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Huang L, Ho C, Ye X, Gao Y, Guo W, Chen J, Sun J, Wen D, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Q. Mechanisms and translational applications of regeneration in limbs: From renewable animals to humans. Ann Anat 2024; 255:152288. [PMID: 38823491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regenerative capacity of organisms declines throughout evolution, and mammals lack the ability to regenerate limbs after injury. Past approaches to achieving successful restoration through pharmacological intervention, tissue engineering, and cell therapies have faced significant challenges. OBJECTIVES This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms behind animal limb regeneration and the successful translation of these mechanisms for human tissue regeneration. RESULTS Particular attention was paid to the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), the only adult tetrapod capable of limb regeneration. We will explore fundamental questions surrounding limb regeneration, such as how amputation initiates regeneration, how the limb knows when to stop and which parts to regenerate, and how these findings can apply to mammalian systems. CONCLUSIONS Given the urgent need for regenerative therapies to treat conditions like diabetic foot ulcers and trauma survivors, this review provides valuable insights and ideas for researchers, clinicians, and biomedical engineers seeking to facilitate the regeneration process or elicit full regeneration from partial regeneration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chiakang Ho
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xinran Ye
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China; National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China; Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Julie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Dongsheng Wen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yangdan Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
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2
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Zaraisky AG, Araslanova KR, Shitikov AD, Tereshina MB. Loss of the ability to regenerate body appendages in vertebrates: from side effects of evolutionary innovations to gene loss. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38817123 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate large body appendages is an ancestral trait of vertebrates, which varies across different animal groups. While anamniotes (fish and amphibians) commonly possess this ability, it is notably restricted in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). In this review, we explore the factors contributing to the loss of regenerative capabilities in amniotes. First, we analyse the potential negative impacts on appendage regeneration caused by four evolutionary innovations: advanced immunity, skin keratinization, whole-body endothermy, and increased body size. These innovations emerged as amniotes transitioned to terrestrial habitats and were correlated with a decline in regeneration capability. Second, we examine the role played by the loss of regeneration-related enhancers and genes initiated by these innovations in the fixation of an inability to regenerate body appendages at the genomic level. We propose that following the cessation of regenerative capacity, the loss of highly specific regeneration enhancers could represent an evolutionarily neutral event. Consequently, the loss of such enhancers might promptly follow the suppression of regeneration as a side effect of evolutionary innovations. By contrast, the loss of regeneration-related genes, due to their pleiotropic functions, would only take place if such loss was accompanied by additional evolutionary innovations that compensated for the loss of pleiotropic functions unrelated to regeneration, which would remain even after participation of these genes in regeneration was lost. Through a review of the literature, we provide evidence that, in many cases, the loss in amniotes of genes associated with body appendage regeneration in anamniotes was significantly delayed relative to the time when regenerative capability was lost. We hypothesise that this delay may be attributed to the necessity for evolutionary restructuring of developmental mechanisms to create conditions where the loss of these genes was a beneficial innovation for the organism. Experimental investigation of the downregulation of genes involved in the regeneration of body appendages in anamniotes but absent in amniotes offers a promising avenue to uncover evolutionary innovations that emerged from the loss of these genes. We propose that the vast majority of regeneration-related genes lost in amniotes (about 150 in humans) may be involved in regulating the early stages of limb and tail regeneration in anamniotes. Disruption of this stage, rather than the late stage, may not interfere with the mechanisms of limb and tail bud development during embryogenesis, as these mechanisms share similarities with those operating in the late stage of regeneration. Consequently, the most promising approach to restoring regeneration in humans may involve creating analogs of embryonic limb buds using stem cell-based tissue-engineering methods, followed by their transfer to the amputation stump. Due to the loss of many genes required specifically during the early stage of regeneration, this approach may be more effective than attempting to induce both early and late stages of regeneration directly in the stump itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander D Shitikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova str., Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Demircan T, Gül S, Taşçı EA. Can Microbiome Modulate Regenerative Capacity? A Comparative Microbiome Study Reveals a Dominant Presence of Flavobacteriaceae in Blastema Tissue During Axolotl Limb Regeneration. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38808529 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2024.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is renowned for its remarkable regenerative capabilities, which are not diminished by the transition from a neotenic to a metamorphic state. This study explored the microbiome dynamics in axolotl limb regeneration by examining the microbial communities present in neotenic and metamorphic axolotls at two critical stages of limb regeneration: pre-amputation and during blastema formation. Utilizing 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we investigated the variations in microbiome profiles associated with different developmental and regenerative states. Our findings reveal a distinct separation in the microbiome profiles of neotenic and metamorphic samples, with a clear demarcation in microbial composition at both the phylum and genus levels. In neotenic 0DPA samples, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant, whereas in neotenic 7DPA samples, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated. Conversely, metamorphic samples displayed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at 0DPA and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at 7DPA. Alpha and beta diversity analyses, along with dendrogram construction, demonstrated significant variations within and between the sample groups, suggesting a strong influence of both developmental stage and regenerative state on the microbiome. Notably, Flavobacterium and Undibacterium emerged as distinctive microbial entities in neotenic 7DPA samples, highlighting potential key players in the microbial ecology of regeneration. These findings suggest that the axolotl's microbiome is dynamically responsive to blastema formation, and they underscore the potential influence of microbial communities on the regeneration process. This study lays the groundwork for future research into the mechanisms by which the microbiome may modulate regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turan Demircan
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Sultan Gül
- Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Science And Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Altuntaş Taşçı
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
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4
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Mathavarajah S, Thompson AW, Stoyek MR, Quinn TA, Roy S, Braasch I, Dellaire G. Suppressors of cGAS-STING are downregulated during fin-limb regeneration and aging in aquatic vertebrates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:241-251. [PMID: 37877156 PMCID: PMC11043210 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of limb and fin regeneration in aquatic vertebrates (i.e., fishes and amphibians), blastema undergo transcriptional rewiring of innate immune signaling pathways to promote immune cell recruitment. In mammals, a fundamental component of innate immune signaling is the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, cGAS-STING. However, to what extent the cGAS-STING pathway influences regeneration in aquatic anamniotes is unknown. In jawed vertebrates, negative regulation of cGAS-STING activity is accomplished by suppressors of cytosolic DNA such as Trex1, Pml, and PML-like exon 9 (Plex9) exonucleases. Here, we examine the expression of these suppressors of cGAS-STING, as well as inflammatory genes and cGAS activity during caudal fin and limb regeneration using the spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) and axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) model species, and during age-related senescence in zebrafish (Danio rerio). In the regenerative blastema of wounded gar and axolotl, we observe increased inflammatory gene expression, including interferon genes and interleukins 6 and 8. We also observed a decrease in axolotl Trex1 and gar pml expression during the early phases of wound healing which correlates with a dramatic increase in cGAS activity. In contrast, the plex9.1 gene does not change in expression during wound healing in gar. However, we observed decreased expression of plex9.1 in the senescing cardiac tissue of aged zebrafish, where 2'3'-cGAMP levels are elevated. Finally, we demonstrate a similar pattern of Trex1, pml, and plex9.1 gene regulation across species in response to exogenous 2'3'-cGAMP. Thus, during the early stages of limb-fin regeneration, Pml, Trex1, and Plex9.1 exonucleases are downregulated, presumably to allow an evolutionarily ancient cGAS-STING activity to promote inflammation and the recruitment of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew W. Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matthew R. Stoyek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - T. Alexander Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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5
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Galili U, Li J, Schaer GL. Regeneration in Mice of Injured Skin, Heart, and Spinal Cord by α-Gal Nanoparticles Recapitulates Regeneration in Amphibians. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:730. [PMID: 38668224 PMCID: PMC11055133 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The healing of skin wounds, myocardial, and spinal cord injuries in salamander, newt, and axolotl amphibians, and in mouse neonates, results in scar-free regeneration, whereas injuries in adult mice heal by fibrosis and scar formation. Although both types of healing are mediated by macrophages, regeneration in these amphibians and in mouse neonates also involves innate activation of the complement system. These differences suggest that localized complement activation in adult mouse injuries might induce regeneration instead of the default fibrosis and scar formation. Localized complement activation is feasible by antigen/antibody interaction between biodegradable nanoparticles presenting α-gal epitopes (α-gal nanoparticles) and the natural anti-Gal antibody which is abundant in humans. Administration of α-gal nanoparticles into injuries of anti-Gal-producing adult mice results in localized complement activation which induces rapid and extensive macrophage recruitment. These macrophages bind anti-Gal-coated α-gal nanoparticles and polarize into M2 pro-regenerative macrophages that orchestrate accelerated scar-free regeneration of skin wounds and regeneration of myocardium injured by myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, injection of α-gal nanoparticles into spinal cord injuries of anti-Gal-producing adult mice induces recruitment of M2 macrophages, that mediate extensive angiogenesis and axonal sprouting, which reconnects between proximal and distal severed axons. Thus, α-gal nanoparticle treatment in adult mice mimics physiologic regeneration in amphibians. These studies further suggest that α-gal nanoparticles may be of significance in the treatment of human injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (J.L.); (G.L.S.)
