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Choi C, Schlenker E, Ha H, Cheong JY, Hwang B. Versatile Applications of Silver Nanowire-Based Electrodes and Their Impacts. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:562. [PMID: 36984976 PMCID: PMC10055823 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is currently the most widely used material for transparent electrodes; however, it has several drawbacks, including high cost, brittleness, and environmental concerns. Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are promising alternatives to ITO as materials for transparent electrodes owing to their high electrical conductivity, transparency in the visible range of wavelengths, and flexibility. AgNWs are effective for various electronic device applications, such as touch panels, biosensors, and solar cells. However, the high synthesis cost of AgNWs and their poor stability to external chemical and mechanical damages are significant challenges that need to be addressed. In this review paper, we discuss the current state of research on AgNW transparent electrodes, including their synthesis, properties, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghyeon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Erik Schlenker
- College of Health, Science and Technology at University of Illinois Springfield, One University Plaza, Springfield, IL 62703, USA
| | - Heebo Ha
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Bavarian Center for Battery Technology (BayBatt) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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2
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Vogl LM, Kalancha V, Schweizer P, Denninger P, Wu M, Brabec C, Forberich K, Spiecker E. Influence of tin oxide decoration on the junction conductivity of silver nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:175706. [PMID: 36649645 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb3ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electrodes using nanowires (NWs) suffer from challenges of long-term stability and high junction resistance which limit their fields of applications. Welding via thermal annealing is a common strategy to enhance the conductivity of percolated NW networks, however, it affects the structural and mechanical integrity of the NWs. In this study we show that the decoration of NWs with an ultrathin metal oxide is a potential alternative procedure which not only enhances the thermal and chemical stability but, moreover, provides a totally different mechanism to reduce the junction resistance upon heat treatment. Here, we analyze the effect of SnOxdecoration on the conductance of silver NWs and NW junctions by using a four-probe measurement setup inside a scanning electron microscope. Dedicated transmission electron microscopy analysis in plan-view and cross-section geometry are carried out to characterize the nanowires and the microstructure of the junctions. Upon heat treatment the junction resistance of both plain silver NWs and SnOx-decorated NWs is reduced by around 80%. While plain silver NWs show characteristic junction welding during annealing, the SnOx-decoration reduces junction resistance by a solder-like process which does not affect the mechanical integrity of the NW junction and is therefore expected to be superior for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Maria Vogl
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Violetta Kalancha
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schweizer
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Denninger
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Brabec
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Karen Forberich
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro-and Nanostructure Research (IMN), Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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3
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Moon YJ, Kim C, Choi E, Shin DY, Kang KT. The Effect of Pre-Stretched Substrate on the Electrical Resistance of Printed Ag Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:719. [PMID: 36839086 PMCID: PMC9963882 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional nanomaterials have drawn attention as an alternative electrode material for stretchable electronics. In particular, silver nanowires (Ag NWs) have been studied as stretchable electrodes for strain sensors, 3D electronics, and freeform-shaped electronic circuits. In this study, Ag NWs ink was printed on the pre-stretched silicone rubber film up to 40% in length using a drop-on-demand dispenser. After printing, silicone rubber film was released and stretched up to 20% as a cyclic test with 10-time repetition, and the ratios of the resistance of the stretched state to that of the released state (Rstretched/Rreleased) were measured at each cycle. For Ag NWs electrode printed on the pre-stretched silicone rubber at 30%, Rstretched/Rreleased at 10% and 20% strain was 1.05, and 1.57, respectively, which is significantly less than about 7 for Ag NWs at the 10% strain without pre-stretched substrate. In the case of 10% strain on the 30% pre-stretched substrate, the substrate is stretched and the contact points with Ag NWs were not changed much as the silicone rubber film stretched, which meant that Ag NWs may slide between other Ag NWs. Ag NWs electrode on the 40% pre-stretched substrate was stretched, strain was concentrated on the Ag NWs electrode and failure of electrode occurred, because cracks occurred at the surface of silicone rubber film when it was pre-stretched to 40%. We confirmed that printed Ag NWs on the pre-stretched film showed more contact points and less electric resistance compared to printed Ag NWs on the film without pre-stretching.
