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Stępień AE, Trojniak J, Tabarkiewicz J. Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Black Garlic. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1801. [PMID: 38339077 PMCID: PMC10855366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is a fermented form of garlic (Allium sativum L.), produced at precisely defined temperatures, humidities, and time periods. Although garlic has been used for thousands of years, black garlic is a relatively new discovery. There are many bioactive compounds in black garlic that give it medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In our review article, we present scientific studies examining the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of black garlic. According to research, this effect is mainly due to the reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the ability to scavenge free oxygen radicals and induce apoptosis. In addition, the phytochemicals contained in it have antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Black garlic is a valuable source of biologically active substances that can support anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapy. Compared to Allium sativum, black garlic has fewer side effects and is easier to consume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ewa Stępień
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Julia Trojniak
- Student’s Scientific Club of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Department of Human Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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2
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Chang WC, Lin WC, Wu SC. Optimization of the Black Garlic Processing Method and Development of Black Garlic Jam Using High-Pressure Processing. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081584. [PMID: 37107378 PMCID: PMC10137468 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Black garlic has many beneficial effects, and it has a less spicy flavor. However, its aging conditions and related products still need to be further investigated. The present study aims to analyze the beneficial effects under different processing conditions and utilize high-pressure processing (HPP) in the production of black garlic jam. The highest antioxidant activities, including the DPPH scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, and reducing power (86.23%, 88.44%, and A700 = 2.48, respectively), were observed in black garlic that had been aged for 30 days. Similarly, the highest total phenols and flavonoids were observed in black garlic that had been aged for 30 days (76.86 GAE/g dw and 13.28 mg RE/g dw, respectively). The reducing sugar in black garlic was significantly increased to about 380 (mg GE/g dw) after 20 days of aging. The free amino acids in black garlic were decreased time-dependently to about 0.2 mg leucine/g dw after 30 days of aging. For the browning indexes of black garlic, the uncolored intermediate and browning products were increased in a time-dependent manner and reached a plateau at day 30. Another intermediate product in the Maillard reaction, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), was observed in concentrations that increased to 1.81 and 3.04 (mg/g dw) at day 30 and 40, respectively. Furthermore, the black garlic jam made by HPP was analyzed for its texture and sensory acceptance, showing that a 1:1.5:2 ratio of black garlic/water/sugar was the most preferred and was classified as "still acceptable". Our study suggests suitable processing conditions for black garlic and outlines the prominent beneficial effects after 30 days of aging. These results could be further applied in HPP jam production and increase the diversity of black garlic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chang Chang
- Department of Food Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Lin
- Department of Food Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - She-Ching Wu
- Department of Food Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
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3
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Changes in the Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Metabolite Analysis of Black Elephant Garlic ( Allium ampeloprasum L.) during Aging Period. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010043. [PMID: 36613258 PMCID: PMC9818200 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the aging period on the black elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) manufacturing process. Black elephant garlic is a processed elephant garlic product prepared by high-temperature and high-humidity treatment for 40 days. The proximate composition (moisture, crude lipid, crude protein, carbohydrate, and ash), minerals, color values, reducing sugars, pH, total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of elephant garlic and black elephant garlic were evaluated. The browning intensity of elephant garlic increased with the aging period, but the browning reaction terminated after aging for 30 days, exhibiting the same browning level. Reducing sugars increased over the aging period until 20 days, and then decreased with the aging period, in contrast to the pH, which decreased from 6.47 to 3.68 over the aging period. Antioxidant components, including the total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of black elephant garlic, increased significantly until day 30 of aging. From the metabolite profiles determined through GC/MS analysis, it was confirmed that primary metabolites related to antioxidant components, such as lactic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid, were generated during the aging process of elephant garlic.
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Black Garlic and Thiosulfinate-Enriched Extracts as Adjuvants to Ceftriaxone Treatment in a Rat Peritonitis Model of Sepsis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123095. [PMID: 36551850 PMCID: PMC9775994 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there have been no new drugs or adjuvants able to decrease both morbidity and mortality in the context of sepsis and septic shock. Our objective was to evaluate the use of thiosulfinate-enriched Allium sativum and black garlic extracts as adjuvants in the management of sepsis. An experimental in vivo study was carried out with male Sprague-Dawley® rats. Animals were randomized in four treatment groups: antibiotic (ceftriaxone) treatment (group I), ceftriaxone plus thiosulfinate-enriched extract (TASE, group II), ceftriaxone plus thiosulfinate-enriched extract and black garlic extracts (TASE + BGE, group III), and ceftriaxone plus black garlic extract (BGE, group IV). All animals were housed and inoculated with 1 × 1010 CFU/15 mL of intraperitoneal Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Subsequently, they received a daily treatment according to each group for 7 days. Clinical, analytical, microbiological, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Statistically significant clinical improvement was observed in rats receiving garlic extracts in weight (groups II and III), ocular secretions, and piloerection (group IV). Moreover, less liver edema, vacuolization, and inflammation were observed in groups receiving adjuvant support (groups II, III, and IV). When comparing interleukins 24 h after bacteria inoculum, we found statistically significant differences in TNF-alpha levels in groups receiving BGE (groups III and IV, p ≤ 0.05). Blood and peritoneal liquid cultures were also analyzed, and we detected a certain level of Enterococcus faecalis in peritoneal cultures from all treatment groups and less bacteria presence in blood cultures in rats receiving garlic extracts (groups II, III, and IV). In conclusion, TASE and BGE could be promising nutraceutical or medicinal agents as coadjuvants in the treatment of sepsis because of its effects in modulating the inflammatory response.
