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Oke A, Manohar SM. Dynamic Roles of Signaling Pathways in Maintaining Pluripotency of Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2024; 26:46-56. [PMID: 38635924 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2024.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Culturing of mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro was a major breakthrough in the field of stem cell biology. These models gained popularity very soon mainly due to their pluripotency. Evidently, the ESCs of mouse and human origin share typical phenotypic responses due to their pluripotent nature, such as self-renewal capacity and potency. The conserved network of core transcription factors regulates these responses. However, significantly different signaling pathways and upstream transcriptional networks regulate expression and activity of these core pluripotency factors in ESCs of both the species. In fact, ample evidence shows that a pathway, which maintains pluripotency in mouse ESCs, promotes differentiation in human ESCs. In this review, we discuss the role of canonical signaling pathways implicated in regulation of pluripotency and differentiation particularly in mouse and human ESCs. We believe that understanding these distinct and at times-opposite mechanisms-is critical for the progress in the field of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Oke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-Be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonal M Manohar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-Be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Zhang Z, Zamojski M, Smith GR, Willis TL, Yianni V, Mendelev N, Pincas H, Seenarine N, Amper MAS, Vasoya M, Cheng WS, Zaslavsky E, Nair VD, Turgeon JL, Bernard DJ, Troyanskaya OG, Andoniadou CL, Sealfon SC, Ruf-Zamojski F. Single nucleus transcriptome and chromatin accessibility of postmortem human pituitaries reveal diverse stem cell regulatory mechanisms. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110467. [PMID: 35263594 PMCID: PMC8957708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance in tissue homeostasis and renewal, human pituitary stem cells (PSCs) are incompletely characterized. We describe a human single nucleus RNA-seq and ATAC-seq resource from pediatric, adult, and aged postmortem pituitaries (snpituitaryatlas.princeton.edu) and characterize cell-type-specific gene expression and chromatin accessibility programs for all major pituitary cell lineages. We identify uncommitted PSCs, committing progenitor cells, and sex differences. Pseudotime trajectory analysis indicates that early-life PSCs are distinct from the other age groups. Linear modeling of same-cell multiome data identifies regulatory domain accessibility sites and transcription factors that are significantly associated with gene expression in PSCs compared with other cell types and within PSCs. We identify distinct deterministic mechanisms that contribute to heterogeneous marker expression within PSCs. These findings characterize human stem cell lineages and reveal diverse mechanisms regulating key PSC genes and cell type identity. This study profiles the gene expression and chromatin accessibility landscapes in postmortem male and female pituitaries of different ages using single nucleus multiomics technologies. Zhang et al. characterize the pituitary stem cell population and develop computational methods, which allow us to elucidate regulatory mechanisms underlying pituitary stem cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Zhang
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michel Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory R Smith
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Thea L Willis
- Center for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Val Yianni
- Center for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Natalia Mendelev
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Pincas
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Nitish Seenarine
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Anne S Amper
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Mital Vasoya
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Wan Sze Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Venugopalan D Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith L Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Olga G Troyanskaya
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Center for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA.
| | - Frederique Ruf-Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Dai CJ, Cao YT, Huang F, Wang YG. Multiple roles of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 in tumorigenesis, stem cells, drug resistance, and cancer therapy. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:41-53. [PMID: 35126827 PMCID: PMC8788178 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway controls many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Abnormalities in the TGF-β signaling pathway and its components are closely related to the occurrence of many human diseases, including cancer. Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Smad4), also known as deleted in pancreatic cancer locus 4, is a typical tumor suppressor candidate gene locating at q21.1 of human chromosome 18 and the common mediator of the TGF-β/Smad and bone morphogenetic protein/Smad signaling pathways. It is believed that Smad4 inactivation correlates with the development of tumors and stem cell fate decisions. Smad4 also interacts with cytokines, miRNAs, and other signaling pathways, jointly regulating cell behavior. However, the regulatory function of Smad4 in tumorigenesis, stem cells, and drug resistance is currently controversial. In addition, Smad4 represents an attractive therapeutic target for cancer. Elucidating the specific role of Smad4 is important for understanding the mechanism of tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. Here, we review the identification and characterization of Smad4, the canonical TGF-β/Smad pathway, as well as the multiple roles of Smad4 in tumorigenesis, stem cells, and drug resistance. Furthermore, we provide novel insights into the prospects of Smad4-targeted cancer therapy and the challenges that it will face in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Jing Dai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical University, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Gang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Pakravan K, Razmara E, Mahmud Hussen B, Sattarikia F, Sadeghizadeh M, Babashah S. SMAD4 contributes to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1-15. [PMID: 34841647 PMCID: PMC8742202 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. Although vital roles of the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (also called 'SMAD4') have been discussed in different cancers and stem cell-related studies, there are a few reviews summarizing the roles of this protein in the skeletal development and bone homeostasis. In order to fill this gap, we discuss the critical roles of SMAD4 in the skeletal development. To this end, we review the different signalling pathways and also how SMAD4 defines stem cell features. We also elaborate how the epigenetic factors-ie DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs-make a contribution to the chondrocyte and osteocyte development. To better grasp the important roles of SMAD4 in the cartilage and bone development, we also review the genotype-phenotype correlation in animal models. This review helps us to understand the importance of the SMAD4 in the chondrocyte and bone development and the potential applications for therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Pakravan
