1
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Taggart EL, Wolff EJ, Yanar P, Blobe JP, Shugrue CR. Development of an oxazole-based cleavable linker for peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117663. [PMID: 38457910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
We report the development of a new oxazole-based cleavable linker to release peptides from attached cargo. Oxazoles are stable to most reaction conditions, yet they can be rapidly cleaved in the presence of single-electron oxidants like cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN). An oxazole linker could be synthesized and attached to peptides through standard solid-phase peptide coupling reactions. Cleavage of these peptide-oxazole conjugates is demonstrated on a broad scope of peptides containing various natural and unnatural amino acids. These results represent the first example of a peptide-based linker that is cleaved through single-electron oxidation. The oxazole is also demonstrated to be a suitable linker for both the release of a peptide from a conjugated small molecule and the orthogonal release of cargo from a peptide containing multiple cleavable linkers. Oxazole linkers could serve as a promising tool for peptide screening platforms such as peptide-encoded libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Taggart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Gottwald Science Center B-100 138 UR Drive University of Richmond, VA 23173, United States
| | - Evan J Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Gottwald Science Center B-100 138 UR Drive University of Richmond, VA 23173, United States
| | - Pamira Yanar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Gottwald Science Center B-100 138 UR Drive University of Richmond, VA 23173, United States
| | - John P Blobe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Gottwald Science Center B-100 138 UR Drive University of Richmond, VA 23173, United States
| | - Christopher R Shugrue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Gottwald Science Center B-100 138 UR Drive University of Richmond, VA 23173, United States.
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2
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Bao G, Wang P, Guo X, Li Y, He Z, Song X, E R, Yu T, Xie J, Sun W. Visible-Light Mediated Deoxygenation of Carboxylic Acid for Late-Stage Peptide Modification Targeting Dehydroalanine. Org Lett 2023; 25:8338-8343. [PMID: 37966281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light mediated deoxygenative radical addition of carboxylic acids to dehydroalanines has been disclosed. The method can be used in β-acyl alanine derivative synthesis, including those chiral and deuterated variants, and late-stage peptide modification with various functional groups, both in the homogeneous phase and on the resin in SPPS. It provides a new tool kit for rapid construction of bioactive peptide analogues, which has been demonstrated by modification of the antimicrobial peptide Feleucin-K3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao E
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tingli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhu J, Lu Q, Cryle MJ, Zhang Y, Yan F. Structural diversity, biosynthesis, and biological functions of lipopeptides from Streptomyces. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:557-594. [PMID: 36484454 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00044j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Streptomyces are ubiquitous in terrestrial and marine environments, where they display a fascinating metabolic diversity. As a result, these bacteria are a prolific source of active natural products. One important class of these natural products is the nonribosomal lipopeptides, which have diverse biological activities and play important roles in the lifestyle of Streptomyces. The importance of this class is highlighted by the use of related antibiotics in the clinic, such as daptomycin (tradename Cubicin). By virtue of recent advances spanning chemistry and biology, significant progress has been made in biosynthetic studies on the lipopeptide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. This review will serve as a comprehensive guide for researchers working in this multidisciplinary field, providing a summary of recent progress regarding the investigation of lipopeptides from Streptomyces. In particular, we highlight the structures, properties, biosynthetic mechanisms, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, and biological functions of lipopeptides. In addition, the application of genome mining techniques to Streptomyces that have led to the discovery of many novel lipopeptides is discussed, further demonstrating the potential of lipopeptides from Streptomyces for future development in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songya Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yunliang Chen
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- The Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 1000050, China.
| | - Jing Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiujie Lu
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Max J Cryle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
| | - Youming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Fu Yan
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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4
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A biosynthetic pathway to aromatic amines that uses glycyl-tRNA as nitrogen donor. Nat Chem 2022; 14:71-77. [PMID: 34725492 PMCID: PMC8758506 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines in nature are typically installed with Glu or Gln as the nitrogen donor. Here we report a pathway that features glycyl-tRNA instead. During the biosynthesis of pyrroloiminoquinone-type natural products such as ammosamides, peptide-aminoacyl tRNA ligases append amino acids to the C-terminus of a ribosomally synthesized peptide. First, [Formula: see text] adds Trp in a Trp-tRNA-dependent reaction and the flavoprotein AmmC1 then carries out three hydroxylations of the indole ring of Trp. After oxidation to the corresponding ortho-hydroxy para-quinone, [Formula: see text] attaches Gly to the indole ring in a Gly-tRNA dependent fashion. Subsequent decarboxylation and hydrolysis results in an amino-substituted indole. Similar transformations are catalysed by orthologous enzymes from Bacillus halodurans. This pathway features three previously unknown biochemical processes using a ribosomally synthesized peptide as scaffold for non-ribosomal peptide extension and chemical modification to generate an amino acid-derived natural product.
