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Moss S, Pretorius E, Ceesay S, da Silva ET, Hutchins H, Ndiath MO, Acford-Palmer H, Collins EL, Higgins M, Phelan J, Jones RT, Vasileva H, Rodrigues A, Krishna S, Clark TG, Last A, Campino S. Whole genome sequence analysis of population structure and insecticide resistance markers in Anopheles melas from the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:396. [PMID: 39294791 PMCID: PMC11412053 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles melas is an understudied malaria vector with a potential role in malaria transmission on the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau. This study presents the first whole-genome sequencing and population genetic analysis for this species from the Bijagós. To our knowledge, this also represents the largest population genetic analysis using WGS data from non-pooled An. melas mosquitoes. METHODS WGS was conducted for 30 individual An. melas collected during the peak malaria transmission season in 2019 from six different islands on the Bijagós Archipelago. Bioinformatics tools were used to investigate the population structure and prevalence of insecticide resistance markers in this mosquito population. RESULTS Insecticide resistance mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s. from the Bijagós were absent in the An. melas population, and no signatures of selective sweeps were identified in insecticide resistance-associated genes. Analysis of structural variants identified a large duplication encompassing the cytochrome-P450 gene cyp9k1. Phylogenetic analysis using publicly available mitochondrial genomes indicated that An. melas from the Bijagós split into two phylogenetic groups because of differentiation on the mitochondrial genome attributed to the cytochrome C oxidase subunits COX I and COX II and the NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 4, 4L and 5. CONCLUSIONS This study identified an absence of insecticide-resistant SNPs common to An. gambiae in the An. melas population, but did identify structural variation over insecticide resistance-associated genes. Furthermore, this study presents novel insights into the population structure of this malaria vector using WGS analysis. Additional studies are required to further understand the role of this vector in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moss
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Pretorius
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sainey Ceesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Eunice Teixeira da Silva
- Projecto de Saúde Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Ministério de Saúde Pública, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Harry Hutchins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Holly Acford-Palmer
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emma L Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew Higgins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robert T Jones
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Hristina Vasileva
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Amabelia Rodrigues
- Projecto de Saúde Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Ministério de Saúde Pública, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Clinical Academic Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, and St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St. George's University of London, London, UK
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut Für Tropenmedizin Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anna Last
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Kientega M, Clarkson CS, Traoré N, Hui TYJ, O'Loughlin S, Millogo AA, Epopa PS, Yao FA, Belem AMG, Brenas J, Miles A, Burt A, Diabaté A. Whole-genome sequencing of major malaria vectors reveals the evolution of new insecticide resistance variants in a longitudinal study in Burkina Faso. Malar J 2024; 23:280. [PMID: 39285410 PMCID: PMC11406867 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive deployment of insecticide based malaria vector control tools resulted in the rapid evolution of phenotypes resistant to these chemicals. Understanding this process at the genomic level is important for the deployment of successful vector control interventions. Therefore, longitudinal sampling followed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) is necessary to understand how these evolutionary processes evolve over time. This study investigated the change in genetic structure and the evolution of the insecticide resistance variants in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae over time and space from 2012 to 2017 in Burkina Faso. METHODS New genomic data have been generated from An. gambiae mosquitoes collected from three villages in the western part of Burkina Faso between 2012 and 2017. The samples were whole-genome sequenced and the data used in the An. gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000G) project as part of the Vector Observatory. Genomic data were analysed using the analysis pipeline previously designed by the Ag1000G project. RESULTS The results showed similar and consistent nucleotide diversity and negative Tajima's D between An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the fixation index (FST) showed a clear genetic structure in the An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species. Genome-wide FST and H12 scans identified genomic regions under divergent selection that may have implications in the adaptation to ecological changes. Novel voltage-gated sodium channel pyrethroid resistance target-site alleles (V402L, I1527T) were identified at increasing frequencies alongside the established alleles (Vgsc-L995F, Vgsc-L995S and N1570Y) within the An. gambiae s.l. POPULATIONS Organophosphate metabolic resistance markers were also identified, at increasing frequencies, within the An. gambiae s.s. populations from 2012 to 2017, including the SNP Ace1-G280S and its associated duplication. Variants simultaneously identified in the same vector populations raise concerns about the long-term efficacy of new generation bed nets and the recently organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl indoor residual spraying in Burkina Faso. CONCLUSION These findings highlighted the benefit of genomic surveillance of malaria vectors for the detection of new insecticide resistance variants, the monitoring of the existing resistance variants, and also to get insights into the evolutionary processes driving insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamadi Kientega
