1
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da Costa HHM, Silva VO, Amorim GC, Guereschi MG, Sergio LM, Gomes CHR, Hong MA, de Oliveira EL, Brígido LFDM, Lindoso JAL, Prudencio CR. Assessment of an in-house IgG ELISA targeting SARS-CoV-2 RBD: Applications in infected and vaccinated individuals. J Immunol Methods 2024; 530:113683. [PMID: 38759864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The study evoluated an in-house Spike Receptor Binding Domain Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (RBD-IgG-ELISA) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in infected and vaccinated individuals. The assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 99.25%, and accuracy of 95.13%. Precision and reproducibility were highly consistent. The RBD-IgG-ELISA was able to detect 96.25% of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed cases for SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating positive and negative predictive values of 99,18% and 91,69%, respectively. In an epidemiological survey, ELISA, lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA), and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) exhibited diagnostic sensitivities of 68.29%, 63.41%, and 70.73%, respectively, along with specificities of 82.93%, 80.49%, and 80.49%, respectively. Agreement between RBD-IgG-ELISA/PCR was moderate (k index 0.512). However, good agreement between different assays (RBD-IgG-ELISA/LFIA k index 0.875, RBD-IgG-ELISA/ECLIA k index 0.901). Test performance on individuals' samples were inferior due to seroconversion time and chronicity. The IgG-RBD-ELISA assay demonstrated its effectiveness in monitoring antibody levels among healthcare professionals, revealing significant differences both before and after the administration of the third vaccine dose, with heightened protection levels observed following the third dose in five Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccine regimens. In conclusion, the RBD-IgG-ELISA exhibits high reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity, making it a suitable assay validated for serosurveillance and for obtaining information about COVID-19 infections or vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Hermes Monteiro da Costa
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Valeria Oliveira Silva
- Virology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Public Health Surveillance of the Disease Control Coordination, State Health Department, São Paulo 02146-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Carvalho Amorim
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marisa Ailin Hong
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose Angelo Lauletta Lindoso
- Institute of Infectology Emilio Ribas, São Paulo 01246-900, Brazil; Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Immunology Center, Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo 01246-902, Brazil; Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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2
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Giarola JF, Soler M, Estevez MC, Tarasova A, Le Poder S, Wasniewski M, Decaro N, Lechuga LM. Validation of a plasmonic-based serology biosensor for veterinary diagnosis of COVID-19 in domestic animals. Talanta 2024; 271:125685. [PMID: 38262129 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic recently demonstrated the devastating impact on public health, economy, and social development of zoonotic infectious diseases, whereby viruses jump from animals to infect humans. Due to this potential of viruses to cross the species barrier, the surveillance of infectious pathogens circulation in domestic and close-to-human animals is indispensable, as they could be potential reservoirs. Optical biosensors, mainly those based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), have widely demonstrated its ability for providing direct, label-free, and quantitative bioanalysis with excellent sensitivity and reliability. This biosensor technology can provide a powerful tool to the veterinary field, potentially being helpful for the monitoring of the infection spread. We have implemented a multi-target COVID-19 serology plasmonic biosensor for the rapid testing and screening of common European domestic animals. The multi-target serological biosensor assay enables the detection of total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG + IgM) generated towards both S and N viral antigens. The analysis is performed in less than 15 min with a low-volume serum sample (<20 μL, 1:10 dilution), reaching a limit of detection of 49.6 ng mL-1. A complete validation has been carried out with hamster, dog, and cat sera samples (N = 75, including 37 COVID-19-positive and 38 negative samples). The biosensor exhibits an excellent diagnostic sensitivity (100 %) and good specificity (71.4 %) for future application in veterinary settings. Furthermore, the biosensor technology is integrated into a compact, portable, and user-friendly device, well-suited for point-of-care testing. This study positions our plasmonic biosensor as an alternative and reliable diagnostic tool for COVID-19 serology in animal samples, expanding the applicability of plasmonic technologies for decentralized analysis in veterinary healthcare and animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fátima Giarola
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Soler
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M-Carmen Estevez
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Tarasova
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Le Poder
- UMR Virologie, INRAE, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Interfas Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Zhang YV, Kumanovics A, Wiencek J, Melanson SEF, Love T, Wu AHB, Zhao Z, Meng QH, Koch DD, Apple FS, Ondracek CR, Christenson RH. Performance of Three Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Anti-S and One Anti-N Immunoassays for the Monitoring of Immune Status and Vaccine Response. Viruses 2024; 16:292. [PMID: 38400067 PMCID: PMC10891747 DOI: 10.3390/v16020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of three anti-S and one anti-N assays that were available to the project in detecting antibody levels after three commonly used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson). It also aimed to assess the association of age, sex, race, ethnicity, vaccine timing, and vaccine side effects on antibody levels in a cohort of 827 individuals. In September 2021, 698 vaccinated individuals donated blood samples as part of the Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (ADLM) COVID-19 Immunity Study. These individuals also participated in a comprehensive survey covering demographic information, vaccination status, and associated side effects. Additionally, 305 age- and gender-matched samples were obtained from the ADLM 2015 sample bank as pre-COVID-19-negative samples. All these samples underwent antibody level analysis using three anti-S assays, namely Beckman Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Beckman assay), Ortho Clinical Diagnostics VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Ortho assay), Siemens ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Siemens assay), and one anti-N antibody assay: Bio-Rad Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab assay (BioRad assay). A total of 827 samples (580 COVID-19 samples and 247 pre-COVID-19 samples) received results for all four assays and underwent further analysis. Beckman, Ortho, and Siemens anti-S assays showed an overall sensitivity of 99.5%, 97.6%, and 96.9%, and specificity of 90%, 100%, and 99.6%, respectively. All three assays indicated 100% sensitivity for individuals who received the Moderna vaccine and boosters, and over 99% sensitivity for the Pfizer vaccine. Sensitivities varied from 70.4% (Siemens), 81.5% (Ortho), and 96.3% (Beckman) for individuals who received the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. BioRad anti-N assays demonstrated 46.2% sensitivity and 99.25% specificity based on results from individuals with self-reported infection. The highest median anti-S antibody levels were measured in individuals who received the Moderna vaccine, followed by Pfizer and then Johnson & Johnson vaccines. Higher anti-S antibody levels were significantly associated with younger age and closer proximity to the last vaccine dose but were not associated with gender, race, or ethnicity. Participants with higher anti-S levels experienced significantly more side effects as well as more severe side effects (e.g., muscle pain, chills, fever, and moderate limitations) (p < 0.05). Anti-N antibody levels only indicated a significant correlation with headache. This study indicated performance variations among different anti-S assays, both among themselves and when analyzing individuals with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Caution should be exercised when conducting large-scale studies to ensure that the same platform and/or assays are used for the most effective interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Attila Kumanovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Joesph Wiencek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA;
| | - Stacy E. F. Melanson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanzy Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Alan H. B. Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Qing H. Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - David D. Koch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Fred S. Apple
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hennepin Healthcare/Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA;
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Caitlin R. Ondracek
- Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine, Washington, DC 22203, USA;
| | - Robert H. Christenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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4
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Bahgat MM, Nasraa MH, Nadeem R, Amer K, Hassan WA, ELGarhy FM, Reda S, Fasemore AM, Förstner KU, Abd-Elshafy DN. Sensitivities of a Rapid Test Versus an ELISA Kit for Detecting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in Sera from an Egyptian Cohort. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:24. [PMID: 38032503 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare diagnostic sensitivities of a rapid test (Rt) and an ELISA kit for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in virus-RT-PCR-positive (VPP) and virus-RT-PCR-unchecked (VPU) subjects in an Egyptian cohort during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results revealed higher sensitivity of the Rt for detecting IgM/IgG in the VPP subjects. Both the Rt and ELISA showed identical sensitivities for IgM detection in the VPU subjects. The ELISA was more sensitive for detecting IgG in the VPU subjects. Generally, within both the VPP and the VPU groups, Rt was more sensitive for detecting IgM/IgG among the symptomatic (S) compared to asymptomatic (AS) subjects than ELISA. Within the VPP group, the Rt was more sensitive for detecting both IgM/IgG among the AS subjects than ELISA. In the VPU group, the Rt was more sensitive for detecting IgM among the S subjects than ELISA. The ELISA was more sensitive for detecting IgM/IgG among AS subjects than the Rt. From these results we concluded that, despite the limitation of sample size, this study indicates suitability of the used Rt for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG among S subjects and sheds light on possibility of relying on the used ELISA for IgG detection among AS human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat
- Research Group Immune-and Bio-Markers for Infection, The Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Hassan Nasraa
- Research Group Immune-and Bio-Markers for Infection, The Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Rola Nadeem
- Research Group Immune-and Bio-Markers for Infection, The Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Khaled Amer
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael A Hassan
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadya M ELGarhy
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salem Reda
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Akinyemi M Fasemore
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED-Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- ZB MED-Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany
- TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy
- Research Group Immune-and Bio-Markers for Infection, The Centre of Excellence for Advanced Science, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Institute of Environmental Research and Climate Changes, The National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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5