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5
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Hinterholzer A, Stanojlovic V, Regl C, Huber CG, Cabrele C, Schubert M. Identification and Quantification of Oxidation Products in Full-Length Biotherapeutic Antibodies by NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9666-9673. [PMID: 32530275 PMCID: PMC7467420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Therapeutic
proteins are an indispensable class of drugs and often
therapeutics of last resort. They are sensitive to oxidation, which
is of critical concern, because it can affect drug safety and efficacy.
Protein oxidation, with methionine and tryptophan as the most susceptible
moieties, is mainly monitored by HPLC–MS techniques. However,
since several oxidation products display the same mass difference,
their identification by MS is often ambiguous. Therefore, an alternative
analytical method able to unambiguously identify and, ideally, also
quantify oxidation species in proteins is highly desired. Here, we
present an NMR-based approach to monitor oxidation in full-length
proteins under denaturing conditions, as demonstrated on two biotherapeutic
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We show that methionine sulfoxide, methionine
sulfone, N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine, oxindolylalanine,
hydroxypyrroloindole, and 5-hydroxytryptophan result in characteristic
chemical shift correlations suited for their identification and quantification.
We identified the five most abundant oxidation products in forced
degradation studies of two full-length therapeutic mAbs and can also
unambiguously distinguish oxindolylalanine from 5-hydroxytryptophan,
which are undistinguishable by MS due to the same mass shift. Quantification
of the abundant methionine sulfoxide by NMR and MS gave highly comparable
values. These results underline the suitability of NMR spectroscopy
for the identification and quantification of critical quality attributes
of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hinterholzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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6
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Zamanian-Daryoush M, Gogonea V, DiDonato AJ, Buffa JA, Choucair I, Levison BS, Hughes RA, Ellington AD, Huang Y, Li XS, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL. Site-specific 5-hydroxytryptophan incorporation into apolipoprotein A-I impairs cholesterol efflux activity and high-density lipoprotein biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4836-4848. [PMID: 32098873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and a target of myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidation in the artery wall. In atherosclerotic lesions, apoA-I exhibits marked oxidative modifications at multiple sites, including Trp72 Site-specific mutagenesis studies have suggested, but have not conclusively shown, that oxidative modification of Trp72 of apoA-I impairs many atheroprotective properties of this lipoprotein. Herein, we used genetic code expansion technology with an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae tryptophanyl tRNA-synthetase (Trp-RS):suppressor tRNA pair to insert the noncanonical amino acid 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-OHTrp) at position 72 in recombinant human apoA-I and confirmed site-specific incorporation utilizing MS. In functional characterization studies, 5-OHTrp72 apoA-I (compared with WT apoA-I) exhibited reduced ABC subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1)-dependent cholesterol acceptor activity in vitro (41.73 ± 6.57% inhibition; p < 0.01). Additionally, 5-OHTrp72 apoA-I displayed increased activation and stabilization of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity (μmol/min/mg) when compared with WT apoA-I and comparable PON1 activation/stabilization compared with reconstituted HDL (WT apoA-I, 1.92 ± 0.04; 5-OHTrp72 apoA-I, 2.35 ± 0.0; and HDL, 2.33 ± 0.1; p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Following injection into apoA-I-deficient mice, 5-OHTrp72 apoA-I reached plasma levels comparable with those of native apoA-I yet exhibited significantly reduced (48%; p < 0.01) lipidation and evidence of HDL biogenesis. Collectively, these findings unequivocally reveal that site-specific oxidative modification of apoA-I via 5-OHTrp at Trp72 impairs cholesterol efflux and the rate-limiting step of HDL biogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zamanian-Daryoush
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Anthony J DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Jennifer A Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Ibrahim Choucair
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Bruce S Levison
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Randall A Hughes
- United States Army Research Laboratory South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Andrew D Ellington
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 .,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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7