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6
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Piazza A, Carlone R, Spencer GE. Non-canonical retinoid signaling in neural development, regeneration and synaptic function. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371135. [PMID: 38516042 PMCID: PMC10954794 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical retinoid signaling via nuclear receptors and gene regulation is critical for the initiation of developmental processes such as cellular differentiation, patterning and neurite outgrowth, but also mediates nerve regeneration and synaptic functions in adult nervous systems. In addition to canonical transcriptional regulation, retinoids also exert rapid effects, and there are now multiple lines of evidence supporting non-canonical retinoid actions outside of the nucleus, including in dendrites and axons. Together, canonical and non-canonical retinoid signaling provide the precise temporal and spatial control necessary to achieve the fine cellular coordination required for proper nervous system function. Here, we examine and discuss the evidence supporting non-canonical actions of retinoids in neural development and regeneration as well as synaptic function, including a review of the proposed molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaynor E. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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7
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Tan FH, Bronner ME. Regenerative loss in the animal kingdom as viewed from the mouse digit tip and heart. Dev Biol 2024; 507:44-63. [PMID: 38145727 PMCID: PMC10922877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The myriad regenerative abilities across the animal kingdom have fascinated us for centuries. Recent advances in developmental, molecular, and cellular biology have allowed us to unearth a surprising diversity of mechanisms through which these processes occur. Developing an all-encompassing theory of animal regeneration has thus proved a complex endeavor. In this chapter, we frame the evolution and loss of animal regeneration within the broad developmental constraints that may physiologically inhibit regenerative ability across animal phylogeny. We then examine the mouse as a model of regeneration loss, specifically the experimental systems of the digit tip and heart. We discuss the digit tip and heart as a positionally-limited system of regeneration and a temporally-limited system of regeneration, respectively. We delve into the physiological processes involved in both forms of regeneration, and how each phase of the healing and regenerative process may be affected by various molecular signals, systemic changes, or microenvironmental cues. Lastly, we also discuss the various approaches and interventions used to induce or improve the regenerative response in both contexts, and the implications they have for our understanding regenerative ability more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth Hui Tan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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8
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Velikic G, Maric DM, Maric DL, Supic G, Puletic M, Dulic O, Vojvodic D. Harnessing the Stem Cell Niche in Regenerative Medicine: Innovative Avenue to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:993. [PMID: 38256066 PMCID: PMC10816024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine harnesses the body's innate capacity for self-repair to restore malfunctioning tissues and organs. Stem cell therapies represent a key regenerative strategy, but to effectively harness their potential necessitates a nuanced understanding of the stem cell niche. This specialized microenvironment regulates critical stem cell behaviors including quiescence, activation, differentiation, and homing. Emerging research reveals that dysfunction within endogenous neural stem cell niches contributes to neurodegenerative pathologies and impedes regeneration. Strategies such as modifying signaling pathways, or epigenetic interventions to restore niche homeostasis and signaling, hold promise for revitalizing neurogenesis and neural repair in diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Comparative studies of highly regenerative species provide evolutionary clues into niche-mediated renewal mechanisms. Leveraging endogenous bioelectric cues and crosstalk between gut, brain, and vascular niches further illuminates promising therapeutic opportunities. Emerging techniques like single-cell transcriptomics, organoids, microfluidics, artificial intelligence, in silico modeling, and transdifferentiation will continue to unravel niche complexity. By providing a comprehensive synthesis integrating diverse views on niche components, developmental transitions, and dynamics, this review unveils new layers of complexity integral to niche behavior and function, which unveil novel prospects to modulate niche function and provide revolutionary treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Velikic
- Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Dr. Dragi Hospital, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dusan M. Maric
- Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Dr. Dragi Hospital, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia;
| | - Dusica L. Maric
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Supic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (G.S.); (D.V.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljan Puletic
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia;
| | - Oliver Dulic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (G.S.); (D.V.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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9
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Tajer B, Whited JL. In preprints: cellular memory - the tension between old and new identities in the blastema. Development 2024; 151:dev202605. [PMID: 38165176 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tajer
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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10
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Fujita S, Takahashi M, Kumano G, Kuranaga E, Miura M, Nakajima YI. Distinct stem-like cell populations facilitate functional regeneration of the Cladonema medusa tentacle. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002435. [PMID: 38127832 PMCID: PMC10734932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastema formation is a crucial process that provides a cellular source for regenerating tissues and organs. While bilaterians have diversified blastema formation methods, its mechanisms in non-bilaterians remain poorly understood. Cnidarian jellyfish, or medusae, represent early-branching metazoans that exhibit complex morphology and possess defined appendage structures highlighted by tentacles with stinging cells (nematocytes). Here, we investigate the mechanisms of tentacle regeneration, using the hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema pacificum. We show that proliferative cells accumulate at the tentacle amputation site and form a blastema composed of cells with stem cell morphology. Nucleoside pulse-chase experiments indicate that most repair-specific proliferative cells (RSPCs) in the blastema are distinct from resident stem cells. We further demonstrate that resident stem cells control nematogenesis and tentacle elongation during both homeostasis and regeneration as homeostatic stem cells, while RSPCs preferentially differentiate into epithelial cells in the newly formed tentacle, analogous to lineage-restricted stem/progenitor cells observed in salamander limbs. Taken together, our findings propose a regeneration mechanism that utilizes both resident homeostatic stem cells (RHSCs) and RSPCs, which in conjunction efficiently enable functional appendage regeneration, and provide novel insight into the diversification of blastema formation across animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosuke Fujita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mako Takahashi
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Gaku Kumano
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-ichiro Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Demircan T, Süzek BE. The Dynamic Landscapes of Circular RNAs in Axolotl, a Regenerative Medicine Model, with Implications for Early Phase of Limb Regeneration. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:526-535. [PMID: 37943672 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are of relevance to regenerative medicine and play crucial roles in post-transcriptional and translational regulation of biological processes. circRNAs are a class of RNA molecules that are formed through a unique splicing process, resulting in a covalently closed-loop structure. Recent advancements in RNA sequencing technologies and specialized computational tools have facilitated the identification and functional characterization of circRNAs. These molecules are known to exhibit stability, developmental regulation, and specific expression patterns in different tissues and cell types across various organisms. However, our understanding of circRNA expression and putative function in model organisms for regeneration is limited. In this context, this study reports, for the first time, on the repertoire of circRNAs in axolotl, a widely used model organism for regeneration. We generated RNA-seq data from intact limb, wound, and blastema tissues of axolotl during limb regeneration. The analysis revealed the presence of 35,956 putative axolotl circRNAs, among which 5331 unique circRNAs exhibited orthology with human circRNAs. In silico data analysis underlined the potential roles of axolotl circRNAs in cell cycle, cell death, and cell senescence-related pathways during limb regeneration, suggesting the participation of circRNAs in regulation of diverse functions pertinent to regenerative medicine. These new observations help advance our understanding of the dynamic landscape of axolotl circRNAs, and by extension, inform future regenerative medicine research and innovation that harness this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turan Demircan
- Medical Biology Department, School of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Barış Ethem Süzek
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
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12
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Gray MJ, Ossiboff RJ, Berger L, Bletz MC, Carter ED, DeMarchi JA, Grayfer L, Lesbarrères D, Malagon DA, Martel A, Miller DL, Pasmans F, Skerratt LF, Towe AE, Wilber MQ. One Health Approach to Globalizing, Accelerating, and Focusing Amphibian and Reptile Disease Research-Reflections and Opinions from the First Global Amphibian and Reptile Disease Conference. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1-7. [PMID: 37735750 PMCID: PMC10521610 DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.221899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The world's reptiles and amphibians are experiencing dramatic and ongoing losses in biodiversity, changes that can have substantial effects on ecosystems and human health. In 2022, the first Global Amphibian and Reptile Disease Conference was held, using One Health as a guiding principle. The conference showcased knowledge on numerous reptile and amphibian pathogens from several standpoints, including epidemiology, host immune defenses, wild population effects, and mitigation. The conference also provided field experts the opportunity to discuss and identify the most urgent herpetofaunal disease research directions necessary to address current and future threats to reptile and amphibian biodiversity.