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of PharmacognosyCollege of PharmacyHawler Medical UniversityKurdistan RegionIraq
| | - Fatemeh Sattarikia
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
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5
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Yamchi NN, Rahbarghazi R, Bedate AM, Mahdipour M, Nouri M, Khanbabaee R. Menstrual blood CD146 + mesenchymal stem cells reduced fibrosis rate in the rat model of premature ovarian failure. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:998-1008. [PMID: 34477225 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, the regenerative potential of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) was examined on restoration of premature ovarian failure (POF) ovaries in rats' POF model. Freshly isolated CD146+ MenSCs using magnetic-activated cell storing method were immediately injected into ovaries of POF rats. Four and eight weeks after cell administration, both ovarian tissues were sampled for histological examination and the expression of fibrosis-related genes. Serum samples were also prepared for hormonal analysis. At the endpoint, mating trials were performed to assess the fertility of POF rats following MenSC transplantation. Histopathological examination revealed the induction of POF after Ceftriaxone injection by increasing atretic follicles and abnormal morphologies. MenSCs transplantation increased the number of normal follicles and coincided with the reduction of follicular atresia. Biochemical analyses exhibited the reduction and increase of systemic follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 respectively after MenSCs transplantation compared to the POF rats (P < .05). No significant differences in anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) blood levels were detected in this study between POF controls and MenSCs-treated rats. We noted moreover the transcriptional up-regulation of Smad 2, 4, and TGF-β1 in POF rats, and these values were decreased after MenSCs transplantation (P < .01). By contrast, the RNA expression of Smad 6 remained increased in both pre- and post-treatment with MenSCs groups (P < .05). Finally, we found an increase in neonate births in POF rats treated with MenSCs, and that this feature was associated with ovarian rejuvenation through amelioration of fibrosis. These data showed that MenSCs are promising cell lineage for the alleviation of POF in the rat model by controlling the fibrosis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahideh Nazdikbin Yamchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alberto Miranda Bedate
- Department of Immune Mechanisms (IMM), Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (IIV), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramazan Khanbabaee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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6
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Alisch M, Kerkering J, Crowley T, Rosiewicz K, Paul F, Siffrin V. Identification of the gliogenic state of human neural stem cells to optimize in vitro astrocyte differentiation. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 361:109284. [PMID: 34242705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human preclinical models are crucial for advancing biomedical research. In particular consistent and robust protocols for astrocyte differentiation in the human system are rare. NEW METHOD We performed a transcriptional characterization of human gliogenesis using embryonic H9- derived hNSCs. Based on these findings we established a fast and highly efficient protocol for the differentiation of mature human astrocytes. We could reproduce these results in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NSCs. RESULTS We identified an increasing propensity of NSCs to give rise to astrocytes with repeated cell passaging. The gliogenic phenotype of NSCs was marked by a down-regulation of stem cell factors (e.g. SOX1, SOX2, EGFR) and an increase of glia-associated factors (e.g. NFIX, SOX9, PDGFRa). Using late passage NSCs, rapid and robust astrocyte differentiation can be achieved within 28 days. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) In published protocols it usually takes around three months to yield in mature astrocytes. The difficulty, expense and time associated with generating astrocytes in vitro represents a major roadblock for glial cell research. We show that rapid and robust astrocyte differentiation can be achieved within 28 days. We describe here by an extensive sequential transcriptome analysis of hNSCs the characterization of the signature of a novel gliogenic stem cell population. The transcriptomic signature might serve to identify the proper divisional maturity. CONCLUSIONS This work sheds light on the factors associated with rapid NSC differentiation into glial cells. These findings contribute to understand human gliogenesis and to develop novel preclinical models that will help to study CNS disease such as Multiple Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Alisch
- Neuroimmunology Lab, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janis Kerkering
- Neuroimmunology Lab, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tadhg Crowley
- Neuroimmunology Lab, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamil Rosiewicz