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Yoon H, Matteini P, Hwang B. Effect of the Blade-Coating Conditions on the Electrical and Optical Properties of Transparent Ag Nanowire Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:114. [PMID: 36677175 PMCID: PMC9862827 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the coating conditions for a doctor blading system is important when seeking to improve the performance of Ag nanowire electrodes. In this study, the effect of the blading height and speed on the optical and electrical properties of Ag nanowire electrodes was investigated. Ag nanowires were first spread on a PET substrate using a doctor blade with differing heights at a fixed blading speed. An increase in the blading height resulted in the degradation of the optical transmittance and stronger haze due to the higher probability of Ag nanowire agglomeration arising from the greater wet thickness. When the blading speed was varied, the optical transmittance and haze were unaffected up until 20 mm/s, followed by minor degradation of the optical properties at blading speeds over 25 mm/s. The higher speeds hindered the spread of the Ag nanowire solution, which also increased the probability of Ag nanowire agglomeration. However, this degradation was less serious compared to that observed with a change in the blading height. Therefore, optimizing the blading height was confirmed to be the priority for the production of high-performance transparent Ag nanowire electrodes. Our study thus provides practical guidance for the fabrication of Ag nanowire electrodes using doctor blading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsub Yoon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Paolo Matteini
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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All-atmospheric fabrication of Ag-Cu core-shell nanowire transparent electrodes with Haacke figure of merit >600 × 10 -3 Ω -1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20962. [PMID: 36470957 PMCID: PMC9722900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are essential components in devices such as touch screens, smart windows, and photovoltaics. Metal nanowire networks are promising next-generation TCEs, but best-performing examples rely on expensive metal catalysts (palladium or platinum), vacuum processing, or transfer processes that cannot be scaled. This work demonstrates a metal nanowire TCE fabrication process that focuses on high performance and simple fabrication. Here we combined direct and plating metallization processes on electrospun nanowires. We first directly metallize silver nanowires using reactive silver ink. The silver catalyzes subsequent copper plating to produce Ag-Cu core-shell nanowires and eliminates nanowire junction resistances. The process allows for tunable transmission and sheet resistance properties by adjusting electrospinning and plating time. We demonstrate state-of-the-art, low-haze TCEs using an all-atmospheric process with sheet resistances of 0.33 Ω sq-1 and visible light transmittances of 86% (including the substrate), leading to a Haacke figure of merit of 652 × 10-3 Ω-1. The core-shell nanowire electrode also demonstrates high chemical and bending durability.
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Chae WH, Patil JJ, Grossman JC. Conformal Encapsulation of Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes by Nanosized Reduced Graphene Oxide Leading to Improved All-Round Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34997-35009. [PMID: 35861058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are promising as next-generation transparent conductive electrodes due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, mechanical flexibility, as well as low material and processing costs. However, AgNWs are prone to thermally induced fragmentation and chemical degradation, necessitating a conformal protective coating typically achieved by low-throughput methods such as sputtering or atomic layer deposition. Herein, we report a facile all-solution-based approach to synthesize a conformally coated AgNW network by nanosized reduced graphene oxide R(nGO). In this method, probe ultrasonication is used to obtain nanosized GO, which is coated on AgNWs by a layer-by-layer approach and then chemically treated to form R(nGO)/AgNW. We show that our transparent electrode has excellent transmittance (85-92%) and sheet resistance (17.5 Ω/sq), combined with outstanding thermal and electrothermal stability, thanks to the conformal nature of the R(nGO) film, and demonstrate its use as a transparent heater with a high maximum temperature. This, in conjunction with improved long-term chemical and mechanical bending stability of R(nGO)/AgNW, indicates that our newly developed process represents an effective and low-cost strategy to improve the overall operational resilience of metal nanowire-based transparent conductive electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Hyun Chae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin J Patil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Song S, Kim KY, Lee SH, Kim KK, Lee K, Lee W, Jeon H, Ko SH. Recent Advances in 1D Nanomaterial‐Based Bioelectronics for Healthcare Applications. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Song
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 Korea
- Center for Biomaterials Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Kyung Yeun Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 Korea
- Center for Biomaterials Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- Center for Biomaterials Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Center for Biomaterials Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Wonryung Lee
- Center for Biomaterials Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Center for Biomaterials Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145, Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab Department of Mechanical Engineering Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 151-742 Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design/Institute of Engineering Research Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
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8
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A Review on the Deformation Behavior of Silver Nanowire Networks under Many Bending Cycles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanowire networks are attractive for flexible transparent electrodes due to their excellent optical transparency and electrical conductivity. Their mechanical reliability under bending is an important feature for the adoption of silver nanowire transparent electrodes for flexible electronics. Therefore, various studies have been conducted to understand the deformation behavior of silver nanowire networks, which are different from those of bulk silver or silver thin films. The focus of this review is to elucidate the deformation mechanism of silver nanowire networks under high cycles of bending and to present ways to improve the mechanical reliability of silver nanowire transparent electrodes.