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5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced intracellular syndrome in mouse non-neural embryonic cells is associated with inhibited proliferation and cell death. Neuropharmacology 2019; 195:107862. [PMID: 31778690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic monoamines are involved in the regulation of various processes in both neural and non-neural cells during development. The present study aimed to identify the regulatory effects of serotonin (5-HT) and its precursors (l-tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HTP) on proliferation and cell death in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs and 3T3 cells). The concentration-dependent cell growth and viability of the ESCs, MEFs and 3T3 cells were analyzed after treatment with l-tryptophan, 5-HTP and 5-HT in the concentration range 10-6 - 10-2 M. Treating the cells with 5-HTP, but not l-tryptophan and 5-HT, induced reversible toxic effects. 5-HTP treatment (10-3 - 10-2 M) significantly inhibited cell proliferation through blocking of the S-phase of the cell cycle and increasing apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Moreover, 5-HTP treatment stimulated a reorganization of the actin and tubulin networks and upregulated the gene expression of enzymes involved in 5-HT synthesis and metabolism: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (Aadc/Ddc), monoamine oxidase A (Maoa), and transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2). HPLC analysis found no changes in the intracellular and extracellular levels of 5-HT after 5-HTP treatment, but a significant increase of intracellular 5-HTP levels. However, inhibition of AADC with NSD-1015 or transglutaminase with cystamine prevented 5-HTP-induced cell growth impairment and attenuated the toxic effects of 5-HTP treatment. Our results suggest that 5-HTP can induce toxic effects through cell cycle arrest and cell death in embryonic stem and somatic cells by enhancing the levels of 5-HT-mediated protein modifications. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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8
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Pawlas J, Svensson T, Rasmussen JH. 1,4-Benzenedimethanethiol (1,4-BDMT) as a scavenger for greener peptide resin cleavages. RSC Adv 2019; 9:38928-38934. [PMID: 35540669 PMCID: PMC9075962 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming at elevating the environmental profile of the solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methodology by improving the quality of crude peptides that SPPS provides we assessed a series of benzylthiols (BTs) as scavengers for global deprotection/TFA cleavage of exenatide peptide resin accessed by Fmoc SPPS. In these studies we identified 1,4-BDMT as a scavenger that affords the peptide in higher quality than the standard aliphatic thiol reagents, not least in terms of the content of critical peptide impurities in the crude material. Further, 1,4-BDMT exhibited favorable UV detectability as well as stability and solubility in TFA. Finally, based on the MS assessment of the crude exenatide products herein we propose that thiol scavengers in the cleavage of Trp containing peptide resins do not minimize the content of Trp oxidants by means of inhibiting Trp oxidation but rather by forming a peptide–thiol adduct via a mechanism involving an attack of a thiol on an oxindolylalanine (Oia) impurity present in the crude material. 1,4-BDMT is a benign, non-odorous scavenger for peptide resin cleavages which provides crude peptides in higher quality than the aliphatic thiols used for this purpose.![]()
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9
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Staderini M, Gambardella A, Lilienkampf A, Bradley M. A Tetrazine-Labile Vinyl Ether Benzyloxycarbonyl Protecting Group (VeZ): An Orthogonal Tool for Solid-Phase Peptide Chemistry. Org Lett 2018; 20:3170-3173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Staderini
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Alessia Gambardella
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Annamaria Lilienkampf
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K
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10
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Grigoryan A, Eisenberg AS, Juszczak LJ. PHOXI: A High Quantum Yield, Solvent-Sensitive Blue Fluorescent 5-Hydroxytryptophan Derivative Synthesized within Ten Minutes under Aqueous, Ambient Conditions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7256-7266. [PMID: 28686023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple tryptophan (Trp) proteins are not amenable to fluorescence study because individual residue emission is not resolvable. Biosynthetic incorporation of an indole analogue such as 5-hydroxyindole has not provided sufficient spectroscopic resolution because of low quantum yield and small emission shift. Here, 5-hydroxyindole is used as the starting framework for building a blue emitting fluorophore of high quantum yield, 2-phenyl-6H-oxazolo[4,5-e]indole (PHOXI). This is a three reagent reaction completed in 10 min under ambient conditions in borate buffer at pH 8. Reaction conditions have been optimized using 5-hydroxyindole. Derivatization is demonstrated on tryptophanyl 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and a stable β-hairpin "zipper" peptide with four tryptophan residues, TrpZip2, where Trp 4 has been replaced with 5-HTP, W4 → 5-HTP. Reaction optimization yields a PHOXI fluorophore that is essentially free of byproducts. Reaction specificity is demonstrated by the lack of reaction with N-acetyl-cysteine and amyloid β-40, a peptide containing all amino acids except tryptophan, proline, and cysteine and lacking 5-HTP. Fluorescence study of PHOXI-derivatized 5-hydroxyindole in different solvents reveals the sensitivity of PHOXI to solvent polarity with a remarkable 87 nm red-shift in water relative to cyclohexane while maintaining high quantum yield. Thus, PHOXI joins the ranks of solvatochromic fluorophores such as PRODAN. Surprisingly, DFT calculations reveal coplanarity of the oxazolo/indole extended ring system and the phenyl substituent for both the HOMO and LUMO orbitals. Despite the crowded environment of three additional Trps in TrpZip2, CD spectroscopy shows that the TrpZip2 β-hairpin structure is partially retained upon PHOXI incorporation. In an environment of smaller residues, PHOXI incorporation can be less disruptive of protein secondary structure, especially at molecular interfaces and other environments where there is typically less steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azaria S Eisenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York , 2900 Bedford Avenue, New York, New York 11210, United States