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
- Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Chris S Clarkson
- Vector Surveillance Programme, Genomic Surveillance Unit, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nouhoun Traoré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Tin-Yu J Hui
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Samantha O'Loughlin
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Abdoul-Azize Millogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Institut des Sciences des Sociétés, 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Patric Stephane Epopa
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Franck A Yao
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jon Brenas
- Vector Surveillance Programme, Genomic Surveillance Unit, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Miles
- Vector Surveillance Programme, Genomic Surveillance Unit, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Austin Burt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
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3
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Logan RAE, Mäurer JB, Wapler C, Ingham VA. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are associated with insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19821. [PMID: 39191827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality, with 249 million cases and over 608,000 deaths in 2022. Insecticides, which target the Anopheles mosquito vector, are the primary method to control malaria. The widespread nature of resistance to the most important insecticide class, the pyrethroids, threatens the control of this disease. To reverse the stall in malaria control there is urgent need for new vector control tools, which necessitates understanding the molecular basis of pyrethroid resistance. In this study we utilised multi-omics data to identify uridine-diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) potentially involved in resistance across multiple Anopheles species. Phylogenetic analysis identifies sequence similarities between Anopheline UGTs and those involved in agricultural pesticide resistance to pyrethroids, pyrroles and spinosyns. Expression of five UGTs was characterised in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii to determine constitutive over-expression, induction, and tissue specificity. Furthermore, a UGT inhibitor, sulfinpyrazone, restored susceptibility to pyrethroids and DDT in An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis and An. funestus, the major African malaria vectors. Taken together, this study provides clear association of UGTs with pyrethroid resistance as well as highlighting the potential use of sulfinpyrazone as a novel synergist for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Agnes Ellis Logan
- Parasitology Department, Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Bettina Mäurer
- Parasitology Department, Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wapler
- Parasitology Department, Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Anne Ingham
- Parasitology Department, Medical Faculty, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Perugini E, Pichler V, Guelbeogo WM, Micocci M, Poggi C, Manzi S, Ranson H, Della Torre A, Mancini E, Pombi M. Longitudinal survey of insecticide resistance in a village of central region of Burkina Faso reveals co-occurrence of 1014F, 1014S and 402L mutations in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2024; 23:250. [PMID: 39164725 PMCID: PMC11334353 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid resistance is one of the major threats for effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) in malaria vector control. Genotyping of mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene is widely used to easily assess the evolution and spread of pyrethroid target-site resistance among malaria vectors. L1014F and L1014S substitutions are the most common and best characterized VGSC mutations in major African malaria vector species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Recently, an additional substitution involved in pyrethroid resistance, i.e. V402L, has been detected in Anopheles coluzzii from West Africa lacking any other resistance alleles at locus 1014. The evolution of target-site resistance mutations L1014F/S and V402L was monitored in An. coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis specimens from a Burkina Faso village over a 10-year range after the massive ITN scale-up started in 2010. METHODS Anopheles coluzzii (N = 300) and An. arabiensis (N = 362) specimens collected both indoors and outdoors by different methods (pyrethrum spray catch, sticky resting box and human landing collections) in 2011, 2015 and 2020 at Goden village were genotyped by TaqMan assays and sequencing for the three target site resistance mutations; allele frequencies were statistically investigated over the years. RESULTS A divergent trend in resistant allele frequencies was observed in