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Hou CW, Williams S, Taylor K, Boyle V, Bobbett B, Kouvetakis J, Nguyen K, McDonald A, Harris V, Nussle B, Scharf P, Jehn ML, Lant T, Magee M, Chung Y, LaBaer J, Murugan V. Serological survey to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody seroprevalence at a large public university: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072627. [PMID: 37536960 PMCID: PMC10401225 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among adults over 18 years. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTINGS A large public university. PARTICIPANTS This study took volunteers over 5 days and recruited 1064 adult participants. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies due to previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and/or vaccination. RESULTS The seroprevalence of the antireceptor binding domain (RBD) antibody was 90% by a lateral flow assay and 88% by a semiquantitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. The seroprevalence for antinucleocapsid was 20%. In addition, individuals with previous natural COVID-19 infection plus vaccination had higher anti-RBD antibody levels compared with those who had vaccination only or infection only. Individuals who had a breakthrough infection had the highest anti-RBD antibody levels. CONCLUSION Accurate estimates of the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform the development of university risk mitigation protocols such as encouraging booster shots, extending mask mandates or reverting to online classes. It could help us to have clear guidance to act at the first sign of the next surge as well, especially since there is a surge of COVID-19 subvariant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Hou
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Stacy Williams
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kylee Taylor
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Veronica Boyle
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Bradley Bobbett
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph Kouvetakis
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Keana Nguyen
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Aaron McDonald
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Valerie Harris
- Office of VP Research Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin Nussle
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Phillip Scharf
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Megan L Jehn
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Timothy Lant
- Office of VP Research Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mitchell Magee
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Yunro Chung
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Vel Murugan
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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6
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Luu B, McCoy-Hass V, Kadiu T, Ngo V, Kadiu S, Lien J. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Associated Infections. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2023; 8:495-530. [PMID: 37197227 PMCID: PMC10015106 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections are some of the most common sources of respiratory illness in pediatric and adult populations worldwide. Influenza and coronaviruses are viral pathogens that could lead to severe respiratory illness and death. More recently, respiratory illness from coronaviruses, accounts for more than 1 million deaths in the United States alone. This article will explore the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Luu
- UC Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, 2450 48th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Virginia McCoy-Hass
- UC Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, 2450 48th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Teuta Kadiu
- UC Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, 2450 48th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Victoria Ngo
- UC Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, 2450 48th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sara Kadiu
- Partners Pharmacy, 181 Cedar Hill Road Suite 1610, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lien
- Walgreens, 227 Shoreline Highway, Mill Valley, CA 94941, USA
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7
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Cheng L, Lan L, Ramalingam M, He J, Yang Y, Gao M, Shi Z. A review of current effective COVID-19 testing methods and quality control. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:239. [PMID: 37195393 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which primarily affects the respiratory system and can lead to severe illness. The virus is extremely contagious, early and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to contain its spread, to provide prompt treatment, and to prevent complications. Currently, the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered to be the gold standard for detecting COVID-19 in its early stages. In addition, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LMAP), clustering rule interval short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA), computed tomography (CT), and electrochemical sensors are also common tests. However, these different methods vary greatly in terms of their detection efficiency, specificity, accuracy, sensitivity, cost, and throughput. Besides, most of the current detection methods are conducted in central hospitals and laboratories, which is a great challenge for remote and underdeveloped areas. Therefore, it is essential to review the advantages and disadvantages of different COVID-19 detection methods, as well as the technology that can enhance detection efficiency and improve detection quality in greater details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Cheng
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Liang Lan
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Min Gao
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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8
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Spicuzza L, Campagna D, Di Maria C, Sciacca E, Mancuso S, Vancheri C, Sambataro G. An update on lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:375-401. [PMID: 37091823 PMCID: PMC10113162 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last three years, after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented number of novel diagnostic tests have been developed. Assays to evaluate the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 have been widely considered as part of the control strategy. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), to detect both IgM and IgG against SARS-CoV-2, has been widely studied as a point-of-care (POC) test. Compared to laboratory tests, LFIAs are faster, cheaper and user-friendly, thus available also in areas with low economic resources. Soon after the onset of the pandemic, numerous kits for rapid antibody detection were put on the market with an emergency use authorization. However, since then, scientists have tried to better define the accuracy of these tests and their usefulness in different contexts. In fact, while during the first phase of the pandemic LFIAs for antibody detection were auxiliary to molecular tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19, successively these tests became a tool of seroprevalence surveillance to address infection control policies. When in 2021 a massive vaccination campaign was implemented worldwide, the interest in LFIA reemerged due to the need to establish the extent and the longevity of immunization in the vaccinated population and to establish priorities to guide health policies in low-income countries with limited access to vaccines. Here, we summarize the accuracy, the advantages and limits of LFIAs as POC tests for antibody detection, highlighting the efforts that have been made to improve this technology over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Spicuzza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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9
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Alhabbab RY. Economical and Easily Obtainable Tools to Manually Develop Lateral Flow Immunoassay Strips. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9170-9178. [PMID: 36936315 PMCID: PMC10018695 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of inexpensive and highly functional lateral flow devices, which utilize simple and affordable tools, can make them accessible to many populations with insufficient resources. Therefore, this study aims to provide a method to overcome the cost challenges associated with using expensive manufacturing technologies and machinery, particularly during pandemics and upon urgent need. Here, in-house lateral flow strips to detect serum antibodies were developed using low-priced and easily available tools such as adhesive tape and CytoSep layers. The developed lateral flow immunoassay strips presented here produced signals with 93.3 and 96.6% sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively. The specificity obtained from the developed strips was 96.6% for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific IgM and 100% for the IgG antibodies by applying only 5 μL from the serum samples. The proposed design was entirely made manually to ensure a method that would make lateral flow devices available to many populations in need around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Vaccines
and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Liu Z, Cao C, Tong H, You M. Polydopamine Nanoparticles-Based Three-Line Lateral Flow Immunoassay for COVID-19 Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:352. [PMID: 36979563 PMCID: PMC10046468 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the global trend of several hundred thousand new confirmed COVID-19 patients per day has not abated significantly. Serological antibody detection has become an important tool for the self-screening of people. While the most commonly used colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) methods for the detection of COVID-19 antibodies are limited by low sensitivity and a lack of quantification ability. This leads to poor accuracy in the screening of early COVID-19 patients. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an accurate and sensitive autonomous antibody detection technique that will effectively reduce the COVID-19 infection rate. Here, we developed a three-line LFIA immunoassay based on polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles for COVID-19 IgG and IgM antibodies detection to determine the degree of infection. The PDA-based three-line LFIA has a detection limit of 1.51 and 2.34 ng/mL for IgM and IgG, respectively. This assay reveals a good linearity for both IgM and IgG antibodies detection and is also able to achieve quantitative detection by measuring the optical density of test lines. In comparison, the commercial AuNP-based LFIA showed worse quantification results than the developed PDA-based LFIA for low-concentration COVID-19 antibody samples, making it difficult to distinguish between negative and positive samples. Therefore, the developed PDA-based three-line LFIA platform has the accurate quantitative capability and high sensitivity, which could be a powerful tool for the large-scale self-screening of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Chaoyu Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Haoyang Tong
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hongkong University, Hongkong 999077, China
| | - Minli You
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Rafat N, Brewer L, Das N, Trivedi DJ, Kaszala BK, Sarkar A. Inexpensive High-Throughput Multiplexed Biomarker Detection Using Enzymatic Metallization with Cellphone-Based Computer Vision. ACS Sens 2023; 8:534-542. [PMID: 36753573 PMCID: PMC9972466 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed biomarker detection can play a critical role in reliable and comprehensive disease diagnosis and prediction of outcome. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the gold standard method for immunobinding-based biomarker detection. However, this is currently expensive, limited to centralized laboratories, and usually limited to the detection of a single biomarker at a time. We present a low-cost, smartphone-based portable biosensing platform for high-throughput, multiplexed, sensitive, and quantitative detection of biomarkers from single, low-volume drops (<1 μL) of clinical samples. Biomarker binding to spotted capture antigens is converted, via enzymatic metallization, to the localized surface deposition of amplified, dry-stable, silver metal spots whose darkness is proportional to biomarker concentration. A custom smartphone application is developed, which uses real-time computer vision to enable easy optical detection of the deposited metal spots and sensitive and reproducible quantification of the biomarkers. We demonstrate the use of this platform for high-throughput, multiplexed detection of multiple viral antigen-specific antibodies from convalescent COVID-19 patient serum as well as vaccine-elicited antibody responses from uninfected vaccine-recipient serum and show that distinct multiplexed antibody fingerprints are observed among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rafat