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Avila-Martinez N, Gansevoort M, Verbakel J, Jayaprakash H, Araujo IM, Vitorino M, Tiscornia G, van Kuppevelt TH, Daamen WF. Matrisomal components involved in regenerative wound healing in axolotl and Acomys: implications for biomaterial development. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6060-6081. [PMID: 37525590 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00835e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Achieving regeneration in humans has been a long-standing goal of many researchers. Whereas amphibians like the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) are capable of regenerating whole organs and even limbs, most mammals heal their wounds via fibrotic scarring. Recently, the African spiny mouse (Acomys sp.) has been shown to be injury resistant and capable of regenerating several tissue types. A major focal point of research with Acomys has been the identification of drivers of regeneration. In this search, the matrisome components related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) are often overlooked. In this review, we compare Acomys and axolotl skin wound healing and blastema-mediated regeneration by examining their wound healing responses and comparing the expression pattern of matrisome genes, including glycosaminoglycan (GAG) related genes. The goal of this review is to identify matrisome genes that are upregulated during regeneration and could be potential candidates for inclusion in pro-regenerative biomaterials. Research papers describing transcriptomic or proteomic coverage of either skin regeneration or blastema formation in Acomys and axolotl were selected. Matrisome and GAG related genes were extracted from each dataset and the resulting lists of genes were compared. In our analysis, we found several genes that were consistently upregulated, suggesting possible involvement in regenerative processes. Most of the components have been implicated in regulation of cell behavior, extracellular matrix remodeling and wound healing. Incorporation of such pro-regenerative factors into biomaterials may help to shift pro-fibrotic processes to regenerative responses in treated wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Avila-Martinez
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Research Institute, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Merel Gansevoort
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Research Institute, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Juul Verbakel
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Research Institute, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Haarshaadri Jayaprakash
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ines Maria Araujo
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marta Vitorino
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Tiscornia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Eugin Barcelona, Balmes, 236, 08006 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Research Institute, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willeke F Daamen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Research Institute, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Tajer B, Savage AM, Whited JL. The salamander blastema within the broader context of metazoan regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206157. [PMID: 37635872 PMCID: PMC10450636 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom regenerative ability varies greatly from species to species, and even tissue to tissue within the same organism. The sheer diversity of structures and mechanisms renders a thorough comparison of molecular processes truly daunting. Are "blastemas" found in organisms as distantly related as planarians and axolotls derived from the same ancestral process, or did they arise convergently and independently? Is a mouse digit tip blastema orthologous to a salamander limb blastema? In other fields, the thorough characterization of a reference model has greatly facilitated these comparisons. For example, the amphibian Spemann-Mangold organizer has served as an amazingly useful comparative template within the field of developmental biology, allowing researchers to draw analogies between distantly related species, and developmental processes which are superficially quite different. The salamander limb blastema may serve as the best starting point for a comparative analysis of regeneration, as it has been characterized by over 200 years of research and is supported by a growing arsenal of molecular tools. The anatomical and evolutionary closeness of the salamander and human limb also add value from a translational and therapeutic standpoint. Tracing the evolutionary origins of the salamander blastema, and its relatedness to other regenerative processes throughout the animal kingdom, will both enhance our basic biological understanding of regeneration and inform our selection of regenerative model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica L. Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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15
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Zhulyn O, Rosenblatt HD, Shokat L, Dai S, Kuzuoglu-Öztürk D, Zhang Z, Ruggero D, Shokat KM, Barna M. Evolutionarily divergent mTOR remodels translatome for tissue regeneration. Nature 2023; 620:163-171. [PMID: 37495694 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
An outstanding mystery in biology is why some species, such as the axolotl, can regenerate tissues whereas mammals cannot1. Here, we demonstrate that rapid activation of protein synthesis is a unique feature of the injury response critical for limb regeneration in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). By applying polysome sequencing, we identify hundreds of transcripts, including antioxidants and ribosome components that are selectively activated at the level of translation from pre-existing messenger RNAs in response to injury. By contrast, protein synthesis is not activated in response to non-regenerative digit amputation in the mouse. We identify the mTORC1 pathway as a key upstream signal that mediates tissue regeneration and translational control in the axolotl. We discover unique expansions in mTOR protein sequence among urodele amphibians. By engineering an axolotl mTOR (axmTOR) in human cells, we show that these changes create a hypersensitive kinase that allows axolotls to maintain this pathway in a highly labile state primed for rapid activation. This change renders axolotl mTOR more sensitive to nutrient sensing, and inhibition of amino acid transport is sufficient to inhibit tissue regeneration. Together, these findings highlight the unanticipated impact of the translatome on orchestrating the early steps of wound healing in a highly regenerative species and provide a missing link in our understanding of vertebrate regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Zhulyn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hannah D Rosenblatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leila Shokat
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shizhong Dai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Duygu Kuzuoglu-Öztürk
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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16
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Salamanders' regenerative potential might be driven by a specific protein variant. Nature 2023:10.1038/d41586-023-02111-9. [PMID: 37495785 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
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17
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Bay S, Öztürk G, Emekli N, Demircan T. Downregulation of Yap1 during limb regeneration results in defective bone formation in axolotl. Dev Biol 2023:S0012-1606(23)00094-5. [PMID: 37271360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays an imperative role in cellular processes such as differentiation, regeneration, cell migration, organ growth, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Transcription coregulator component of Hippo pathway, YAP1, promotes transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and suppressing apoptosis. However, its role in epimorphic regeneration has not been fully explored. The axolotl is a well-established model organism for developmental biology and regeneration studies. By exploiting its remarkable regenerative capacity, we investigated the role of Yap1 in the early blastema stage of limb regeneration. Depleting Yap1 using gene-specific morpholinos attenuated the competence of axolotl limb regeneration evident in bone formation defects. To explore the affected downstream pathways from Yap1 down-regulation, the gene expression profile was examined by employing LC-MS/MS technology. Based on the generated data, we provided a new layer of evidence on the putative roles of increased protease inhibition and immune system activities and altered ECM composition in diminished bone formation capacity during axolotl limb regeneration upon Yap1 deficiency. We believe that new insights into the roles of the Hippo pathway in complex structure regeneration were granted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadık Bay
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey; Graduate School of Health Sciences, İstanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gürkan Öztürk
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey; Department of Physiology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Emekli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turan Demircan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey; Department of Bioinformatics, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey.