the two species: 1014F decreased in An. coluzzii (from 0.76 to 0.52) but increased in An. arabiensis (from 0.18 to 0.70); 1014S occurred only in An. arabiensis and slightly decreased over time (from 0.33 to 0.23); 402L increased in An. coluzzii (from 0.15 to 0.48) and was found for the first time in one An. arabiensis specimen. In 2020 the co-occurrence of different resistance alleles reached 43% in An. coluzzii (alleles 410L and 1014F) and 32% in An. arabiensis (alleles 1014F and 1014S). CONCLUSIONS Overall, an increasing level of target-site resistance was observed among the populations with only 1% of the two malaria vector species being wild type at both loci, 1014 and 402, in 2020. This, together with the co-occurrence of different mutations in the same specimens, calls for future investigations on the possible synergism between resistance alleles and their phenotype to implement local tailored intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perugini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation Sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Martina Micocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Poggi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Manzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Mancini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Hancock PA, Ochomo E, Messenger LA. Genetic surveillance of insecticide resistance in African Anopheles populations to inform malaria vector control. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:604-618. [PMID: 38760258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations poses a major threat to malaria control, which relies largely on insecticidal interventions. Contemporary vector-control strategies focus on combatting resistance using multiple insecticides with differing modes of action within the mosquito. However, diverse genetic resistance mechanisms are present in vector populations, and continue to evolve. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of these genetic mechanisms, and how they impact the efficacy of different insecticidal products, is critical to inform intervention deployment decisions. We developed a catalogue of genetic-resistance mechanisms in African malaria vectors that could guide molecular surveillance. We highlight situations where intervention deployment has led to resistance evolution and spread, and identify challenges in understanding and mitigating the epidemiological impacts of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Hancock
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
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6
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Pan D, Luo QJ, O Reilly AO, Yuan GR, Wang JJ, Dou W. Mutations of voltage-gated sodium channel contribute to pyrethroid resistance in Panonychus citri. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:803-816. [PMID: 37650774 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Panonychus citri is a major obstacle to mite control in citrus orchards. Pyrethroid insecticides are continually used to control mites in China, although resistance to pyrethroids has evolved in some populations. Here, the resistance to the pyrethroid fenpropathrin was investigated and 7 out of 8 field-collected populations of P. citri exhibited a high level of resistance, ranging from 171-fold to 15 391-fold higher than the susceptible (SS) comparison strain. Three voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutations were identified in the tested populations: L1031V, F1747L, and F1751I. Amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate the frequency of these mutations in the 19 field populations. L1031V and F1751I were present in all populations at frequencies of 11.6%-82.1% and 0.5%-31.8%, respectively, whereas the F1747L mutation was only present in 12 populations from Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Introduction of these mutations singly or in combination into transgenic flies significantly increased their resistance to fenpropathrin and these flies also exhibited reduced mortality after exposure to the pyrethroids permethrin and β-cypermethrin. Panonychus citri VGSC homology modeling and ligand docking indicate that F1747 and F1751 form direct binding contacts with pyrethroids, which are lost with mutation, whereas L1031 mutation may diminish pyrethroid effects through an allosteric mechanism. Overall, the results provide molecular markers for monitoring pest resistance to pyrethroids and offer new insights into the basis of pyrethroid actions on sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Juan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andrias O O Reilly
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Kamau L, Bennett KL, Ochomo E, Herren J, Agumba S, Otieno S, Omoke D, Matoke-Muhia D, Mburu D, Mwangangi J, Ramaita E, Juma EO, Mbogo C, Barasa S, Miles A. The Anopheles coluzzii range extends into Kenya: detection, insecticide resistance profiles and population genetic structure in relation to conspecific populations in West and Central Africa. Malar J 2024; 23:122. [PMID: 38671462 PMCID: PMC11046809 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. The current study sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well as describe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzii populations. METHODS Mosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS. Comparisons were made with An. coluzzii cohorts from West and Central Africa. RESULTS This study reports the detection of An. coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points from which samples were analyzed and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, there was a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies up to 64%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.