- Neuroimmunology Lab, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Neuroimmunology Lab, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin und Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Hu J, Wang J. From embryonic stem cells to induced pluripotent stem cells-Ready for clinical therapy? Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13573. [PMID: 31013374 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have increasingly important roles in many different fields of research and medicine. Major areas of impact include improved in vitro disease models, drug screening, and the development of cell-based clinical therapies. Here, we review the generation and uses of embryonic stem cells compared to induced pluripotent stem cells and discuss their advantages and limitations. We also evaluate the feasibility of clinical therapies and the future prospects for induced pluripotent cell-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimei Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Genga RMJ, Kernfeld EM, Parsi KM, Parsons TJ, Ziller MJ, Maehr R. Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing-Based CRISPRi Screening Resolves Molecular Drivers of Early Human Endoderm Development. Cell Rep 2019; 27:708-718.e10. [PMID: 30995470 PMCID: PMC6525305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in vertebrates have outlined conserved molecular control of definitive endoderm (END) development. However, recent work also shows that key molecular aspects of human END regulation differ even from rodents. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to END offers a tractable system to study the molecular basis of normal and defective human-specific END development. Here, we interrogated dynamics in chromatin accessibility during differentiation of ESCs to END, predicting DNA-binding proteins that may drive this cell fate transition. We then combined single-cell RNA-seq with parallel CRISPR perturbations to comprehensively define the loss-of-function phenotype of those factors in END development. Following a few candidates, we revealed distinct impairments in the differentiation trajectories for mediators of TGFβ signaling and expose a role for the FOXA2 transcription factor in priming human END competence for human foregut and hepatic END specification. Together, this single-cell functional genomics study provides high-resolution insight on human END development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M J Genga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric M Kernfeld
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Krishna M Parsi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Teagan J Parsons
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael J Ziller
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - René Maehr
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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9
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Xu J, Gruber PJ, Chien KR. SMAD4 Is Essential for Human Cardiac Mesodermal Precursor Cell Formation. Stem Cells 2018; 37:216-225. [PMID: 30376214 PMCID: PMC7379516 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding stage‐specific molecular mechanisms of human cardiomyocyte (CM) progenitor formation and subsequent differentiation are critical to identify pathways that might lead to congenital cardiovascular defects and malformations. In particular, gene mutations in the transforming growth factor (TGF)β superfamily signaling pathways can cause human congenital heart defects, and murine loss of function studies of a central component in this pathway, Smad4, leads to early embryonic lethality. To define the role of SMAD4 at the earliest stages of human cardiogenesis, we generated SMAD4 mutant human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Herein, we show that the loss of SMAD4 has no effect on hESC self‐renewal, or neuroectoderm formation, but is essential for the formation of cardiac mesoderm, with a subsequent complete loss of CM formation during human ES cell cardiogenesis. Via transcriptional profiling, we show that SMAD4 mutant cell lines fail to generate cardiac mesodermal precursors, clarifying a role of NODAL/SMAD4 signaling in cardiac mesodermal precursor formation via enhancing the expression of primitive streak genes. Since SMAD4 relative pathways have been linked to congenital malformations, it will become of interest to determine whether these may due, in part, to defective cell fate decision during cardiac mesodermal precursor formation. Stem Cells2018 Stem Cells2019;37:216–225
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejia Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Peter J. Gruber
- Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Kenneth R. Chien
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of MedicineKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
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10
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Park JS, Kim M, Song NJ, Kim JH, Seo D, Lee JH, Jung SM, Lee JY, Lee J, Lee YS, Park KW, Park SH. A Reciprocal Role of the Smad4-Taz Axis in Osteogenesis and Adipogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2018; 37:368-381. [PMID: 30444564 PMCID: PMC7379966 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into mature cells of various cell types. Although the differentiation process of MSCs requires lineage-specific transcription factors, the exact molecular mechanism that determines MSCs differentiation is not clearly addressed. Here, we demonstrate a Smad4-Taz axis as a new intrinsic regulator for adipo-osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and show that this function of Smad4 is independent of the transforming growth factor-β signal. Smad4 directly bound to the Taz protein and facilitated nuclear localization of Taz through its nuclear localization signal. Nuclear retention of Taz by direct binding to Smad4 increased expression of osteogenic genes through enhancing Taz-runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) interactions in the C3H10T1/2 MSC cell line and preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas it suppressed expression of adipogenic genes through promoting Taz-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) interaction in C3H10T1/2 and preadipogenic 3T3-L1 cells. A reciprocal role of the Smad4 in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation was also observed in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs). Consequently, Smad4 depletion in C3H10T1/2 and hASCs reduced nuclear retention of Taz and thus caused the decreased interaction with Runx2 or PPARγ, resulting in delayed osteogenesis or enhanced adipogenesis of the MSC. Therefore, these findings provide insight into a novel function of Smad4 to regulate the balance of MSC lineage commitment through reciprocal targeting of the Taz protein in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation pathways. Stem Cells 2019;37:368-381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seok Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Minbeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - No-Joon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dongyeob Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Su Myung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Youn Sook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seok Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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11