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18
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Vieira WA, Raymond M, Kelley K, Cherubino MA, Sahin H, McCusker CD. Integration failure of regenerated limb tissue is associated with incongruencies in positional information in the Mexican axolotl. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1152510. [PMID: 37333984 PMCID: PMC10272535 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1152510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Little is known about how the newly regenerated limb tissues in the Mexican axolotl seamlessly integrate with the remaining stump tissues to form a functional structure, and why this doesn't occur in some regenerative scenarios. In this study, we evaluate the phenomenological and transcriptional characteristics associated with integration failure in ectopic limb structures generated by treating anterior-located ectopic blastemas with Retinoic Acid (RA) and focusing on the "bulbus mass" tissue that forms between the ectopic limb and the host site. We additionally test the hypothesis that the posterior portion of the limb base contains anterior positional identities. Methods: The positional identity of the bulbus mass was evaluated by assaying regenerative competency, the ability to induce new pattern in the Accessory Limb Model (ALM) assay, and by using qRTPCR to quantify the relative expression of patterning genes as the bulbus mass deintegrates from the host site. We additionally use the ALM and qRTPCR to analyze the distribution of anterior and posterior positional identities along the proximal/distal limb axis of uninjured and regenerating limbs. Results: The bulbus mass regenerates limb structures with decreased complexity when amputated and is able to induce complex ectopic limb structure only when grafted into posterior-located ALMs. Expressional analysis shows significant differences in FGF8, BMP2, TBX5, Chrdl1, HoxA9, and HoxA11 expression between the bulbus mass and the host site when deintegration is occuring. Grafts of posterior skin from the distal limb regions into posterior ALMs at the base of the limb induce ectopic limb structures. Proximally-located blastemas express significantly less HoxA13 and Ptch1, and significantly more Alx4 and Grem1 than distally located blastemas. Discussion: These findings show that the bulbus mass has an anterior-limb identity and that the expression of limb patterning genes is mismatched between the bulbus mass and the host limb. Our findings additionally show that anterior positional information is more abundant at the limb base, and that anterior patterning genes are more abundantly expressed in proximally located blastemas compared to blastemas in the more distal regions of the limb. These experiments provide valuable insight into the underlying causes of integration failure and further map the distribution of positional identities in the mature limb.
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19
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Banda CH, Shiraishi M, Mitsui K, Okada Y, Danno K, Ishiura R, Maemura K, Chiba C, Mizoguchi A, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Maruyama K, Narushima M. Structural and functional analysis of the newt lymphatic system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6902. [PMID: 37106059 PMCID: PMC10140069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration competent vertebrates such as newts and salamanders possess a weakened adaptive immune system characterized by multiple connections between the lymphatic system and the blood vascular system called lymphatic hearts. The role of lymphatic vasculature and these lymphaticovenous connections in regeneration is unknown. We used in-vivo near-infrared lymphangiography, ultra-high frequency ultrasonography, micro-CT lymphangiography, and histological serial section 3-dimentional computer reconstruction to evaluate the lymphatic territories of Cynops pyrrhogaster. We used our model and supermicrosurgery to show that lymphatic hearts are not essential for lymphatic circulation and limb regeneration. Instead, newts possess a novel intraosseous network of lymphatics inside the bone expressing VEGFR-3, LYVE-1 and CD-31. However, we were unable to show Prox-1 expression by these vessels. We demonstrate that adult newt bone marrow functions as both a lymphatic drainage organ and fat reservoir. This study reveals the fundamental anatomical differences between the immune system of urodeles and mammals and provides a model for investigating lymphatics and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihena H Banda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Makoto Shiraishi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Mitsui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshimoto Okada
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kanako Danno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishiura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kaho Maemura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Chiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Mitsunaga Narushima
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture, 514-8507, Japan.
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20
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Min S, Whited JL. Limb blastema formation: How much do we know at a genetic and epigenetic level? J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102858. [PMID: 36596359 PMCID: PMC9898764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of missing body parts is an incredible ability which is present in a wide number of species. However, this regenerative capability varies among different organisms. Urodeles (salamanders) are able to completely regenerate limbs after amputation through the essential process of blastema formation. The blastema is a collection of relatively undifferentiated progenitor cells that proliferate and repattern to form the internal tissues of a regenerated limb. Understanding blastema formation in salamanders may enable comparative studies with other animals, including mammals, with more limited regenerative abilities and may inspire future therapeutic approaches in humans. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge about how limb blastemas form in salamanders, highlighting both the possible roles of epigenetic controls in this process as well as limitations to scientific understanding that present opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Min
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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21
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Byatt TC, Martin P. Parallel repair mechanisms in plants and animals. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286774. [PMID: 36706000 PMCID: PMC9903144 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms have acquired mechanisms for repairing themselves after accidents or lucky escape from predators, but how analogous are these mechanisms across phyla? Plants and animals are distant relatives in the tree of life, but both need to be able to efficiently repair themselves, or they will perish. Both have an outer epidermal barrier layer and a circulatory system that they must protect from infection. However, plant cells are immotile with rigid cell walls, so they cannot raise an animal-like immune response or move away from the insult, as animals can. Here, we discuss the parallel strategies and signalling pathways used by plants and animals to heal their tissues, as well as key differences. A more comprehensive understanding of these parallels and differences could highlight potential avenues to enhance healing of patients' wounds in the clinic and, in a reciprocal way, for developing novel alternatives to agricultural pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Byatt
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
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22
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Raymond M, Mccusker CD. The Accessory Limb Model Regenerative Assay and Its Derivatives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:217-233. [PMID: 36272079 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When the Accessory Limb Model (ALM) regenerative assay was first published by Endo, Bryant, and Gardiner in 2004, it provided a robust system for testing the cellular and molecular contributions during each of the basic steps of regeneration: the formation of the wound epithelium, neural induction of the apical epithelial cap, and the formation of a positional disparity between blastema cells. The basic ALM procedure was developed in the axolotl and involves deviating a limb nerve into a lateral wound and grafting skin from the opposing side of the limb axis into the site of injury. In this chapter, we will review the studies that lead to the conception of the ALM, as well as the studies that have followed the development of this assay. We will additionally describe in detail the standard ALM surgery and how to perform this surgery on different limb positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Raymond
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Bölük A, Yavuz M, Demircan T. Axolotl: A resourceful vertebrate model for regeneration and beyond. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1914-1933. [PMID: 35906989 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity varies significantly among the animal kingdom. Successful regeneration program in some animals results in the functional restoration of tissues and lost structures. Among the highly regenerative animals, axolotl provides multiple experimental advantages with its many extraordinary characteristics. It has been positioned as a regeneration model organism due to its exceptional renewal capacity, including the internal organs, central nervous system, and appendages, in a scar-free manner. In addition to this unique regeneration ability, the observed low cancer incidence, its resistance to carcinogens, and the reversing effect of its cell extract on neoplasms strongly suggest its usability in cancer research. Axolotl's longevity and efficient utilization of several anti-aging mechanisms underline its potential to be employed in aging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydın Bölük
- School of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Mervenur Yavuz
- Institute of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Turan Demircan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
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24
