1
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Winters TA, Cassatt DR, Harrison-Peters JR, Hollingsworth BA, Rios CI, Satyamitra MM, Taliaferro LP, DiCarlo AL. Considerations of Medical Preparedness to Assess and Treat Various Populations During a Radiation Public Health Emergency. Radiat Res 2023; 199:301-318. [PMID: 36656560 PMCID: PMC10120400 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00148.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During a radiological or nuclear public health emergency, given the heterogeneity of civilian populations, it is incumbent on medical response planners to understand and prepare for a potentially high degree of interindividual variability in the biological effects of radiation exposure. A part of advanced planning should include a comprehensive approach, in which the range of possible human responses in relation to the type of radiation expected from an incident has been thoughtfully considered. Although there are several reports addressing the radiation response for special populations (as compared to the standard 18-45-year-old male), the current review surveys published literature to assess the level of consideration given to differences in acute radiation responses in certain sub-groups. The authors attempt to bring clarity to the complex nature of human biology in the context of radiation to facilitate a path forward for radiation medical countermeasure (MCM) development that may be appropriate and effective in special populations. Consequently, the focus is on the medical (as opposed to logistical) aspects of preparedness and response. Populations identified for consideration include obstetric, pediatric, geriatric, males, females, individuals of different race/ethnicity, and people with comorbidities. Relevant animal models, biomarkers of radiation injury, and MCMs are highlighted, in addition to underscoring gaps in knowledge and the need for consistent and early inclusion of these populations in research. The inclusion of special populations in preclinical and clinical studies is essential to address shortcomings and is an important consideration for radiation public health emergency response planning. Pursuing this goal will benefit the population at large by considering those at greatest risk of health consequences after a radiological or nuclear mass casualty incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jenna R Harrison-Peters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brynn A Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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2
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Lagzian M, Ehsan Razavi S, Goharimanesh M. Investigation on tumor cells growth by Taguchi method. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Giatagana EM, Berdiaki A, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Lumican in Carcinogenesis-Revisited. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091319. [PMID: 34572532 PMCID: PMC8466546 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process with the input and interactions of environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors. During cancer development, a significant remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is evident. Proteoglycans (PGs), such as lumican, are glycosylated proteins that participate in the formation of the ECM and are established biological mediators. Notably, lumican is involved in cellular processes associated with tumorigeneses, such as EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion. Furthermore, lumican is expressed in various cancer tissues and is reported to have a positive or negative correlation with tumor progression. This review focuses on significant advances achieved regardingthe role of lumican in the tumor biology. Here, the effects of lumican on cancer cell growth, invasion, motility, and metastasis are discussed, as well as the repercussions on autophagy and apoptosis. Finally, in light of the available data, novel roles for lumican as a cancer prognosis marker, chemoresistance regulator, and cancer therapy target are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini-Maria Giatagana
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (E.-M.G.); (A.B.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (E.-M.G.); (A.B.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (E.-M.G.); (A.B.); (G.N.T.)
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (E.-M.G.); (A.B.); (G.N.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-281-039-4557
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4
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Karanu F, Ott L, Webster DA, Stehno-Bittel L. Improved harmonization of critical characterization assays across cell therapies. Regen Med 2020; 15:1661-1678. [PMID: 32589107 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cell therapy has blossomed, providing exciting new options for treating a variety of diseases. While few cell therapy products have US FDA approval, there are thousands of cell treatments at various stages of development, pointing to a potential revolutionary shift in patient care. The expanding number and nature of cellular therapies necessitate greater standardization. Several international organizations are collaborating to pursue some level of global standardization, especially concerning cell banking. However, less harmonization surrounds assays used for critical quality characterization including: identity, purity, safety and potency. Frequently, there is divergence regarding the terms describing the characterization assays across regulatory authorities and guidances. This review summarizes the critical quality assays currently used for different categories of cell therapies. Areas of harmonization and an absence of standardization are highlighted. We propose potential solutions to facilitate harmonization of critical quality characterization assays and the language used to describe them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Karanu
- Likarda, LLC, 10330 Hickman Mills Drive, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lindsey Ott
- Likarda, LLC, 10330 Hickman Mills Drive, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Debra Aub Webster
- Cardinal Health Regulatory Sciences, 7400 West 100th Street, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA
| | - Lisa Stehno-Bittel
- Likarda, LLC, 10330 Hickman Mills Drive, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KC, USA
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5