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Wang F, Song Y, Vidyarthi SK, Zhang R. Physicochemical properties, and volatile compounds of blackened jujube vinegar as prepared by optimized fermentation process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2032735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, China
| | - Yaru Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, China
| | - Sriram K. Vidyarthi
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Research and Development, The Morning Star Company, Woodland, CA, USA
| | - Rentang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai An, China
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Zhang H, Jiang Z, Shen C, Zou H, Zhang Z, Wang K, Bai R, Kang Y, Ye XY, Xie T. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Alleviates Inflammatory Lung Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:782427. [PMID: 34966742 PMCID: PMC8711100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.782427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a common reaction product during heat processing and the preparation of many types of foods and Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of 5-HMF on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and the underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicate that 5-HMF attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice by mitigating alveolar destruction, neutrophil infiltration and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the activation of macrophages and human monocytes in response to LPS was remarkably suppressed by 5-HMF in vitro through inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The inhibitory effect of 5-HMF on NLRP3 inflammasome was reversed by overexpressing ATF4 or CHOP, indicating the involvement of ER stress in the negative regulation of 5-HMF on NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation. Consistent with this, the ameliorative effect of 5-HMF on in vivo pulmonary dysfunction were reversed by the ER stress inducer tunicamycin. In conclusion, our findings elucidate the anti-inflammatory and protective efficacy of 5-HMF in LPS-induced acute lung injury, and also demonstrate the key mechanism of its action against NLRP3 inflammasome-related inflammatory disorders via the inhibition of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheyi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaitao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Vinayagam R, Eun Lee K, Ambati RR, Gundamaraju R, Fawzy Ramadan M, Gu Kang S. Recent development in black garlic: Nutraceutical applications and health-promoting phytoconstituents. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2012797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
- Stemforce, Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research Deemed to be University, Guntur, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
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8
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Qi C, Wang R, Jia S, Chen J, Li Y, Zhang J, Li G, Luo W. Biochar amendment to advance contaminant removal in anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125827. [PMID: 34455247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely applied to convert organic solid wastes into biogas, a renewable energy, and digestate, a bio-fertilizer, to sustain waste management. Nevertheless, several vexing contaminants in OSWs restrict digestate application in agriculture. Biochar has been evidenced to effectively improve AD by promoting organic biodegradation and alleviating the accumulation of inhibitory substances (e.g. ammonia and volatile fatty acids). Furthermore, biochar could advance contaminant removal in AD given its highly porous, conductive and alkaline features. Thus, this review aims to highlight the role of biochar amendment to advance contaminant removal in AD of OSWs. Key contaminants, such as antibiotics, heavy metals, microplastics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, furfural and 5-hydroxy methyl furfural (5-HMF) that ubiquitously present in OSWs were demonstrated. The underlying mechanisms of biochar to amend the removal of these contaminants by AD were discussed. Furthermore, future perspectives to the development of biochar-assisted AD for OSWs treatment were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanren Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumeng Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Zou H, Wu T, Wang Y, Kang Y, Shan Q, Xu L, Jiang Z, Lin X, Ye XY, Xie T, Zhang H. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Enhances the Antiviral Immune Response in Macrophages through the Modulation of RIG-I-Mediated Interferon Production and the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28019-28030. [PMID: 34723002 PMCID: PMC8552330 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) exists in a wide range of sugar-rich foods and traditional Chinese medicines. The role of 5-HMF in antiviral innate immunity and its mechanism have not been reported previously. In this study, we reveal for the first time that 5-HMF upregulates the production of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated type I interferon (IFN) as a response to viral infection. IFN-β and IFN-stimulated chemokine gene expressions induced by the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are upregulated in RAW264.7 cells and primary peritoneal macrophages after treatment with 5-HMF, a natural product that appears to inhibit the efficiency of viral replication. Meanwhile, 5-HMF-pretreated mice show enhanced innate antiviral immunity, increased serum levels of IFN-β, and reduced morbidity and viral loads upon infection with VSV. Thus, 5-HMF can be seen to have a positive effect on enhancing type I IFN production. Mechanistically, 5-HMF upregulates the expression of RIG-I in macrophages, resulting in an acceleration of the RIG-I signaling pathway activation. Additionally, STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylations, along with the expression of IFN-stimulated chemokine genes induced by IFN-α/β, were also enhanced in macrophages cotreated with 5-HMF. In summary, these findings indicate that 5-HMF not only can induce type I IFN production but also can enhance IFN-JAK/STAT signaling, leading to a novel immunomodulatory mechanism against viral infection. In conclusion, our study reveals a previously unrecognized effect of 5-HMF in the antiviral innate immune response and suggests new potential of utilizing 5-HMF for controlling viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zou
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingyue Wu
- School
of Life Science, University of Science &
Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Key
Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingye Shan
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqing Xu
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheyi Jiang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Al-Harbi LN, Pandurangan SB, Al-Dossari AM, Shamlan G, Salamatullah AM, Alshatwi AA, Alotiby AA. Beta vulgaris rubra L. (Beetroot) Peel Methanol Extract Reduces Oxidative Stress and Stimulates Cell Proliferation via Increasing VEGF Expression in H 2O 2 Induced Oxidative Stressed Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091380. [PMID: 34573361 PMCID: PMC8466581 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant capacity of polyphenols and flavonoids present in dietary agents aids in arresting the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting endothelial smooth muscle cells from oxidative stress/induced necrosis. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. rubra L.; BVr) is a commonly consumed vegetable representing a rich source of antioxidants. Beetroot peel’s bioactive compounds and their role in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are still under-researched. In the present study, beetroot peel methanol extract (BPME) was prepared, and its effect on the bio-efficacy, nuclear integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and vascular cell growth, and immunoregulation-related gene expression levels in HUVECs with induced oxidative stress were analysed. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) results confirmed that BPME contains 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (32.6%), methyl pyruvate (15.13%), furfural (9.98%), and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one (12.4%). BPME extract effectively enhanced cell proliferation and was confirmed by MTT assay; the nuclear integrity was confirmed by propidium iodide (PI) staining assay; the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was confirmed by JC-1 staining assay. Annexin V assay confirmed that BPME-treated HUVECs showed 99% viable cells, but only 39.8% viability was shown in HUVECs treated with H2O2 alone. In addition, BPME treatment of HUVECs for 48 h reduced mRNA expression of lipid peroxide (LPO) and increased NOS-3, Nrf-2, GSK-3β, GPX, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular cell growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression levels. We found that BPME treatment decreased proinflammatory (nuclear factor-κβ (F-κβ), tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) and vascular inflammation (intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), EDN1, IL-1β)-related mRNA expressions. In conclusion, beetroot peel treatment effectively increased vascular smooth cell growth factors and microtubule development, whereas it decreased vascular inflammatory regulators. BPME may be beneficial for vascular smooth cell regeneration, tissue repair and anti-ageing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Naif Al-Harbi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.-B.P.); (A.M.A.-D.); (G.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Subash-Babu Pandurangan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.-B.P.); (A.M.A.-D.); (G.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Alhanouf Mohammed Al-Dossari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.-B.P.); (A.M.A.-D.); (G.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.-B.P.); (A.M.A.-D.); (G.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.-B.P.); (A.M.A.-D.); (G.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ali A Alshatwi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.-B.P.); (A.M.A.-D.); (G.S.); (A.M.S.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Amna Abdullah Alotiby