| | - Laura J Juszczak
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of The City University of New York , 2900 Bedford Avenue, New York, New York 11210, United States
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11
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Klare HFT, Goldberg AFG, Duquette DC, Stoltz BM. Oxidative Fragmentations and Skeletal Rearrangements of Oxindole Derivatives. Org Lett 2017; 19:988-991. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F. T. Klare
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander F. G. Goldberg
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Douglas C. Duquette
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine
Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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12
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Yu J, Moon HR, Min BK, Kim JN. 2-Arylindoles: A New Entry to Transition Metal-free Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzophenones. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Korea
| | - Hye Ran Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Korea
| | - Jae Nyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science; Chonnam National University; Gwangju 500-757 Korea
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13
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van Dam A, Aalders MC, Todorovski T, van Leeuwen TG, Lambrechts SA. On the autofluorescence of aged fingermarks. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 258:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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El Refaey M, Watkins CP, Kennedy EJ, Chang A, Zhong Q, Ding KH, Shi XM, Xu J, Bollag WB, Hill WD, Johnson M, Hunter M, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. Oxidation of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine disrupts their anabolic effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 410:87-96. [PMID: 25637715 PMCID: PMC4444384 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-induced bone loss is associated with greater bone resorption and decreased bone formation resulting in osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. The etiology of this age-induced bone loss is not clear but has been associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from leaky mitochondria. ROS are known to oxidize/damage the surrounding proteins/amino acids/enzymes and thus impair their normal function. Among the amino acids, the aromatic amino acids are particularly prone to modification by oxidation. Since impaired osteoblastic differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) plays a role in age-related bone loss, we wished to examine whether oxidized amino acids (in particular the aromatic amino acids) modulated BMMSC function. Using mouse BMMSCs, we examined the effects of the oxidized amino acids di-tyrosine and kynurenine on proliferation, differentiation and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our data demonstrate that amino acid oxides (in particular kynurenine) inhibited BMMSC proliferation, alkaline phosphatase expression and activity and the expression of osteogenic markers (Osteocalcin and Runx2). Taken together, our data are consistent with a potential pathogenic role for oxidized amino acids in age-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El Refaey
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher P Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Andrew Chang
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xing-ming Shi
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jianrui Xu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - William D Hill
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Maribeth Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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15
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Nedić O, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Rattan SIS. Standardization and quality control in quantifying non-enzymatic oxidative protein modifications in relation to ageing and disease: Why is it important and why is it hard? Redox Biol 2015; 5:91-100. [PMID: 25909343 PMCID: PMC4412909 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins determine the activity, stability, specificity, transportability and lifespan of a protein. Some PTM are highly specific and regulated involving various enzymatic pathways, but there are other non-enzymatic PTM (nePTM), which occur stochastically, depend on the ternary structure of proteins and can be damaging. It is often observed that inactive and abnormal proteins accumulate in old cells and tissues. The nature, site and extent of nePTM give rise to a population of that specific protein with alterations in structure and function ranging from being fully active to totally inactive molecules. Determination of the type and the amount (abundance) of nePTM is essential for establishing connection between specific protein structure and specific biological role. This article summarizes analytical demands for reliable quantification of nePTM, including requirements for the assay performance, standardization and quality control, and points to the difficulties, uncertainties and un-resolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Nedić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Suresh I S Rattan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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16