| | - Kelly L Bennett
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Herren
- International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Silas Agumba
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Diana Omoke
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box 54840, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Mburu
- Pwani University Biosciences Research Centre (PUBReC), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Ramaita
- Ministry of Health-National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah O Juma
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sonia Barasa
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Pan African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Kamau L, Bennett KL, Ochomo E, Herren J, Agumba S, Otieno S, Omoke D, Matoke-Muhia D, Mburu D, Mwangangi J, Ramaita E, Juma EO, Mbogo C, Barasa S, Miles A. The Anopheles coluzzii range extends into Kenya: Detection, insecticide resistance profiles and population genetic structure in relation to conspecific populations in West and Central Africa. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3953608. [PMID: 38410447 PMCID: PMC10896386 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3953608/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Anopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. In the current study, we sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well asdescribe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzi populations. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS. Results This study reports the detection of Anopheles coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points sampled and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, we found a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies of ~60%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya. Conclusions These findings emphasise the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Kelly L Bennett
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Jeremy Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
| | - Silas Agumba
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Samson Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Diana Omoke
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Edith Ramaita
- Ministry of Health - National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP)
| | | | | | - Sonia Barasa
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
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9
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Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Kétoh GK, Koudou BG, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Cerdeira LT, Clarkson CS, Kwiatkowski DP, Miles A, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4946. [PMID: 37587104 PMCID: PMC10432508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of malaria control, but the genetics of resistance are only partially understood. We performed a large scale multi-country genome-wide association study of resistance to two widely used insecticides: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, using sequencing data from An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations in West Africa. Resistance was highly multi-genic, multi-allelic and variable between populations. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from Cyp6aa1, this was based on several independent copy number variants (CNVs) in An. coluzzii, and on a non-CNV haplotype in An. gambiae. For pirimiphos-methyl, signals included Ace1, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases and the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes showed evidence of cross-resistance to both insecticides. These locally-varying, multi-allelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring of resistance, and may form the basis for improved surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K Kétoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | | | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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10
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Wu H, Qian J, Xu Z, Yan R, Zhu G, Wu S, Chen M. Leucine to tryptophane substitution in the pore helix IIP1 confer sodium channel resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105490. [PMID: 37532317 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is responsible for transmitting a variety of arboviral infectious diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. Insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, are used widely for mosquito control. However, intensive used of pyrethroids has led to the selection of kdr mutations on sodium channels. L982W, locating in the PyR1 (Pyrethroid receptor site 1), was first reported in Ae. aegypti populations collected from Vietnam. Recently, the high frequency of L982W was detected in pyrethroid-resistant populations of Vietnam and Cambodia, and also concomitant mutations L982W + F1534C was detected in both countries. However, the role of L982W in pyrethroid resistance remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of L982W on gating properties and pyrethroid sensitivity in Xenopus oocytes. We found that mutations L982W and L982W + F1534C shifted the voltage dependence of activation in the depolarizing direction, however, neither mutations altered the voltage dependence of inactivation. L982W significantly reduced channel sensitivity to Type I pyrethroids, permethrin and bifenthrin, and Type II pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cypermethrin. No enhancement was observed when synergized with F1534C. In addition, L982W and L982W + F1534C mutations reduced the channel sensitivity to DDT. Our results illustrate the molecular basis of resistance mediates by L982W mutation, which will be helpful to understand the interacions of pyrethroids or DDT with sodium channels and develop molecular markers for monitoring pest resistance to pyrethroids and DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanyi Xu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ru Yan