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah 24237, Saudi Arabia;
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11
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Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165028. [PMID: 34443625 PMCID: PMC8401630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is a form of aged garlic obtained from raw garlic (Allium sativum) via Millard reaction under high temperature (60–90 °C) and humidity (70–90%) for a period of time. Several studies reported higher contents of water-soluble antioxidants compounds (S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, organosulfur compounds, polyphenol, volatile compounds, and products of other Millard reactions compared to fresh garlic after the thermal processing. Recent studies have demonstrated that BG and its bioactive compounds possess a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological properties that preserve and show better efficacy in preventing different types of diseases. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, hepatoprotection, hypolipidemia, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, immunomodulation, nephroprotection, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection. Substantial studies have been conducted on BG and its components against different common human diseases in the last few decades. Still, a lot of research is ongoing to find out the therapeutic effects of BG. Thus, in this review, we summarized the pre-clinical and clinical studies of BG and its bioactive compounds on human health along with diverse bioactivity, a related mode of action, and also future challenges.
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Li F, Cao J, Liu Q, Hu X, Liao X, Zhang Y. Acceleration of the Maillard reaction and achievement of product quality by high pressure pretreatment during black garlic processing. Food Chem 2020; 318:126517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Qiu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Qiao X. Formation, nutritional value, and enhancement of characteristic components in black garlic: A review for maximizing the goodness to humans. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:801-834. [PMID: 33325167 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is essentially a processed food and obtained through the transformation of fresh garlic (FG) (Allium sativum L.) via a range of chemical reactions (including the Maillard reaction) and microbial fermentation. This review provides the up-to-date knowledge of the dynamic and complicated changes in major components during the conversion of FG to BG, including moisture, lipids, carbohydrates (such as sugars), proteins, organic acids, organic sulfur compounds, alkaloids, polyphenols, melanoidins, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and garlic endophytes. The obtained evidence confirms that BG has several advantages over FG in certain product attributes and biological properties (especially antioxidant activity), and the factors affecting the quality of BG include the type and characteristics of FG and processing technologies and methods (especially pretreatments, and processing temperature and humidity). The interactions among garlic components, and between garlic nutrients and microbes, as well as the interplay between pretreatment and main manufacturing process, all determine the sensory and nutritional qualities of BG. Before BG is marketed as a novel snack or functional food, more research is required to fill the knowledge gaps related to quantitative monitoring of the changes in metabolites (especially those taste-active and/or biological-active substances) during BG manufacturing to maximize BG's antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and oxidative stress-/hangover syndrome-reducing functions, and beneficial effects on memory/nervous systems. Assessments of the quality, efficacy, and safety of BG should be performed considering the impacts of BG production conditions, postproduction handling, and intake methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China.,The School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
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Regulation of Inflammatory Response in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes by Novel Herbal Small Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225745. [PMID: 31731767 PMCID: PMC6888688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 34 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) compounds were screened for potential anabolic and anti-inflammatory properties on human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes. The anabolic effects were assessed by measuring the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) relative to the DNA content using a 3D pellet culture model. The most chondrogenic compounds were tested in an inflammatory model consisting of 3 days of treatment with cytokines (IL-1β/TNF-α) with or without supplementation of TCM compounds. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed transcriptionally, biochemically and histologically. From the 34 compounds, Vanilic acid (VA), Epimedin A (Epi A) and C (Epi C), 2''-O-rhamnosylicariside II (2-O-rhs II), Icariin, Psoralidin (PS), Protocatechuicaldehyde (PCA), 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) showed the most profound anabolic effects. After induction of inflammation, pro-inflammatory and catabolic genes were upregulated, and GAG/DNA was decreased. VA, Epi C, PS, PCA, 4-HBA and 5-HMF exhibited anti-catabolic and anti-inflammatory effects and prevented the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers including metalloproteinases and cyclooxygenase 2. After two weeks of treatment with TCM compounds, the GAG/DNA ratio was restored compared with the negative control group. Immunohistochemistry and Safranin-O staining confirmed superior amounts of cartilaginous matrix in treated pellets. In conclusion, VA, Epi C, PS, PCA, 4-HBA and 5-HMF showed promising anabolic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Kong F, Fan C, Yang Y, Lee BH, Wei K. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-embedded poly (vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate hybrid hydrogels accelerate wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:933-949. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Physicochemical changes and sensorial properties during black garlic elaboration: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Mahon RT, Ciarlone GE, Roney NG, Swift JM. Cardiovascular Parameters in a Swine Model of Normobaric Hypoxia Treated With 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-Furfural (5-HMF). Front Physiol 2019; 10:395. [PMID: 31057414 PMCID: PMC6482156 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The consequences of low partial pressure of O2 include low arterial O2 saturations (SaO2), low blood O2 content (CaO2), elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and decreased O2 consumption VO2. 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) binds to the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin (HgB) and increases its affinity to O2. We used an instrumented, sedated swine model to study the effect of 5-HMF on cardiovascular parameters during exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia (NH). Methods Twenty-three sedated and instrumented swine were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups and received equal volume of normal saline (VEH), 20 mg/kg 5-HMF (5-HMF-20) or 40 mg/kg 5-HMF (5-HMF-40). Animals then breathed 10% FiO2 for 120 min. Parameters recorded were Cardiac Output (CO), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP), Heart Rate (HR), Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP), SaO2 and saturation of mixed venous blood (SvO2). The P50 was measured at fixed time intervals prior to and during NH. Results 5-HMF decreased P50. In the first 30 min of NH, treatment with 5-HMF-20 and 5-HMF-40 resulted in a (1) significantly smaller decrement in SaO2 and SvO2, (2) significantly lower HR and CO, and (3) smaller increase in PAP compared to VEH. In the 120 min of NH there was a trend toward improved mortality with 5-HMF treatment. Conclusion 5-HMF treatment decreased P50, improved SaO2, and mitigated increases in PAP in this swine model of NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thomas Mahon
- Department of Undersea Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Geoffrey E Ciarlone
- Department of Undersea Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas G Roney
- Department of Undersea Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joshua M Swift
- Department of Undersea Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Puffing of Rehmannia glutinosa enhances anti-oxidant capacity and down-regulates IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1235-1240. [PMID: 31275724 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) have been widely used for medicinal purposes in Asia. The traditional processing of RG involves repetitive steaming and drying, and 9-time-steamed RG (NSRG) is the most commonly consumed form. For a development of a convenient processing method, RG was puffed at various pressures resulting in significantly increased solid extraction yield by up to 14%. The amount of the Maillard reaction product 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and the antioxidant capacities determined by the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays were enhanced at increasing puffing pressure. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages with RG extracts revealed that puffing of RG enhanced its suppression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 by up to 37%. The 5-hydroxymethylfurfural contents, ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging capacities, and IL-6 regulatory effects of puffed RG samples were greater than those of the NSRG control, indicating that puffing is a desirable processing technique for development of nutraceuticals using RG.