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Boronat S, García-Santamarina S, Hidalgo E. Gel-free proteomic methodologies to study reversible cysteine oxidation and irreversible protein carbonyl formation. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:494-510. [PMID: 25782062 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1009053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications in proteins have been traditionally considered as hallmarks of damage by oxidative stress and aging. However, oxidants can generate a huge variety of reversible and irreversible modifications in amino acid side chains as well as in the protein backbones, and these post-translational modifications can contribute to the activation of signal transduction pathways, and also mediate the toxicity of oxidants. Among the reversible modifications, the most relevant ones are those arising from cysteine oxidation. Thus, formation of sulfenic acid or disulfide bonds is known to occur in many enzymes as part of their catalytic cycles, and it also participates in the activation of signaling cascades. Furthermore, these reversible modifications have been usually attributed with a protective role, since they may prevent the formation of irreversible damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Among irreversible modifications, protein carbonyl formation has been linked to damage and death, since it cannot be repaired and can lead to protein loss-of-function and to the formation of protein aggregates. This review is aimed at researchers interested on the biological consequences of oxidative stress, both at the level of signaling and toxicity. Here we are providing a concise overview on current mass-spectrometry-based methodologies to detect reversible cysteine oxidation and irreversible protein carbonyl formation in proteomes. We do not pretend to impose any of the different methodologies, but rather to provide an objective catwalk on published gel-free approaches to detect those two types of modifications, from a biologist's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boronat
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona , Spain
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17
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Dukes A, Davis C, El Refaey M, Upadhyay S, Mork S, Arounleut P, Johnson MH, Hill WD, Isales CM, Hamrick MW. The aromatic amino acid tryptophan stimulates skeletal muscle IGF1/p70s6k/mTor signaling in vivo and the expression of myogenic genes in vitro. Nutrition 2015; 31:1018-24. [PMID: 26059377 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nutrition plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone mass, and dietary protein deficiency has in particular been associated with catabolism of both muscle and bone tissue. One mechanism thought to link protein deficiency with loss of muscle mass is deficiency in specific amino acids that play a role in muscle metabolism. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the essential amino acid tryptophan, and its metabolite kynurenine, might directly affect muscle metabolism in the setting of protein deficiency. METHODS Adult mice (12 mo) were fed a normal diet (18% protein), as well as diets with low protein (8%) supplemented with increasing concentrations (50, 100, and 200 uM) of kynurenine (Kyn) or with tryptophan (Trp; 1.5 mM) for 8 weeks. Myoprogenitor cells were also treated with Trp and Kyn in vitro to determine their effects on cell proliferation and expression of myogenic differentiation markers. RESULTS All mice on the low-protein diets weighed less than the group fed normal protein (18%). Lean mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was lowest in mice on the high Kyn diet, whereas percent lean mass was highest in mice receiving Trp supplementation and percent body fat was lowest in mice receiving Trp. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed significant increases in skeletal muscle insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, and the myostatin antagonist follistatin with Trp supplementation. mRNA microarray and gene pathway analysis performed on muscle samples demonstrate that mTor/eif4/p70s6k pathway molecules are significantly up-regulated in muscles from mice on Kyn and Trp supplementation. In vitro, neither amino acid affected proliferation of myoprogenitors, but Trp increased the expression of the myogenic markers MyoD, myogenin, and myosin heavy chain. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that dietary amino acids can directly affect molecular signaling in skeletal muscle, further indicating that dietary manipulation with specific amino acids could potentially attenuate muscle loss with dietary protein deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dukes
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen Davis
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mona El Refaey
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sunil Upadhyay
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Mork
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Phonepasong Arounleut
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Georgia Regents University (Formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, GA, USA.