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lee Brewer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nabojeet Das
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dhruti J Trivedi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Balazs K Kaszala
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Aniruddh Sarkar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Naeimi R, Sepidarkish M, Mollalo A, Parsa H, Mahjour S, Safarpour F, Almukhtar M, Mechaal A, Chemaitelly H, Sartip B, Marhoommirzabak E, Ardekani A, Hotez PJ, Gasser RB, Rostami A. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 56:101786. [PMID: 36590788 PMCID: PMC9795163 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The higher hospitalisation rates of those aged 0-19 years (referred to herein as 'children') observed since the emergence of the immune-evasive SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and subvariants, along with the persisting vaccination disparities highlighted a need for in-depth knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 sero-epidemiology in children. Here, we conducted this systematic review to assess SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and determinants in children worldwide. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis study, we searched international and preprinted scientific databases from December 1, 2019 to July 10, 2022. Pooled seroprevalences were estimated according to World Health Organization (WHO) regions (at 95% confidence intervals, CIs) using random-effects meta-analyses. Associations with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and sources of heterogeneity were investigated using sub-group and meta-regression analyses. The protocol used in this study has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022350833). FINDINGS We included 247 studies involving 757,075 children from 70 countries. Seroprevalence estimates varied from 7.3% (5.8-9.1%) in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic to 37.6% (18.1-59.4%) in the fifth wave and 56.6% (52.8-60.5%) in the sixth wave. The highest seroprevalences in different pandemic waves were estimated for South-East Asia (17.9-81.8%) and African (17.2-66.1%) regions; while the lowest seroprevalence was estimated for the Western Pacific region (0.01-1.01%). Seroprevalence estimates were higher in children at older ages, in those living in underprivileged countries or regions, and in those of minority ethnic backgrounds. INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate that, by the end of 2021 and before the Omicron wave, around 50-70% of children globally were still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, clearly emphasising the need for more effective vaccines and better vaccination coverage among children and adolescents, particularly in developing countries and minority ethnic groups. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Naeimi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sepidarkish
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Mollalo
- Department of Public Health and Prevention Science, School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
| | - Hamid Parsa
- Department of Neurology, University of Visayas, Gullas College of Medicine, Cebu City, 600 Cebu, Philippines
| | - Sanaz Mahjour
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Fatemeh Safarpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Amal Mechaal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar-Foundation-Education City, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Behnam Sartip
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elika Marhoommirzabak
- Department of Neurology, University of Visayas, Gullas College of Medicine, Cebu City, 600 Cebu, Philippines
| | - Ali Ardekani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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13
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Zhang HP, Sun YL, Wang YF, Yazici D, Azkur D, Ogulur I, Azkur AK, Yang ZW, Chen XX, Zhang AZ, Hu JQ, Liu GH, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Gao YD. Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID-19. Allergy 2023; 78:369-388. [PMID: 36420736 PMCID: PMC10108124 DOI: 10.1111/all.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the pandemic thanks to the extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID-19, from the clinical and immunological characteristics to the protective and risk factors for severity and mortality of COVID-19. The efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines and potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. The occurrence of new variants of concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 and the global administration of COVID-19 vaccines have changed the clinical scenario of COVID-19. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may cause severe and heterogeneous disease but with a lower mortality rate. Perturbations in immunity of T cells, B cells, and mast cells, as well as autoantibodies and metabolic reprogramming may contribute to the long-term symptoms of COVID-19. There is conflicting evidence about whether atopic diseases, such as allergic asthma and rhinitis, are associated with a lower susceptibility and better outcomes of COVID-19. At the beginning of pandemic, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) developed guidelines that provided timely information for the management of allergic diseases and preventive measures to reduce transmission in the allergic clinics. The global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with reduced pathogenic potential dramatically decreased the morbidity, severity, and mortality of COVID-19. Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains a challenge for disease control. Hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to COVID-19 vaccines are low compared to other vaccines, and these were addressed in EAACI statements that provided indications for the management of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines. We have gained a depth knowledge and experience in the over 2 years since the start of the pandemic, and yet a full eradication of SARS-CoV-2 is not on the horizon. Novel strategies are warranted to prevent severe disease in high-risk groups, the development of MIS-C and long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ping Zhang
- Department of Allergology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan-Li Sun
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Fen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Duygu Yazici
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Azkur
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ahmet Kursat Azkur
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Zhao-Wei Yang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Chen
- Department of Allergology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ai-Zhi Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia-Qian Hu
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ya-Dong Gao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Mengist HM, Khalid Z, Adane F. In silico Screening of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors from Thymus schimperi. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2023; 16:1-13. [PMID: 36699952 PMCID: PMC9868284 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s393084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is still instigating significant social and economic chaos worldwide; however, there is no approved antiviral drug yet. Here, we used in silico analysis to screen potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors extracted from the essential oil of Thymus schimperi which could contribute to the discovery of potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 phytochemicals. Methods The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles of compounds were determined through SwissADME and ProToxII servers. AutoDock tools were used for molecular docking analysis studies, while Chimera, DS studio, and LigPlot were used for post-docking studies. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed for 200 ns under constant pressure. Results All compounds exhibited a bioavailability score of ≥0.55 entailing that at least 55% of the drugs can be absorbed unchanged. Only five (9%), nine (16%) and two (3.6%) of the compounds showed active hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and immunotoxicity, respectively. Except for flourazophore P, which showed a little mutagenicity, all other compounds did not show mutagenic properties. On the other hand, only pinene beta was found to have a little cytotoxicity. Five compounds demonstrated effective binding to the catalytic dyad of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro substrate binding pocket, while two of them (geranylisobutanoate and 3-octane) are found to be the best hits that formed hydrogen bonds with Glu166 and Ser144 of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Conclusion Based on our in silico analysis, top hits from Thymus schimperi may serve as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are recommended to characterize these compounds for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia,Correspondence: Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist, Email
| | - Zunera Khalid
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Langfang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fentahun Adane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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15
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Cheng ZJ, Li B, Zhan Z, Zhao Z, Xue M, Zheng P, Lyu J, Hu C, He J, Chen R, Sun B. Clinical Application of Antibody Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Comprehensive Review on Immunoassay and Immunotherapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023; 64:17-32. [PMID: 35031959 PMCID: PMC8760112 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 global pandemic poses immense challenges to global health, largely due to the difficulty to detect infection in the early stages of the disease, as well as the current lack of effective antiviral therapy. Research and understanding of the human immune system can provide important theoretical and technical support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, the clinical implementations of which include immunoassays and immunotherapy, which play a crucial role in the fight against the pandemic. This review consolidates the current scientific evidence for immunoassay, which includes multiple methods of detecting antigen and antibody against SARS-CoV-2. We compared the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and clinical applications of these three detection techniques. In addition to detecting viral infections, knowledge on the body's immunity against the virus is desirable; thus, the immunotherapy-based neutralizing antibody (nAb) detection methods were discussed. We also gave a brief introduction to the new immunoassay technology such as biosensing. This was followed by an in-depth and extensive review on a variety of immunotherapy methods. It includes convalescent plasma therapy, neutralizing antibody-based treatments targeting different regions of SARS-CoV-2, immunotherapy targeted on the host cell including inhibiting the host cell receptor and cytokine storm, as well as cocktail antibodies, cross-neutralizing antibodies, and immunotherapy based on cross-reactivity between viral epitopes and autoepitopes and autoantibody. Despite the development of various immunological testing methods and antibody therapies, the current global situation of COVID-19 is still tense. We need more efficient detection methods and more reliable antibody therapies. The up-to-date knowledge on therapeutic strategies will likely help clinicians worldwide to protect patients from life-threatening viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangkai J. Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Bizhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Zhiqing Zhan
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
| | - Mingshan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Jiali Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Chundi Hu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
| | - Jianxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Ruchong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