- College of life sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoying Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Mengli Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Hearn J, Weedall GD, Nagi SC, Mukhtar MM, Fadel AN, Mugenzi LJ, Patterson EI, Irving H, Wondji CS. Molecular drivers of insecticide resistance in the Sahelo-Sudanian populations of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. BMC Biol 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37226196 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on common markers of metabolic resistance in malaria vectors from countries sharing similar eco-climatic characteristics can facilitate coordination of malaria control. Here, we characterized populations of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Sahel region, spanning four sub-Saharan African countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified major genes previously implicated in pyrethroid and/or cross-resistance to other insecticides, overexpressed across the Sahel, including CYP450s, glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cuticular proteins. Several, well-known markers of insecticide resistance were found in high frequencies-including in the voltage-gated sodium channel (V402L, I940T, L995F, I1527T and N1570Y), the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (G280S) and the CYP4J5-L43F (which is fixed). High frequencies of the epidemiologically important chromosomal inversion polymorphisms, 2La, 2Rb and 2Rc, were observed (~80% for 2Rb and 2Rc). The 2La alternative arrangement is fixed across the Sahel. Low frequencies of these inversions (<10%) were observed in the fully insecticide susceptible laboratory colony of An. coluzzii (Ngoussou). Several of the most commonly overexpressed metabolic resistance genes sit in these three inversions. Two commonly overexpressed genes, GSTe2 and CYP6Z2, were functionally validated. Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster flies expressing GSTe2 exhibited extremely high DDT and permethrin resistance (mortalities <10% in 24h). Serial deletion of the 5' intergenic region, to identify putative nucleotide(s) associated with GSTe2 overexpression, revealed that simultaneous insertion of adenine nucleotide and a transition (T->C), between Forkhead box L1 and c-EST putative binding sites, were responsible for the high overexpression of GSTe2 in the resistant mosquitoes. Transgenic flies expressing CYP6Z2 exhibited marginal resistance towards 3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (a primary product of pyrethroid hydrolysis by carboxylesterases) and a type II pyrethroid, α-cypermethrin. However, significantly higher mortalities were observed in CYP6Z2 transgenic flies compared with controls, on exposure to the neonicotinoid, clothianidin. This suggests a possible bioactivation of clothianidin into a toxic intermediate, which may make it an ideal insecticide against populations of An. coluzzii overexpressing this P450. CONCLUSIONS These findings will facilitate regional collaborations within the Sahel region and refine implementation strategies through re-focusing interventions, improving evidence-based, cross-border policies towards local and regional malaria pre-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Veterinary & Animal Science, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Amen N Fadel
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon J Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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12
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Perugini E, Guelbeogo WM, Guglielmo F, Poggi C, Gabrieli E, Ranson H, Della Torre A, Pombi M. The interplay between malaria vectors and human activity accounts for high residual malaria transmission in a Burkina Faso village with universal ITN coverage. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 36922855 PMCID: PMC10015820 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito and human behaviour interaction is a key determinant of the maximum level of protection against malaria that can be provided by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Nevertheless, scant literature focuses on this interaction, overlooking a fundamental factor for efficient malaria control. This study aims to estimate malaria transmission risk in a Burkina Faso village by integrating vector biting rhythms with some key information about human habits. METHODS Indoor/outdoor human landing catches were conducted for 16 h (16:00-08:00) during 8 nights (September 2020) in Goden village. A survey about net usage and sleeping patterns was submitted to half the households (October-December 2020). A subsample of collected specimens of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was molecularly processed for species identification, Plasmodium detection from heads-thoraxes and L1014F pyrethroid-resistance allele genotyping. Hourly mosquito abundance was statistically assessed by GLM/GAM, and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was corrected for the actual ITN usage retrieved from the questionnaire. RESULTS Malaria transmission was mainly driven by Anopheles coluzzii (68.7%) followed by A. arabiensis (26.2%). The overall sporozoite rate was 2% with L1014F estimated frequency of 0.68 (N = 1070 out of 15,201 A. gambiae s.l. collected). No major shift in mosquito biting rhythms in response to ITN or differences between indoor and outdoor catches were detected. Impressive high biting pressure (mean 30.3 mosquitoes/person/hour) was exerted from 20:00 to 06:00 with a peak at 4:00. Human survey revealed that nearly all inhabitants were awake before 20:00 and after 7:00 and at least 8.7% had no access to bednets. Adjusting for anthropological data, the EIR dropped from 6.7 to 1.2 infective bites/person/16 h. In a scenario of full net coverage and accounting only for the human sleeping patterns, the daily malaria transmission risk not targetable by ITNs was 0.69 infective bites. CONCLUSIONS The high mosquito densities and interplay between human/vector activities means that an estimated 10% of residual malaria transmission cannot be prevented by ITNs in the village. Locally tailored studies, like the current one, are essential to explore the heterogeneity of human exposure to infective bites and, consequently, to instruct the adoption of new vector control tools strengthening individual and community protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perugini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Federica Guglielmo
