1
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Huang W, Zhang W, Yang S, Wang L, Yu G. 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks from Design, Synthesis to Applications in Optoelectronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308019. [PMID: 38057125 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new class of crystalline materials connected by covalent bonds, have been developed rapidly in the past decades. However, the research on COFs is mainly focused on two-dimensional (2D) COFs, and the research on three-dimensional (3D) COFs is still in the initial stage. In 2D COFs, the covalent bonds exist only in the 2D flakes and can form 1D channels, which hinder the charge transport to some extent. In contrast, 3D COFs have a more complex pore structure and thus exhibit higher specific surface area and richer active sites, which greatly enhance the 3D charge carrier transport. Therefore, compared to 2D COFs, 3D COFs have stronger applicability in energy storage and conversion, sensing, and optoelectronics. In this review, it is first introduced the design principles for 3D COFs, and in particular summarize the development of conjugated building blocks in 3D COFs, with a special focus on their application in optoelectronics. Subsequently, the preparation of 3D COF powders and thin films and methods to improve the stability and functionalization of 3D COFs are summarized. Moreover, the applications of 3D COFs in electronics are outlined. Finally, conclusions and future research directions for 3D COFs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Guo Z, Zhang Z, Sun J. Topological Analysis and Structural Determination of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312889. [PMID: 38290005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
3D covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) constitute a new type of crystalline materials that consist of a range of porous structures with numerous applications in the fields of adsorption, separation, and catalysis. However, because of the complexity of the three-periodic net structure, it is desirable to develop a thorough structural comprehension, along with a means to precisely determine the actual structure. Indeed, such advancements would considerably contribute to the rational design and application of 3D COFs. In this review, the reported topologies of 3D COFs are introduced and categorized according to the configurations of their building blocks, and a comprehensive overview of diffraction-based structural determination methods is provided. The current challenges and future prospects for these materials will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi'ang Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zeyue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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3
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Ding B, Bhosale M, Bennett TLR, Heeney M, Plasser F, Esser B, Glöcklhofer F. Reducing undesired solubility of squarephaneic tetraimide for use as an organic battery electrode material. Faraday Discuss 2024; 250:129-144. [PMID: 37965707 PMCID: PMC10926975 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Locally aromatic alkyl-N-substituted squarephaneic tetraimide (SqTI) conjugated macrocycles are four-electron reducible, owing to global aromaticity and presumed global Baird aromaticity of the dianion and tetraanion states, respectively. However, their good solubility inhibits their application as a battery electrode material. By applying sidechain removal as a strategy to reduce SqTI solubility, we report the development of its unsubstituted derivative SqTI-H, which was obtained directly from squarephaneic tetraanhydride by facile treatment with hexamethyldisilazane and MeOH. Compared to alkyl-N-substituted SqTI-Rs, SqTI-H exhibited further improved thermal stability and low neutral state solubility in most common organic solvents, owing to computationally demonstrated hydrogen-bonding capabilities emanating from each imide position on SqTI-H. Reversible solid state electrochemical reduction of SqTI-H to the globally aromatic dianion state was also observed at -1.25 V vs. Fc/Fc+, which could be further reduced in two stages. Preliminary testing of SqTI-H in composite electrodes for lithium-organic half cells uncovered imperfect cycling performance, which may be explained by persistent solubility of reduced states, necessitating further optimisation of electrode fabrication procedures to attain maximum performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Manik Bhosale
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Troy L R Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Wang R, Lyu H, Poon Ho GSH, Chen H, Yuan Y, Bang KT, Kim Y. Highly Conductive Covalent-Organic Framework Films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306634. [PMID: 37702138 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemically inert organic networks exhibiting electrical conductivity comparable to metals can advance organic electronics, catalysis, and energy storage systems. Covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising materials for those applications due to their high crystallinity, porosity, and tunable functionality. However, their low conductivity has limited their practical utilization. In this study, copper-coordinated-fluorinated-phthalocyanine and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-based COF (CuPc-AQ-COF) films with ultrahigh conductivity are developed. The COF films exhibit an electrical conductivity of 1.53 × 103 S m-1 and a Hall mobility of 6.02 × 102 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 298 K, reaching the level of metals. The films are constructed by linking phthalocyanines and anthraquinones through vapor-assisted synthesis. The high conductivity properties of the films are attributed to the molecular design of the CuPc-AQ-COFs and the generation of high-quality crystals via the vapor-assisted method. Density functional theory analysis reveals that an efficient donor-acceptor system between the copper-coordinated phthalocyanines and anthraquinones significantly promotes charge transfer. Overall, the CuPc-AQ-COF films set new records of COF conductivity and mobility and represent a significant step forward in the development of COFs for electronic, catalytic, and electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Gerald Siu Hang Poon Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ki-Taek Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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5