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Xie L, Li J, Ai Y, He H, Chen X, Yin M, Li W, Huang W, Luo MY, He J. Current strategies for SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4625-4642. [PMID: 36349688 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01313d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 is extremely important for the discovery and prevention of pandemic dissemination. Because SARS-CoV-2 is not always present in the samples that can be collected, the sample chosen for testing has inevitably become the key to the SARS-CoV-2 positive cases screening. The nucleotide amplification strategy mainly includes Q-PCR assays and isothermal amplification assays. The Q-PCR assay is the most used SARS-CoV-2 detection assay. Due to heavy expenditures and other drawbacks, isothermal amplification cannot replace the dominant position of the Q-PCR assay. The antibody-based detection combined with Q-PCR can help to find more positive cases than only using nucleotide amplification-based assays. Pooled testing based on Q-PCR significantly increases efficiency and reduces the cost of massive-scale screening. The endless stream of variants emerging across the world poses a great challenge to SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection. The multi-target assays and several other strategies have proved to be efficient in the detection of mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further research work should concentrate on: (1) identifying more ideal sample plucking strategies, (2) ameliorating the Q-PCR primer and probes targeted toward mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants, (3) exploring more economical and precise isothermal amplification assays, and (4) developing more advanced strategies for antibody/antigen or engineered antibodies to ameliorate the antibody/antigen-based strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Junlin Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ying Ai
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haolan He
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiuyun Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Mingyu Yin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Wanxi Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Wenguan Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Min-Yi Luo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jinyang He
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Alsalameh S, Alnajjar K, Makhzoum T, Al Eman N, Shakir I, Mir TA, Alkattan K, Chinnappan R, Yaqinuddin A. Advances in Biosensing Technologies for Diagnosis of COVID-19. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:898. [PMID: 36291035 PMCID: PMC9599206 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted normal human life worldwide. Due to its rapid community spread and high mortality statistics, the development of prompt diagnostic tests for a massive number of samples is essential. Currently used traditional methods are often expensive, time-consuming, laboratory-based, and unable to handle a large number of specimens in resource-limited settings. Because of its high contagiousness, efficient identification of SARS-CoV-2 carriers is crucial. As the advantages of adopting biosensors for efficient diagnosis of COVID-19 increase, this narrative review summarizes the recent advances and the respective reasons to consider applying biosensors. Biosensors are the most sensitive, specific, rapid, user-friendly tools having the potential to deliver point-of-care diagnostics beyond traditional standards. This review provides a brief introduction to conventional methods used for COVID-19 diagnosis and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses the pathogenesis of COVID-19, potential diagnostic biomarkers, and rapid diagnosis using biosensor technology. The current advancements in biosensing technologies, from academic research to commercial achievements, have been emphasized in recent publications. We covered a wide range of topics, including biomarker detection, viral genomes, viral proteins, immune responses to infection, and other potential proinflammatory biomolecules. Major challenges and prospects for future application in point-of-care settings are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Alnajjar
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Makhzoum
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Al Eman
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Shakir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ahmad Mir
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Okamoto KW, Ong V, Wallace R, Wallace R, Chaves LF. When might host heterogeneity drive the evolution of asymptomatic, pandemic coronaviruses? NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 2022; 111:927-949. [PMID: 35757097 PMCID: PMC9207439 DOI: 10.1007/s11071-022-07548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling many infectious diseases, including SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), requires surveillance followed by isolation, contact-tracing and quarantining. These interventions often begin by identifying symptomatic individuals. However, actively removing pathogen strains causing symptomatic infections may inadvertently select for strains less likely to cause symptomatic infections. Moreover, a pathogen's fitness landscape is structured around a heterogeneous host pool; uneven surveillance efforts and distinct transmission risks across host classes can meaningfully alter selection pressures. Here, we explore this interplay between evolution caused by disease control efforts and the evolutionary consequences of host heterogeneity. Using an evolutionary epidemiology model parameterized for coronaviruses, we show that intense symptoms-driven disease control selects for asymptomatic strains, particularly when these efforts are applied unevenly across host groups. Under these conditions, increasing quarantine efforts have diverging effects. If isolation alone cannot eradicate, intensive quarantine efforts combined with uneven detections of asymptomatic infections (e.g., via neglect of some host classes) can favor the evolution of asymptomatic strains. We further show how, when intervention intensity depends on the prevalence of symptomatic infections, higher removal efforts (and isolating symptomatic cases in particular) more readily select for asymptomatic strains than when these efforts do not depend on prevalence. The selection pressures on pathogens caused by isolation and quarantining likely lie between the extremes of no intervention and thoroughly successful eradication. Thus, analyzing how different public health responses can select for asymptomatic pathogen strains is critical for identifying disease suppression efforts that can effectively manage emerging infectious diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11071-022-07548-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi W. Okamoto
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105 USA
- Agroecology and Rural Economics Research Corps, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - Virakbott Ong
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105 USA
| | - Robert Wallace
- Agroecology and Rural Economics Research Corps, St. Paul, MN USA
| | | | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Avenida Justo Arosemena, Panama, Panama
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19
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Ameku WA, Provance DW, Morel CM, De-Simone SG. Rapid Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies with a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with a Spike Glycoprotein Epitope. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:272. [PMID: 35624573 PMCID: PMC9139057 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by an infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was recognized in late 2019 and has since spread worldwide, leading to a pandemic with unprecedented health and financial consequences. There remains an enormous demand for new diagnostic methods that can deliver fast, low-cost, and easy-to-use confirmation of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed an affordable electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of serological immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in sera against the spike protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS A previously identified linear B-cell epitope (EP) specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and recognized by IgG in patient sera was selected for the target molecule. After synthesis, the EP was immobilized onto the surface of the working electrode of a commercially available screen-printed electrode (SPE). The capture of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs allowed the formation of an immunocomplex that was measured by square-wave voltammetry from its generation of hydroquinone (HQ). RESULTS An evaluation of the performance of the EP-based biosensor presented a selectivity and specificity for COVID-19 of 93% and 100%, respectively. No cross-reaction was observed to antibodies against other diseases that included Chagas disease, Chikungunya, Leishmaniosis, and Dengue. Differentiation of infected and non-infected individuals was possible even at a high dilution factor that decreased the required sample volumes to a few microliters. CONCLUSION The final device proved suitable for diagnosing COVID-19 by assaying actual serum samples, and the results displayed good agreement with the molecular biology diagnoses. The flexibility to conjugate other EPs to SPEs suggests that this technology could be rapidly adapted to diagnose new variants of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson A. Ameku
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Provance
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
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20
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Oyaert M, De Scheerder MA, Van Herrewege S, Laureys G, Van Assche S, Cambron M, Naesens L, Hoste L, Claes K, Haerynck F, Kerre T, Van Laecke S, Van Biesen W, Jacques P, Verhasselt B, Padalko E. Evaluation of Humoral and Cellular Responses in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinated Immunocompromised Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858399. [PMID: 35401575 PMCID: PMC8988283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 and impaired vaccine response. In this observational prospective study, we evaluated immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in cohorts of primary or secondary immunocompromised patients. Methods Five clinical groups of immunocompromised patients [primary immunodeficiency (PID) (n=57), people living with HIV (PLWH) (n=27), secondary immunocompromised patients with a broad variety of underlying rheumatologic (n=23) and homogeneous (multiple sclerosis) neurologic (n=53) conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n=39)] as well as a healthy control group (n=54) were included. Systemic humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated by determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibodies using a TrimericS IgG assay (Diasorin) and through quantification of interferon gamma release in response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen with QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 assay (Qiagen), respectively. Responses were measured at pre-defined time-points after complete vaccination. Results All healthy controls, PLWH and CKD-patients had detectable antibodies 10 to 14 days (T2) and 3 months (T3) after administration of the second vaccination. In contrast, only 94.5% of the PID, 50.0% of the rheumatologic and 48.0% of neurologic patients developed antibodies at T2 and only 89.1% of the PID, 52.4% of the rheumatologic and 50.0% of neurologic patients developed antibodies at T3. At T3 no significant differences in cellular response between the healthy control group and the PLWH and CKD groups were found, while proportions of reactive subjects were lower in PID and rheumatologic patients and higher in neurologic patients. Humoral and cellular immune responses significantly correlated in the healthy control, PID, PLWH groups for all 3 antigens. Conclusion Patients with acquired or inherited immune disorders may show variable immune responses to vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Whether humoral, cellular or both immune responses are delayed depends on the patient group, therapy and individual risk factors. These data may guide the counselling of patients with immune disorders regarding vaccination of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Oyaert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sophie Van Herrewege
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Assche
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Cambron
- Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis (AZ) Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Levi Hoste
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Claes
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Haematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peggy Jacques