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cristiana Poggi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gabrieli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Marco Pombi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Kouamé RM, Lynd A, Kouamé JK, Vavassori L, Abo K, Donnelly MJ, Edi C, Lucas E. Widespread occurrence of copy number variants and fixation of pyrethroid target site resistance in Anopheles gambiae ( s.l.) from southern Côte d'Ivoire. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 3:100117. [PMID: 36970448 PMCID: PMC10031352 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) is conferred by a variety of genetic mutations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs). Knowledge of the distribution of these mutations in mosquito populations is a prerequisite for establishing better strategies for their management. In this study, a total of 755 Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from southern Côte d'Ivoire were exposed to deltamethrin or pirimiphos-methyl insecticides and were screened to assess the distribution of SNPs and CNVs known or believed to confer resistance to one or other of the insecticide classes. Most individuals from the An. gambiae (s.l.) complex were identified by molecular tests as Anopheles coluzzii. Survival to deltamethrin (from 94% to 97%) was higher than to pirimiphos-methyl (from 10% to 49%). In An. gambiae (s.s.), the SNP in the Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (Vgsc) at the 995F locus (Vgsc-995F) was fixed, while other target site mutations were rare or absent (Vgsc-402L: 0%; Vgsc-1570Y: 0%, Acetylcholinesterase Acel-280S: 14%). In An. coluzzii, Vgsc-995F was the target site SNP found at highest frequency (65%) followed by other target site mutations (Vgsc-402L: 36%; Vgsc-1570Y: 0.33%; Acel-280S: 45%). The Vgsc-995S SNP was not present. The presence of the Ace1-280S SNP was found to be significantly linked to the presence of the Ace1-CNV, Ace1_AgDup. Significant association was found between the presence of the Ace1_AgDup and pirimiphos-methyl resistance in An. gambiae (s.s.) but not in An. coluzzii. The deletion Ace1_Del97 was found in one specimen of An. gambiae (s.s.). Four CNVs in the Cyp6aa/Cyp6p gene cluster, which contains genes of known importance for resistance, were detected in An. coluzzii, the most frequent being Dup 7 (42%) and Dup 14 (26%). While none of these individual CNV alleles were significantly associated with resistance, copy number in the Cyp6aa gene region in general was associated with increased resistance to deltamethrin. Elevated expression of Cyp6p3 was nearly associated with deltamethrin resistance, although there was no association of resistance with copy number. Use of alternative insecticides and control methods to arrest resistance spread in An. coluzzii populations is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M.A. Kouamé
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jackson K.I. Kouamé
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Laura Vavassori
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kouabénan Abo
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eric Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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14
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Lucas ER, Nagi SC, Egyir-Yawson A, Essandoh J, Dadzie S, Chabi J, Djogbénou LS, Medjigbodo AA, Edi CV, Ketoh GK, Koudou BG, Van't Hof AE, Rippon EJ, Pipini D, Harding NJ, Dyer NA, Cerdeira LT, Clarkson CS, Kwiatkowski DP, Miles A, Donnelly MJ, Weetman D. Genome-wide association studies reveal novel loci associated with pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523889. [PMID: 36712022 PMCID: PMC9882144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to insecticides in Anopheles mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of the most widespread tools currently used to control malaria. The genetic underpinnings of resistance are still only partially understood, with much of the variance in resistance phenotype left unexplained. We performed a multi-country large scale genome-wide association study of resistance to two insecticides widely used in malaria control: deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl. Using a bioassay methodology designed to maximise the phenotypic difference between resistant and susceptible samples, we sequenced 969 phenotyped female An. gambiae and An. coluzzii from ten locations across four countries in West Africa (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Togo), identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) segregating in the populations. The patterns of resistance association were highly multiallelic and variable between populations, with different genomic regions contributing to resistance, as well as different mutations within a given region. While the strongest and most consistent association with deltamethrin resistance came from the region around Cyp6aa1 , this resistance was based on a combination of several independent CNVs in An. coluzzii , and on a non-CNV bearing haplotype in An. gambiae . Further signals involved a range of cytochrome P450, mitochondrial, and immunity genes. Similarly, for pirimiphos-methyl, while the strongest signal came from the region of Ace1 , more widespread signals included cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases, and a subunit of the nAChR target site of neonicotinoid insecticides. The regions around Cyp9k1 and the Tep family of immune genes were associated with resistance to both insecticide classes, suggesting possible cross-resistance mechanisms. These locally-varying, multigenic and multiallelic patterns highlight the challenges involved in genomic monitoring and surveillance of resistance, and form the basis for improvement of methods used to detect and predict resistance. Based on simulations of resistance variants, we recommend that yet larger scale studies, exceeding 500 phenotyped samples per population, are required to better identify associated genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Lucas
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - John Essandoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sam Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Chabi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Luc S Djogbénou