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Yu CY, Chuang CY, Kuo HC. Trans-spliced long non-coding RNA: an emerging regulator of pluripotency. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3339-3351. [PMID: 29961157 PMCID: PMC11105688 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With dual capacities for unlimited self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) give rise to many cell types in our body and PSC culture systems provide an unparalleled opportunity to study early human development and disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms underlying pluripotency maintenance in PSCs involve many factors. Among these regulators, recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can affect the pluripotency circuitry by cooperating with master pluripotency-associated factors. Additionally, trans-spliced RNAs, which are generated by combining two or more pre-mRNA transcripts to produce a chimeric RNA, have been identified as regulators of various biological processes, including human pluripotency. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge about the roles of lncRNAs, including trans-spliced lncRNAs, in controlling pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Yu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chuang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Zhang N, Lyu Y, Pan X, Xu L, Xuan A, He X, Huang W, Long D. miR‑146b‑5p promotes the neural conversion of pluripotent stem cells by targeting Smad4. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:814-824. [PMID: 28713933 PMCID: PMC5548013 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are regarded as potential sources that provide specific neural cells for cell therapy in some nervous system diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the neural differentiation of PSCs remain largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of small non-protein-coding RNAs that act as critical regulatory molecules in many cellular processes. In this study, we found that miR-146b-5p expression was markedly increased following the neural induction of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced PSCs (iPSCs). In this study, to further identify the role of miR-146b-5p, we generated stable miR-146b-5p- overexpressing ESC and iPSC cell lines, and induced the differentiation of these cells by the adherent monolayer culture method. In the miR-146b-5p-overexpressing ESC- or iPSC- derived cultures, RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of neuroectoderm markers, such as Sox1, Nestin and Pax6, were markedly increased, and flow cytometric analysis verified that the number of Nestin-positive cells was higher in the miR-146b-5p-overexpressing compared with the control cells. Mechanistically, the miR-146b-5p-overexpressing ESCs or iPSCs exhibited a significant reduction in Oct4 expression, which may be an explanation for these cells having a tendency to differentiate towards the neural lineage. Moreover, we confirmed that miR-146b-5p directly targeted Smad4 and negatively regulated the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway, which contributed to the neural commitment of PSCs. Collectively, our findings uncover the essential role of miR-146b-5p in the neural conversion of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianping Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lyu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Xuebing Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, P.R. China
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Wandan Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
| | - Dahong Long
- Department of Human Anatomy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China
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13
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Mahadevaiah S, Robinson KG, Kharkar PM, Kiick KL, Akins RE. Decreasing matrix modulus of PEG hydrogels induces a vascular phenotype in human cord blood stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 62:24-34. [PMID: 26016692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adult and congenital cardiovascular diseases are significant health problems that are often managed using surgery. Bypass grafting is a principal therapy, but grafts fail at high rates due to hyperplasia, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. Biocompatible, cellularized materials that attenuate these complications and encourage healthy microvascularization could reduce graft failure, but an improved understanding of biomaterial effects on human stem cells is needed to reach clinical utility. Our group investigates stem-cell-loaded biomaterials for placement along the adventitia of at-risk vessels and grafts. Here, the effects of substrate modulus on human CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood were evaluated. Cells were isolated by immunomagnetic separation and encapsulated in 3, 4, and 6 weight% PEG hydrogels containing 0.032% gelatin and 0.0044% fibronectin. Gels reached moduli of 0.34, 4.5, and 9.1 kPa. Cell viability approached 100%. Cell morphologies appeared similar across gels, but proliferation was significantly lower in 6 wt% gels. Expression profiling using stem cell signaling arrays indicated enhanced self-renewal and differentiation into vascular endothelium among cells in the lower weight percent gels. Thus, modulus was associated with cell proliferation and function. Gels with moduli in the low kilopascal range may be useful in stimulating cell engraftment and microvascularization of graft adventitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Mahadevaiah
- Nemours - Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Department of Biomedical Research, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States; Nemours - Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Critical Care Department, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States
| | - Karyn G Robinson
- Nemours - Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Department of Biomedical Research, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States
| | - Prathamesh M Kharkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 Du Pont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 Du Pont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Robert E Akins
- Nemours - Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Department of Biomedical Research, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, United States.