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elizaveta Padalko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Fabiani L, Mazzaracchio V, Moscone D, Fillo S, De Santis R, Monte A, Amatore D, Lista F, Arduini F. Paper-based immunoassay based on 96-well wax-printed paper plate combined with magnetic beads and colorimetric smartphone-assisted measure for reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 200:113909. [PMID: 34995838 PMCID: PMC8697482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been recognized as a global pandemic outbreak, opening the most severe socio-economic crisis since World War II. Different scientific activities have been emerged in this global scenario, including the development of innovative analytical tools to measure nucleic acid, antibodies, and antigens in the nasopharyngeal swab, serum, and saliva for prompt identification of COVID-19 patients and to evaluate the immune response to the vaccine. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva remains a challenge for the lack of sufficient sensitivity. To address this issue, we developed a novel paper-based immunoassay using magnetic beads to support the immunological chain and 96-well wax-printed paper plate as a platform for color visualization by using a smartphone combined with Spotxel free-charge app. To assess the reliability of the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, untreated saliva was used as a specimen and the calibration curve demonstrated a dynamic range up to 10 μg/mL, with a detection limit equal to 0.1 μg/mL. The effectiveness of this sustainable analytical tool in saliva was evaluated by comparing the data with the nasopharyngeal swab specimens sampled by the same patients and tested with Real-Time PCR reference method, founding 100% of agreement, even in the case of high Cycle Threshold (CT) numbers (low viral load). Furthermore, the positive saliva samples were characterized by the next-generation sequencing method, demonstrating the capability to detect the Delta variant, which is actually (July 2021) the most relevant variant of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fabiani
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fillo
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Anella Monte
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; SENSE4MED, Via Renato Rascel 30, 00128, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Kesarwani V, Walker JA, Henderson EC, Huynh G, McLiesh H, Graham M, Wieringa M, Banaszak Holl MM, Garnier G, Corrie SR. Column Agglutination Assay Using Polystyrene Microbeads for Rapid Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2501-2509. [PMID: 34990107 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid serology platforms are essential in disease pandemics for a variety of applications, including epidemiological surveillance, contact tracing, vaccination monitoring, and primary diagnosis in resource-limited areas. Laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platforms are inherently multistep processes that require trained personnel and are of relatively limited throughput. As an alternative, agglutination-based systems have been developed; however, they rely on donor red blood cells and are not yet available for high-throughput screening. Column agglutination tests are a mainstay of pretransfusion blood typing and can be performed at a range of scales, ranging from manual through to fully automated testing. Here, we describe a column agglutination test using colored microbeads coated with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that agglutinates when incubated with serum samples collected from patients recently infected with SARS-CoV-2. After confirming specific agglutination, we optimized centrifugal force and time to distinguish samples from uninfected vs SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and then showed concordant results against ELISA for 22 clinical samples, and also a set of serial bleeds from one donor at days 6-10 postinfection. Our study demonstrates the use of a simple, scalable, and rapid diagnostic platform that can be tailored to detect antibodies raised against SARS-CoV-2 and can be easily integrated with established laboratory frameworks worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhishri Kesarwani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julia A Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Edward C Henderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gabriel Huynh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Heather McLiesh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Maryza Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Megan Wieringa
- Department of Microbiology and Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Simon R Corrie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Bioresource Processing Research Institute of (BioPRIA), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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Horn MP, Jonsdottir HR, Brigger D, Damonti L, Suter‐Riniker F, Endrich O, Froehlich TK, Fiedler M, Largiadèr CR, Marschall J, Weber B, Eggel A, Nagler M. Serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in clinical practice: A comparative diagnostic accuracy study. Allergy 2022; 77:2090-2103. [PMID: 34986501 PMCID: PMC9303219 DOI: 10.1111/all.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Serological tests are a powerful tool in the monitoring of infectious diseases and the detection of host immunity. However, manufacturers often provide diagnostic accuracy data generated through biased studies, and the performance in clinical practice is essentially unclear. Objectives We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of various serological testing strategies for (a) identification of patients with previous coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) and (b) prediction of neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 in real‐life clinical settings. Methods We prospectively included 2573 consecutive health‐care workers and 1085 inpatients with suspected or possible previous COVID‐19 at a Swiss University Hospital. Various serological immunoassays based on different analytical techniques (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, ELISA; chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA; electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, ECLIA; and lateral flow immunoassay, LFI), epitopes of SARS‐CoV‐2 (nucleocapsid, N; receptor‐binding domain, RBD; extended RBD, RBD+; S1 or S2 domain of the spike [S] protein, S1/S2), and antibody subtypes (IgG, pan‐Ig) were conducted. A positive real‐time PCR test from a nasopharyngeal swab was defined as previous COVID‐19. Neutralization assays with live SARS‐CoV‐2 were performed in a subgroup of patients to assess neutralization activity (n = 201). Results The sensitivity to detect patients with previous COVID‐19 was ≥85% in anti‐N ECLIA (86.8%) and anti‐S1 ELISA (86.2%). Sensitivity was 84.7% in anti‐S1/S2 CLIA, 84.0% in anti‐RBD+LFI, 81.0% in anti‐N CLIA, 79.2% in anti‐RBD ELISA, and 65.6% in anti‐N ELISA. The specificity was 98.4% in anti‐N ECLIA, 98.3% in anti‐N CLIA, 98.2% in anti‐S1 ELISA, 97.7% in anti‐N ELISA, 97.6% in anti‐S1/S2 CLIA, 97.2% in anti‐RBD ELISA, and 96.1% in anti‐RBD+LFI. The sensitivity to detect neutralizing antibodies was ≥85% in anti‐S1 ELISA (92.7%), anti‐N ECLIA (91.7%), anti‐S1/S2 CLIA (90.3%), anti‐RBD+LFI (87.9%), and anti‐RBD ELISA (85.8%). Sensitivity was 84.1% in anti‐N CLIA and 66.2% in anti‐N ELISA. The specificity was ≥97% in anti‐N CLIA (100%), anti‐S1/S2 CLIA (97.7%), and anti‐RBD+LFI (97.9%). Specificity was 95.9% in anti‐RBD ELISA, 93.0% in anti‐N ECLIA, 92% in anti‐S1 ELISA, and 65.3% in anti‐N ELISA. Diagnostic accuracy measures were consistent among subgroups. Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies varied remarkably in clinical practice, and the sensitivity to identify patients with previous COVID‐19 deviated substantially from the manufacturer's specifications. The data presented here should be considered when using such tests to estimate the infection burden within a specific population and determine the likelihood of protection against re‐infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Horn
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
| | - Hulda R. Jonsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Spiez Laboratory Federal Office for Civil Protection Spiez Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brigger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Lauro Damonti
- Department of Infectious Diseases Bern University Hospital and University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale Division of Infectious Diseases Regional Hospital Lugano Lugano Switzerland
| | | | - Olga Endrich
- Medical Directorate Inselspital University Hospital of Bern Berne Switzerland
| | - Tanja K. Froehlich
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
| | - Martin Fiedler
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
| | - Carlo R. Largiadèr
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
| | - Jonas Marschall
- Department of Infectious Diseases Bern University Hospital and University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez Laboratory Federal Office for Civil Protection Spiez Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Michael Nagler
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry Inselspital University Hospital Bern Switzerland
- Department of BioMedical Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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24
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Park Y, Hong KH, Lee SK, Hyun J, Oh EJ, Lee J, Lee H, Song SH, Kee SJ, Kwon GC, Kim SH, Do HN, Kim AR, Lee JW, Kim SS, Kim HS. Performance Comparison of Five SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays for Seroprevalence Studies. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:71-78. [PMID: 34374351 PMCID: PMC8368235 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seroprevalence studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, including asymptomatic and past infections, are important to estimate the scale of the disease outbreak and to establish quarantine measures. We evaluated the clinical performance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody assays available in Korea for use in seroprevalence studies. Methods The sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and interference of five SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays were evaluated using the following: 398 serum samples from confirmed COVID-19 patients, 510 negative control samples from before 2018 (pre-pandemic), 163 serum samples from patients with SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and other viral infections, and five samples for the interference study. Results The sensitivities of the five assays ranged from 92.2% to 98%, and their specificities, including cross-reactivity and interference, ranged from 97.5% to 100%. The agreement rates were excellent (kappa >0.9). Adjustment of the cutoff values could be considered through ROC curve analysis. The positive predictive values of the individual assays varied from 3.5% to 100% at a 0.1% prevalence but were as high as ≥95% when two assays were combined. Conclusions The prevalence of COVID-19 in Korea is considered to be exceptionally low at present; thus, we recommend using a combination of two or more SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays rather than a single assay. These results could help select SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays for COVID-19 seroprevalence studies in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younhee Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Ho Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Jungwon Hyun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyukmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Gye Cheol Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Nam Do
- Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Kim
- Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Osong, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
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25
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Calvo-Lozano O, Sierra M, Soler M, Estévez MC, Chiscano-Camón L, Ruiz-Sanmartin A, Ruiz-Rodriguez JC, Ferrer R, González-López JJ, Esperalba J, Fernández-Naval C, Bueno L, López-Aladid R, Torres A, Fernández-Barat L, Attoumani S, Charrel R, Coutard B, Lechuga LM. Label-Free Plasmonic Biosensor for Rapid, Quantitative, and Highly Sensitive COVID-19 Serology: Implementation and Clinical Validation. Anal Chem 2021; 94:975-984. [PMID: 34971311 PMCID: PMC8751014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Serological tests
are essential for the control and management
of COVID-19 pandemic (diagnostics and surveillance, and epidemiological
and immunity studies). We introduce a direct serological biosensor
assay employing proprietary technology based on plasmonics, which
offers rapid (<15 min) identification and quantification of severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in
clinical samples, without signal amplification. The portable plasmonic
device employs a custom-designed multiantigen (RBD peptide and N protein)
sensor biochip and reaches detection limits in the low ng mL–1 range employing polyclonal antibodies. It has also been implemented
employing the WHO-approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin standard.