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Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan–Vitamin C–Lactic Acid Composite Membrane for Potential Skin Tissue Engineering. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4362395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue engineering have potential for the development of improved substitutes for damaged skin tissues. Vitamin C and lactic acid are well-known wound healing accelerators while chitosan is an important biomaterial having wound healing capabilities. However, addition of vitamin C induces fragility to the chitosan–lactic acid membranes. Therefore, the current study was designed to fabricate an intact chitosan–vitamin C–lactic acid composite membrane that may synergize the critical properties of every individual component for potential skin tissue engineering. For this purpose, different concentrations of glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were added to strengthen the chitosan–vitamin C–lactic acid membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X–ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the biocompatibility of the prepared membranes was evaluated with fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells. The results showed that addition of glycerol and PEG has improved the strength of chitosan–vitamin C–lactic acid composite membrane. Characterization studies revealed the successful synthesis of chitosan–vitamin C–lactic acid composite membrane. Moreover, the prepared membranes showed excellent biocompatibility with NIH 3T3 cells. However, it is important to note that cells showed more attachment and spreading on porous chitosan composites membranes as compared to nonporous membranes. This study provided a base for the development of an intact chitosan–vitamin C–lactic acid composite membrane for skin tissue engineering. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are required for its practical applications in skin tissue engineering.
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Kong F, Lee BH, Wei K. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation via Suppression of MAPK, NF-κB and mTOR Activation in RAW 264.7 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020275. [PMID: 30642099 PMCID: PMC6359491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is found in many food products including honey, dried fruits, coffee and black garlic extracts. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-HMF and its underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 5-HMF pretreatment ranging from 31.5 to 126.0 μg/mL reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in a concentration-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, 5-HMF-pretreated cells significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of two major inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as compared with the only LPS-stimulated cells. 5-HMF suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IκBα, NF-κB p65, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt). Besides, 5-HMF was proved to inhibit NF-κB p65 translocation into nucleus to activate inflammatory gene transcription. These results suggest that 5-HMF could exert the anti-inflammatory activity in the LPS-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, 5-HMF could be considered as a therapeutic ingredient in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhui Kong
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bae Hoon Lee
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou 325011, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou 325011, Zhejiang, China.
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Kfoury N, Baydakov E, Gankin Y, Robbat A. Differentiation of key biomarkers in tea infusions using a target/nontarget gas chromatography/mass spectrometry workflow. Food Res Int 2018; 113:414-423. [PMID: 30195536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Climatic conditions affect the chemical composition of edible crops, which can impact flavor, nutrition and overall consumer preferences. To understand these effects new data analysis software capable of tracking hundreds of compounds across years of samples under various environmental conditions is needed. Our recently developed mass spectral (MS) subtraction algorithms have been used with spectral deconvolution to efficiently analyze complex samples by 2-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-GC/MS). In this paper, we address the accuracy of identifying target and nontarget compounds by GC/MS. Findings indicate that Yunnan tea contains higher concentrations of floral compounds. In contrast, Fujian tea contains higher concentrations of compounds that exhibit fruity characteristics, but contains much less monoterpenes. Principal components analysis shows that seasonal changes in climate impact tea plants similarly despite location differences. For example, spring teas contained more of the sweet, floral and fruity compounds compared to summer teas, which had higher concentrations of green, woody, herbal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kfoury
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite G700, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Yuriy Gankin
- EPAM Systems, 41 University Drive, Newtown, PA 18940, USA
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite G700, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Lee KC, Teng CC, Shen CH, Huang WS, Lu CC, Kuo HC, Tung SY. Protective effect of black garlic extracts on tert-Butyl hydroperoxide-induced injury in hepatocytes via a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent mechanism. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2468-2474. [PMID: 29456651 PMCID: PMC5795537 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Black garlic has been reported to show multiple bioactivities against the development of different diseases. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effect of black garlic on injured liver cells was investigated. Rat clone-9 hepatocytes were used for all experiments; tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) was used to induce injury of rat clone-9 hepatocytes. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH); anti-oxidative enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in rat clone-9 hepatocytes were determined to evaluate the level of cell damage. Black garlic extracts were demonstrated to significantly attenuate tBHP-induced cell death of rat clone-9 hepatocytes (P<0.05). Pretreatment with black garlic extracts antagonized GSH depletion, tBHP-increased MDA accumulation and the mRNA expression level of IL-6/IL-8, and tBHP-decreased antioxidative enzyme activities (all P<0.05). Moreover, the present study revealed that c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling regulated black garlic-inhibited tBHP effects in rat clone-9 hepatocytes. Our findings demonstrate that black garlic has the hepatoprotective potential to block tBHP-damaged effects on cell death, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rat clone-9 hepatocytes. Thus, the present study indicates that black garlic may be an excellent natural candidate in the development of adjuvant therapy and healthy foods for liver protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Chao Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chuan Teng
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Heng Shen
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shih Huang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chang Lu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsing-Chun Kuo
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, CGUST, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shui-Yi Tung