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14
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Network Analysis Identifies Crosstalk Interactions Governing TGF-β Signaling Dynamics during Endoderm Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Processes (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/pr3020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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15
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Wu Q, Fukuda K, Weinstein M, Graff JM, Saga Y. SMAD2 and p38 signaling pathways act in concert to determine XY primordial germ cell fate in mice. Development 2015; 142:575-86. [PMID: 25605784 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sex of primordial germ cells (PGCs) is determined in developing gonads on the basis of cues from somatic cells. In XY gonads, sex-determining region Y (SRY) triggers fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) expression in somatic cells. FGF signaling, together with downstream nodal/activin signaling, promotes male differentiation in XY germ cells by suppressing retinoic acid (RA)-dependent meiotic entry and inducing male-specific genes. However, the mechanism by which nodal/activin signaling regulates XY PGC fate is unknown. We uncovered the roles of SMAD2/3 and p38 MAPK, the putative downstream factors of nodal/activin signaling, in PGC sexual fate decision. We found that conditional deletion of Smad2, but not Smad3, from XY PGCs led to a loss of male-specific gene expression. Moreover, suppression of RA signaling did not rescue male-specific gene expression in Smad2-mutant testes, indicating that SMAD2 signaling promotes male differentiation in a RA-independent manner. By contrast, we found that p38 signaling has an important role in the suppression of RA signaling. The Smad2 deletion did not disrupt the p38 signaling pathway even though Nodal expression was significantly reduced, suggesting that p38 was not regulated by nodal signaling in XY PGCs. Additionally, the inhibition of p38 signaling in the Smad2-mutant testes severely impeded XY PGC differentiation and induced meiosis. In conclusion, we propose a model in which p38 and SMAD2 signaling coordinate to determine the sexual fate of XY PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wu
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kurumi Fukuda
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Michael Weinstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan M Graff
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, NB5.118, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
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16
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Liu J, Wang L, Su Z, Wu W, Cai X, Li D, Hou J, Pei D, Pan G. A reciprocal antagonism between miR‐376c and TGF‐β signaling regulates neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:4642-56. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-249342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Linli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenghui Su
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiujuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jundi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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17
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Gaarenstroom T, Hill CS. TGF-β signaling to chromatin: how Smads regulate transcription during self-renewal and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:107-18. [PMID: 24503509 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the TGF-β superfamily (including the TGF-βs, Nodal and BMPs) play instructive roles during embryonic development. This is achieved by regulation of genes important for both maintaining pluripotency and germ layer specification and differentiation. Here we review how the TGF-β superfamily ligands signal to the chromatin to regulate transcription during development. The effectors of the pathway, the Smad transcription factors, are regulated in a combinatorial and spatiotemporal manner. This occurs via post-translational modifications affecting stability, localization and activity, as well as through interactions with other transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes, which occur on DNA. Expression profiling and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation have defined Smad target genes and binding sites on a genome-wide scale, which vary between cell types and differentiation stages. This has led to the insight that Smad-mediated transcriptional responses are influenced by the presence of master transcription factors, such as OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG in embryonic stem cells, interaction with other signal-induced factors, as well as by the general chromatin remodeling machinery. Interplay with transcriptional repressors and the polycomb group proteins also regulates the balance between expression of self-renewal and mesendoderm-specific genes in embryonic stem cells and during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gaarenstroom
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom.