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Patel JH, Ong DJ, Williams CR, Callies LK, Wills AE. Elevated pentose phosphate pathway flux supports appendage regeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111552. [PMID: 36288713 PMCID: PMC10569227 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental step in regeneration is rapid growth to replace lost tissue. Cells must generate sufficient lipids, nucleotides, and proteins to fuel rapid cell division. To define metabolic pathways underlying regenerative growth, we undertake a multimodal investigation of metabolic reprogramming in Xenopus tropicalis appendage regeneration. Regenerating tissues have increased glucose uptake; however, inhibition of glycolysis does not decrease regeneration. Instead, glucose is funneled to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which is essential for full tail regeneration. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling reveals increased nucleotide and nicotinamide intermediates required for cell division. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we find that highly proliferative cells have increased transcription of PPP enzymes and not glycolytic enzymes. Further, PPP inhibition results in decreased cell division specifically in regenerating tissue. Our results inform a model wherein regenerating tissues direct glucose toward the PPP, yielding nucleotide precursors to drive regenerative cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet H Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Ong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire R Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - LuLu K Callies
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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25
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Carbonell-M B, Zapata Cardona J, Delgado JP. Post-amputation reactive oxygen species production is necessary for axolotls limb regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921520. [PMID: 36092695 PMCID: PMC9458980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent molecules of great interest in the field of regenerative biology since several animal models require their production to promote and favor tissue, organ, and appendage regeneration. Recently, it has been shown that the production of ROS such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is required for tail regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum. However, to date, it is unknown whether ROS production is necessary for limb regeneration in this animal model. Methods: forelimbs of juvenile animals were amputated proximally and the dynamics of ROS production was determined using 2′7- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) during the regeneration process. Inhibition of ROS production was performed using the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Subsequently, a rescue assay was performed using exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effect of these treatments on the size and skeletal structures of the regenerated limb was evaluated by staining with alcian blue and alizarin red, as well as the effect on blastema formation, cell proliferation, immune cell recruitment, and expression of genes related to proximal-distal identity. Results: our results show that inhibition of post-amputation limb ROS production in the A. mexicanum salamander model results in the regeneration of a miniature limb with a significant reduction in the size of skeletal elements such as the ulna, radius, and overall autopod. Additionally, other effects such as decrease in the number of carpals, defective joint morphology, and failure of integrity between the regenerated structure and the remaining tissue were identified. In addition, this treatment affected blastema formation and induced a reduction in the levels of cell proliferation in this structure, as well as a reduction in the number of CD45+ and CD11b + immune system cells. On the other hand, blocking ROS production affected the expression of proximo-distal identity genes such as Aldha1a1, Rarβ, Prod1, Meis1, Hoxa13, and other genes such as Agr2 and Yap1 in early/mid blastema. Of great interest, the failure in blastema formation, skeletal alterations, as well as the expression of the genes evaluated were rescued by the application of exogenous H2O2, suggesting that ROS/H2O2 production is necessary from the early stages for proper regeneration and patterning of the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belfran Carbonell-M
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Estudios Básicos Integrados, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Belfran Carbonell-M, ; Jean Paul Delgado,
| | - Juliana Zapata Cardona
- Grupo de Investigación en Patobiología Quiron, Escuela de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean Paul Delgado
- Grupo de Genética, Regeneración y Cáncer, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Belfran Carbonell-M, ; Jean Paul Delgado,
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26
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Ferreira MJS, Mancini FE, Humphreys PA, Ogene L, Buckley M, Domingos MAN, Kimber SJ. Pluripotent stem cells for skeletal tissue engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 42:774-793. [PMID: 34488516 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1968785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the use of human pluripotent stem cells for skeletal tissue engineering. A number of approaches have been used for generating cartilage and bone from both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. These range from protocols relying on intrinsic cell interactions and signals from co-cultured cells to those attempting to recapitulate the series of steps occurring during mammalian skeletal development. The importance of generating authentic tissues rather than just differentiated cells is emphasized and enabling technologies for doing this are reported. We also review the different methods for characterization of skeletal cells and constructs at the tissue and single-cell level, and indicate newer resources not yet fully utilized in this field. There have been many challenges in this research area but the technologies to overcome these are beginning to appear, often adopted from related fields. This makes it more likely that cost-effective and efficacious human pluripotent stem cell-engineered constructs may become available for skeletal repair in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J S Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabrizio E Mancini
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Humphreys
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leona Ogene
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Buckley
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marco A N Domingos
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Polikarpova A, Ellinghaus A, Schmidt-Bleek O, Grosser L, Bucher CH, Duda GN, Tanaka EM, Schmidt-Bleek K. The specialist in regeneration-the Axolotl-a suitable model to study bone healing? NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:35. [PMID: 35773262 PMCID: PMC9246919 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the axolotl's ability to completely regenerate amputated limbs is well known and studied, the mechanism of axolotl bone fracture healing remains poorly understood. One reason might be the lack of a standardized fracture fixation in axolotl. We present a surgical technique to stabilize the osteotomized axolotl femur with a fixator plate and compare it to a non-stabilized osteotomy and to limb amputation. The healing outcome was evaluated 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgery by microcomputer tomography, histology and immunohistochemistry. Plate-fixated femurs regained bone integrity more efficiently in comparison to the non-fixated osteotomized bone, where larger callus formed, possibly to compensate for the bone fragment misalignment. The healing of a non-critical osteotomy in axolotl was incomplete after 9 months, while amputated limbs efficiently restored bone length and structure. In axolotl amputated limbs, plate-fixated and non-fixated fractures, we observed accumulation of PCNA+ proliferating cells at 3 weeks post-injury similar to mouse. Additionally, as in mouse, SOX9-expressing cells appeared in the early phase of fracture healing and amputated limb regeneration in axolotl, preceding cartilage formation. This implicates endochondral ossification to be the probable mechanism of bone healing in axolotls. Altogether, the surgery with a standardized fixation technique demonstrated here allows for controlled axolotl bone healing experiments, facilitating their comparison to mammals (mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polikarpova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - A Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - O Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - L Grosser
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - C H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - E M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany.
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Xue Y, Reddy SK, Garza LA. Toward Understanding Wound Immunology for High-Fidelity Skin Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:cshperspect.a041241. [DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mengli Xu, Su J, Yue Z, Yu Y, Zhao X, Xie X. Inflammation and Limb Regeneration: The Role of the Chemokines. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Tower RJ, Busse E, Jaramillo J, Lacey M, Hoffseth K, Guntur AR, Simkin J, Sammarco MC. Spatial transcriptomics reveals metabolic changes underly age-dependent declines in digit regeneration. eLife 2022; 11:71542. [PMID: 35616636 PMCID: PMC9135401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo limb regeneration after amputation is restricted in mammals to the distal digit tip. Central to this regenerative process is the blastema, a heterogeneous population of lineage-restricted, dedifferentiated cells that ultimately orchestrates regeneration of the amputated bone and surrounding soft tissue. To investigate skeletal regeneration, we made use of spatial transcriptomics to characterize the transcriptional profile specifically within the blastema. Using this technique, we generated a gene signature with high specificity for the blastema in both our spatial data, as well as other previously published single-cell RNA-sequencing transcriptomic studies. To elucidate potential mechanisms distinguishing regenerative from non-regenerative healing, we applied spatial transcriptomics to an aging model. Consistent with other forms of repair, our digit amputation mouse model showed a significant impairment in regeneration in aged mice. Contrasting young and aged mice, spatial analysis revealed a metabolic shift in aged blastema associated with an increased bioenergetic requirement. This enhanced metabolic turnover was associated with increased hypoxia and angiogenic signaling, leading to excessive vascularization and altered regenerated bone architecture in aged mice. Administration of the metabolite oxaloacetate decreased the oxygen consumption rate of the aged blastema and increased WNT signaling, leading to enhanced in vivo bone regeneration. Thus, targeting cell metabolism may be a promising strategy to mitigate aging-induced declines in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Kevin Hoffseth