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18
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Lu X, Murphy RM. Synthesis and disaggregation of asparagine repeat-containing peptides. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:860-7. [PMID: 25044797 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Of all amino acid repeats in eukaryotes, polyglutamine (polyQ) is the most frequent, followed by polyasparagine (polyN). Glutamine repeats are expanded in proteins associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. The expanded polyQ domain is known to induce aggregation, and it is hypothesized that aggregation is directly causative of pathology. Despite the widespread presence of asparagine repeats in invertebrate eukaryotes, polyN is curiously quite rare in vertebrates. Several investigators have characterized the conformational and aggregation properties of polyQ-containing peptides and proteins, and to a lesser extent, peptides containing mixed glutamine and asparagine, but to our knowledge, there is no detailed characterization of polyN-containing peptides. Such a comparison could elucidate reasons for the paucity of asparagine repeats in humans. In this study, we synthesized a peptide containing a 24-asparagine repeat (N24). For aggregation studies, it is critical to start with monomeric unaggregated peptide. A protocol involving dissolution in mixed trifluoroacetic acid and hexafluoroisopropanol (TFA + HFIP) solvents is widely used for disaggregation of polyQ peptides. We used the same protocol for N24 but discovered that there was both oxidative damage and insufficient disaggregation. Oxidation of tryptophan, used as a flanking residue, was common. Moreover, we found evidence of Förster resonance energy transfer between Trp and its oxidation product N-formylkynurenine, even in chemical denaturants. This suggested that N24 was insufficiently disaggregated, a conclusion that was further supported by gel electrophoresis analysis. Oxidation was reduced, but not eliminated, by addition of methionine to the buffer. Formic acid proved to be a better disaggregator and caused no oxidative damage. The glutamine repeat peptide Q24 also underwent some oxidation after extended incubation in TFA + HFIP, but there was no evidence of Förster resonance energy transfer, and samples appeared monomeric by gel electrophoresis. This result indicates that polyN-containing peptides self-associate more strongly than polyQ-containing peptides. Circular dichroism spectra reveal a greater propensity for β-turn formation in polyN than polyQ, providing an explanation for the increased stability of polyN aggregates relative to polyQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Lu
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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19
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Seegers N, van Doornmalen AM, Uitdehaag JCM, de Man J, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR. High-Throughput Fluorescence-Based Screening Assays for Tryptophan-Catabolizing Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1266-74. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114536616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are two structurally different enzymes that have a different tissue distribution and physiological roles, but both catalyze the conversion of tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine (NFK). IDO1 has been clinically validated as a small-molecule drug target for cancer, while preclinical studies indicate that TDO may be a target for cancer immunotherapy and neurodegenerative disease. We have developed a high-throughput screening assay for IDO1 and TDO based on a novel chemical probe, NFK Green, that reacts specifically with NFK to form a green fluorescent molecule with an excitation wavelength of 400 nm and an emission wavelength of 510 nm. We provide the first side-by-side comparison of a number of published inhibitors of IDO1 and TDO and reveal that the preclinical IDO1 inhibitor Compound 5l shows significant cross-reactivity with TDO, while the relative selectivity of other published inhibitors was confirmed. The suitability for high-throughput screening of the assays was demonstrated by screening a library of 87,000 chemical substances in 384- or 1536-well format. Finally, we demonstrate that the assay can also be used to measure the capacity of cells to metabolize tryptophan and to measure the cellular potency of IDO1 and TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Seegers
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jos de Man
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido J. R. Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss, The Netherlands
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20
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Fedorova M, Bollineni RC, Hoffmann R. Protein carbonylation as a major hallmark of oxidative damage: update of analytical strategies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:79-97. [PMID: 23832618 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation, one of the most harmful irreversible oxidative protein modifications, is considered as a major hallmark of oxidative stress-related disorders. Protein carbonyl measurements are often performed to assess the extent of oxidative stress in the context of cellular damage, aging and several age-related disorders. A wide variety of analytical techniques are available to detect and quantify protein-bound carbonyls generated by metal-catalyzed oxidation, lipid peroxidation or glycation/glycoxidation. Here we review current analytical approaches for protein carbonyl detection with a special focus on mass spectrometry-based techniques. The utility of several carbonyl-derivatization reagents, enrichment protocols and especially advanced mass spectrometry techniques are compared and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms and biology of protein carbonylation are summarized based on recent high-throughput proteomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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21
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An abundant dysfunctional apolipoprotein A1 in human atheroma. Nat Med 2014; 20:193-203. [PMID: 24464187 PMCID: PMC3923163 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and their major structural protein, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), recovered from human atheroma are dysfunctional and are extensively oxidized by myeloperoxidase (MPO). In vitro oxidation of either apoA1 or HDL particles by MPO impairs their cholesterol acceptor function. Here, using phage display affinity maturation, we developed a high-affinity monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes both apoA1 and HDL that have been modified by the MPO-H2O2-Cl(-) system. An oxindolyl alanine (2-OH-Trp) moiety at Trp72 of apoA1 is the immunogenic epitope. Mutagenesis studies confirmed a critical role for apoA1 Trp72 in MPO-mediated inhibition of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-dependent cholesterol acceptor activity of apoA1 in vitro and in vivo. ApoA1 containing a 2-OH-Trp72 group (oxTrp72-apoA1) is in low abundance within the circulation but accounts for 20% of the apoA1 in atherosclerosis-laden arteries. OxTrp72-apoA1 recovered from human atheroma or plasma is lipid poor, virtually devoid of cholesterol acceptor activity and demonstrated both a potent proinflammatory activity on endothelial cells and an impaired HDL biogenesis activity in vivo. Elevated oxTrp72-apoA1 levels in subjects presenting to a cardiology clinic (n = 627) were associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Circulating oxTrp72-apoA1 levels may serve as a way to monitor a proatherogenic process in the artery wall.