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Vlaski-Lafarge M, Labat V, Brandy A, Refeyton A, Duchez P, Rodriguez L, Gibson N, Brunet de la Grange P, Ivanovic Z. Normal Hematopoetic Stem and Progenitor Cells Can Exhibit Metabolic Flexibility Similar to Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:713. [PMID: 32528878 PMCID: PMC7247845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that cancer stem cells (CSCs) with the largest proliferative capacity survive the anoxic and/or ischemic conditions present inside tumorous tissue. In this study we test whether normal stem cells can survive under the same conditions due to cancer cell-like metabolic adaptations. We cultivated a CD34+ population with a majority of hematopoietic progenitors, and a CD34+CD38lowCD133+CD90+CD45RA− population, highly enriched in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), under anoxic, anoxic/aglycemic (“ischemia-like”), or physiological conditions (3% O2). Results showed, despite a reduction in total cell fold expansion proportionate to the decrease in O2 concentration; CD34+ cells, aldehyde dehydrogenase-expressing primitive cells, and committed progenitors expanded, even in anoxia. Interestingly, under ischemia-like conditions, stem and CD34+ cell populations are maintained at day-0 level. Cell-cycle analysis further revealed an accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase in anoxia or anoxia/aglycemia, with a fraction of cells (~40%) actively cycling (SG2M phases). Also stem cell analysis showed that in these conditions a long-term Scid Repopulating activity was equal to that found with 3% O2. In addition stem cells with the highest proliferative capacity were maintained in anoxia/aglycemia and in anoxia. The estimated ATP profile, active mitochondrial content, and succinate accumulation are indicative of anaerobic mitochondrial respiration in both HSCs and CD34+ progenitors under ischemia-like conditions. We demonstrate here that primitive hematopoietic cells show similar metabolic flexibility to CSCs, allowing them to survive a lack of O2 and O2/glucose. Our study reveals that this feature is not the consequence of malignant transformation, but an attribute of stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vlaski-Lafarge
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique Labat
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandra Brandy
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Refeyton
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascale Duchez
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nyere Gibson
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Brunet de la Grange
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Zoran Ivanovic
- R&D Department, Etablissement Français du Sang Nouvelle Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm/U1035, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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6
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Yu Z, Liu L, Shu Q, Li D, Wang R. Leukemia stem cells promote chemoresistance by inducing downregulation of lumican in mesenchymal stem cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4317-4327. [PMID: 31579426 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for therapeutic failure and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. As a result of the interplay between LSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), cancer cells may escape from chemotherapy and immune surveillance, thereby promoting leukemia progress and relapse. The present study identified that the crosstalk between LSCs and BM-MSCs may contribute to changes of immune phenotypes and expression of hematopoietic factors in BM-MSCs. Furthermore, Illumina Genome Analyzer/Hiseq 2000 identified 7 differentially expressed genes between BM-MSCsLSC and BM-MSCs. The Illumina sequencing results were further validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Following LSC simulation, 2 genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the remaining 2 genes were significantly downregulated in MSCs. The most remarkable changes were identified in the expression levels of lumican (LUM) gene. These results were confirmed by western blot analysis. In addition, decreased LUM expression led to decreased apoptosis, and promoted chemoresistance to VP-16 in Nalm-6 cells. These results suggest that downregulation of LUM expression in BM-MSCs contribute to the anti-apoptotic properties and resistance to chemotherapy in LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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7
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Zhang Y, Shen B, Guan X, Qin M, Ren Z, Ma Y, Dai W, Ding X, Jiang Y. Safety and efficacy of ex vivo expanded CD34 + stem cells in murine and primate models. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:173. [PMID: 31196160 PMCID: PMC6567473 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has been widely applied to the treatment of malignant blood diseases. However, limited number of functional HSCs hinders successful transplantation. The purpose of our current study is to develop a new and cost-efficient medium formulation that could greatly enhance the expansion of HSCs while retaining their long-term repopulation and hematopoietic properties for effective clinical transplantation. Methods Enriched human CD34+ cells and mobilized nonhuman primate peripheral blood CD34+ cells were expanded with a new, cost-efficient expansion medium formulation, named hematopoietic expansion medium (HEM), consisting of various cytokines and nutritional supplements. The long-term repopulation potential and hematologic-lineage differentiation ability of expanded human cells were studied in the non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model. Furthermore, the efficacy and safety studies were performed by autologous transplantation of expanded primate cells in the nonhuman primate model. Results HEM could effectively expand human CD34+ cells by up to 129 fold within 9 days. Expanded HSCs retained long-term repopulation potential and hematologic-lineage differentiation ability, as indicated by (1) maintenance (over unexpanded HSCs) of immunophenotypes of CD38−CD90+CD45RA−CD49f+ in CD34+ cells after expansion; (2) significant presence of multiple human hematopoietic lineages in mouse peripheral blood and bone marrow following primary transplantation; (3) enrichment (over unexpanded HSCs) in SCID-repopulating cell frequency measured by limiting dilution analysis; and (4) preservation of both myeloid and lymphoid potential among human leukocytes from mouse bone marrow in week 24 after primary transplantation or secondary transplantation. Moreover, the results of autologous transplantation in nonhuman primates demonstrated that HEM-expanded CD34+ cells could enhance hematological recovery after myelo-suppression. All primates transplanted with the expanded autologous CD34+ cells survived for over 18 months without any noticeable abnormalities. Conclusions Together, these findings demonstrate promising potential for the utility of HEM to improve expansion of HSCs for clinical application. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1275-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China.,Biopharmagen Corp, Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China.,Biopharmagen Corp, Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Yupo Ma
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China.,Department of Pathology, BST-9C, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China.,Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, NY, 10987, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Yongping Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215126, China. .,Biopharmagen Corp, Suzhou, 215126, China.