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Niu X, Wang Z, Zhang L, Quan Y, Wei K. Experimental study of the protective effect of mesosilica-supported 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on UV-induced aging of human dermal fibroblasts. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25021-25030. [PMID: 35542119 PMCID: PMC9082397 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug 5-HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, C6H6O3) is extensively studied for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its unstable properties and biotoxicity restrict its use in skin care products and therapy. The present study was aimed at evaluating the potential of three-dimensional dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres (3D-dendritic MSNs) as a topical carrier system for 5-HMF delivery. The encapsulation of the carrier also enhances the stability of the drug. Based on the results of Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, drug delivery systems were successfully fabricated and the loading capacity (LC%) and entrapment efficiency (EE%) were also assessed. In vitro cell tests revealed the outstanding biocompatibility and inoxidizability of 3D-dendritic MSNs. There is no effect on the antioxidant properties of the drug. Therefore, mesoporous silica can be combined with 5-HMF and used as potential antioxidant medicine in cosmetic applications. The drug 5-HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, C6H6O3) is extensively studied for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Niu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering
- College of Ecology
- Lishui University
- Lishui 323000
- China
| | - Long Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering
- CAS
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Yunyun Quan
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering
- CAS
- Wenzhou
- China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Biological Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering
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Wölkart G, Schrammel A, Koyani CN, Scherübel S, Zorn‐Pauly K, Malle E, Pelzmann B, Andrä M, Ortner A, Mayer B. Cardioprotective effects of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural mediated by inhibition of L-type Ca 2+ currents. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3640-3653. [PMID: 28768052 PMCID: PMC5610158 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The antioxidant 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) exerts documented beneficial effects in several experimental pathologies and is currently tested as an antisickling drug in clinical trials. In the present study, we examined the cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF and elucidated the mode of action of the drug. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF were studied with pre-contracted porcine coronary arteries and rat isolated normoxic-perfused hearts. Isolated hearts subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury were used to test for potential cardioprotective effects of the drug. The effects of 5-HMF on action potential and L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L ) were studied by patch-clamping guinea pig isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes. KEY RESULTS 5-HMF relaxed coronary arteries in a concentration-dependent manner and exerted negative inotropic, lusitropic and chronotropic effects in rat isolated perfused hearts. On the other hand, 5-HMF improved recovery of inotropic and lusitropic parameters in isolated hearts subjected to I/R. Patch clamp experiments revealed that 5-HMF inhibits L-type Ca2+ channels. Reduced ICa,L density, shift of ICa,L steady-state inactivation curves toward negative membrane potentials and slower recovery of ICa,L from inactivation in response to 5-HMF accounted for the observed cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data revealed a cardioprotective effect of 5-HMF in I/R that is mediated by inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels. Thus, 5-HMF is suggested as a beneficial additive to cardioplegic solutions, but adverse effects and contraindications of Ca2+ channel blockers have to be considered in therapeutic application of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wölkart
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - A Schrammel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - C N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - S Scherübel
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - K Zorn‐Pauly
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - E Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - B Pelzmann
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - M Andrä
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryKlinikum KlagenfurtKlagenfurtAustria
| | - A Ortner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - B Mayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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Alizadeh M, Khodaei H, Mesgari Abbasi M, Saleh-Ghadimi S. Assessing the effect of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural on selected components of immune responses in mice immunised with ovalbumin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3979-3984. [PMID: 28188638 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is one of the most important products of the Maillard reaction. In recent years, many profitable biological effects of this compound have been demonstrated. This study sought to elucidate the anti-allergic effect of 5-HMF by investigating some selected components of the immune response in BALB/c mice immunised with ovalbumin (OVA). RESULTS Immunised animals had an increased level of serum total and OVA-specific antibodies when compared to the control (P < 0.01).We found that the OVA-induced increase in serum IgE and OVA-specific IgE were significantly suppressed in the groups treated with 5-HMF (P < 0.05). Moreover, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were significantly reduced in a dose-independent manner when compared to the sensitised group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION 5-HMF inhibited the up-regulation of total and OVA-specific IgE through the suppression of the Th2-type immune response in immunised BALB/c mice. 5-HMF could therefore be a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Khodaei
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Physicochemical Properties, Biological Activity, Health Benefits, and General Limitations of Aged Black Garlic: A Review. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060919. [PMID: 28587168 PMCID: PMC6152780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used as a medicinal food since ancient times. However, some people are reluctant to ingest raw garlic due to its unpleasant odor and taste. Therefore, many types of garlic preparations have been developed to reduce these attributes without losing biological functions. Aged black garlic (ABG) is a garlic preparation with a sweet and sour taste and no strong odor. It has recently been introduced to Asian markets as a functional food. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that ABG has a variety of biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-allergic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Recent studies have compared the biological activity and function of ABG to those of raw garlic. ABG shows lower anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulation, immunomodulatory, and anti-allergic effects compared to raw garlic. This paper reviews the physicochemical properties, biological activity, health benefits, adverse effects, and general limitations of ABG.