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18
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Wang Y, Qian DEJ, Zhong WY, Lu JH, Guo XK, Cao YL, Liu J. TGF-β1 induces the formation of vascular-like structures in embryoid bodies derived from human embryonic stem cells. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:52-58. [PMID: 24944596 PMCID: PMC4061233 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into endothelial cells in response to stimuli from extracellular cytokines. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling is involved in stem cell renewal and vascular development. Previously, human ESCs were isolated from inner cell mass and a stable ESC line was developed. In the present study, the effects of extracellular TGF-β1 were investigated on human ESC-derived embryoid bodies (EB) in suspension. The structures of the EBs were analyzed with light and electron microscopy, while the cellular composition of the EBs was examined via the expression levels of specific markers. Vascular-like tubular structures and cardiomyocyte-like beating cells were observed in the EBs at day 3 and 8, respectively. The frequencies of vascular-like structures and beating cells in the TGF-β1 treated group were significantly higher compared with the control group (84.31 vs. 12.77%; P<0.001; 37.25 vs. 8.51%; P<0.001, respectively). Electron microscopy revealed the presence of lumens and gap junctions in the sections of the tubular structures. Semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed elevated expression levels of CD31 and fetal liver kinase-1 in EBs cultured with TGF-β1. In addition, extensive staining of von Willebrand factor was observed in the vascular-like structures of TGF-β1-treated EBs. Therefore, the results of the present study may aid the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of human ESC differentiation and improve the methods of propagating specific cell types for the clinical therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - DE-Jian Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hong Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Kai Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China ; Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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19
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Wongtrakoongate P, Li J, Andrews PW. DNMT3B inhibits the re-expression of genes associated with induced pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2014; 321:231-9. [PMID: 24333507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNMT3B is a de novo DNA methyltransferase that is highly expressed in mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells and has been shown to be essential for differentiation of mouse ES cells toward different lineages. In the present study, we found that DNMT3B is rapidly down-regulated in human ES cells during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation compared with DNMT3A2, which is also highly expressed in ES cells. Silencing of DNMT3B in human ES cells by an inducible shRNAi system leads to a reduction of clonal ability of the stem cells, while expression of OCT4 and NANOG is unchanged. By contrast, the germline-specific genes VASA and SCP3 and the surface antigen BE12 are down regulated following DNMT3B knockdown. Upon retinoic acid-induced differentiation, we found that depletion of DNMT3B leads to a decrease in expression of the surface antigen A2B5 and of neural tube-associated genes PAX7 and BRN3A. Consistent with its importance in stem cell differentiation, we observed that silencing of DNMT3B facilitates the generation of cells that bear the hallmarks of pluripotency. Our findings suggest a role of DNMT3B in controlling the differentiation of human ES cells and in the generation of iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jianliang Li
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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20
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Nazareth EJP, Ostblom JEE, Lücker PB, Shukla S, Alvarez MM, Oh SKW, Yin T, Zandstra PW. High-throughput fingerprinting of human pluripotent stem cell fate responses and lineage bias. Nat Methods 2013; 10:1225-31. [PMID: 24141495 PMCID: PMC5061564 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Populations of cells create local environments that lead to emergent heterogeneity. This is particularly evident in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) where microenvironmental heterogeneity limits cell fate control. We have developed a high-throughput platform to screen hPSCs in configurable micro-environments, enabling the optimization of colony size, cell density, and additional parameters for rapid and robust cell fate responses. Single-cell protein expression profiling revealed that Oct4 and Sox2 co-staining discriminate pluripotent, neuroectoderm, primitive streak, and extraembryonic cell fates, allowing dose responses of 27 developmental factors to simultaneously delineate lineage-specific concentration optima. This platform also enabled quantification of endogenous signaling pathway activation and differentiation bias (fingerprinting). Short-term (48 h) fingerprinting is predictive of definitive endoderm induction efficiency across 12 cell lines and was used a priori to rescue long-term (>18 day) differentiation of a cell line reticent to cardiac induction. These findings facilitate high-throughput hPSC-based screening and quantification of lineage induction bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel J P Nazareth
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Sakaki-Yumoto M, Liu J, Ramalho-Santos M, Yoshida N, Derynck R. Smad2 is essential for maintenance of the human and mouse primed pluripotent stem cell state. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18546-60. [PMID: 23649632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.446591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells and mouse epiblast stem cells represent a primed pluripotent stem cell state that requires TGF-β/activin signaling. TGF-β and/or activin are commonly thought to regulate transcription through both Smad2 and Smad3. However, the different contributions of these two Smads to primed pluripotency and the downstream events that they may regulate remain poorly understood. We addressed the individual roles of Smad2 and Smad3 in the maintenance of primed pluripotency. We found that Smad2, but not Smad3, is required to maintain the undifferentiated pluripotent state. We defined a Smad2 regulatory circuit in human embryonic stem cells and mouse epiblast stem cells, in which Smad2 acts through binding to regulatory promoter sequences to activate Nanog expression while in parallel repressing autocrine bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Increased autocrine bone morphogenetic protein signaling caused by Smad2 down-regulation leads to cell differentiation toward the trophectoderm, mesoderm, and germ cell lineages. Additionally, induction of Cdx2 expression, as a result of decreased Smad2 expression, leads to repression of Oct4 expression, which, together with the decreased Nanog expression, accelerates the loss of pluripotency. These findings reveal that Smad2 is a unique integrator of transcription and signaling events and is essential for the maintenance of the mouse and human primed pluripotent stem cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Sakaki-Yumoto