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8
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Genadry KC, Pietrobono S, Rota R, Linardic CM. Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview. Front Oncol 2018; 8:475. [PMID: 30416982 PMCID: PMC6212576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are an uncommon group of solid tumors that can arise throughout the human lifespan. Despite their commonality as non-bony cancers that develop from mesenchymal cell precursors, they are heterogeneous in their genetic profiles, histology, and clinical features. This has made it difficult to identify a single target or therapy specific to STSs. And while there is no one cell of origin ascribed to all STSs, the cancer stem cell (CSC) principle—that a subpopulation of tumor cells possesses stem cell-like properties underlying tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis—predicts that ultimately it should be possible to identify a feature common to all STSs that could function as a therapeutic Achilles' heel. Here we review the published evidence for CSCs in each of the most common STSs, then focus on the methods used to study CSCs, the developmental signaling pathways usurped by CSCs, and the epigenetic alterations critical for CSC identity that may be useful for further study of STS biology. We conclude with discussion of some challenges to the field and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Genadry
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Silvia Pietrobono
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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9
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Zahran AM, Aly SS, Rayan A, El-Badawy O, Fattah MA, Ali AM, ElBadre HM, Hetta HF. Survival outcomes of CD34 +CD38 -LSCs and their expression of CD123 in adult AML patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34056-34065. [PMID: 30344921 PMCID: PMC6183348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common leukemias in adults. AML is generally regarded as a stem cell disease characterized by an accumulation of undifferentiated and functionally heterogeneous populations of cells, The aim of the present study was to identify leukemia stem cells in patients with AML and their correlations with treatment outcomes namely remission status, disease free survival, and overall survival. Results The mean percentages of CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38low/−CD123+ LSCs were 2.2± 0.4and 22.3± 2.6, respectively. The percentages of CD34+cells, CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38low/−CD123+ LSCs were significantly lower in AML patients with complete remission than those without complete response (P<0.001, P<0.004, P<0.001 respectively). The mean OS of all study patients was 20.03±1.2 months while the median OS was 21 months (95% CI=18.32-21.48). The mean DFS was 16.96±1.02 months and the median was 18 months (95% CI=8.9-11.4). DFS and OS were significantly higher among those who achieved CR than those without CR. In addition, there were significant negative effects of WBCs, CD34+cells, CD34+CD38- and CD34+CD38-CD123+LSCs on DFS and OS. Patients and methods We investigated 30 patients with newly diagnosed AML; all patients underwent complete history taking, and thorough physical and clinical examination, complete blood count. Peripheral smears and bone marrow aspirates were also examined. Cytochemistry and immunophenotyping of leukemic cells were performed routinely in bone marrow using monoclonal antibodies. Flow cytometry was used to analyze leukemia stem cells and their expression of CD123. Conclusion Our study elucidated that CD34+CD38-LSCs, with or without CD123+LSCs phenotype was present in a significant proportion of AML patients and it could be responsible for resistance to traditional treatments, and high percentage of MRD that was translated into significantly high number of non CR, poor DFS, and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Zahran
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Shaker Aly
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Amal Rayan
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Omnia El-Badawy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maged Abdel Fattah
- Medical Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Arwa Mohammed Ali
- Medical Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hala M ElBadre
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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10
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Trentin L, Queudeville M, Eckhoff SM, Hasan N, Münch V, Boldrin E, Seyfried F, Enzenmüller S, Debatin KM, Meyer LH. Leukemia reconstitution in vivo is driven by cells in early cell cycle and low metabolic state. Haematologica 2018. [PMID: 29519870 PMCID: PMC6058781 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.167502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to well-established hierarchical concepts of tumor stem cells, leukemia-initiating cells in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia have not yet been phenotypically identified. Different subpopulations, as defined by surface markers, have shown equal abilities to reconstitute leukemia upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Using a non-obese diabetes/severe combined immunodeficiency human acute lymphoblastic leukemia mouse model and cell cycle analysis annotating cells to distinct cycle phases, we functionally characterized leukemia-initiating cells and found that cells in all stages of the cell cycle are able to reconstitute leukemia in vivo, with early cycling cells (G1blow population) exhibiting the highest leukemia-initiating potential. Interestingly, cells of the G2/M compartment, i.e. dividing cells, were less effective in leukemia reconstitution. Moreover, G1blow cells were more resistant to spontaneous or drug-induced cell death in vitro, were enriched for stem cell signatures and were less metabolically active, as determined by lower levels of reactive oxygen species, compared to G2/M stage cells. Our data provide new information on the biological properties of leukemia-initiating cells in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and underline the concept of a stochastic model of leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Trentin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Manon Queudeville
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Sarah Mirjam Eckhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Nabiul Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Vera Münch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Elena Boldrin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Felix Seyfried
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Stefanie Enzenmüller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Lüder Hinrich Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
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11
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Kametani Y, Shiina T, Suzuki R, Sasaki E, Habu S. Comparative immunity of antigen recognition, differentiation, and other functional molecules: similarities and differences among common marmosets, humans, and mice. Exp Anim 2018; 67:301-312. [PMID: 29415910 PMCID: PMC6083031 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (CM; Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World monkey
with a high rate of pregnancy and is maintained in closed colonies as an experimental
animal species. Although CMs are used for immunological research, such as studies of
autoimmune disease and infectious disease, their immunological characteristics are less
defined than those of other nonhuman primates. We and others have analyzed antigen
recognition-related molecules, the development of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and the
molecules involved in the immune response. CMs systemically express Caja-G, a major
histocompatibility complex class I molecule, and the ortholog of HLA-G, a suppressive
nonclassical HLA class I molecule. HSCs express CD117, while CD34 is not essential for
multipotency. CD117+ cells developed into all hematopoietic cell lineages, but compared
with human HSCs, B cells did not extensively develop when HSCs were transplanted into an
immunodeficient mouse. Although autoimmune models have been successfully established,
sensitization of CMs with some bacteria induced a low protective immunity. In CMs, B cells
were observed in the periphery, but IgG levels were very low compared with those in humans
and mice. This evidence suggests that CM immunity is partially suppressed systemically.