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Lu X, Li N, Qiao X, Qiu Z, Liu P. Composition analysis and antioxidant properties of black garlic extract. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:340-349. [PMID: 28911676 PMCID: PMC9332541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black garlic produced from fresh garlic under controlled high temperature and humidity has strong antioxidant properties. To determine these compounds, five fractions (from F1 to F5) were separated and purified by elution with chloroform:methanol at different ratios (8:1, 6:1, 4:1, 2:1, and 0:1; v/v). The antioxidant activity of each fraction was analyzed. The results showed that F3 and F4 had higher phenolic contents and stronger 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity than the others. Seven purified individual components were further separated using semipreparation high-performance liquid chromatography from these two intensely antioxidant fractions (F3 and F4), their structures were elucidated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection, electrospray ionization, mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Three compounds including adenosine, uridine, and 2-acetylpyrrole were first identified in black garlic, except for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, (1S, 3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, and (1R, 3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid. The cellular antioxidant activities of uridine, adenosine, carboline alkaloids, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and ethyl acetate extracts were consistent with the results of in vitro experimental anti-oxidant properties. The results provide useful information for understanding the health benefits of black garlic products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuguang Qiao
- Corresponding author. College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Number 61, Daizong Road, Tai’an, Shandong Province 271018, PR China. E-mail address: (X. Qiao)
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Kimura S, Tung YC, Pan MH, Su NW, Lai YJ, Cheng KC. Black garlic: A critical review of its production, bioactivity, and application. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 25:62-70. [PMID: 28911544 PMCID: PMC9333422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Black garlic is obtained from fresh garlic (Allium sativum L.) that has been fermented for a period of time at a controlled high temperature (60–90°C) under controlled high humidity (80–90%). When compared with fresh garlic, black garlic does not release a strong offensive flavor owing to the reduced content of allicin. Enhanced bioactivity of black garlic compared with that of fresh garlic is attributed to its changes in physicochemical properties. Studies concerning the fundamental findings of black garlic, such as its production, bioactivity, and applications, have thus been conducted. Several types of black garlic products are also available in the market with a fair selling volume. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge of changes in the components, bioactivity, production, and applications of black garlic, as well as the proposed future prospects on their possible applications as a functional food product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kimura
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Chen Tung
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Wei Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Quemoy County, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Khodaei H, Alizadeh M. Inhibition of IL-4 but not IFN-γ production by splenocytes of mice immunized with ovalbumin after oral administration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1202208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Bakhtiyari E, Ahmadian-Attari MM, Salehi P, Khallaghi B, Dargahi L, Mohamed Z, Kamalinejad M, Ahmadiani A. Non-polyphenolic compounds of a specific kind of dried grape (Maviz) inhibit memory impairments induced by beta-amyloid peptide. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:469-477. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1183986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Bakhtiyari
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Peyman Salehi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Khallaghi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Kamalinejad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Consumption of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-rich dried fruits is associated with reduction in urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li W, Qu XN, Han Y, Zheng SW, Wang J, Wang YP. Ameliorative effects of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) from Schisandra chinensis on alcoholic liver oxidative injury in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2446-57. [PMID: 25622257 PMCID: PMC4346845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the protective effect of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) on acute alcohol-induced liver oxidative injury in mice. 5-HMF, a maillard reaction product, was isolated from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis for animal experiments. Experimental ICR mice were pretreated with different doses of 5-HMF (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) for seven days by gavage feeding. Biochemical markers and enzymatic antioxidants from serum and liver tissue were examined. Our results showed that the activities of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate transaminase), TC (total cholesterol), TG (triglyceride), L-DLC (low density lipoprotein) in serum and the levels of MDA (malondialdehyde) in liver tissue, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 5-HMF-treated group compared with the alcohol group. On the contrary, enzymatic antioxidants CAT (catalase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), and GSH SOD (superoxide dismutase) were markedly elevated in liver tissue treated with 5-HMF (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the hepatic levels of pro-inflammatory response marker tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly suppressed (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed that 5-HMF (30 mg/kg) pretreatment noticeably prevented alcohol-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and fatty degeneration. It is suggested that the hepatoprotective effects exhibited by 5-HMF on alcohol-induced liver oxidative injury may be due to its potent antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 132109, China.
| | - Xin-Nan Qu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Ye Han
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Si-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 132109, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 132109, China.
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plant, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 132109, China.
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Liang T, Wei F, Lu Y, Kodani Y, Nakada M, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M. Comprehensive NMR analysis of compositional changes of black garlic during thermal processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:683-691. [PMID: 25549134 DOI: 10.1021/jf504836d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Black garlic is a processed food product obtained by subjecting whole raw garlic to thermal processing that causes chemical reactions, such as the Maillard reaction, which change the composition of the garlic. In this paper, we report a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based comprehensive analysis of raw garlic and black garlic extracts to determine the compositional changes resulting from thermal processing. (1)H NMR spectra with a detailed signal assignment showed that 38 components were altered by thermal processing of raw garlic. For example, the contents of 11 l-amino acids increased during the first step of thermal processing over 5 days and then decreased. Multivariate data analysis revealed changes in the contents of fructose, glucose, acetic acid, formic acid, pyroglutamic acid, cycloalliin, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF). Our results provide comprehensive information on changes in NMR-detectable components during thermal processing of whole garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Liang
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Choi IS, Cha HS, Lee YS. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of black garlic. Molecules 2014; 19:16811-23. [PMID: 25335109 PMCID: PMC6270986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is a processed garlic product prepared by heat treatment of whole garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) at high temperature under high humidity for several days, resulting in black cloves with a sweet taste. BG has recently been introduced to the Korean market as a product beneficial to health. To clarify how BG changes during the 35 day aging period, the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant contents, and antioxidant activities were evaluated under controlled conditions of 70 °C and 90% relative humidity. Reducing sugar and total acidity of BG increased during the aging period, whereas pH decreased from pH 6.33 to 3.74. Lightness and yellowness values of BG radically decreased during the aging period, whereas redness values increased significantly. Antioxidant components, including the total polyphenol and total flavonoids contents of BG, increased significantly until the 21st day of aging (p < 0.05) and correspondingly, the antioxidant activities of BG, measured by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and reducing power assays, were highest on the 21st day of aging. These results indicate that BG can be considered to not only possess antioxidant properties during the aging period, but also to reach its optimal antioxidant properties at the 21st day of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Sook Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Han Sam Cha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Young Soon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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Zhang Y, Yuan T, Li L, Nahar P, Slitt A, Seeram NP. Chemical compositional, biological, and safety studies of a novel maple syrup derived extract for nutraceutical applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6687-98. [PMID: 24983789 PMCID: PMC4334281 DOI: 10.1021/jf501924y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup has nutraceutical potential given the macronutrients (carbohydrates, primarily sucrose), micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), and phytochemicals (primarily phenolics) found in this natural sweetener. We conducted compositional (ash, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, phytochemicals), in vitro biological, and in vivo safety (animal toxicity) studies on maple syrup extracts (MSX-1 and MSX-2) derived from two declassified maple syrup samples. Along with macronutrient and micronutrient quantification, thirty-three phytochemicals were identified (by HPLC-DAD), and nine phytochemicals, including two new compounds, were isolated and identified (by NMR) from MSX. At doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day, MSX was well tolerated with no signs of overt toxicity in rats. MSX showed antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay) and anti-inflammatory (in RAW 264.7 macrophages) effects and inhibited glucose consumption (by HepG2 cells) in vitro. Thus, MSX should be further investigated for potential nutraceutical applications given its similarity in chemical composition to pure maple syrup.