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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Avalos PN, Forsthoefel DJ. An Emerging Frontier in Intercellular Communication: Extracellular Vesicles in Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849905. [PMID: 35646926 PMCID: PMC9130466 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration requires cellular proliferation, differentiation, and other processes that are regulated by secreted cues originating from cells in the local environment. Recent studies suggest that signaling by extracellular vesicles (EVs), another mode of paracrine communication, may also play a significant role in coordinating cellular behaviors during regeneration. EVs are nanoparticles composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other metabolites, and are secreted by most cell types. Upon EV uptake by target cells, EV cargo can influence diverse cellular behaviors during regeneration, including cell survival, immune responses, extracellular matrix remodeling, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In this review, we briefly introduce the history of EV research and EV biogenesis. Then, we review current understanding of how EVs regulate cellular behaviors during regeneration derived from numerous studies of stem cell-derived EVs in mammalian injury models. Finally, we discuss the potential of other established and emerging research organisms to expand our mechanistic knowledge of basic EV biology, how injury modulates EV biogenesis, cellular sources of EVs in vivo, and the roles of EVs in organisms with greater regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla N. Avalos
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - David J. Forsthoefel
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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32
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Adamson CJ, Morrison-Welch N, Rogers CD. The amazing and anomalous axolotls as scientific models. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:922-933. [PMID: 35322911 PMCID: PMC9536427 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) embryos and juveniles have been used as model organisms for developmental and regenerative research for many years. This neotenic aquatic species maintains the unique capability to regenerate most, if not all, of its tissues well into adulthood. With large externally developing embryos, axolotls were one of the original model species for developmental biology. However, increased access to, and use of, organisms with sequenced and annotated genomes, such as Xenopus laevis and tropicalis and Danio rerio, reduced the prevalence of axolotls as models in embryogenesis studies. Recent sequencing of the large axolotl genome opens up new possibilities for defining the recipes that drive the formation and regeneration of tissues like the limbs and spinal cord. However, to decode the large Ambystoma mexicanum genome will take a herculean effort, community resources, and the development of novel techniques. Here, we provide an updated axolotl-staging chart ranging from 1-cell stage to immature adult paired with a perspective on both historical and current axolotl research that spans from their use in early studies of development to the recent cutting-edge research, employment of transgenesis, high resolution imaging, and study of mechanisms deployed in regeneration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Adamson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA
| | | | - Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA
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Duerr TJ, Jeon EK, Wells KM, Villanueva A, Seifert AW, McCusker CD, Monaghan JR. A constitutively expressed fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator (FUCCI) in axolotls for studying tissue regeneration. Development 2022; 149:dev199637. [PMID: 35266986 PMCID: PMC8977096 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cell cycle progression is essential for cell proliferation during regeneration following injury. After appendage amputation, the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) regenerates missing structures through an accumulation of proliferating cells known as the blastema. To study cell division during blastema growth, we generated a transgenic line of axolotls that ubiquitously expresses a bicistronic version of the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator (FUCCI). We demonstrate near-ubiquitous FUCCI expression in developing and adult tissues, and validate these expression patterns with DNA synthesis and mitosis phase markers. We demonstrate the utility of FUCCI for live and whole-mount imaging, showing the predominantly local contribution of cells during limb and tail regeneration. We also show that spinal cord amputation results in increased proliferation at least 5 mm from the site of injury. Finally, we use multimodal staining to provide cell type information for cycling cells by combining fluorescence in situ hybridization, EdU click-chemistry and immunohistochemistry on a single FUCCI tissue section. This new line of animals will be useful for studying cell cycle dynamics using in situ endpoint assays and in vivo imaging in developing and regenerating animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Duerr
- Northeastern University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eun Kyung Jeon
- Northeastern University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaylee M. Wells
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Department of Biology, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Ashley W. Seifert
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biology, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - James R. Monaghan
- Northeastern University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Growth and mechanobiology of the tendon-bone enthesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:64-73. [PMID: 34362655 PMCID: PMC8810906 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tendons are cable-like connective tissues that transfer both active and passive forces generated by skeletal muscle to bone. In the mature skeleton, the tendon-bone enthesis is an interfacial zone of transitional tissue located between two mechanically dissimilar tissues: compliant, fibrous tendon to rigid, dense mineralized bone. In this review, we focus on emerging areas in enthesis development related to its structure, function, and mechanobiology, as well as highlight established and emerging signaling pathways and physiological processes that influence the formation and adaptation of this important transitional tissue.
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35
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Takeuchi T, Matsubara H, Minamitani F, Satoh Y, Tozawa S, Moriyama T, Maruyama K, Suzuki KIT, Shigenobu S, Inoue T, Tamura K, Agata K, Hayashi T. Newt Hoxa13 has an essential and predominant role in digit formation during development and regeneration. Development 2022; 149:274659. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The 5′Hox genes play crucial roles in limb development and specify regions in the proximal-distal axis of limbs. However, there is no direct genetic evidence that Hox genes are essential for limb development in non-mammalian tetrapods or for limb regeneration. Here, we produced single to quadruple Hox13 paralog mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in newts (Pleurodeles waltl), which have strong regenerative capacities, and also produced germline mutants. We show that Hox13 genes are essential for digit formation in development, as in mice. In addition, Hoxa13 has a predominant role in digit formation, unlike in mice. The predominance is probably due to the restricted expression pattern of Hoxd13 in limb buds and the strong dependence of Hoxd13 expression on Hoxa13. Finally, we demonstrate that Hox13 genes are also necessary for digit formation in limb regeneration. Our findings reveal that the general function of Hox13 genes is conserved between limb development and regeneration, and across taxa. The predominance of Hoxa13 function both in newt limbs and fish fins, but not in mouse limbs, suggests a potential contribution of Hoxa13 function in fin-to-limb transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Haruka Matsubara
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Fumina Minamitani
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yukio Satoh
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Sayo Tozawa
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoki Moriyama
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kohei Maruyama
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi T. Suzuki
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toyoshima-Ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toyoshima-Ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Division of Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Wells KM, Baumel M, McCusker CD. The Regulation of Growth in Developing, Homeostatic, and Regenerating Tetrapod Limbs: A Minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:768505. [PMID: 35047496 PMCID: PMC8763381 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the tetrapod limb play central roles in their functionality and the overall physiology of the organism. In this minireview we will discuss observations on mutant animal models and humans, which show that the growth and final size of the limb is most impacted by factors that regulate either limb bud patterning or the elongation of the long bones. We will also apply the lessons that have been learned from embryos to how growth could be regulated in regenerating limb structures and outline the challenges that are unique to regenerating animals.
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Bothe V, Schneider I, Fröbisch NB. A Morphological and Histological Investigation of Imperfect Lungfish Fin Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.784828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, the replacement of body parts in a living animal, has excited scientists for centuries and our knowledge of vertebrate appendage regeneration has increased significantly over the past decades. While the ability of amniotes to regenerate body parts is very limited, members of other vertebrate clades have been shown to have rather high regenerative capacities. Among tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates), only salamanders show unparalleled capacities of epimorphic tissue regeneration including replacement of organ and body parts in an apparently perfect fashion. The closest living relatives of Tetrapoda, the lungfish, show regenerative abilities that are comparable to those of salamanders and recent studies suggest that these high regenerative capacities may indeed be ancestral for bony fish (osteichthyans) including tetrapods. While great progress has been made in recent years in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms deployed during appendage regeneration, comparatively few studies have investigated gross morphological and histological features of regenerated fins and limbs. Likewise, rather little is known about how fin regeneration compares morphologically to salamander limb regeneration. In this study, we investigated the morphology and histology of regenerated fins in all three modern lungfish families. Data from histological serial sections, 3D reconstructions, and x-ray microtomography scans were analyzed to assess morphological features, quality and pathologies in lungfish fin regenerates. We found several anomalies resulting from imperfect regeneration in regenerated fins in all investigated lungfish species, including fusion of skeletal elements, additional or fewer elements, and distal branching. The similarity of patterns in regeneration abnormalities compared to salamander limb regeneration lends further support to the hypothesis that high regenerative capacities are plesiomorphic for sarcopterygians.