Such immune regulation might benefit pregnancy in CMs, which normally deliver dizygotic
twins, the placentae of which are fused and the immune cells of which are mixed. In this
review, we describe the CM immune system and discuss the possibility of using CMs as a
model of human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Kametani
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara-shi, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ryuji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-0392, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals,3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Sonoko Habu
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and cancer relapse are major clinical challenges attributed to a sub population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The concept of CSCs has been the subject of intense research by the oncology community since evidence for their existence was first published over twenty years ago. Emerging data indicates that they are also able to evade novel therapies such as targeted agents, immunotherapies and anti-angiogenics. The inability to appropriately identify and isolate CSCs is a major hindrance to the field and novel technologies are now being utilized. Agents that target CSC-associated cell surface receptors and signaling pathways have generated promising pre-clinical results and are now entering clinical trial. Here we discuss and evaluate current therapeutic strategies to target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Annett
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Ireland.
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13
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Tomolonis JA, Agarwal S, Shohet JM. Neuroblastoma pathogenesis: deregulation of embryonic neural crest development. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:245-262. [PMID: 29222693 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an aggressive pediatric cancer that originates from neural crest tissues of the sympathetic nervous system. NB is highly heterogeneous both from a clinical and a molecular perspective. Clinically, this cancer represents a wide range of phenotypes ranging from spontaneous regression of 4S disease to unremitting treatment-refractory progression and death of high-risk metastatic disease. At a cellular level, the heterogeneous behavior of NB likely arises from an arrest and deregulation of normal neural crest development. In the present review, we summarize our current knowledge of neural crest development as it relates to pathways promoting 'stemness' and how deregulation may contribute to the development of tumor-initiating CSCs. There is an emerging consensus that such tumor subpopulations contribute to the evolution of drug resistance, metastasis and relapse in other equally aggressive malignancies. As relapsed, refractory disease remains the primary cause of death for neuroblastoma, the identification and targeting of CSCs or other primary drivers of tumor progression remains a critical, clinically significant goal for neuroblastoma. We will critically review recent and past evidence in the literature supporting the concept of CSCs as drivers of neuroblastoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Tomolonis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine (TBMM) Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Saurabh Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason M Shohet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Neuroblastoma Research Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Wang L, Guan X, Wang H, Shen B, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Ma Y, Ding X, Jiang Y. A small-molecule/cytokine combination enhances hematopoietic stem cell proliferation via inhibition of cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:169. [PMID: 28720126 PMCID: PMC5516306 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulated evidence supports the potent stimulating effects of multiple small molecules on the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which are important for the therapy of various hematological disorders. Here, we report a novel, optimized formula, named the SC cocktail, which contains a combination of three such small molecules and four cytokines. Methods Small-molecule candidates were individually screened and then combined at their optimal concentration with the presence of cytokines to achieve maximum capacity for stimulating the human CD34+ cell expansion ex vivo. The extent of cell expansion and the immunophenotype of expanded cells were assessed through flow cytometry. The functional preservation of HSC stemness was confirmed by additional cell and molecular assays in vitro. Subsequently, the expanded cells were transplanted into sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice for the assessment of human cell viability and engraftment potential in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of several genes in the cell proliferation and differentiation pathways was analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during the process of CD34+ cell expansion. Results The SC cocktail supported the retention of the immunophenotype of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells remarkably well, by yielding purities of 86.6 ± 11.2% for CD34+ cells and 76.2 ± 10.5% for CD34+CD38– cells, respectively, for a 7-day culture. On day 7, the enhancement of expansion of CD34+ cells and CD34+CD38– cells reached a maxima of 28.0 ± 5.5-fold and 27.9 ± 4.3-fold, respectively. The SC cocktail-expanded CD34+ cells preserved the characteristics of HSCs by effectively inhibiting their differentiation in vitro and retained the multilineage differentiation potential in primary and secondary in vivo murine xenotransplantation trials. Further gene expression analysis suggested that the small-molecule combination strengthened the ability of the cytokines to enhance the Notch pathway for the preservation of HSC stemness, and inhibited the ability of the cytokines to activate the Wnt pathway for HSC differentiation. Conclusions We developed an optimal small-molecule/cytokine combination for the enhancement of HSC expansion via inhibition of differentiation. This approach indicates promising application for preparation of both the HSCs and the mature, functional hematopoietic cells for clinical transplantation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0625-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Bin Shen
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China.,Biopharmagen Corp, Suzhou, China
| | - Yupo Ma
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China.,College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yongping Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China. .,Biopharmagen Corp, Suzhou, China.