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Oh YC, Jeong YH, Cho WK, Gu MJ, Ma JY. Inhibitory effects of palmultang on inflammatory mediator production related to suppression of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and induction of HO-1 expression in macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8443-57. [PMID: 24828204 PMCID: PMC4057741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmultang (PM) is an herbal decoction that has been used to treat anorexia, anemia, general prostration, and weakness due to chronic illness since medieval times in Korea, China, and Japan. The present study focused on the inhibitory effects of PM on the production of inflammatory factors and on the activation of mechanisms in murine macrophages. PM suppressed the expression of nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory proteins by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and by inducing heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. Collectively, our results explain the anti-inflammatory effect and inhibitory mechanism of PM in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chang Oh
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 461-24, Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Jeong
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 461-24, Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 461-24, Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Min-Jung Gu
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 461-24, Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 461-24, Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
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Park C, Park S, Chung YH, Kim GY, Choi YW, Kim BW, Choi YH. Induction of apoptosis by a hexane extract of aged black garlic in the human leukemic U937 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:132-7. [PMID: 24741395 PMCID: PMC3988500 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In this study, the apoptogenic activity and mechanisms of cell death induced by hexane extract of aged black garlic (HEABG) were investigated in human leukemic U937 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide) assay. Apoptosis was detected using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyllindile (DAPI) staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was measured using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Exposure to HEABG was found to result in a concentration- and time-dependent growth inhibition by induction of apoptosis, which was associated with an up-regulation of death receptor 4 and Fas legend, and an increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. Apoptosis-inducing concentrations of HEABG induced the activation of caspase-9, an initiator caspase of the mitochodrial mediated intrinsic pathway, and caspase-3, accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. HEABG also induced apoptosis via a death receptor mediated extrinsic pathway by caspase-8 activation, resulting in the truncation of Bid, and suggesting the existence of cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. However, pre-treatment of U937 cells with the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-DEVD-fmk, significantly blocked the HEABG-induced apoptosis of these cells, and increased the survival rate of HEABG-treated cells, confirming that HEABG-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of caspase cascade. CONCLUSIONS Based on the overall results, we suggest that HEABG reduces leukemic cell growth by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, implying its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Sejin Park
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Gyeongnam 627-706, Korea
| | | | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Gyeongnam 627-706, Korea
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea. ; Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea. ; Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine 52-57, Yangjeong-ro, Busanjin, Busan 614-052, Korea
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Kim JE, Kim MA, Kim JS, Park DC, Lee SP. Enhancing the organoleptic and functional properties of jujube by a quick aging process. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 18:50-9. [PMID: 24471110 PMCID: PMC3867154 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2013.18.1.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black jujube was made by aging dried jujube and its physiochemical characteristics, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. The moisture and sugar contents were increased depending on the period of aging times and the pH was reduced thereby increasing acidity. The color of black jujube extract was changed from red to black resulting in decreases of Hunter color values L, a and b. As the aging progressed, sucrose was decomposed by increasing glucose and fructose, indicating higher contents of the total reducing sugars. Among the six different types of organic acids extracted from dried jujube, the levels of oxalic acid and citric acid were increased as the aging progressed. The total polyphenol contents in ethanol and water extracts of dried jujube were 7.74 and 8.12 mg/g, respectively. The water extract of black jujube aged for 48 hr contained the highest polyphenol contents at 16.82 mg/g. The 5’-hydroxymethylfurfural (5’-HMF) contents of black jujube extract significantly increased by longer aging times, and contained higher contents in the ethanol extract than water extract. The ethanol extract of black jujube showed the highest 5’-HMF content with 338.89 mg% after aging for 3 days. Also, IC50 values of black jujube aged for 72 hr evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical assays were 0.54 and 0.59 mg/mL, respectively. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of black jujube at the concentration of 3.33 mg/mL (ethanol extract) increased from 65 to 80 % after aging for 72 hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Min-Ah Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Park
- Department of Hotel Cuisine and Food Service Management, Gimcheon University, Gyeongbuk 740-704, Korea
| | - Sam-Pin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea ; The Center for Traditional Microorganism Resource (TMR), Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea
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Takechi R, Pallebage-Gamarallage MM, Lam V, Giles C, Mamo JC. Nutraceutical agents with anti-inflammatory properties prevent dietary saturated-fat induced disturbances in blood-brain barrier function in wild-type mice. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:73. [PMID: 23782872 PMCID: PMC3693897 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that disturbances in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may be pivotal to the pathogenesis and pathology of vascular-based neurodegenerative disorders. Studies suggest that heightened systemic and central inflammations are associated with BBB dysfunction. This study investigated the effect of the anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals garlic extract-aged (GEA), alpha lipoic acid (ALA), niacin, and nicotinamide (NA) in a murine dietary-induced model of BBB dysfunction. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet enriched in saturated fatty acids (SFA, 40% fat of total energy) for nine months to induce systemic inflammation and BBB disturbances. Nutraceutical treatment groups included the provision of either GEA, ALA, niacin or NA in the positive control SFA-group and in low-fat fed controls. Brain parenchymal extravasation of plasma derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) and large macromolecules (apolipoprotein (apo) B lipoproteins) measured by quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy, were used as markers of disturbed BBB integrity. Parenchymal glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were considered in the context of surrogate markers of neurovascular inflammation and oxidative stress. Total anti-oxidant status and glutathione reductase activity were determined in plasma. Results Brain parenchymal abundance of IgG and apoB lipoproteins was markedly exaggerated in mice maintained on the SFA diet concomitant with significantly increased GFAP and COX-2, and reduced systemic anti-oxidative status. The nutraceutical GEA, ALA, niacin, and NA completely prevented the SFA-induced disturbances of BBB and normalized the measures of neurovascular inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions The anti-inflammatory nutraceutical agents GEA, ALA, niacin, or NA are potent inhibitors of dietary fat-induced disturbances of BBB induced by systemic inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Takechi