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adandé A Medjigbodo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research Centre (TIDRC), Université d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 01 B.P. 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constant V Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume K Ketoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P: 1515 Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Arjen E Van't Hof
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emily J Rippon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harding
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi A Dyer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Chris S Clarkson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alistair Miles
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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15
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Tene‐Fossog B, Fotso‐Toguem YG, Amvongo‐Adjia N, Ranson H, Wondji CS. Temporal variation of high-level pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Yaoundé, Cameroon, is mediated by target-site and metabolic resistance. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:247-259. [PMID: 35521949 PMCID: PMC9545389 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant assessment of insecticide resistance levels is mandatory to implement adequate malaria control tools, but little information is available on the annual dynamics of resistance. We, therefore, monitored variations in resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. over four seasons during 2 years in two localities of Yaoundé: urban Etoa-Meki and peri-urban Nkolondom. Mosquitoes were collected seasonally at larval stage and reared to adults for insecticide susceptibility tests and molecular analysis of resistance mechanisms. Anopheles coluzzii was found in Etoa-Meki and An. gambiae in Nkolondom. Low mortalities to pyrethroids were observed (permethrin <10%, deltamethrin <21%), and resistance extended to 5× and 10× diagnostic doses, revealing a marked increase compared to previous studies. A seasonal variation in resistance was observed with the highest levels within dry seasons in Etoa-Meki and rainy seasons in Nkolondom. The 1014F kdr allele shows a high frequency (0.9), associated with overexpression of metabolic genes (Cyp6M2, Cyp6P4, Cyp9K1, Cyp6Z1, and Cyp6Z2) varying significantly seasonally. This study reveals an escalation in resistance to pyrethroids in Yaoundé's malaria vectors with seasonal variations. An adequate choice of the implementation period of punctual vector control actions according to the resistance profile will help to potentiate the desired effect and thus improve its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Tene‐Fossog
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Yvan Gaetan Fotso‐Toguem
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Nathalie Amvongo‐Adjia
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Medical Research CentreInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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Sympatric Populations of the Anopheles gambiae Complex in Southwest Burkina Faso Evolve Multiple Diverse Resistance Mechanisms in Response to Intense Selection Pressure with Pyrethroids. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030247. [PMID: 35323544 PMCID: PMC8955173 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Targeting mosquitoes with insecticides is one of the most effective methods to prevent malaria transmission. Although numbers of malaria cases have declined substantially this century, this pattern is not universal and Burkina Faso has one of the highest burdens of malaria; it is also a hotspot for the evolution of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. We have established laboratory colonies from multiple species within the An. gambiae complex, the most efficient group of malaria vectors in the world, from larval collections in southwest Burkina Faso. Using bioassays with different insecticides widely used to control public health pests, we provide a profile of insecticide resistance in each of these colonies and, using molecular tools, reveal the genetic changes underpinning this resistance. We show that, whilst many resistance mechanisms are shared between species, there are some important differences which may affect resistance to current and future insecticide classes. The complexity, and diversity of resistance mechanisms highlights the importance of screening any potential new insecticide intended for use in malaria control against a wide range of populations. These stable laboratory colonies provide a valuable resource for insecticide discovery, and for further studies on the evolution and dispersal of insecticide resistance within and between species. Abstract Pyrethroid resistance in the Anopheles vectors of malaria is driving an urgent search for new insecticides that can be used in proven vector control tools such as insecticide treated nets (ITNs). Screening for potential new insecticides requires access to stable colonies of the predominant vector species that contain the major pyrethroid resistance mechanisms circulating in wild populations. Southwest Burkina Faso is an apparent hotspot for the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. We established stable colonies from larval collections across this region and characterised the resistance phenotype and underpinning genetic mechanisms. Three additional colonies were successfully established (1 An. coluzzii, 1 An. gambiae and 1 An. arabiensis) to add to the 2 An. coluzzii colonies already established from this region; all 5 strains are highly resistant to pyrethroids. Synergism assays found that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) exposure was unable to fully restore susceptibility although exposure to a commercial ITN containing PBO resulted in 100% mortality. All colonies contained resistant alleles of the voltage gated sodium channel but with differing proportions of alternative resistant haplotypes. RNAseq data confirmed the role of P450s, with CYP6P3 and CYP6Z2 elevated in all 5 strains, and identified many other resistance mechanisms, some found across strains, others unique to a particular species. These strains represent an important resource for insecticide discovery and provide further insights into the complex genetic changes driving pyrethroid resistance.
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