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Burke DW, Jiang Z, Livingston AG, Dichtel WR. 2D Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid-Phase Molecular Separations: State of the Field, Common Pitfalls, and Future Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300525. [PMID: 37014260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
2D covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are attractive candidates for next-generation membranes due to their robust linkages and uniform, tunable pores. Many publications have claimed to achieve selective molecular transport through COF pores, but reported performance metrics for similar networks vary dramatically, and in several cases the reported experiments are inadequate to support such conclusions. These issues require a reevaluation of the literature. Published examples of 2D COF membranes for liquid-phase separations can be broadly divided into two categories, each with common performance characteristics: polycrystalline COF films (most >1 µm thick) and weakly crystalline or amorphous films (most <500 nm thick). Neither category has demonstrated consistent relationships between the designed COF pore structure and separation performance, suggesting that these imperfect materials do not sieve molecules through uniform pores. In this perspective, rigorous practices for evaluating COF membrane structures and separation performance are described, which will facilitate their development toward molecularly precise membranes capable of performing previously unrealized chemical separations. In the absence of this more rigorous standard of proof, reports of COF-based membranes should be treated with skepticism. As methods to control 2D polymerization improve, precise 2D polymer membranes may exhibit exquisite and energy efficient performance relevant for contemporary separation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Membrane Research, Exactmer Limited, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, RM10 7FN, UK
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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6
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Ding G, Zhao J, Zhou K, Zheng Q, Han ST, Peng X, Zhou Y. Porous crystalline materials for memories and neuromorphic computing systems. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7071-7136. [PMID: 37755573 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Porous crystalline materials usually include metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and zeolites, which exhibit exceptional porosity and structural/composition designability, promoting the increasing attention in memory and neuromorphic computing systems in the last decade. From both the perspective of materials and devices, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems to guide future research endeavors. Moreover, the utilization of porous crystalline materials in electronics necessitates a shift from powder synthesis to high-quality film preparation to ensure high device performance. This review highlights the strategies for preparing porous crystalline materials films and discusses their advancements in memory and neuromorphic electronics. It also provides a detailed comparative analysis and presents the existing challenges and future research directions, which can attract the experts from various fields (e.g., materials scientists, chemists, and engineers) with the aim of promoting the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - JiYu Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kui Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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7
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Liu H, Yao Y, Samorì P. Taming Multiscale Structural Complexity in Porous Skeletons: From Open Framework Materials to Micro/Nanoscaffold Architectures. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300468. [PMID: 37431215 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the design and synthesis of more and more sophisticated organic building blocks with controlled structures and physical properties, combined with the emergence of novel assembly modes and nanofabrication methods, make it possible to tailor unprecedented structurally complex porous systems with precise multiscale control over their architectures and functions. By tuning their porosity from the nanoscale to microscale, a wide range of functional materials can be assembled, including open frameworks and micro/nanoscaffold architectures. During the last two decades, significant progress is made on the generation and optimization of advanced porous systems, resulting in high-performance multifunctional scaffold materials and novel device configurations. In this perspective, a critical analysis is provided of the most effective methods for imparting controlled physical and chemical properties to multifunctional porous skeletons. The future research directions that underscore the role of skeleton structures with varying physical dimensions, from molecular-level open frameworks (<10 nm) to supramolecular scaffolds (10-100 nm) and micro/nano scaffolds (>100 nm), are discussed. The limitations, challenges, and opportunities for potential applications of these multifunctional and multidimensional material systems are also evaluated in particular by addressing the greatest challenges that the society has to face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yifan Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Yang Y, Ratsch M, Evans AM, Börjesson