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent st, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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Lee BA, Lee HS, Jung YS, Kim SW, Lee YW, Chang SH, Chung HJ, Kim OS, Kim YJ. The effects of a novel botanical agent on lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. J Periodontol 2012; 84:1221-9. [PMID: 23106504 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of host-modulatory agents with low risk of adverse effects has been needed to treat periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease. A botanical mixture of extracts from two natural substances, Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, was developed as a novel botanical agent synthesized with anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the botanical mixture on the release of inflammatory cytokines and its inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone loss (ABL) in a rat model. METHODS Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay using human gingival fibroblast (hGF) and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line and hGF cells were cultured to assay tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, respectively. Microcomputed tomography analysis and immunofluoresence analysis were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the botanical mixture to inhibit the destruction of alveolar bone and connective tissue in a rat model. RESULTS The botanical mixture is cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 2.5 mg/mL (P <0.05). Based on the results from cytotoxicity assay, it can be determined that the pharmacologic ranges of the botanical mixture to be used in all subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. The botanical mixture reduced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from human monocytic cells and hGF cells in a dose-dependent manner (P <0.05). The administration of the botanical mixture significantly reduced the alveolar bone loss in a rat model (P <0.05). In groups treated with the botanical mixture, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was detected along the alveolar bone crest (ABC), but not around the gingival connective tissue, while in the group with LPS-induced ABL, pronounced expression of MMP-9 around the ABC, periodontal ligament, and gingival connective tissue was found. CONCLUSIONS The botanical mixture showed a potential adjunctive effect in the treatment of periodontitis. However, the present findings are obtained in vitro and in a rat model, so further clinical study is needed for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ah Lee
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21 Project for School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Slevin M, Ahmed N, Wang Q, McDowell G, Badimon L. Unique vascular protective properties of natural products: supplements or future main-line drugs with significant anti-atherosclerotic potential? Vasc Cell 2012; 4:9. [PMID: 22546170 PMCID: PMC3508621 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural health products (NHP) which include minerals, vitamins and herbal remedies are not generally considered by medical practitioners as conventional medicines and as such are not frequently prescribed by health centre's as either main-line or supplemental treatments. In the field of cardiovascular medicine, studies have shown that typically, less than half of patients suffering from coronary syndromes chose to take any form of NHP supplement and these products are rarely recommended by their medical practitioner. Vascular/endothelial cell damage is a key instigator of coronary arterial plaque development which often culminates in thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI). Current treatment for patients known to be at risk of primary or secondary (MI) includes lipid lowering statins, anti-clotting agents (e.g. tissue plasminogen activator; tPA) and drugs for stabilization of blood pressure such as beta-blockers. However, evidence has been building which suggests that components of at least several NHP (e.g. aged garlic extract (AGExt), resveratrol and green tea extracts (GTE)) may have significant vascular protective effects through reduction of oxidative stress, lowering of blood pressure, reduction in platelet aggregation, vasodilation and inhibition of abnormal angiogenesis. Therefore, in this review we will discuss in detail the potential of these substances (chosen on the basis of their potency and complimentarity) as anti-atherosclerotic agents and the justification for their consideration as main-line additional supplements or prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Pavelló del Convent Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Garry McDowell
- Faculty of Health, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Lina Badimon
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Pavelló del Convent Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025, Barcelona, Spain
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Okutsu K, Yoshizaki Y, Takamine K, Tamaki H, Ito K, Sameshima Y. Development of a heat-processing method for koji to enhance its antioxidant activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 113:349-54. [PMID: 22136796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a heat-processing method to enhance the antioxidant activity of koji. The superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOSA) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of heat-processed koji (HP-koji) at 55 °C for 7 days were 4.9 times and 4.2 times, respectively, those of unheated koji. These results showed that heat processing effectively enhances the antioxidant activity of koji. Analysis of the antioxidant activities of koji subjected to a range of temperatures (45-75 °C) revealed that the SOSA is enhanced by heating at higher temperatures, which might be catalyzed by Maillard reaction, whereas the ORAC was enhanced by heating at lower temperatures, which might be catalyzed by an enzymatic reaction. Assuming these enhancements in antioxidant activities are contributed by both Maillard and enzyme reactions, we hypothesized that the antioxidant activity of HP-koji could be more effectively amplified by heating at a higher temperature after the progression of the enzymatic reaction at a moderate temperature. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of heating of koji in a stepwise manner, first at 55 °C for 2 days and then at 75 °C for 5days. The antioxidant activities of stepwise-heated HP-koji were higher than those of koji heated at either 55 °C or 75 °C. The SOSA and ORAC of stepwise-heated HP-koji were 94 times and 6 times, respectively, those of unheated koji. This result suggests that enzymatic reaction followed by Maillard reaction can effectively enhance the antioxidant activity of HP-koji. Thus, we developed a novel heat-processing method to enhance the antioxidant activity of koji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayu Okutsu
- Division of Shochu Fermentation Technology, Education and Research Center for Fermentation Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima City 890-0065, Japan
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