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22
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Rivardo F, Leach TGH, Chan CS, Winstone TML, Ladner CL, Sarfo KJ, Turner RJ. Unique Photobleaching Phenomena of the Twin-Arginine Translocase Respiratory Enzyme Chaperone DmsD. Open Biochem J 2014; 8:1-11. [PMID: 24497893 PMCID: PMC3912628 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01408010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DmsD is a chaperone of the redox enzyme maturation protein family specifically required for biogenesis of DMSO reductase in Escherichia coli. It exists in multiple folding forms, all of which are capable of binding its known substrate, the twin-arginine leader sequence of the DmsA catalytic subunit. It is important for maturation of the reductase and targeting to the cytoplasmic membrane for translocation. Here, we demonstrate that DmsD exhibits an irreversible photobleaching phenomenon upon 280 nm excitation irradiation. The phenomenon is due to quenching of the tryptophan residues in DmsD and is dependent on its folding and conformation. We also show that a tryptophan residue involved in DmsA signal peptide binding (W87) is important for photobleaching of DmsD. Mutation of W87, or binding of the DmsA twin-arginine signal peptide to DmsD in the pocket that includes W72, W80, and W91 significantly affects the degree of photobleaching. This study highlights the advantage of a photobleaching phenomenon to study protein folding and conformation changes within a protein that was once considered unusable in fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Rivardo
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Thorin G H Leach
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Catherine S Chan
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Tara M L Winstone
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Carol L Ladner
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Kwabena J Sarfo
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Raymond J Turner
- BI 156, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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23
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Bollineni RC, Fedorova M, Hoffmann R. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of derivatization reagents for different types of protein-bound carbonyl groups. Analyst 2013; 138:5081-8. [PMID: 23833766 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) of 'carbonylated proteins' often involves derivatization of reactive carbonyl groups to facilitate their enrichment, identification and quantification. Among the many reported reagents, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), biotin hydrazide (BHZ) and O-(biotinylcarbazoylmethyl) hydroxylamine (ARP) are the most frequently used. Despite their common use in carbonylation research, their reactivity towards protein-bound carbonyls has not been quantitatively evaluated in detail, to the best of our knowledge. Thus we studied the reactivity and specificity of these reagents towards different classes of reactive carbonyl groups (e.g. aldehydes, ketones and lactams), each being represented by a synthetic peptide carrying an accordingly modified residue. All three tagging reagents were selective for aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. Lactams and carbonyl-containing tryptophan oxidation products, however, were labelled only at low levels or not at all. Whereas DNPH derivatization was efficient under the published standard conditions, the derivatization conditions for BHZ and ARP had to be altered. Acidic conditions provided quantitative labelling yields for ARP. Peptides derivatized with DNPH, BHZ and ARP fragmented efficiently in tandem mass spectrometry, when the experimental conditions were chosen carefully for each reagent. Importantly, the tested carbonylated peptides did not cross-react with amino groups in other proteins present during sample preparations or enzymatic digestion. Thus, it appears favourable to digest proteins first and then derivatise the reactive carbonyl groups more efficiently at the peptide level under acidic conditions. The carbonylated model peptides used in this study might be valid internal standards for carbonylation proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Chand Bollineni
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Wong CTT, Lam HY, Li X. Effective synthesis of kynurenine-containing peptides via on-resin ozonolysis of tryptophan residues: synthesis of cyclomontanin B. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7616-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41631c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Kleijn LH, Müskens FM, Oppedijk SF, de Bruin G, Martin NI. A concise preparation of the non-proteinogenic amino acid l-kynurenine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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26