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Program in Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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22
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Ezashi T, Telugu BPVL, Roberts RM. Model systems for studying trophoblast differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:809-24. [PMID: 22427062 PMCID: PMC3429771 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on a now well-established model for generating cells of the trophoblast (TB) lineage by treating human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) with the growth factor BMP4. We first discuss the opposing roles of FGF2 and BMP4 in directing TB formation and the need to exclude the former from the growth medium to minimize the co-induction of mesoderm and endoderm. Under these conditions, there is up-regulation of several transcription factors implicated in TB lineage emergence within 3 h of BMP4 exposure and, over a period of days and especially under a high O(2) gas atmosphere, gradual appearance of cell types carrying markers for more differentiated TB cell types, including extravillous TB and syncytioTB. We describe the potential value of including low molecular weight pharmaceutical agents that block activin A (INHBA) and FGF2 signaling to support BMP4-directed differentiation. We contend that the weight of available evidence supports the contention that BMP4 converts human ESC and iPSC of the so-called epiblast type unidirectionally to TB. We also consider the argument that BMP4 treatment of human ESC in the absence of exogenous FGF2 leads only to the emergence of mesoderm derivatives to be seriously flawed. Instead, we propose that, when signaling networks supporting pluripotency ESC or iPSC become unsustainable and when specification towards extra-embryonic mesoderm and endoderm are rendered inoperative, TB emerges as a major default state to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences & Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Bhanu Prakash V. L. Telugu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, MD 20742 & Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, ANRI, ARS, USDA, University of Maryland, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - R. Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences & Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- 240b Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E. Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
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23
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Jeon YJ, Kim SY, Rah H, Choi DH, Cha SH, Yoon TK, Lee WS, Shim SH, Kim NK. Association of themiR-146aC>G,miR-149T>C,miR-196a2T>C, andmiR-499A>G Polymorphisms with Risk of Spontaneously Aborted Fetuses. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 68:408-17. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong Hee Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; CHA Bundang Medical Center; CHA University; Seongnam; Korea
| | - Sun Hee Cha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; CHA Bundang Medical Center; CHA University; Seongnam; Korea
| | - Tae Ki Yoon
- Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center; CHA University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Woo Sik Lee
- Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center; CHA University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Sung Han Shim
- Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center; CHA University; Seoul; Korea
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24
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Warmflash A, Arduini BL, Brivanlou AH. The molecular circuitry underlying pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:443-56. [PMID: 22761038 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells in the pluripotent state have the ability to self-renew indefinitely and to differentiate to all the cells of the embryo. These cells provide an in vitro window into development, including human development, as well as holding extraordinary promise for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. The recent demonstration that somatic cells can be reprogrammed to the pluripotent state has raised the possibility of patient and disease-specific induced pluripotent cells. In this article, we review the molecular underpinning of pluripotency. We focus on the transcriptional and signaling networks that underlie the state of pluripotency and control differentiation. In general, the action of each of the molecular components and pathways is dose and context dependent highlighting the need for a systems approach to understanding pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh Warmflash
- Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Boissart C, Nissan X, Giraud-Triboult K, Peschanski M, Benchoua A. miR-125 potentiates early neural specification of human embryonic stem cells. Development 2012; 139:1247-57. [PMID: 22357933 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as coordinators of stem cell fate has emerged over the last decade. We have used human embryonic stem cells to identify miRNAs involved in neural lineage commitment induced by the inhibition of TGFβ-like molecule-mediated pathways. Among several candidate miRNAs expressed in the fetal brain, the two isoforms of miR-125 alone were detected in a time window compatible with a role in neural commitment in vitro. Functional analysis indicated that miR-125 isoforms were actively involved in the promotion of pluripotent cell conversion into SOX1-positive neural precursors. miR-125 promotes neural conversion by avoiding the persistence of non-differentiated stem cells and repressing alternative fate choices. This was associated with the regulation by miR-125 of SMAD4, a key regulator of pluripotent stem cell lineage commitment. Activation of miR-125 was directly responsive to the levels of TGFβ-like molecules, placing miR-125 at the core of mechanisms that lead to the irreversible neural lineage commitment of pluripotent stem cells in response to external stimuli.