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15
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Zakaria N, Satar NA, Abu Halim NH, Ngalim SH, Yusoff NM, Lin J, Yahaya BH. Targeting Lung Cancer Stem Cells: Research and Clinical Impacts. Front Oncol 2017; 7:80. [PMID: 28529925 PMCID: PMC5418222 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 1.8 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths in 2012. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is one of two types of lung cancer, accounts for 85–90% of all lung cancers. Despite advances in therapy, lung cancer still remains a leading cause of death. Cancer relapse and dissemination after treatment indicates the existence of a niche of cancer cells that are not fully eradicated by current therapies. These chemoresistant populations of cancer cells are called cancer stem cells (CSCs) because they possess the self-renewal and differentiation capabilities similar to those of normal stem cells. Targeting the niche of CSCs in combination with chemotherapy might provide a promising strategy to eradicate these cells. Thus, understanding the characteristics of CSCs has become a focus of studies of NSCLC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norashikin Zakaria
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nazilah Abdul Satar
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hanis Abu Halim
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hawa Ngalim
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Narazah Mohd Yusoff
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Juntang Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University (XXMU), Xinxiang, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University (XXMU), Xinxiang, China
| | - Badrul Hisham Yahaya
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
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16
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From autonomy to community; new perspectives on tumorigenicity and therapy resistance. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:809-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Homology-driven genome editing in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using ZFN mRNA and AAV6 donors. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1256-1263. [PMID: 26551060 PMCID: PMC4842001 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with targeted nucleases and DNA donor templates homologous to the break site has proven challenging in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and particularly in the most primitive, long-term repopulating cell population. Here we report that combining electroporation of zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) mRNA with donor template delivery by adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6 vectors directs efficient genome editing in HSPCs, achieving site-specific insertion of a GFP cassette at the CCR5 and AAVS1 loci in mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ HSPCs at mean frequencies of 17% and 26%, respectively, and in fetal liver HSPCs at 19% and 43%, respectively. Notably, this approach modified the CD34+CD133+CD90+ cell population, a minor component of CD34+ cells that contains long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Genome-edited HSPCs also engrafted in immune-deficient mice long-term, confirming that HSCs are targeted by this approach. Our results provide a strategy for more robust application of genome-editing technologies in HSPCs.
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18
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Vlaski-Lafarge M, Ivanovic Z. Reliability of ROS and RNS detection in hematopoietic stem cells − potential issues with probes and target cell population. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3849-60. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.171496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Many studies have provided evidence for the crucial role of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the regulation of differentiation and/or self-renewal, and the balance between quiescence and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Several metabolic regulators have been implicated in the maintenance of HSC redox homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that are regulated by ROS and RNS, as well as their downstream signaling are still elusive. This is partially owing to a lack of suitable methods that allow unequivocal and specific detection of ROS and RNS. In this Opinion, we first discuss the limitations of the commonly used techniques for detection of ROS and RNS, and the problem of heterogeneity of the cell population used in redox studies, which, together, can result in inaccurate conclusions regarding the redox biology of HSCs. We then propose approaches that are based on single-cell analysis followed by a functional test to examine ROS and RNS levels specifically in HSCs, as well as methods that might be used in vivo to overcome these drawbacks, and provide a better understanding of ROS and RNS function in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vlaski-Lafarge
- Etablissement Français du Sang Aquitaine-Limousin, 33075 Bordeaux, France
- UMR 5164 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Zoran Ivanovic
- Etablissement Français du Sang Aquitaine-Limousin, 33075 Bordeaux, France
- UMR 5164 CNRS/Université Bordeaux Segalen, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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19
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Boppart MD, De Lisio M, Witkowski S. Exercise and Stem Cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:423-56. [PMID: 26477925 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are traditionally studied in the context of embryonic development, yet studies confirm that a fraction remains in the adult organism for the purpose of daily remodeling and rejuvenation of multiple tissues following injury. Adult stem cells (ASCs) are found in close proximity to vessels and respond to tissue-specific cues in the microenvironment that dictate their fate and function. Exercise can dramatically alter strain sensing, extracellular matrix composition, and inflammation, and such changes in the niche likely alter ASC quantity and function postexercise. The field of stem cell biology is still in its infancy and identification and terminology of ASCs continues to evolve; thus, current information regarding exercise and stem cells is lacking. This chapter summarizes the literature that reports on the ASC response to acute exercise and exercise training, with particular emphasis on hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah Witkowski
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Huang X, Li D, Li T, Zhao BO, Chen X. Prognostic value of the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog and CD44 in elderly patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:103-110. [PMID: 26170984 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukemic stem cell marker CD44, has been reported to have prognostic significance in hematological malignancies. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate whether the expression levels of CD44 and the associated pathway components are associated with the survival rate of elderly patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A total of 20 elderly patients diagnosed with refractory AML were divided into two groups, following induction chemotherapy: Complete remission (CR, n=9) and non-remission (NR. n=11). Bone marrow biopsy specimens were collected, expression levels of CD44, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the captured images were analyzed in a blinded manner using Image Pro Plus software, version 6.0. The overall survival rates (OS) of the patients were then analyzed with log rank, and the correlation between CD44, PTEN, mTOR and NF-κB expression levels and patients survival rates were statistically analyzed using Pearson's method. Significant differences were observed between the CR and NR groups for PTEN (P=0.025) and CD44 (P=0.020) expression levels. Positive CD44 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival, with a hazard ratio of 6.281 (95% CI, 1.78-22.12; P=0.0042). The mean OS was 4.00 months for patients that demonstrated positive CD44 expression, compared with 9.27 months for patients that demonstrated negative CD44 expression. A tendency towards reduced survival rates was also observed in patients negative for PTEN expression, when compared with that of PTEN-positive patients. The mean OS was 4.81 months in PTEN-negative patients vs. 8.8 months in PTEN-positive patients, with a hazard ratio of 2.689 (95%CI, 0.89-8.08; P=0.078). Patients that exhibited PTEN-positive and CD44-negative expression, survived significantly longer than patients that demonstrated PTEN-negative and CD44-positive expression (mean OS, 9.86 vs 2.67 months; hazard ratio=0.037; 95% CI, 0.006-0.222, P=0.0006). The expression levels of NF-κB and mTOR were slightly increased in the NR group compared with those of the CR group, although no significant differences were identified. PTEN and CD44 expression levels demonstrated trends towards negative correlation. In conclusion, the expression levels of CD44 and PTEN may be useful markers to predict the prognosis of elderly patients with refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - B O Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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21
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Moldenhauer LM, Cockshell MP, Frost L, Parham KA, Tvorogov D, Tan LY, Ebert LM, Tooley K, Worthley S, Lopez AF, Bonder CS. Interleukin-3 greatly expands non-adherent endothelial forming cells with pro-angiogenic properties. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:380-95. [PMID: 25900163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) provide revascularisation for cardiovascular disease and the expansion of these cells opens up the possibility of their use as a cell therapy. Herein we show that interleukin-3 (IL3) strongly expands a population of human non-adherent endothelial forming cells (EXnaEFCs) with low immunogenicity as well as pro-angiogenic capabilities in vivo, making their therapeutic utilisation a realistic option. Non-adherent CD133(+) EFCs isolated from human umbilical cord blood and cultured under different conditions were maximally expanded by day 12 in the presence of IL3 at which time a 350-fold increase in cell number was obtained. Cell surface marker phenotyping confirmed expression of the hematopoietic progenitor cell markers CD133, CD117 and CD34, vascular cell markers VEGFR2 and CD31, dim expression of CD45 and absence of myeloid markers CD14 and CD11b. Functional experiments revealed that EXnaEFCs exhibited classical properties of endothelial cells (ECs), namely binding of Ulex europaeus lectin, up-take of acetylated-low density lipoprotein and contribution to EC tube formation in vitro. These EXnaEFCs demonstrated a pro-angiogenic phenotype within two independent in vivo rodent models. Firstly, a Matrigel plug assay showed increased vascularisation in mice. Secondly, a rat model of acute myocardial infarction demonstrated reduced heart damage as determined by lower levels of serum creatinine and a modest increase in heart functionality. Taken together, these studies show IL3 as a potent growth factor for human CD133(+) cell expansion with clear pro-angiogenic properties (in vitro and in vivo) and thus may provide clinical utility for humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michaelia P Cockshell
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Frost
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kate A Parham
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Denis Tvorogov
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lih Y Tan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katie Tooley
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Worthley
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Research, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Research, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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22
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Saydaminova K, Ye X, Wang H, Richter M, Ho M, Chen H, Xu N, Kim JS, Papapetrou E, Holmes MC, Gregory PD, Palmer D, Ng P, Ehrhardt A, Lieber A. Efficient genome editing in hematopoietic stem cells with helper-dependent Ad5/35 vectors expressing site-specific endonucleases under microRNA regulation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 1:14057. [PMID: 26052525 PMCID: PMC4448996 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with site-specific endonucleases has implications for basic biomedical research as well as for gene therapy. We generated helper-dependent, capsid-modified adenovirus (HD-Ad5/35) vectors for zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)– or transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)–mediated genome editing in human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from mobilized adult donors. The production of these vectors required that ZFN and TALEN expression in HD-Ad5/35 producer 293-Cre cells was suppressed. To do this, we developed a microRNA (miRNA)-based system for regulation of gene expression based on miRNA expression profiling of 293-Cre and CD34+ cells. Using miR-183-5p and miR-218-5p based regulation of transgene gene expression, we first produced an HD-Ad5/35 vector expressing a ZFN specific to the HIV coreceptor gene ccr5. We demonstrated that HD-Ad5/35.ZFNmiR vector conferred ccr5 knock out in primitive HSC (i.e., long-term culture initiating cells and NOD/SCID repopulating cells). The ccr5 gene disruption frequency achieved in engrafted HSCs found in the bone marrow of transplanted mice is clinically relevant for HIV therapy considering that these cells can give rise to multiple lineages, including all the lineages that represent targets and reservoirs for HIV. We produced a second HD-Ad5/35 vector expressing a TALEN targeting the DNase hypersensitivity region 2 (HS2) within the globin locus control region. This vector has potential for targeted gene correction in hemoglobinopathies. The miRNA regulated HD-Ad5/35 vector platform for expression of site-specific endonucleases has numerous advantages over currently used vectors as a tool for genome engineering of HSCs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamola Saydaminova
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xun Ye
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maximilian Richter
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin Ho
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - HongZhuan Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ning Xu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- National Creative Initiatives Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eirini Papapetrou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Donna Palmer
- Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - André Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
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23
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Piccirillo SGM, Colman S, Potter NE, van Delft FW, Lillis S, Carnicer MJ, Kearney L, Watts C, Greaves M. Genetic and functional diversity of propagating cells in glioblastoma. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:7-15. [PMID: 25533637 PMCID: PMC4297869 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal malignancy whose clinical intransigence has been linked to extensive intraclonal genetic and phenotypic diversity and the common emergence of therapeutic resistance. This interpretation embodies the implicit assumption that cancer stem cells or tumor-propagating cells are themselves genetically and functionally diverse. To test this, we screened primary GBM tumors by SNP array to identify copy number alterations (a minimum of three) that could be visualized in single cells by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Interrogation of neurosphere-derived cells (from four patients) and cells derived from secondary transplants of these same cells in NOD-SCID mice allowed us to infer the clonal and phylogenetic architectures. Whole-exome sequencing and single-cell genetic analysis in one case revealed a more complex clonal structure. This proof-of-principle experiment revealed that subclones in each GBM had variable regenerative or stem cell activity, and highlighted genetic alterations associated with more competitive propagating activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G M Piccirillo