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Liu L, Jiang J, Xu Z, Zhou J, Li Y. Enhanced electrical conductivity of PEDOT-encapsulated silver nanowire film pretreated with surfactants. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Hwang B, Lund A, Tian Y, Darabi S, Müller C. Machine-Washable Conductive Silk Yarns with a Composite Coating of Ag Nanowires and PEDOT:PSS. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27537-27544. [PMID: 32441502 PMCID: PMC7303969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conducting fibers and yarns are critical components of future wearable electronic textile (e-textile) devices such as sensors, antennae, information processors, and energy harvesters. To achieve reliable wearable devices, the development of robust yarns with a high conductivity and excellent washability is urgently needed. In the present study, highly conductive and machine-washable silk yarns were developed utilizing a Ag nanowire and PEDOT:PSS composite coating. Ag nanowires were coated on the silk yarn via a dip-coating process followed by coating with the conjugated polymer:polyelectrolyte complex PEDOT:PSS. The PEDOT:PSS covered the Ag nanowire layers while electrostatically binding to the silk, which significantly improved the robustness of the yarn as compared with the Ag nanowire-coated reference yarns. The fabricated conductive silk yarns had an excellent bulk conductivity of up to ∼320 S/cm, which is largely retained even after several cycles of machine washing. To demonstrate that these yarns can be incorporated into e-textiles, the conductive yarns were used to construct an all-textile out-of-plane thermoelectric device and a Joule heating element in a woven heating fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungil Hwang
- School of Integrative
Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sozan Darabi
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Chalmers University
of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Wan H, Gui C, Chen D, Miao J, Zhao Q, Luan S, Zhou S. Scattering force and heating effect in laser-induced plasmonic welding of silver nanowire junctions. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:2186-2191. [PMID: 32225745 DOI: 10.1364/ao.385727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Light-nanomaterial interaction is accompanied by a scattering force and a heating effect. When silver nanowires are irradiated by a laser pulse with light intensity above the melting threshold, they are observed to melt into nanospheres and fly away from their original position. Simulation and experimental results show that the localized surface plasmon resonance excited by laser pulse will heat the ends and junction areas of silver nanowires, causing the occurrence of local melting at these locations. Since the local melting cannot alter the position of silver nanowire, a mathematical model was developed to evaluate the scattering force acting on silver nanowire. According to the developed mathematical model, the scattering force acting on silver nanowire mainly depends on specific surface area of silver nanowire and incident light intensity. When the light intensity of the laser pulse is ${3.0} \times {{10}^{12}}\;{\rm W}/{{\rm m}^2}$3.0×1012W/m2, the scattering force acting on the silver nanowire can reach ${{10}^5}$105 times the gravity of silver nanowire. To obtain silver nanowires networks, the light intensity of the laser pulse was manipulated to regulate the scattering force and heating effect acting on the silver nanowire. As a result, silver nanowire networks were obtained with light intensity of ${1.4} \times {{10}^{10}}\;{\rm W}/{{\rm m}^2}$1.4×1010W/m2 at a scanning speed of 1000 mm/s. This laser-induced plasmonic welding paves the way for improved understanding and control of fundamental laser-nanomaterial interactions.
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Aghazadehchors S, Nguyen VH, Muñoz-Rojas D, Jiménez C, Rapenne L, Nguyen ND, Bellet D. Versatility of bilayer metal oxide coatings on silver nanowire networks for enhanced stability with minimal transparency loss. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19969-19979. [PMID: 31602448 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks have been lately much investigated thanks to their physical properties and are therefore foreseen to play a key role in many industrial devices as transparent electrodes, but their stability can be an issue. Although it has been shown that thin metal oxide coatings enhance the stability of AgNW networks, such stabilization is achieved at the expense of transparency. We demonstrate that by depositing a second oxide coating, which acts as an antireflective layer, it is possible to obtain highly stable and transparent composite electrodes. AgNW networks were deposited by the airbrush method, and zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) coatings were deposited, by Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (AP-SALD), using both glass and plastic substrates; therefore, the proposed fabrication method is low-cost and compatible with high-throughput scalable fabrication. The mechanical stability of bare, ZnO and ZnO/Al2O3-coated AgNWs upon bending is also presented. The obtained nanocomposites exhibit highly homogeneous and conformal oxide coatings with average thicknesses of a few tens of nanometers. Samples with bilayer coatings of 70 nm ZnO/70 nm Al2O3 still exhibit very good stability after annealing in air up to 450 °C for 6 repetitive cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Aghazadehchors
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France. and Département de Physique, Université de Liège, CESAM/Q-MAT, SPIN, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Viet Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam and Phenikaa Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Vietnam
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Carmen Jiménez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Laetitia Rapenne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Ngoc Duy Nguyen