A clinical validation with COVID-19 positive and negative samples
(n = 120) demonstrates its excellent diagnostic sensitivity
(99%) and specificity (100%). This positions our biosensor as an accurate
and easy-to-use diagnostics tool for rapid and reliable COVID-19 serology
to be employed both at laboratory and decentralized settings for the
disease management and for the evaluation of immunological status
during vaccination or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Calvo-Lozano
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Miquel Sierra
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Soler
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Estévez
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Luis Chiscano-Camón
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Adolfo Ruiz-Sanmartin
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Ricard Ferrer
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Juan José González-López
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig, Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig, Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Candela Fernández-Naval
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain.,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig, Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Leticia Bueno
- Cellex Laboratory, CiberRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Roselló 149, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Ruben López-Aladid
- Cellex Laboratory, CiberRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Roselló 149, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Cellex Laboratory, CiberRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Roselló 149, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Laia Fernández-Barat
- Cellex Laboratory, CiberRes (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 06/06/0028), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Roselló 149, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Department of Pneumology, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villarroel, 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Sarah Attoumani
- Unité Des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
| | - Rémi Charrel
- Unité Des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Unité Des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, CIBER-BBN and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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26
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Giavarina D, Carta M. Improvements and limits of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies assays by WHO (NIBSC 20/136) standardization. Diagnosis (Berl) 2021; 9:274-279. [PMID: 34851563 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2021-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A few CLIA automated immunoassays for the recognition of anti S1-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have recently been placed on the market. Preliminary data demonstrate a high correlation between methods but wide differences in absolute concentrations. A new WHO international standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin, NIBSC code 20/136, has been recently introduced to reduce the differences. The aim of this study is thus to verify the harmonization made by NIBSC 20/136 on Ab anti S1-RBD measurement on real samples. METHODS The following assays were studied: LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin); Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (ROCHE); Atellica IM SARS-CoV-2 IgG (sCOVG) (Siemens); MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG (Snibe), measuring 210 samples from 70 health workers with no previous SARS-CoV2 infection, during their Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162b2 vaccination period. RESULTS The recalculation of concentrations based on the NIBSC 20/136 standardization improve the analytical and diagnostic comparability but do not cancel this variability between methods: recalibrated results remain different across methods, both in terms of tendency and single data. CONCLUSIONS The recalculation of concentrations based on the NIBSC 20/136 standardization improves the analytical and diagnostic comparability but does not cancel the differences between methods: recalibrated results remain different across methods, both in terms of tendency and single data.
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27
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Ahsan H. Monoplex and multiplex immunoassays: approval, advancements, and alternatives. COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 31:333-345. [PMID: 34840549 PMCID: PMC8605475 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-021-03302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays are a powerful diagnostic tool and are widely used for the quantification of proteins and biomolecules in medical diagnosis and research. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most commonly used immunoassay format and allows the detection of biomarkers at a very low concentration. The diagnostic platforms such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), chemiluminescence (CL) assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry (FC), and mass spectrometry (MS) have been used to identify molecular biomarkers. However, these diagnostic tools requiring expensive equipment, long testing time, and qualified personnel that is not always available in small local hospitals with limited resources. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform was developed for rapidly obtaining laboratory results and to make urgent decisions in emergency medicine, as well as the recently introduced concept of testing at the site of care (point-of-care, POC). The simultaneous measurement of different substances from a single sample called multiplex assays have become increasingly significant for in vitro quantification of multiple analytes in a single sample, thereby minimising cost, time, and volume. In multiplex immunoassays, the ligands are immobilized either in planar format (flat surface) or on microspheres in suspension that binds to target analytes in sample. The multiplex technology has established itself in proteomic networks and pathways, validation of genomic discoveries, and in the development of clinical biomarkers. In the present review article, various types of monoplex/simplex and complex/multiplex immunoassays have been analysed that are increasingly being applied in laboratory medicine. Also, some advantages and disadvantages of these multiplex assays have also been included such as experimental animals, in vitro tests using cell lines and tissue samples, 3-dimensional modelling and bioprinting, in silico tests, organ-on-chip, and computer modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi - 110025, India
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28
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Wang S, Shu J, Lyu A, Huang X, Zeng W, Jin T, Cui H. Label-Free Immunoassay for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Based on Functionalized Magnetic Nanobeads with Chemiluminescence and Immunoactivity. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14238-14246. [PMID: 34636246 PMCID: PMC8524964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 in biological specimens is often challenging due to the low abundance of viral components and lack of enough sensitivity. Herein, we developed a new type of chemiluminescent functionalized magnetic nanomaterial for sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen. First, HAuCl4 was reduced by N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI) in the presence of amino magnetic beads (MB-NH2) to generate ABEI-AuNPs, which were directly assembled on the surface of MB-NH2. Then, Co2+ was modified onto the surface to form MB@ABEI-Au/Co2+ (MAA/Co2+). MAA/Co2+ exhibited good chemiluminescence (CL) and magnetic properties. It was also found that it was easy for the antibody to be connected with MAA/Co2+. Accordingly, MAA/Co2+ was used as a sensing interface to construct a label-free immunoassay for rapid detection of the N protein in SARS-CoV-2. The immunoassay showed a linear range from 0.1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 69 fg/mL, which was superior to previously reported methods for N protein detection. It also demonstrated good selectivity by virtue of magnetic separation, which effectively removed a sample matrix after immunoreactions. It was successfully applied for the detection of the N protein in spiked human serum and saliva samples. Furthermore, the immunoassay was integrated with an automatic CL analyzer with magnetic separation to detect the N protein in patient serums and rehabilitation patient serums with satisfactory results. Thus, the CL immunoassay without a complicated labeling procedure is sensitive, selective, fast, simple, and cost-effective, which may be used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the CL quenching mechanism of the N protein in the immunoassay was also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiangnan Shu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Lyu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Huang
- Laboratory
of structural immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of innate immunity and
chronic diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science,
Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Laboratory
of structural immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of innate immunity and
chronic diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science,
Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory
of structural immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of innate immunity and
chronic diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science,
Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P. R. China
| | - Hua Cui
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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29
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Hsieh WY, Lin CH, Lin TC, Lin CH, Chang HF, Tsai CH, Wu HT, Lin CS. Development and Efficacy of Lateral Flow Point-of-Care Testing Devices for Rapid and Mass COVID-19 Diagnosis by the Detections of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1760. [PMID: 34679458 PMCID: PMC8534532 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020-2021. COVID-19 is becoming one of the most fatal pandemics in history and brings a huge challenge to the global healthcare system. Opportune detection, confinement, and early treatment of infected cases present the first step in combating COVID-19. Diagnosis via viral nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) is frequently employed and considered the standard procedure. However, with an increasing urge for point-of-care tests, rapid and cheaper immunoassays are widely utilized, such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which can be used for rapid, early, and large-scale detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this narrative review, the principle and technique of LFIA applied in COVID-19 antigen and antibody detection are introduced. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the commercial LFIA tests are outlined and compared. Generally, LFIA antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are less sensitive than viral NAATs, the "gold standard" for clinical COVID-19 diagnosis. However, antigen tests can be used for rapid and mass testing in high-risk congregate housing to quickly identify people with COVID-19, implementing infection prevention and control measures, thus preventing transmission. LFIA anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, IgM and/or IgG, known as serology tests, are used for identification if a person has previously been exposed to the virus or vaccine immunization. Notably, advanced techniques, such as LFT-based CRISPR-Cas9 and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), have added new dimensions to the COVID-19 diagnosis and are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Han Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
| | - Tzu-Ching Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Hsu Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Tien Wu
- Department of BioAgricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.L.); (H.-F.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
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30
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Altawalah H. Antibody Responses to Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection or after COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:910. [PMID: 34452035 PMCID: PMC8402626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causative agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical severity of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic to critical disease and, eventually, death in smaller subsets of patients. The first case of COVID-19 was declared at the end of 2019 and it has since spread worldwide and remained a challenge in 2021, with the emergence of variants of concern. In fact, new concerns were the still unclear situation of SARS-CoV-2 immunity during the ongoing pandemic and progress with vaccination. If maintained at sufficiently high levels, the immune response could effectively block reinfection, which might confer long-lived protection. Understanding the protective capacity and the duration of humoral immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination is critical for managing the pandemic and would also provide more evidence about the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. However, the exact features of antibody responses that govern SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination remain unclear. This review summarizes the main knowledge that we have about the humoral immune response during COVID-19 disease or after vaccination. Such knowledge should help to optimize vaccination strategies and public health decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 24923, Kuwait; or
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Safat 24923, Kuwait
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31
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Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5185. [PMID: 34372422 PMCID: PMC8348896 DOI: 10.3390/s21155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (S.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.)