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Sue Colman
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Nicola E Potter
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Frederik W van Delft
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Suzanne Lillis
- Molecular Diagnostics, The Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Maria-Jose Carnicer
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lyndal Kearney
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Colin Watts
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Mel Greaves
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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Nakatsuka R, Matsuoka Y, Uemura Y, Sumide K, Iwaki R, Takahashi M, Fujioka T, Sasaki Y, Sonoda Y. Mouse Dental Pulp Stem Cells Support Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Vitro. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:97-113. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x674675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that specialized mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) constitute the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the bone marrow (BM), and these MSCs support/maintain the HSCs in an undifferentiated state. A number of studies have demonstrated that BM-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can support HSCs in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether nonhematopoietic tissue-derived MSC-like cells, such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), have the ability to support HSCs. In this study, we prospectively isolated DPSCs from mouse mandibular incisors by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using BM-MSC markers, such as PDGFRα and Sca-1. The PDGFRα and Sca-1 double-positive DPSCs and BM-MSCs showed similar morphologies and expression patterns of MSC markers. The ability of the DPSCs to support hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) was then analyzed by an in vitro coculture system. Moreover, their HSC-supporting activity was evaluated by in vivo xenotransplantation assays using NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγcnull (NOG) mice. Interestingly, the DPSCs supported human cord blood (CB)-derived CD34-positive (CD34+), as well as CD34-negative (CD34–), HSCs. The supporting activities of DPSCs for human CB-derived CD34+ and CD34– HSCs were comparable to those of BM-MSCs. The results of the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that prospectively isolated murine PDGFRα and Sca-1 double-positive DPSCs could support primitive human CD34+ and CD34– HSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Nakatsuka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sumide
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Iwaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujioka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sonoda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Ferrell PI, Hexum MK, Kopher RA, Lepley MA, Gussiaas A, Kaufman DS. Functional assessment of hematopoietic niche cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1355-63. [PMID: 24517837 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate hematopoietic niche cell populations isolated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we tested the ability of hESC-derived stromal lines to support CD34(+) umbilical cord blood (UCB)- and hESC-derived CD34(+)45(+) cells in long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) assays. Specifically, these hematopoietic populations were cocultured with hESC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hESC-MSCs) and hESC-derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs), and then assessed for their LTC-IC potential in comparison to coculture with bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs and the mouse stromal line M2-10B4. We found that the hESC-derived stromal lines supported LTC-ICs from UCB similar to M2-10B4 cells and better than BM-MSCs. However, none of the stromal populations supported LTC-IC from hESC-derived CD34(+)45(+) cells. Engraftment data using the output from LTC-IC assays showed long-term repopulation (12 weeks) of NSG mice to correlate with LTC-IC support on a given stromal layer. Therefore, hESC-derived stromal lines can be used to efficiently evaluate putative hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from hESCs or other cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick I Ferrell
- 1 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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26
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Tomao F, Papa A, Rossi L, Strudel M, Vici P, Lo Russo G, Tomao S. Emerging role of cancer stem cells in the biology and treatment of ovarian cancer: basic knowledge and therapeutic possibilities for an innovative approach. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:48. [PMID: 23902592 PMCID: PMC3734167 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 2013 there will be an estimated 22,240 new diagnoses and 14,030 deaths from ovarian cancer in the United States. Despite the improved surgical approach and the novel active drugs that are available today in clinical practice, about 80% of women presenting with late-stage disease have a 5-year survival rate of only 30%. In the last years a growing scientific knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in ovarian carcinogenesis has led to the discovery and evaluation of several novel molecular targeted agents, with the aim to test alternative models of treatment in order to overcome the clinical problem of resistance. Cancer stem cells tend to be more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation than more differentiated cellular subtypes from the same tissue. In this context the study of ovarian cancer stem cells is taking on an increasingly important strategic role, mostly for the potential therapeutic application in the next future. In our review, we focused our attention on the molecular characteristics of epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells, in particular on possible targets to hit with targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Rome, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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27