- Département de Physique, Université de Liège, CESAM/Q-MAT, SPIN, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Bellet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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13
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Sohn H, Park C, Oh JM, Kang SW, Kim MJ. Silver Nanowire Networks: Mechano-Electric Properties and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2526. [PMID: 31398876 PMCID: PMC6720749 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With increasing technological demand for portable electronic and photovoltaic devices, it has become critical to ensure the electrical and mechano-electric reliability of electrodes in such devices. However, the limited flexibility and high processing costs of traditional electrodes based on indium tin oxide undermine their application in flexible devices. Among various alternative materials for flexible electrodes, such as metallic/carbon nanowires or meshes, silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks are regarded as promising candidates owing to their excellent electrical, optical, and mechano-electric properties. In this context, there have been tremendous studies on the physico-chemical and mechano-electric properties of Ag NW networks. At the same time, it has been a crucial job to maximize the device performance (or their mechano-electric performance) by reconciliation of various properties. This review discusses the properties and device applications of Ag NW networks under dynamic motion by focusing on notable findings and cases in the recent literature. Initially, we introduce the fabrication (deposition process) of Ag NW network-based electrodes from solution-based coating processes (drop casting, spray coating, spin coating, etc.) to commercial processes (slot-die and roll-to-roll coating). We also discuss the electrical/optical properties of Ag NW networks, which are governed by percolation, and their electrical contacts. Second, the mechano-electric properties of Ag NW networks are reviewed by describing individual and combined properties of NW networks with dynamic motion under cyclic loading. The improved mechano-electric properties of Ag NW network-based flexible electrodes are also discussed by presenting various approaches, including post-treatment and hybridization. Third, various Ag NW-based flexible devices (electronic and optoelectronic devices) are introduced by discussing their operation principles, performance, and challenges. Finally, we offer remarks on the challenges facing the current studies and discuss the direction of research in this field, as well as forthcoming issues to be overcome to achieve integration into commercial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiesang Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Oh
- Department of Electronic Material Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics, Suwon 16678, Korea.
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14
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Computational characterization and control of electrical conductivity of nanowire composite network under mechanical deformation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16617. [PMID: 30413787 PMCID: PMC6226518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative models to predict the electrical performance of 1-D nanowire (NW) composite networks under external deformation such as bending and patterning are developed by Monte-Carlo based computations, and appropriate solutions are addressed to enhance the tolerance of the sheet resistance (Rs) of the NW networks under the deformation. In addition, several strategies are employed to improve further the robustness of the sheet resistance against the network deformation. In the case of bending, outstanding bending durability of a hybrid NW network coated on a 2-D sheet is confirmed with a numerical model, and a network of NWs aligned unidirectionally toward bend axis is introduced to alleviate the sheet resistance degradation. In the case of a narrowly patterned channel, the conductivity enhancement of a network of NWs aligned in parallel to the channel with reduced channel is validated, and a network made with two types of NWs with different lengths is suggested to enhance the tolerance of the electrical conductivity. The results offer useful design guidelines to the use of the 1-D NW percolation network for flexible transparent conducting electrodes.
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15
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Zhang R, Engholm M. Recent Progress on the Fabrication and Properties of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E628. [PMID: 30126214 PMCID: PMC6116248 DOI: 10.3390/nano8080628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) made of metallic nanowires, such as Ag, Au, Cu, and Ni, are attracting increasing attention for several reasons: (1) they can act as a substitute for tin oxide-based TEs such as indium-tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO); (2) various methods exist for fabricating such TEs such as filtration, spraying, and Meyer bar coating; (3) greater compatibility with different substrates can be achieved due to the variety of fabrication methods; and (4) extra functions in addition to serving as electrodes, such as catalytic abilities, can be obtained due to the metals of which the TEs are composed. There are a large number of applications for TEs, ranging from electronics and sensors to biomedical devices. This short review is a summary of recent progress, mainly over the past five years, on silver nanowire-based TEs. The focus of the review is on theory development, mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability as well as optical properties. The many applications of TEs are outside the scope of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyun Zhang
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Engholm
- Department of Electronics Design, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden.