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Wells KM, Kelley K, Baumel M, Vieira WA, McCusker CD. Neural control of growth and size in the axolotl limb regenerate. eLife 2021; 10:68584. [PMID: 34779399 PMCID: PMC8716110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate growth and size of the regenerating limb in tetrapods such as the Mexican axolotl are unknown. Upon the completion of the developmental stages of regeneration, when the regenerative organ known as the blastema completes patterning and differentiation, the limb regenerate is proportionally small in size. It then undergoes a phase of regeneration that we have called the ‘tiny-limb’ stage, which is defined by rapid growth until the regenerate reaches the proportionally appropriate size. In the current study we have characterized this growth and have found that signaling from the limb nerves is required for its maintenance. Using the regenerative assay known as the accessory limb model (ALM), we have found that growth and size of the limb positively correlates with nerve abundance. We have additionally developed a new regenerative assay called the neural modified-ALM (NM-ALM), which decouples the source of the nerves from the regenerating host environment. Using the NM-ALM we discovered that non-neural extrinsic factors from differently sized host animals do not play a prominent role in determining the size of the regenerating limb. We have also discovered that the regulation of limb size is not autonomously regulated by the limb nerves. Together, these observations show that the limb nerves provide essential cues to regulate ontogenetic allometric growth and the final size of the regenerating limb. Humans’ ability to regrow lost or damaged body parts is relatively limited, but some animals, such as the axolotl (a Mexican salamander), can regenerate complex body parts, like legs, many times over their lives. Studying regeneration in these animals could help researchers enhance humans’ abilities to heal. One way to do this is using the Accessory Limb Model (ALM), where scientists wound an axolotl’s leg, and study the additional leg that grows from the wound. The first stage of limb regeneration creates a new leg that has the right structure and shape. The new leg is very small so the next phase involves growing the leg until its size matches the rest of the animal. This phase must be controlled so that the limb stops growing when it reaches the right size, but how this regulation works is unclear. Previous research suggests that the number of nerves in the new leg could be important. Wells et al. used a ALM to study how the size of regenerating limbs is controlled. They found that changing the number of nerves connected to the new leg altered its size, with more nerves leading to a larger leg. Next, Wells et al. created a system that used transplanted nerve bundles of different sizes to grow new legs in different sized axolotls. This showed that the size of the resulting leg is controlled by the number of nerves connecting it to the CNS. Wells et al. also showed that nerves can only control regeneration if they remain connected to the central nervous system. These results explain how size is controlled during limb regeneration in axolotls, highlighting the fact that regrowth is directly controlled by the number of nerves connected to a regenerating leg. Much more work is needed to reveal the details of this process and the signals nerves use to control growth. It will also be important to determine whether this control system is exclusive to axolotls, or whether other animals also use it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee M Wells
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Kristina Kelley
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Mary Baumel
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
| | - Warren A Vieira
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States
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39
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Bassat E, Tanaka EM. The cellular and signaling dynamics of salamander limb regeneration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:117-123. [PMID: 34521022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Limb amputation in salamanders yields a wound response that ultimately leads to replacement of the missing part. This unique-among-tetrapod trait involves the migration and recruitment of multiple cell types including epithelium, immune cells, axonal growth cones, and connective tissue cells to build the blastema which contains the proliferating stem and progenitor cells to rebuild the limb tissues. A number of the signaling and cell biological events have been defined. They point to the intimate coordination of physical events such as osmotic pressure, cell migration, and cell-cell communication with changes in cell identity such as dedifferentiation into embryonic-like epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Bassat
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Srivastava M. Beyond Casual Resemblances: Rigorous Frameworks for Comparing Regeneration Across Species. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:415-440. [PMID: 34288710 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The majority of animal phyla have species that can regenerate. Comparing regeneration across animals can reconstruct the molecular and cellular evolutionary history of this process. Recent studies have revealed some similarity in regeneration mechanisms, but rigorous comparative methods are needed to assess whether these resemblances are ancestral pathways (homology) or are the result of convergent evolution (homoplasy). This review aims to provide a framework for comparing regeneration across animals, focusing on gene regulatory networks (GRNs), which are substrates for assessing process homology. The homology of the wound-induced activation of Wnt signaling and of adult stem cells are discussed as examples of ongoing studies of regeneration that enable comparisons in a GRN framework. Expanding the study of regeneration GRNs in currently studied species and broadening taxonomic sampling for these approaches will identify processes that are unifying principles of regeneration biology across animals. These insights are important both for evolutionary studies of regeneration and for human regenerative medicine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Srivastava
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;
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41
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Feleke M, Bennett S, Chen J, Chandler D, Hu X, Xu J. Biological insights into the rapid tissue regeneration of freshwater crayfish and crustaceans. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:740-753. [PMID: 34165197 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater crayfish is capable of regenerating limbs, following autotomy, injury and predation. In arthropod species, regeneration and moulting are two processes linked and strongly regulated by ecdysone. The regeneration of crayfish limbs is divided into wound healing, blastema formation, cellular reprogramming and tissue patterning. Limb blastema cells undergo proliferation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. A limb bud, containing folded segments of the regenerating limb, is encased within a cuticular sheath. The functional limb regenerates, in proecdysis, in two to three consecutive moults. Rapid tissue growth is regulated by hormones, limb nerves and local cells. The TGF-β/activin signalling pathway has been determined in the crayfish, P. fallax f. virginalis, and is suggested as a potential regulator of tissue regeneration. In this review article, we discuss current understanding of tissue regeneration in the crayfish and various crustaceans. A thorough understanding of the cellular, genetic and molecular pathways of these biological processes is promising for the development of therapeutic applications for a wide array of diseases in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesalie Feleke
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jiazhi Chen
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Chandler
- Australian Genome Research Facility, Medical Research Foundation, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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42
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Mechanical and Immunological Regulation in Wound Healing and Skin Reconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115474. [PMID: 34067386 PMCID: PMC8197020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, a new frontier in scarless wound healing has arisen because of significant advances in the field of wound healing realised by incorporating emerging concepts from mechanobiology and immunology. The complete integumentary organ system (IOS) regeneration and scarless wound healing mechanism, which occurs in specific species, body sites and developmental stages, clearly shows that mechanical stress signals and immune responses play important roles in determining the wound healing mode. Advances in tissue engineering technology have led to the production of novel human skin equivalents and organoids that reproduce cell–cell interactions with tissue-scale tensional homeostasis, and enable us to evaluate skin tissue morphology, functionality, drug response and wound healing. This breakthrough in tissue engineering has the potential to accelerate the understanding of wound healing control mechanisms through complex mechanobiological and immunological interactions. In this review, we present an overview of recent studies of biomechanical and immunological wound healing and tissue remodelling mechanisms through comparisons of species- and developmental stage-dependent wound healing mechanisms. We also discuss the possibility of elucidating the control mechanism of wound healing involving mechanobiological and immunological interaction by using next-generation human skin equivalents.
