations of biologically important sulfur-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy C Bridges
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
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21
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Spiga O, Summa D, Cirri S, Bernini A, Venditti V, De Chiara M, Priora R, Frosali S, Margaritis A, Di Giuseppe D, Di Simplicio P, Niccolai N. A structurally driven analysis of thiol reactivity in mammalian albumins. Biopolymers 2010; 95:278-85. [PMID: 21280023 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structural basis of protein redox activity is still an open question. Hence, by using a structural genomics approach, different albumins have been chosen to correlate protein structural features with the corresponding reaction rates of thiol exchange between albumin and disulfide DTNB. Predicted structures of rat, porcine, and bovine albumins have been compared with the experimentally derived human albumin. High structural similarity among these four albumins can be observed, in spite of their markedly different reactivity with DTNB. Sequence alignments offered preliminary hints on the contributions of sequence-specific local environments modulating albumin reactivity. Molecular dynamics simulations performed on experimental and predicted albumin structures reveal that thiolation rates are influenced by hydrogen bonding pattern and stability of the acceptor C34 sulphur atom with donor groups of nearby residues. Atom depth evolution of albumin C34 thiol groups has been monitored during Molecular Dynamic trajectories. The most reactive albumins appeared also the ones presenting the C34 sulphur atom on the protein surface with the highest accessibility. High C34 sulphur atom reactivity in rat and porcine albumins seems to be determined by the presence of additional positively charged amino acid residues favoring both the C34 S⁻ form and the approach of DTNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena and SienaBiografix Srl, Siena 53100, Italy
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22
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Khwaja AR, Bloom PR, Brezonik PL. Binding strength of methylmercury to aquatic NOM. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6151-6156. [PMID: 20666476 DOI: 10.1021/es101088k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A competitive-ligand, equilibrium-dialysis technique using bromide measured methylmercury (MeHg(+)) binding to Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) and NOM from a lake and a bog in Minnesota. Distribution coefficients (K(OC)) and stability constants (K') varied only slightly over a range of [Br(-)] and ratios of MeHg(+) to reduced sulfur, S(re), the putative NOM binding site. For SRFA at pH 3.0, K(OC) ranged from 10(7.7) to 10(8.2) and K' ranged from 10(15.5) to 10(16.0) over MeHg(+):S(re) ratios from 1:1220 to 1:12 200 (well below S(re) saturation). The importance of pH depends on the calculation model for binding constants. Over pH 2.98-7.62, K(OC) had little pH dependence (slope = 0.2; r(2) = 0.4; range 10(7.7)-10(9.1)), but K' calculated using thiol ligands with pK(a) = 9.96 had an inverse relationship (slope = -0.8; r(2) = 0.9; range 10(15.6)-10(12.3)). A pH-independent model was obtained only with thiol pK(a) < or = approximately 4. The mean K'(4) for SRFA (K' with thiol pK(a) = 4.2) was 10(9.8) (range 10(9.11)-10(10.27)) and small slope (0.02). Similar values were found for Spring Lake NOM; bog S2 NOM had values one-tenth as large. These constants are generally similar to published values; differences reflect variations in methods, pH, types of NOM, and calculation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul R Khwaja
- Water Resources Science Graduate Program and Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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23
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Abstract
Drug development from early discovery to late stage commercialization is a long arduous process where a number of factors are taken into consideration when deciding on a particular immunoglobulin isotype for a therapeutic purpose. There are no general rules for which isotype is selected; however, prior experiences, effector function and the specific therapy targeted, as well as extensive testing early in development help in pairing the number of candidates. Over 20 monoclonal antibodies are FDA-approved, and most are IgG1 isotype, although a number of non-IgG1 molecules have been approved recently and the number in development is on the rise. Analytical techniques that examine the physicochemical properties of a molecule provide vital information on the stability and efficacy of candidate antibody therapeutics, but most of these studies are conducted using standard buffers and under well defined storage conditions. It has recently become apparent that analysis of antibody therapeutics recovered after circulation in blood show altered physicochemical characteristics, and in many instances therapeutic molecules recovered from serum show lower potency. This review examines some of these studies, with a focus on the physicochemical changes observed in the molecules. Technologies that can facilitate rapid screening of candidate antibody therapeutics directly from blood are highlighted. The facts indicate that antibody therapeutic development programs must incorporate understanding of the basic biology of the isotype and its stability in serum, which is the intended environment of the therapeutic.
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24
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Francis GL. Albumin and mammalian cell culture: implications for biotechnology applications. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:1-16. [PMID: 20373019 PMCID: PMC2860567 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Albumin has a long historical involvement in design of media for the successful culture of mammalian cells, in both the research and commercial fields. The potential application of albumins, bovine or human serum albumin, for cell culture is a by-product of the physico-chemical, biochemical and cell-specific properties of the molecule. In this review an analysis of these features of albumin leads to a consideration of the extracellular and intracellular actions of the molecule, and importantly the role of its interactions with numerous ligands or bioactive factors that influence the growth of cells in culture: these include hormones, growth factors, lipids, amino acids, metal ions, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to name a few. The interaction of albumin with the cell in relation to these co-factors has a potential impact on metabolic and biosynthetic activity, cell proliferation and survival. Application of this knowledge to improve the performance in manufacturing biotechnology and in the emerging uses of cell culture for tissue engineering and stem cell derived therapies is an important prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Francis
- Applied R&D, Novozymes Biopharma AU Ltd, 28 Dalgleish Street, Thebarton, SA, 5031, Australia,
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25
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Studies in serum support rapid formation of disulfide bond between unpaired cysteine residues in the VH domain of an immunoglobulin G1 molecule. Anal Biochem 2010; 397:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Regulation of redox forms of plasma thiols by albumin in multiple sclerosis after fasting and methionine loading test. Amino Acids 2009; 38:1461-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Rael LT, Bar-Or R, Mains CW, Slone DS, Levy AS, Bar-Or D. Plasma Oxidation-Reduction Potential and Protein Oxidation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1203-11. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T. Rael
- Trauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
| | - Raphael Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
| | | | | | - A. Stewart Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anthony Central Hospital, Denver, Colorado
| | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
- Emergency Department, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado
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28
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Turell L, Botti H, Carballal S, Radi R, Alvarez B. Sulfenic acid--a key intermediate in albumin thiol oxidation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3384-92. [PMID: 19386559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The single thiol of human serum albumin (HSA-SH) is the predominant plasma thiol. Both circulating albumin and pharmaceutical preparations are heterogeneous regarding the thiol redox status, as revealed by anion-exchange-hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Sulfenic acid (HSA-SOH) is an intermediate in HSA-SH oxidation processes that was detected through different techniques including mass spectrometry. Recently, quantitative data led to the determination of rate constants. The preferred fate of HSA-SOH is the formation of mixed disulfides. Alternatively, HSA-SOH can be further oxidized to sulfinic and sulfonic acids. Oxidized forms increase under disease conditions, underscoring the importance of HSA-SH as a plasma scavenger of intravascular oxidants. We here provide a critical review of the oxidation of HSA-SH in the context of the intravascular compartment, with emphasis in the methodological approaches of mass spectrometry and chromatography for the analysis of albumin thiol redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Turell
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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