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16
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Lu H, Ren X, Ouyang D, Choy WCH. Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703140. [PMID: 29356408 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging novel metal electrodes not only serve as the collector of free charge carriers, but also function as light trapping designs in photovoltaics. As a potential alternative to commercial indium tin oxide, transparent electrodes composed of metal nanowire, metal mesh, and ultrathin metal film are intensively investigated and developed for achieving high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, light trapping designs via patterning of the back thick metal electrode into different nanostructures, which can deliver a considerable efficiency improvement of photovoltaic devices, contribute by the plasmon-enhanced light-mattering interactions. Therefore, here the recent works of metal-based transparent electrodes and patterned back electrodes in photovoltaics are reviewed, which may push the future development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Ren
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dan Ouyang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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17
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Sohn H, Kim S, Shin W, Lee JM, Lee H, Yun DJ, Moon KS, Han IT, Kwak C, Hwang SJ. Novel Flexible Transparent Conductive Films with Enhanced Chemical and Electromechanical Sustainability: TiO 2 Nanosheet-Ag Nanowire Hybrid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2688-2700. [PMID: 29215259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive films (TCFs) of TiO2 nanosheet (TiO2 NS) and silver nanowire (Ag NW) network hybrid were prepared through a simple and scalable solution-based process. The as-formed TiO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid TCF shows a high optical transmittance (TT: 97% (90.2% including plastic substrate)) and low sheet resistance (Rs: 40 Ω/sq). In addition, the TiO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid TCF exhibits a long-time chemical/aging and electromechanical stability. As for the chemical/aging stability, the hybrid TCF of Ag NW and TiO2 NS reveals a retained initial conductivity (ΔRs/Rs < 1%) under ambient oxidant gas over a month, superior to that of bare Ag NW (ΔRs/Rs > 4000%) or RuO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid (ΔRs/Rs > 200%). As corroborated by the density functional theory simulation, the superb chemical stability of TiO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid is attributable to the unique role of TiO2 NS as a barrier, which prevents Ag NW's chemical corrosion via the attenuated adsorption of sulfidation molecules (H2S) on TiO2 NS. With respect to the electromechanical stability, in contrast to Ag NWs (ΔR/R0 ∼ 152.9%), our hybrid TCF shows a limited increment of fractional resistivity (ΔR/R0 ∼ 14.4%) after 200 000 cycles of the 1R bending test (strain: 6.7%) owing to mechanically welded Ag NW networks by TiO2 NS. Overall, our unique hybrid of TiO2 NS and Ag NW exhibits excellent electrical/optical properties and reliable chemical/electromechanical stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiesang Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University , 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seong-Ju Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
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18
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Cho EH, Kim MJ, Sohn H, Shin WH, Won JY, Kim Y, Kwak C, Lee CS, Woo YS. A graphene mesh as a hybrid electrode for foldable devices. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:628-638. [PMID: 29235603 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A graphene mesh with arrays of micro-holes was fabricated on a polymer substrate using photolithography for use as an electrode in flexible devices. The optimal mesh structure with high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity was designed using a finite element method, in which the conductivity of the mesh was simulated as a function of structure, size, and periodicity of the hole array. The sheet resistance of the graphene mesh was lowered to that of a graphene monolayer by chemical doping and found to be 330 Ω Sq-1 at 98.5% transparency. The figure of merit of the doped graphene mesh was calculated to be 106 at 98% transmittance, a value that has not yet been reported for any conventional transparent electrode material. Due to strong bonding between the polymer and substrate, the hybrid electrode composed of a silver nanowire (AgNW)/graphene mesh coated with an over-coating layer exhibited more stable electrical characteristics during mechanical fatigue deformation compared to a hybrid film composed of a AgNW/graphene sheet. The AgNW/graphene sheet underwent breakdown at less than 20 000 cycles in cyclic bending tests with 6.5% strain, but the AgNW/graphene mesh showed a 38% increase in resistance at 20 000 cycles and no breakdown even at 100 000 cycles. Therefore, in this study, we propose a hybrid structure composed of a AgNW/graphene mesh, which is optically and mechanically superior to AgNW/graphene sheets, and therefore suitable for application as a transparent electrode in foldable devices with long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Cho
- Platform Technology Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 120 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 443-803, South Korea
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19
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Large MJ, Ogilvie SP, Alomairy S, Vöckerodt T, Myles D, Cann M, Chan H, Jurewicz I, King AAK, Dalton AB. Selective Mechanical Transfer Deposition of Langmuir Graphene Films for High-Performance Silver Nanowire Hybrid Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12038-12045. [PMID: 28961004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present silver nanowire hybrid electrodes prepared through the addition of small quantities of pristine graphene by mechanical transfer deposition from surface-assembled Langmuir films. This technique is a fast, efficient, and facile method for modifying the optoelectronic performance of AgNW films. We demonstrate that it is possible to use this technique to perform two-step device production by selective patterning of the stamp used, leading to controlled variation in the local sheet resistance across a device. This is particularly attractive for producing extremely low cost sensors on arbitrarily large scales. Our aim is to address some of the concerns surrounding the use of AgNW films as replacements for indium tin oxide (ITO), namely, the use of scarce materials and poor stability of AgNWs against flexural and environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Large
- University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Ogilvie