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32
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Gong F, Wei HX, Li Q, Liu L, Li B. Evaluation and Comparison of Serological Methods for COVID-19 Diagnosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:682405. [PMID: 34368226 PMCID: PMC8343015 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.682405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 has become a global public health crisis. Various clinical diagnosis methods have been developed to distinguish COVID-19-infected patients from healthy people. The nucleic acid test is the golden standard for virus detection as it is suitable for early diagnosis. However, due to the low amount of viral nucleic acid in the respiratory tract, the sensitivity of nucleic acid detection is unsatisfactory. As a result, serological screening began to be widely used with the merits of simple procedures, lower cost, and shorter detection time. Serological tests currently include the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). This review describes various serological methods, discusses the performance and diagnostic effects of different methods, and points out the problems and the direction of optimization, to improve the efficiency of clinical diagnosis. These increasingly sophisticated and diverse serological diagnostic technologies will help human beings to control the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwu Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Xing Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiangsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bofeng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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33
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Zhou K, Blanc-Lapierre A, Seegers V, Boisdron-Celle M, Bigot F, Bourdon M, Mahammedi H, Lambert A, Campone M, Conroy T, Penault-Llorca F, Bellanger MM, Raoul JL. Anosmia but Not Ageusia as a COVID-19-Related Symptom among Cancer Patients-First Results from the PAPESCO-19 Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3389. [PMID: 34298605 PMCID: PMC8303411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer patients may fail to distinguish COVID-19 symptoms such as anosmia, dysgeusia/ageusia, anorexia, headache, and fatigue, which are frequent after cancer treatments. We aimed to identify symptoms associated with COVID-19 and to assess the strength of their association in cancer and cancer-free populations. Methods: The multicenter cohort study PAPESCO-19 included 878 cancer patients and 940 healthcare workers (HCWs). At baseline and quarterly thereafter, they reported the presence or absence of 13 COVID-19 symptoms observed over 3 months and the results of routine screening RT-PCR, and they were systematically tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. We identified the symptom combinations significantly associated with COVID-19. Results: Eight percent of cancer patients were COVID-19 positive, and 32% were symptomatic. Among the HCWs, these proportions were 9.5 and 52%, respectively. Anosmia, anorexia, fever, headache, and rhinorrhea together accurately discriminated (c-statistic = 0.7027) COVID-19 cases from cancer patients. Anosmia, dysgeusia/ageusia, muscle pain, intense fatigue, headache, and chest pain better discriminated (c-statistic = 0.8830) COVID-19 cases among the HCWs. Anosmia had the strongest association in both the cancer patients (OR = 7.48, 95% CI: 2.96-18.89) and HCWs (OR = 5.71, 95% CI: 2.21-14.75). Conclusions: COVID-19 symptoms and their diagnostic performance differ in the cancer patients and HCWs. Anosmia is associated with COVID-19 in cancer patients, while dysgeusia/ageusia is not. Cancer patients deserve tailored preventive measures due to their particular COVID-19 symptom pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (M.B.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Audrey Blanc-Lapierre
- Department of Biostatistic, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (A.B.-L.); (V.S.)
| | - Valérie Seegers
- Department of Biostatistic, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (A.B.-L.); (V.S.)
| | | | - Frédéric Bigot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 49055 Angers, France;
| | - Marianne Bourdon
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (M.B.); (M.M.B.)
- Research Unit UMR INSERM 1246 SPHERE, Universités de Nantes et Tours, 44035 Nantes, France
| | - Hakim Mahammedi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Jean Perrin, 63011 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Aurélien Lambert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.L.); (T.C.)
| | - Mario Campone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (M.C.); (J.-L.R.)
| | - Thierry Conroy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54511 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.L.); (T.C.)
| | | | - Martine M. Bellanger
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest (ICO), 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (M.B.); (M.M.B.)
- Department of Social Sciences, EHESP School of Public Health, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Luc Raoul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 44805 Saint-Herblain, France; (M.C.); (J.-L.R.)
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Scozzari G, Costa C, Migliore E, Coggiola M, Ciccone G, Savio L, Scarmozzino A, Pira E, Cassoni P, Galassi C, Cavallo R. Prevalence, Persistence, and Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 IgG Seropositivity in a Large Cohort of Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Northern Italy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061064. [PMID: 34205134 PMCID: PMC8229066 DOI: 10.3390/v13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This observational study evaluated SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence and related clinical, demographic, and occupational factors among workers at the largest tertiary care University-Hospital of Northwestern Italy and the University of Turin after the first pandemic wave of March–April 2020. Overall, about 10,000 individuals were tested; seropositive subjects were retested after 5 months to evaluate antibodies waning. Among 8769 hospital workers, seroprevalence was 7.6%, without significant differences related to job profile; among 1185 University workers, 3.3%. Self-reporting of COVID-19 suspected symptoms was significantly associated with positivity (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.07, 95%CI: 1.76–2.44), although 27% of seropositive subjects reported no previous symptom. At multivariable analysis, contacts at work resulted in an increased risk of 69%, or 24% for working in a COVID ward; contacts in the household evidenced the highest risk, up to more than five-fold (OR 5.31, 95%CI: 4.12–6.85). Compared to never smokers, being active smokers was inversely associated with seroprevalence (OR 0.60, 95%CI: 0.48–0.76). After 5 months, 85% of previously positive subjects still tested positive. The frequency of SARS-COV-2 infection among Health Care Workers was comparable with that observed in surveys performed in Northern Italy and Europe after the first pandemic wave. This study confirms that infection frequently occurred as asymptomatic and underlines the importance of household exposure, seroprevalence (OR 0.60, 95%CI: 0.48–0.76).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitana Scozzari
- Hospital Medical Direction, Ospedale Molinette, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Cristina Costa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(11)6335953
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (C.G.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Coggiola
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Giovannino Ciccone
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Luigi Savio
- Hospital Medical Direction, Ospedale Molinette, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Scarmozzino
- Hospital Medical Direction, Ospedale Molinette, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Enrico Pira
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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Mengist HM, Kombe Kombe AJ, Mekonnen D, Abebaw A, Getachew M, Jin T. Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Implications on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 55:101533. [PMID: 34836774 PMCID: PMC8604694 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Responsible for more than 4.9 million deaths so far, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is instigating devastating effects on the global health care system whose impacts could be longer for the years to come. Acquiring a comprehensive knowledge of host-virus interaction is critical for designing effective vaccines and/or drugs. Understanding the evolution of the virus and the impact of genetic variability on host immune evasion and vaccine efficacy is helpful to design novel strategies to minimize the effects of the emerging variants of concern (VOC). Most vaccines under development and/or in current use target the spike protein owning to its unique function of host receptor binding, relatively conserved nature, potent immunogenicity in inducing neutralizing antibodies, and being a good target of T cell responses. However, emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are exhibiting variability on the spike protein which could affect the efficacy of vaccines and antibody-based therapies in addition to enhancing viral immune evasion mechanisms. Currently, the degree to which mutations on the spike protein affect immunity and vaccination, and the ability of the current vaccines to confer protection against the emerging variants attracts much attention. This review discusses the implications of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity and forward directions which could contribute to future studies focusing on designing effective vaccines and/or immunotherapies to consider viral evolution. Combining vaccines derived from different regions of the spike protein that boost both the humoral and cellular wings of adaptive immunity could be the best options to cope with the emerging VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, 269, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Getachew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, 269, Ethiopia