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Todorovski T, Fedorova M, Hoffmann R. Identification of isomeric 5-hydroxytryptophan- and oxindolylalanine-containing peptides by mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:453-459. [PMID: 22689620 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cells continuously produce reactive oxidative species that can modify all cellular components. In proteins, for example, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan (Trp), and tyrosine residues are particularly prone to oxidation. Here, we report two new approaches to distinguish two isomeric oxidation products of Trp residues, i.e. 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and oxindolylalanine (Oia) residues, in peptides. First, 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride, known to derivatize Trp residues in position 2 of the indole ring, was used to label 5-HTP residues. The mass shift of 152.98 m/z units allowed identifying 5-HTP- besides Trp-containing peptides by mass spectrometry, whereas Oia residues were not labeled. Second, fragmentation of the Oia- and 5-HTP-derived immonium ions at m/z 175.08 produced ions characteristic for each residue that allowed their identification even in the presence of y(1) ions at m/z 175.12 derived from peptides with C-terminal arginine residues. The pseudo MS(3) spectra acquired on a quadrupole time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometer displayed two signals at m/z 130.05 and m/z 132.05 characteristic for Oia-containing peptides and a group of six signals (m/z 103.04, 120.04, 130.04, 133.03, 146.04, and 148.04) for 5-HTP-cointaining peptides. In both cases, the relative signal intensities appeared to be independent of the sequence providing a specific fingerprint of each oxidative modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Todorovski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Milic I, Fedorova M, Teuber K, Schiller J, Hoffmann R. Characterization of oxidation products from 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerophosphatidylcholine in aqueous solutions and their reactions with cysteine, histidine and lysine residues. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 165:186-96. [PMID: 22222463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This report focuses on studies of lipid peroxidation products reactivity towards the side chains of cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues in structurally unordered peptides. Thus we have analyzed linoleic acid peroxidation products (LaPP) obtained by incubating 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycerophosphatidylcholine (PLPC) overnight with or without H(2)O(2) in the presence or absence of CuCl. In total, 55 different LaPP were identified with 26 containing reactive carbonyl groups. The strongest oxidation conditions (H(2)O(2) and Cu(I), i.e. a Fenton-like reagent) yielded 51 LaPP, whereas air oxidation produced only 12 LaPP. Independent of the oxidation conditions, around half of all LaPP were short-chain (oxidative cleavage) and the others long-chain (oxygen addition) PLPC oxidation products. The stronger oxidation conditions increased the number of LaPP, but also oxidized the added peptide Ac-PAAPAAPAPAEXTPV-OH (X=Cys, His or Lys) very quickly, especially under Fenton conditions. Thus, PLPC was oxidized by milder conditions (air or Cu(I)), incubated with the peptide and the peptide modifications were then analyzed by nano-RPC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS. Ten LaPP-derived peptide modifications were identified at lysine, whereas nine products were identified for cysteine and only three for histidine. Three high molecular weight LaPP still esterified to the GPC backbone were detected on Lys-containing peptide. Furthermore, three LaPP-derived mass shifts were obtained at cysteine, which have not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Milic
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Todorovski T, Fedorova M, Hoffmann R. Mass spectrometric characterization of peptides containing different oxidized tryptophan residues. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:1030-1038. [PMID: 22012669 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The term reactive oxygen species refers to small molecules that can oxidize, for example, nearby proteins, especially cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine residues. Tryptophan oxidation is always irreversible in the cell and can yield several oxidation products, such as 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP), oxindolylalanine (Oia), kynurenine (Kyn), and N-formyl-kynurenine (NFK). Because of the severe effects that oxidized tryptophan residues can have on proteins, there is a great need to develop generally applicable and highly sensitive techniques to identify the oxidized residue and the oxidation product. Here, the fragmentation behavior of synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences recently identified in three skeletal muscle proteins as containing oxidized tryptophan residues were studied using postsource decay and collision-induced dissociation (CID) in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry (MS) and CID in an electrospray ionization (ESI) double quadrupole TOF-MS. For each sequence, a panel of five different peptides containing Trp, 5-HTP, Kyn, NFK, or Oia residue was studied. It was always possible to identify the modified positions by the y-series and also to distinguish the different oxidation products by characteristic fragment ions in the lower mass range by tandem MS. NFK- and Kyn-containing peptides displayed an intense signal at m/z 174.1, which could be useful in identifying accordingly modified peptides by a sensitive precursor ion scan. Most importantly, it was always possible to distinguish isomeric 5-HTP and Oia residues. In ESI- and MALDI-MS/MS, this was achieved by the signal intensity ratios of two signals obtained at m/z 130.1 and 146.1. In addition, high collision energy CID in the MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS also permitted the identification of these two isomeric residues by their v- and w-ions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Todorovski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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