- University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Alomairy
- Taif University , Taif 26571, Saudi Arabia
- University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Myles
- M-Solv Ltd, Oxonian Park, Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1FP, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cann
- M-Solv Ltd, Oxonian Park, Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1FP, United Kingdom
| | - Helios Chan
- M-Solv Ltd, Oxonian Park, Kidlington, Oxfordshire OX5 1FP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alice A K King
- University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B Dalton
- University of Sussex , Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
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20
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Radmilović VV, Göbelt M, Ophus C, Christiansen S, Spiecker E, Radmilović VR. Low temperature solid-state wetting and formation of nanowelds in silver nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:385701. [PMID: 28691926 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7eb8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the microscopic mechanism of thermally induced nanoweld formation between silver nanowires (AgNWs) which is a key process for improving electrical conductivity in NW networks employed for transparent electrodes. Focused ion beam sectioning and transmission electron microscopy were applied in order to elucidate the atomic structure of a welded NW including measurement of the wetting contact angle and characterization of defect structure with atomic accuracy, which provides fundamental information on the welding mechanism. Crystal lattice strain, obtained by direct evaluation of atomic column displacements in high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images, was shown to be non-uniform among the five twin segments of the AgNW pentagonal structure. It was found that the pentagonal cross-sectional morphology of AgNWs has a dominant effect on the formation of nanowelds by controlling initial wetting as well as diffusion of Ag atoms between the NWs. Due to complete solid-state wetting, at an angle of ∼4.8°, the welding process starts with homoepitaxial nucleation of an initial Ag layer on (100) surface facets, considered to have an infinitely large radius of curvature. However, the strong driving force for this process due to the Gibbs-Thomson effect, requires the NW contact to occur through the corner of the pentagonal cross-section of the second NW providing a small radius of curvature. After the initial layer is formed, the welded zone continues to grow and extends out epitaxially to the neighboring twin segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk V Radmilović
- Innovation Center, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Min JH, Jeong WL, Kwak HM, Lee DS. High-performance metal mesh/graphene hybrid films using prime-location and metal-doped graphene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10225. [PMID: 28860549 PMCID: PMC5579003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce high-performance metal mesh/graphene hybrid transparent conductive layers (TCLs) using prime-location and metal-doped graphene in near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (NUV LEDs). Despite the transparency and sheet resistance values being similar for hybrid TCLs, there were huge differences in the NUV LEDs’ electrical and optical properties depending on the location of the graphene layer. We achieved better physical stability and current spreading when the graphene layer was located beneath the metal mesh, in direct contact with the p-GaN layer. We further improved the contact properties by adding a very thin Au mesh between the thick Ag mesh and the graphene layer to produce a dual-layered metal mesh. The Au mesh effectively doped the graphene layer to create a p-type electrode. Using Raman spectra, work function variations, and the transfer length method (TLM), we verified the effect of doping the graphene layer after depositing a very thin metal layer on the graphene layers. From our results, we suggest that the nature of the contact is an important criterion for improving the electrical and optical performance of hybrid TCLs, and the method of doping graphene layers provides new opportunities for solving contact issues in other semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hong Min
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.,Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Woo-Lim Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.,Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Hoe-Min Kwak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.,Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea. .,Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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22
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Hwang B, Kim W, Kim J, Lee S, Lim S, Kim S, Oh SH, Ryu S, Han SM. Role of Graphene in Reducing Fatigue Damage in Cu/Gr Nanolayered Composite. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4740-4745. [PMID: 28723157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale metal/graphene nanolayered composite is known to have ultrahigh strength as the graphene effectively blocks dislocations from penetrating through the metal/graphene interface. The same graphene interface, which has a strong sp2 bonding, can simultaneously serve as an effective interface for deflecting the fatigue cracks that are generated under cyclic bendings. In this study, Cu/Gr composite with repeat layer spacing of 100 nm was tested for bending fatigue at 1.6% and 3.1% strain up to 1,000,000 cycles that showed for the first time a 5-6 times enhancement in fatigue resistance compared to the conventional Cu thin film. Fatigue cracks that are generated within the Cu layer were stopped by the graphene interface, which are evidenced by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. Molecular dynamics simulations for uniaxial tension of Cu/Gr showed limited accumulation of dislocations at the film/substrate interface, which makes the fatigue crack formation and propagation through thickness of the film difficult in this materials system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungil Hwang
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
- BASF Electronics Materials R&D Center Asia , Suwon, Republic of Korea , 16419
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
| | - Jaemin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
| | - Subin Lee
- IBS Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea , 16419
| | - Seoyoen Lim
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
| | - Sangmin Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon, Republic of Korea , 16419
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
| | - Seung Min Han
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea , 34141