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26
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Avery S. Generation of inducible shRNAi human embryonic stem cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5C.1. [PMID: 21913171 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc05c01s18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes the generation of tetracycline-inducible short hairpin RNA interference (shRNAi) human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. Using this vector-based approach enables stable and long-term expression of target hairpins under the control of doxycycline/tetracycline. Target degradation can be controlled in both a dose- and time-dependent manner that can even be switched off, depending upon the particular requirements of the study.
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Hinton A, Hunter S, Reyes G, Fogel GB, King CC. From pluripotency to islets: miRNAs as critical regulators of human cellular differentiation. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2012; 79:1-34. [PMID: 22989764 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394395-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) actively regulate differentiation as pluripotent cells become cells of pancreatic endocrine lineage, including insulin-producing β cells. The process is dynamic; some miRNAs help maintain pluripotency, while others drive cell fate decisions. Here, we survey the current literature and describe the biological role of selected miRNAs in maintenance of both mouse and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency. Subsequently, we review the increasing evidence that miRNAs act at selected points in differentiation to regulate decisions about early cell fate (definitive endoderm and mesoderm), formation of pancreatic precursor cells, endocrine cell function, as well as epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hinton
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Jeon YJ, Choi YS, Rah H, Kim SY, Choi DH, Cha SH, Shin JE, Shim SH, Lee WS, Kim NK. Association study of microRNA polymorphisms with risk of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion in Korean women. Gene 2011; 494:168-73. [PMID: 22222140 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the association of microRNA polymorphisms (miR-146aC>G, miR-149T>C, miR-196a2T>C, and miR-499A>G) in Korean patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 564 Korean women: 330 patients with at least two unexplained consecutive pregnancy losses and 234 healthy controls with at least one live birth and no history of pregnancy loss. RESULTS RSA patients exhibited significantly different frequencies of the miR-196a2CC (TT+TC vs. CC; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.587; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.042–2.417) and miR-499AG+GG genotypes (AOR, 1.587; 95% CI, 1.096–2.298) [corrected] compared with the control group. The combination of miR-196a2CC and miR-499AG+GG showed synergistic effects (AOR, 3.541; 95% CI, 1.645–7.624). CONCLUSION miR-196a2CC, miR-499AG+GG, and the miR-196a2CC/miR-499AG+GG combination are significantly associated with idiopathic RSA in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joo Jeon
- Institute for Clinical Research, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Min KT, Kim JW, Jeon YJ, Jang MJ, Chong SY, Oh D, Kim NK. Association of the miR-146aC>G, 149C>T, 196a2C>T, and 499A>G polymorphisms with colorectal cancer in the Korean population. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51 Suppl 1:E65-73. [PMID: 22161766 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, 18- to 22-nucleotide non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene expression. Although recent studies focused on various diseases that harbor the miR-146aC>G (rs2910164), 149C>T (rs2292832), 196a2C>T (rs11614913), and 499A>G (rs3746444) polymorphisms, the role of miRNA genetic variants in colorectal cancer is still unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of four miRNA polymorphisms in patients with colorectal cancer. We enrolled 446 colorectal cancer patients and 502 control subjects from the Korean population. We found a significantly increased colorectal cancer risk with the miR-196a2CC genotype compared with the TT/CT genotype (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.11-2.04; P = 0.01; FDR-P = 0.04). In the stratified analyses, we observed both weak and strong association data. We found stronger associations of the miR-196a2 variants in the non-diabetic and rectal cancer groups than other stratified groups. Our data suggest that the miRNA variants could affect the development of colorectal cancer in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Tae Min
- Institute for Clinical Research, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Na J, Furue MK, Andrews PW. Inhibition of ERK1/2 prevents neural and mesendodermal differentiation and promotes human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:157-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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