K. Layered 3D Covalent Organic Framework Films Based on Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18668-18675. [PMID: 37581382 PMCID: PMC10450803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) during the past decades has led to a variety of promising applications within gas storage, catalysis, drug delivery, and sensing. Even though most described synthesis methods result in powdery COFs with uncontrolled grain size, several approaches to grow COF films have recently been explored. However, in all COFs so far presented, the isolated materials are chemically homogeneous, with all functionalities homogeneously distributed throughout the entire material. Strategies to synthetically manipulate the spatial distribution of functionalities in a single film would be game changing. Specifically, this would allow for the introduction of local functionalities and even consecutive functions in single frameworks, thus broadening their synthetic versatility and application potential. Here, we synthesize two 3D crystalline COF films. The frameworks, the ionic B-based and neutral C-based COFs, have similar unit cell parameters, which enables their epitaxial stacking in a layered 3D COF film. The film growth was monitored in real time using a quartz crystal microbalance, showing linear growth with respect to reaction time. The high degree of polymerization was confirmed by chemical analysis and vibrational spectroscopy. Their polycrystalline and anisotropic natures were confirmed with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. We further expand the scope of the concept by making layered films from COF-300 and its iodinated derivative. Finally, the work presented here will pave the path for multifunctional COF films where concurrent functionalities are embedded in the same crystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Ratsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Austin M. Evans
- George
and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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9
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Niu CP, Zhang CR, Liu X, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Synthesis of propenone-linked covalent organic frameworks via Claisen-Schmidt reaction for photocatalytic removal of uranium. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4420. [PMID: 37479725 PMCID: PMC10361971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The type of reactions and the availability of monomers for the synthesis of sp2-c linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are considerably limited by the irreversibility of the C=C bond. Herein, inspired by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction, two propenone-linked (C=C-C=O) COFs (named Py-DAB and PyN-DAB) are developed based on the base-catalyzed nucleophilic addition reaction of ketone-activated α-H with aromatic aldehydes. The introduction of propenone structure endows COFs with high crystallinity, excellent physicochemical stability, and intriguing optoelectronic properties. Benefitting from the rational design on the COFs skeleton, Py-DAB and PyN-DAB are applied to the extraction of radionuclide uranium. In particular, PyN-DAB shows excellent removal rates (>98%) in four uranium mine wastewater samples. We highlight that such a general strategy can provide a valuable avenue toward various functional porous crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Peng Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Cheng-Rong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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10
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Tran QN, Lee HJ, Tran N. Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Structures to Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051279. [PMID: 36904520 PMCID: PMC10007052 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks possess hierarchical nanopores, enormous surface areas with high porosity, and open positions. The synthesis of large crystals of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks is a challenge, since different structures are generated during the synthesis. Presently, their synthesis with new topologies for promising applications has been developed by the use of building units with varied geometries. Covalent organic frameworks have multiple applications: chemical sensing, fabrication of electronic devices, heterogeneous catalysts, etc. We have presented the techniques for the synthesis of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks, their properties, and their potential applications in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Nhat Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Q.N.T.); (N.T.)
| | - Hyun Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngo Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (Q.N.T.); (N.T.)
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11
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Designed Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Mini Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040887. [PMID: 36850171 PMCID: PMC9959482 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks are porous crystals of polymers with two categories based on their covalent linkages: layered structures with two dimensions and networks with three-dimensional structures. Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are porous, have large surface areas, and have highly ordered structures. Since covalent bonds are responsible for the formation of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks, their synthesis has been a challenge and different structures are generated during the synthesis. Moreover, initially, their topologies have been limited to dia, ctn, and bor which are formed by the condensation of triangular or linear units with tetrahedral units. There are very few building units available for their synthesis. Finally, the future perspective of 3D COFs has been designated for the future development of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks.