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23
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Hwang B, Kim M, Cho SM, Becker S, Kim YH, Kim H. Embedded silver-nanowire electrode in an acrylic polymer-silicate nanoparticle composite for highly robust flexible devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byungil Hwang
- BASF Electronic Materials R&D Center Asia; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Minha Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Stefan Becker
- BASF Electronic Materials R&D Center Asia; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsub Kim
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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24
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Highly Flexible and Transparent Ag Nanowire Electrode Encapsulated with Ultra-Thin Al 2O 3: Thermal, Ambient, and Mechanical Stabilities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41336. [PMID: 28128218 PMCID: PMC5269670 DOI: 10.1038/srep41336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand in the flexible electronics industry for highly robust flexible/transparent conductors that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive environments. In this work, outstanding thermal and ambient stability is demonstrated for a highly transparent Ag nanowire electrode with a low electrical resistivity, by encapsulating it with an ultra-thin Al2O3 film (around 5.3 nm) via low-temperature (100 °C) atomic layer deposition. The Al2O3-encapsulated Ag nanowire (Al2O3/Ag) electrodes are stable even after annealing at 380 °C for 100 min and maintain their electrical and optical properties. The Al2O3 encapsulation layer also effectively blocks the permeation of H2O molecules and thereby enhances the ambient stability to greater than 1,080 h in an atmosphere with a relative humidity of 85% at 85 °C. Results from the cyclic bending test of up to 500,000 cycles (under an effective strain of 2.5%) confirm that the Al2O3/Ag nanowire electrode has a superior mechanical reliability to that of the conventional indium tin oxide film electrode. Moreover, the Al2O3 encapsulation significantly improves the mechanical durability of the Ag nanowire electrode, as confirmed by performing wiping tests using isopropyl alcohol.
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25
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Jung JY, Qaiser N, Feng G, Hwang BI, Kim T, Kim JH, Han SM. Size-dependent hardness of five-fold twin structured Ag nanowires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1311-1319. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the size dependent hardness of silver nanowires with a five-fold twin structure was examined using nanoindentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- Graduate School of EEWS
- KAIST
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Feng
- Mechanical Engineering
- Villanova University
- Villanova
- USA
| | | | - Taegeon Kim
- Graduate School of EEWS
- KAIST
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of EEWS
- KAIST
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Graduate School of EEWS
- KAIST
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
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26
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Hwang B, Lim S, Park M, Han S. Neutral plane control by using polymer/graphene flake composites for flexible displays. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PMMA/graphene composites with varying graphene content can control the modulus and thus the neutral plane of flexible displays while enhancing barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Hwang
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
- BASF Electronic Materials R&D Center Asia
| | - S. Lim
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - M. Park
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - S. M. Han
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
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27
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Yoon SS, Khang DY. Facile Patterning of Ag Nanowires Network by Micro-Contact Printing of Siloxane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23236-23243. [PMID: 27548278 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple, low-cost, scalable patterning method has been demonstrated for chemically welded Ag nanowires (AgNWs) network. The chemically welded network of AgNWs on substrates has been patterned by modified microcontact printing (μCP). As an ink for the μCP, uncured high-viscosity siloxane polymer has been applied. Using elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp that has been replicated from micromachined Si master mold by metal-assisted chemical etching, the printed siloxane ink materials have been cured by simple UV/ozone exposure for 3 min, which acts as an etch barrier in ensuing wet-removal of exposed AgNWs network. The proposed patterning technique has no limitation in the choice of substrates and pattern shape, in addition to high resolution. The patterned AgNWs network electrodes have shown excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical performances, such as high flexibility (up to ∼10%) and stretchability (up to 40%). Finally, the patterned AgNWs network electrodes have been applied as a transparent heater, which can be used for rapid raindrop removal or deicing of car windows and outside mirrors. This can be a valuable help for driving safety under harsh weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Korea
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28
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Critical Role of Diels-Adler Adducts to Realise Stretchable Transparent Electrodes Based on Silver Nanowires and Silicone Elastomer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25358. [PMID: 27140436 PMCID: PMC4853712 DOI: 10.1038/srep25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the successful fabrication of a transparent electrode comprising a sandwich structure of silicone/Ag nanowires (AgNWs)/silicone equipped with Diels-Alder (DA) adducts as crosslinkers to realise highly stable stretchability. Because of the reversible DA reaction, the crosslinked silicone successfully bonds with the silicone overcoat, which should completely seal the electrode. Thus, any surrounding liquid cannot leak through the interfaces among the constituents. Furthermore, the nanowires are protected by the silicone cover when they are stressed by mechanical loads such as bending, folding, and stretching. After delicate optimisation of the layered silicone/AgNW/silicone sandwich structure, a stretchable transparent electrode which can withstand 1000 cycles of 50% stretching-releasing with an exceptionally high stability and reversibility was fabricated. This structure can be used as a transparent strain sensor; it possesses a strong piezoresistivity with a gauge factor greater than 11.