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Bonelli F, Blocki FA, Bunnell T, Chu E, De La O A, Grenache DG, Marzucchi G, Montomoli E, Okoye L, Pallavicini L, Streva VA, Torelli A, Wagner A, Zanin D, Zierold C, Wassenberg JJ. Evaluation of the automated LIAISON ® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay for the detection of circulating antibodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1463-1467. [PMID: 33711225 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 has brought about tests from many manufacturers. While molecular and rapid antigen tests are targeted for early diagnosis, immunoassays have a larger role in epidemiological studies, understanding longitudinal immunity, and in vaccine development and response. METHODS The performance of the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay was evaluated against the Beckman ACCESS SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay in New Mexico, and against the Siemens ADVIA Centaur COV2G assay in New York. Discordant samples were parsed using a microneutralization assay. RESULTS A SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rate of 23.8% was observed in the samples tested in New York (September 2020), while in the same month the positivity rate was 1.5% in New Mexico. Positive and negative agreement were 67.6% (95% CI 49.5-82.6%) and 99.8% (95% CI 99.5-99.9%), respectively, with the Beckman test, and 98.0% (95% CI 95.7-99.3%) and 94.8% (95% CI 93.4-96.0%), respectively, with the Siemens test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies discloses an AUC, area under the curve, of 0.996 (95% CI 0.992-0.999) for the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay. The criterion associated to the Youden Index was determined to be >12.9 kAU/L with a sensitivity of 99.44% and a specificity of 99.82%. CONCLUSIONS The LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay is highly sensitive and specific. The balance of these parameters, without emphasis on high specificity alone, is particularly important when applied to high prevalence populations, where a highly sensitive assay will result in reporting a lower number of false negative subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward Chu
- Sherman Abrams Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Vismederi Srl, Siena, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lilian Okoye
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | | | - Aaron Wagner
- TriCore Reference Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Poljak M, Oštrbenk Valenčak A, Štamol T, Seme K. Head-to-head comparison of two rapid high-throughput automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassays targeting total antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and spike protein receptor binding domain. J Clin Virol 2021; 137:104784. [PMID: 33711693 PMCID: PMC7934695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays are needed to inform diagnostic, therapeutic, and public health decisions. The first manufacturer-independent head-to-head comparison of two rapid high-throughput automated electrochemiluminescence double-antigen sandwich immunoassays targeting total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against two different viral proteins, Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Elecsys-N) and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Elecsys-S) (Roche Diagnostics), was performed in a routine setting during the exponential growth phase of the epidemic's second wave. METHODS The diagnostic specificity of Elecsys-N and Elecsys-S was initially evaluated on a panel of 572 pre-COVID-19 samples, showing 100 % specificity of both assays. Elecsys-N/Elecsys-S head-to-head comparison used 3,416 consecutive blood samples from individuals that were tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 within commercial out-of-pocket serologic testing. RESULTS Elecsys-N/Elecsys-S head-to-head comparison showed overall agreement of 98.68 % (3,371/3,416; 95 % CI, 98.23-99.03 %), positive agreement of 95.16 % (884/929; 95 % CI, 93.52-96.41 %), and a high kappa value of 0.996 (95 % CI, 0.956-0.976). Previous SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity was identified in 14/24 (58.3 %) Elecsys-N negative/Elecsys-S positive individuals and in 4/21 (19.0 %) Elecsys-N positive/Elecsys-S negative individuals. CONCLUSION The first Elecsys-N/Elecsys-S head-to-head comparison showed excellent agreement of two highly specific and rapid high-throughput automated anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays. An important question is whether laboratories offering two different antibody assays could benefit from combining the assays; if so, should use be concomitant or sequential-and, in the latter case, in which order? Based on our results, we favor concomitant over sequential Elecsys-N/Elecsys-S use when testing individuals for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in high-incidence settings; for example, during the exponential or stationary growth phase of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anja Oštrbenk Valenčak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Štamol
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Franchini M, Glingani C, Liumbruno GM. Potential mechanisms of action of convalescent plasma in COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 8:413-420. [PMID: 33652503 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2020-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic will be remembered as one of the worst catastrophic events in human history. Unfortunately, no universally recognized effective therapeutic agents are currently available for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, the use of convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients has gained increasing interest thanks to the initially positive clinical reports. A number of mechanisms of action have been proposed for convalescent plasma, including direct neutralization and suppression of viremia, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation effects and mitigation of the COVID-19-associated hypercoagulable state. These immune and non-immune mechanisms will be critically discussed in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
| | - Claudia Glingani
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
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Franchini M, Liumbruno GM. Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19. Biologics 2021; 15:31-38. [PMID: 33574654 PMCID: PMC7871873 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s272063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 is one of the worst catastrophic events in human history. Several non-specific antiviral drugs have been tried to defeat the SARS-CoV-2, with mixed results. Convalescent plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 is one of the specific biologic therapies being considered to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preliminary studies have shown that convalescent plasma, containing antibodies able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2, is promising in blocking viral replication and improving patients’ clinical symptoms. The results of several ongoing randomized controlled trials are, however, keenly awaited to definitively elucidate the safety and efficacy of this blood component in COVID-19. In this narrative review, we summarize the current evidence from the literature on the treatment of severe COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. A concise overview of the hypothesized mechanisms of action is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
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Mengist HM, Mekonnen D, Mohammed A, Shi R, Jin T. Potency, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Potential Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:630500. [PMID: 33597888 PMCID: PMC7883113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.630500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective, safe, and pharmacokinetically suitable drugs are urgently needed to curb the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The main protease or 3C-like protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is considered an important target to formulate potent drugs corresponding to its crucial role in virus replication and maturation in addition to its relatively conserved active site. Promising baseline data on the potency and safety of drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro are currently available. However, preclinical and clinical data on the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs are very limited. This review discusses the potency, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and forward directions on the development of future studies focusing on COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ronghua Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Fu Y, Pan Y, Li Z, Li Y. The Utility of Specific Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Laboratory Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:603058. [PMID: 33519745 PMCID: PMC7838213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now become a global pandemic due to its high transmissibility. The unavoidable shortcomings of traditional diagnostic assay, including nucleic acid testing, diverse serological assays characterized by high-throughput and less workload, are playing a more and more crucial role to supplement the nucleic acid test. In this review, we summarize the dynamic change of the specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 as well as neutralizing antibodies and discuss the clinical utility and limitations of the different serological assays. SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus, shows some unique pathogenetic and epidemiological characteristics that have not been completely understood so far. Currently, studies about the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical utility of serological testing are increasing. It's well suggested that the combination of serological tests and nucleic acid tests can cohesively improve the testing efficiency for identifying COVID-19 suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Feng Y. Clinical Value of SARS-CoV2 IgM and IgG Antibodies in Diagnosis of COVID-19 in Suspected Cases. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:1089-1094. [PMID: 33328754 PMCID: PMC7735789 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s287733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical value of SARS-CoV2 IgM and IgG antibodies in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in suspected cases by likelihood ratio. METHODS By reinterpreting data from a previous study, the positive likelihood ratio of IgM and IgG antibodies in COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis was calculated, and the posterior probability of IgM and IgG antibodies and their tandem detection was calculated finally. RESULTS The positive likelihood ratios of single IgM and IgG antibodies were 18.50 and 12.65, respectively, and the posterior probabilities were 90.18% and 86.26%, respectively. However, the posterior probability of the two antibody-tandem test was 99.15%, which could give clinicians more quantitative confidence in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in suspected cases. According to the results of this study, combining the advantages and disadvantages of nucleic acid testing and antibody detection, a feasible clinical path was found for clinicians to diagnose COVID-19 pneumonia from suspected cases. CONCLUSION For suspected cases, IgM- and IgG-antibody tests should first be done at the same time. If all antibody tests are positive, COVID-19 pneumonia could be confirmed. If not, nucleic acid detection (once or more) should be carried out, and in extreme cases high-throughput viral genome sequencing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Feng
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Cancer Hospital), Urumqi, 830011, People’s Republic of China
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