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12
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Chaki Roy N, Kundu T. Photoresponse of CVD grown crystalline quantum dot-embedded covalent organic framework thin film. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3669-3676. [PMID: 36756569 PMCID: PMC9890657 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a new family of novel 2D materials which are highly sought after for integration into future sensors and other devices for their highly porous structures and large surface areas. However, low-temperature large-area growth of these semiconductive materials with a clean surface for direct device applications is still a challenging task. To provide an on-chip photonic device, a COF366-Quantum dot (COF366-QDs) thin-film-based device fabricated by in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is presented. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) displays the formation of the periodic, crystalline and porous framework of the COF layer with mono-dispersed QDs of average particle size of ∼2.5-3 nm. The fabricated COF366-QD layer acts as a photoactive layer in the photonic device with an Au-COFQD-Au structure where a conduction path is formed between the metal electrodes through a network of COF layer with embedded QDs. The device shows photoactive response under 514 nm visible light with a very low dark current of 4.36 × 10-11 A with a minimum light detection capability of 160 nW and a responsivity of ∼3.42 A W-1. The photonic device was highly stable for successive switching cycles with very low attenuation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Quantum dot embedded COF366 thin-film by chemical vapor deposition. The proposed interfacing of COF366-QD thin-films on silicon substrate using in situ low-temperature CVD technique can be highly valuable for the development of transfer-free, clean, and low-cost preparation of industrial-scale organic electronics, optoelectronic device applications, and lab-on-chip based technologies for a wide range of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chaki Roy
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay) India
| | - Tapanendu Kundu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay) India
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13
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Yang Y, Sandra AP, Idström A, Schäfer C, Andersson M, Evenäs L, Börjesson K. Electroactive Covalent Organic Framework Enabling Photostimulus-Responsive Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16093-16100. [PMID: 36007228 PMCID: PMC9460776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs)
feature graphene-type
2D layered sheets but with a tunable structure, electroactivity, and
high porosity. If these traits are well-combined, then 2D COFs can
be applied in electronics to realize functions with a high degree
of complexity. Here, a highly crystalline electroactive COF, BDFamide-Tp,
was designed and synthesized. It shows regularly distributed pores
with a width of 1.35 nm. Smooth and successive films of such a COF
were fabricated and found to be able to increase the conductivity
of an organic semiconductor by 103 by interfacial doping.
Upon encapsulation of a photoswitchable molecule (spiropyran) into
the voids of the COF layer, the resulted devices respond differently
to light of different wavelengths. Specifically, the current output
ratio after UV vs Vis illumination reaches 100 times, thus effectively
creating on and off states. The respective positive and negative feedbacks
are memorized by the device and can be reprogrammed by UV/Vis illumination.
The reversible photostimulus responsivity and reliable memory of the
device are derived from the combination of electroactivity and porosity
of the 2D COF. This work shows the capability of 2D COFs in higher-level
electronic functions and extends their possible applications in information
storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amritha P Sandra
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Idström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clara Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Yang Y, Schäfer C, Börjesson K. Detachable all-carbon-linked 3D covalent organic framework films for semiconductor/COF heterojunctions by continuous flow synthesis. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Mohammed AK, Al Khoori AA, Addicoat MA, Varghese S, Othman I, Jaoude MA, Polychronopoulou K, Baias M, Haija MA, Shetty D. Solvent‐Influenced Fragmentations in Free‐Standing Three‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Hydrophobicity Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200905. [PMID: 35068021 PMCID: PMC9303774 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ordered open organic frameworks membranes are attractive candidates for flow‐assisted molecular separations. The physicochemical properties of such membranes mostly depend on their selectively chosen functional building blocks. In this work, we have introduced a novel concept of functional switchability of three‐dimensional covalent organic framework (3D‐COF) membranes through a simple solvent‐influenced fragmentation method. This room‐temperature interfacial synthesis provides free‐standing 3D‐COF membranes with distinct physicochemical properties from the same building monomers. Notably, the change of solvent from chloroform to ethyl acetate switches the membrane property from hydrophilic (water contact angle 60°) to hydrophobic (water contact angle 142°) nature. The hydrophobic 3D‐COF membrane selectively passes oil molecules from an oil–water emulsion with a gravitational flux of 1536 L m−2 h−1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayesha A. Al Khoori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Sabu Varghese
- Science Division New York University, Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa Othman
- Department of Chemistry Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Maguy Abi Jaoude
- Department of Chemistry Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Kyriaki Polychronopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Baias
- Science Division New York University, Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Abu Haija
- Department of Chemistry Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis and Separations Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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16
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Mohammed AK, Alkhoori AA, Addicoat MA, Varghese S, Othman I, Jaoude MA, Polychronopoulou K, Baias M, Haija MA, Shetty D. Solvent Influenced Fragmentations in Free‐Standing Three‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Hydrophobicity Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khayum Mohammed
- Khalifa University Chemistry Khalifa UniversityArzanah Building (#8), Sas Al Nakhal Campus, PO Box. 127788 Abu Dhabi UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | | | | | - Sabu Varghese
- New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus Chemistry UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | - Israa Othman
- Khalifa University Chemistry UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | | | | | - Maria Baias
- New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus Chemistry UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
| | | | - Dinesh Shetty
- Khalifa University Muroor Street Abu Dhabi UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
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17
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Yang Y, Börjesson K. Electroactive covalent organic frameworks: a new choice for organic electronics. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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