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29
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Lee DH, Heo G, Pyo KH, Kim Y, Kim JW. Mechanically Robust and Healable Transparent Electrode Fabricated via Vapor-Assisted Solution Process. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8129-8136. [PMID: 26974168 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically robust, transparent, and healable electrode was successfully developed by embedding Ag nanowires (AgNWs) on the surface of polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethane (PDMS-CPU) cross-linked by Diels-Alder (DA) adducts. The reversibility of the DA reaction enabled the heated dimethylformamide (DMF) vapor to induce de-cross-linking of the PDMS-CPU preformed as a substrate. A combination of the retro-DA reaction and the plasticizer effect softened the polymer surface, embedding the coated AgNWs on the surface of the polymer. With this simple postprocessing, the surface roughness and mechanical stability of the electrode were largely enhanced. Even with a 55 μm bending radius, which corresponds to a strain of 90%, the resistance of the electrode after 10 min of vapor treatment increased by 2.1% for inward bending and 5.3% for outward bending. This result shows a great potential of the proposed method, as it can also be used to fabricate various mechanically deformable transparent electrode. Furthermore, swelling of the PDMS-CPU film owing to the DMF vapor facilitated the healing properties of the scratched electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hee Lee
- Display Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , 68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, South Korea
| | - Gaeun Heo
- Display Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , 68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Pyo
- Display Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , 68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, South Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Display Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , 68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Display Materials & Components Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , 68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, South Korea
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30
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O'Callaghan C, Gomes da Rocha C, Manning HG, Boland JJ, Ferreira MS. Effective medium theory for the conductivity of disordered metallic nanowire networks. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27564-27571. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An analytical model with dependance on all important underlying parameters to calculate the electrical properties of nanowire networks is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin O'Callaghan
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
| | - Claudia Gomes da Rocha
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
| | - Hugh G. Manning
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- AMBER Research Centre
| | - John J. Boland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- AMBER Research Centre
| | - Mauro S. Ferreira
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
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31
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Hwang B, Park M, Kim T, Han SM. Effect of RGO deposition on chemical and mechanical reliability of Ag nanowire flexible transparent electrode. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of RGO in chemical and mechanical reliability was studied for Ag nanowire/RGO hybrid electrode. RGO deposition can be effective in reducing the oxidation while maintaining the superior mechanical reliability under cyclic bendings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Hwang
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
- BASF Electronic Materials R&D Center Asia
| | - M. Park
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - T. Kim
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - S. M. Han
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
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32
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Hwang B, Kang M, Lee S, Weinberger CR, Loya P, Lou J, Oh SH, Kim B, Han SM. Effect of surface energy on size-dependent deformation twinning of defect-free Au nanowires. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15657-15664. [PMID: 26350050 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the size-dependent transition of deformation twinning studied using in situ SEM/TEM tensile testing of defect-free [110] Au nanowires/ribbons with controlled geometry. The critical dimension below which the ordinary plasticity transits to deformation twinning is experimentally determined to be ∼170 nm for Au nanowires with equilateral cross-sections. Nanoribbons with a fixed thickness but increased width-to-thickness ratios (9 : 1) were also studied to show that an increase in the surface energy due to the crystal re-orientation suppresses the deformation twinning. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the transition from partial dislocation mediated plasticity to perfect dislocation plasticity with increase in the width-to-thickness ratio is due to the effect of the surface energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungil Hwang
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 305-701.
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33
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Lee C, Kim C, Jeong M, Kim J, Lee J, Oh JW, Lee J, Kim SH, Park SS, Kim JM. Highly flexible and transparent metal grids made of metal nanowire networks. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-established microfabrication techniques are employed to demonstrate a new architecture of metal grids made of metal nanowire networks for flexible and transparent conductive electrode applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhee Lee
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology
- BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Chuntae Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology
- BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Minseok Jeong
- Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Jeonghyo Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology
- BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology
- BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Simon S. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology
- BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
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