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43
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Brunauer R, Xia IG, Asrar SN, Dawson LA, Dolan CP, Muneoka K. Aging delays epimorphic regeneration in mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:1726-1733. [PMID: 33970250 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimorphic regeneration is a multi-tissue regeneration process where amputation does not lead to scarring, but blastema formation and patterned morphogenesis for which cell plasticity and concerted cell-cell interactions are pivotal. Tissue regeneration declines with aging, yet if and how aging impairs epimorphic regeneration is unknown. Here we show for the first time that aging derails the spatiotemporal regulation of epimorphic regeneration in mammals, first, by exacerbating tissue histolysis and delaying wound closure, and second, by impairing blastema differentiation and skeletal regrowth. Surprisingly, aging did not limit stem cell availability in the blastema, but reduced osteoblast-dependent bone formation. Our data suggest that aging delays regeneration not by stem cell exhaustion, but functional defects of differentiated cells that may be driven by an aged wound environment and alterations in the spatiotemporal regulation of regeneration events. Our findings emphasize the importance of accurate timing of signaling events for regeneration, and highlight the need for carefully timed interventions in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian G Xia
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shabistan N Asrar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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44
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Fibroblast dedifferentiation as a determinant of successful regeneration. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1541-1551.e6. [PMID: 34004152 PMCID: PMC8140481 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limb regeneration, while observed lifelong in salamanders, is restricted in post-metamorphic Xenopus laevis frogs. Whether this loss is due to systemic factors or an intrinsic incapability of cells to form competent stem cells has been unclear. Here, we use genetic fate mapping to establish that connective tissue (CT) cells form the post-metamorphic frog blastema, as in the case of axolotls. Using heterochronic transplantation into the limb bud and single-cell transcriptomic profiling, we show that axolotl CT cells dedifferentiate and integrate to form lineages, including cartilage. In contrast, frog blastema CT cells do not fully re-express the limb bud progenitor program, even when transplanted into the limb bud. Correspondingly, transplanted cells contribute to extraskeletal CT, but not to the developing cartilage. Furthermore, using single-cell RNA-seq analysis we find that embryonic and adult frog cartilage differentiation programs are molecularly distinct. This work defines intrinsic restrictions in CT dedifferentiation as a limitation in adult regeneration. Fibroblast-derived Prrx1+ cells are the main constituent of a frog limb blastema Frog fibroblasts only undergo partial dedifferentiation due to intrinsic limitations Adult chondrogenesis is distinct from the embryonic program
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45
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Morphogenic fields: A coming of age. Explore (NY) 2021; 18:187-194. [PMID: 33903061 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, the coming-into-being of living organisms, was first described in the 4th century BC by Aristotle, progenitor of biology and embryology. Over the centuries it has been the subject of innumerable commentaries by philosophers, theologians and scientists but no consensus has ever been reached as to its causes. In the late 19th century, along with the emergence of cellular and molecular biology, embryology underwent a renaissance and became a topic of great interest and research. Early on the discipline divided into two opposing factions, those who attempted to explain fetal development on the basis of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and those who invoked the presence of organizing fields. The morphogenic field was first articulated in the early decades of the 20th century by multiple researchers independently of each other. The field became an extremely useful conceptual tool by which to explain a wide range of developmental phenomena. While embryology and genetics originally formed a unified discipline, during the 1930s 40 s geneticists became progressively skeptical of the field notion. The discovery of the DNA structure by Watson and Crick in the early 1950s decisively settled matters and thereafter the two disciplines pursued different lines of inquiry. After World War II embryology and the field concept went into a decades-long decline. By the 1980s an increasing number of scientists began to critically reexamine the morphogenic field concept and it underwent a second renaissance. In this paper I examine the development and evolution of the field concept, both experimentally and conceptually, and highlight the failure of genetic mechanisms to explain morphogenesis. I provide three instances from the medical literature of developmental phenomena which are only explainable on the basis of morphogenic field dynamics and argue that the field concept must be readmitted into mainstream scientific discourse.
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46
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Wei X, Li H, Guo Y, Zhao X, Liu Y, Zou X, Zhou L, Yuan Y, Qin Y, Mao C, Huang G, Yu Y, Deng Q, Feng W, Xu J, Wang M, Liu S, Yang H, Liu L, Liu C, Gu Y. An ATAC-seq Dataset Uncovers the Regulatory Landscape During Axolotl Limb Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651145. [PMID: 33869207 PMCID: PMC8044901 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanbo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Yang Liu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zou
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yating Qin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunyan Mao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Yeya Yu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiuting Deng
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weimin Feng
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangshan Xu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longqi Liu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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47
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Keil S, Gupta M, Brand M, Knopf F. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression in the regenerating zebrafish fin. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1368-1380. [PMID: 33638212 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) expression is found in many animal tissues and regulates growth factor signaling such as of Fibroblast growth factors (Fgf), Wingless/Int (Wnt) and Hedgehog (HH). Glypicans, which are GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored proteins, and transmembrane-anchored syndecans represent two major HSPG protein families whose involvement in development and disease has been demonstrated. Their participation in regenerative processes both of the central nervous system and of regenerating limbs is well documented. However, whether HSPG are expressed in regenerating zebrafish fins, is currently unknown. RESULTS Here, we carried out a systematic screen of glypican and syndecan mRNA expression in regenerating zebrafish fins during the outgrowth phase. We find that 8 of the 10 zebrafish glypicans and the three known zebrafish syndecans show specific expression at 3 days post amputation. Expression is found in different domains of the regenerate, including the distal and lateral basal layers of the wound epidermis, the distal most blastema and more proximal blastema regions. CONCLUSIONS HSPG expression is prevalent in regenerating zebrafish fins. Further research is needed to delineate the function of glypican and syndecan action during zebrafish fin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Keil
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Merus N.V, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Brand
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Knopf
- Technische Universität Dresden, CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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48
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Otsuka T, Mengsteab PY, Laurencin CT. Control of mesenchymal cell fate via application of FGF-8b in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2021; 51:102155. [PMID: 33445073 PMCID: PMC8027992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop strategies to regenerate complex tissues in mammals, understanding the role of signaling in regeneration competent species and mammalian development is of critical importance. Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) signaling has an essential role in limb morphogenesis and blastema outgrowth. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of FGF-8b on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have tremendous potential for therapeutic use of cell-based therapy. Rat adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) and muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) were isolated and cultured in growth medium and various types of differentiation medium (osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, tenogenic, and myogenic medium) with or without FGF-8b supplementation. We found that FGF-8b induced robust proliferation regardless of culture medium. Genes related to limb development were upregulated in ADSCs by FGF-8b supplementation. Moreover, FGF-8b enhanced chondrogenic differentiation and suppressed adipogenic and tenogenic differentiation in ADSCs. Osteogenic differentiation was not affected by FGF-8b supplementation. FGF-8b was found to enhance myofiber formation in rat MPCs. Overall, this study provides foundational knowledge on the effect of FGF-8b in the proliferation and fate determination of MSCs and provides insight in its potential efficacy for musculoskeletal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Otsuka
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Paulos Y Mengsteab
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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49
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Zhang Z, Denans N, Liu Y, Zhulyn O, Rosenblatt HD, Wernig M, Barna M. Optogenetic manipulation of cellular communication using engineered myosin motors. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:198-208. [PMID: 33526902 PMCID: PMC7880895 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells achieve highly efficient and accurate communication through cellular projections such as neurites and filopodia, yet there is a lack of genetically encoded tools that can selectively manipulate their composition and dynamics. Here, we present a versatile optogenetic toolbox of artificial multi-headed myosin motors that can move bidirectionally within long cellular extensions and allow for the selective transport of GFP-tagged cargo with light. Utilizing these engineered motors, we could transport bulky transmembrane receptors and organelles as well as actin remodellers to control the dynamics of both filopodia and neurites. Using an optimized in vivo imaging scheme, we further demonstrate that, upon limb amputation in axolotls, a complex array of filopodial extensions is formed. We selectively modulated these filopodial extensions and showed that they re-establish a Sonic Hedgehog signalling gradient during regeneration. Considering the ubiquitous existence of actin-based extensions, this toolbox shows the potential to manipulate cellular communication with unprecedented accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Denans
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Olena Zhulyn
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah D Rosenblatt
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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50
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Daponte V, Tylzanowski P, Forlino A. Appendage Regeneration in Vertebrates: What Makes This Possible? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020242. [PMID: 33513779 PMCID: PMC7911911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate amputated or injured tissues and organs is a fascinating property shared by several invertebrates and, interestingly, some vertebrates. The mechanism of evolutionary loss of regeneration in mammals is not understood, yet from the biomedical and clinical point of view, it would be very beneficial to be able, at least partially, to restore that capability. The current availability of new experimental tools, facilitating the comparative study of models with high regenerative ability, provides a powerful instrument to unveil what is needed for a successful regeneration. The present review provides an updated overview of multiple aspects of appendage regeneration in three vertebrates: lizard, salamander, and zebrafish. The deep investigation of this process points to common mechanisms, including the relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling for the restoration of a functional appendage. We discuss the formation and cellular origin of the blastema and the identification of epigenetic and cellular changes and molecular pathways shared by vertebrates capable of regeneration. Understanding the similarities, being aware of the differences of the processes, during lizard, salamander, and zebrafish regeneration can provide a useful guide for supporting effective regenerative strategies in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Daponte
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987235
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