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Guddati AK, Shaheen S. Characterization of disease progression in ovarian cancer by utilizing 'chemograms' of ovarian cancer stem cells. J Chemother 2013; 25:184-91. [PMID: 23783145 DOI: 10.1179/1973947812y.0000000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women with cancer. First-line chemotherapy with platinum compounds and taxane compounds has been effective, but most patients develop a relapse of the disease due to drug resistance. There is growing evidence that this resistance may be due to the presence of ovarian cancer stem cells. DISCUSSION Cells with properties of cancer stem cells have been isolated from the ascitic fluid of ovarian cancer patients. This subset of cells is highly tumourigenic compared to the rest of the cells in the ascitic fluid. They are known to exude harmful chemicals from their cytoplasm and have been found to be resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. This property has been utilized to purify them by fluorescence assisted cytometry to yield a subset of cells which are called 'side population'. These cells exhibit the properties of cancer stem cells and their role in disease progression is being currently investigated. The course of the disease can be potentially characterized at the cellular level by closely studying this cell population. They can also be cultured in different combinations of chemotherapeutic agents at varying concentrations to obtain 'chemograms' which are sensitivity charts. Chemotherapeutic agents which produce the most effective kill curves can then be rationally used as a second-line chemotherapy if the disease relapses. These sensitivity charts can provide insight into emerging patterns of chemoresistance and also help discover surface markers that accurately identify ovarian cancer stem cells. CONCLUSION The high rate of disease relapse in patients with ovarian cancer requires a new and different approach utilizing the sensitivity of cancer stem cells. Isolating and characterizing the resistance patterns of ovarian cancer stem cells may provide a rational approach towards an effective and individualized chemotherapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuta K Guddati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Yoder MC. Endothelial progenitor cell: a blood cell by many other names may serve similar functions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:285-95. [PMID: 23371317 PMCID: PMC3704045 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first reports of circulating cells that displayed the capacity to repair and regenerate damaged vascular endothelial cells as progenitor cells for the endothelial lineage (EPC) were met with great enthusiasm. However, the cell surface antigens and colony assays used to identify the putative EPC were soon found to overlap with those of the hematopoietic lineage. Over the past decade, it has become clear that specific hematopoietic subsets play important roles in vascular repair and regeneration. This review will provide some overview of the hematopoietic hierarchy and methods to segregate distinct subsets that may provide clarity in identifying the proangiogenic hematopoietic cells. This review will not discuss those circulating viable endothelial cells that play a role as EPC and are called endothelia colony-forming cells. The review will conclude with identification of some roadblocks to progress in the field of identification of circulating cells that participate in vascular repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin C Yoder
- Hermann B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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29
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Navarro-Montero O, Romero-Moya D, Montes R, Ramos-Mejía V, Bueno C, Real PJ, Menendez P. Intrahepatic transplantation of cord blood CD34+ cells into newborn NOD/SCID-IL2Rγnull mice allows efficient multi-organ and multi-lineage hematopoietic engraftment without accessory cells. Clin Immunol 2012; 145:89-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Harrison F, Yeagy BA, Rocca CJ, Kohn DB, Salomon DR, Cherqui S. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for the multisystemic lysosomal storage disorder cystinosis. Mol Ther 2012; 21:433-44. [PMID: 23089735 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease that belongs to the family of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The defective gene is CTNS encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin. Cystine accumulates in all tissues and leads to organ damage including end-stage renal disease. Using the Ctns(-/-) murine model for cystinosis, we tested the use of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) genetically modified to express a functional CTNS transgene using a self-inactivating-lentiviral vector (SIN-LV). We showed that transduced cells were capable of decreasing cystine content in all tissues and improved kidney function. Transduced HSPC retained their differentiative capabilities, populating all tissue compartments examined and allowing long-term expression of the transgene. Direct correlation between the levels of lentiviral DNA present in the peripheral blood and the levels present in tissues were demonstrated, which could be useful to follow future patients. Using a new model of cystinosis, the DsRed Ctns(-/-) mice, and a LV driving the expression of the fusion protein cystinosin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), we showed that cystinosin was transferred from CTNS-expressing cells to Ctns-deficient adjacent cells in vitro and in vivo. This transfer led to cystine decreases in Ctns-deficient cells in vitro. These data suggest that the mechanism of cross-correction is possible in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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31
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Jang SH, Chung HY. MYC and PIM2 co-expression in mouse bone marrow cells readily establishes permanent myeloid cell lines that can induce lethal myeloid sarcoma in vivo. Mol Cells 2012; 34:201-8. [PMID: 22843119 PMCID: PMC3887814 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell malignancy is one of the most prevalent type of cancer and the disease has multiple pathologic molecular signatures. Research on the origin of hematopoietic cancer stem cells and the mode of subsequent maintenance and differentiation needs robust animal models that can reproduce the transformation and differentiation event in vivo. Here, we show that co-transduction of MYC and PIM2 proto-oncogenes into mouse bone marrow cells readily establishes permanent cell lines that can induce lethal myeloid sarcoma in vivo. Unlike the previous doubly transgenic mouse model in which coexpression of MYC and PIM2 transgenes exclusively induced B cell lymphoma, we were able to show that the same combination of genes can also transform primary bone marrow myeloid cells in vitro resulting in permanent cell lines which induce myeloid sarcoma upon in vivo transplantation. By inducing cancerous transformation of fresh bone marrow cells in a controlled environment, the model we established will be useful for detailed study of the molecular events involved in initial transformation process of primary myeloid bone marrow cells and provides a model that can give insight to the molecular pathologic characteristics of human myeloid sarcoma, a rare presentation of solid tumors of undifferentiated myeloid blast cells associated with various types of myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hwa Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Hee Yong Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
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32
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Hwang K, Park CJ, Jang S, Chi HS, Kim DY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH, Im HJ, Seo JJ. Flow cytometric quantification and immunophenotyping of leukemic stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1541-6. [PMID: 22669506 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are root of clonal growth in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and responsible for the propagation of leukemic blasts (LBs). LSCs are considered as CD34 + CD38- population among LBs and often express as CD123, CD44, or CD184, which are rarely expressed on normal hematopoietic stem cells and could be the potential therapeutic targets. Using multi-color flow cytometry, we analyzed the proportions of CD34 + CD38- LSCs and expression of CD123, CD44, and CD184 on LSCs in 63 patients with AML. The median proportion of LSCs was 1.3 % (0.0-33.1 %) at the time of diagnosis. Of all patients, 74.6 % of them had CD123-positive LSCs, all patients had CD44-positive LSCs, and 85.7 % had CD184-positive LSCs, respectively. The proportions of LSCs were significantly lower in the complete remission (CR) group compared with non-CR group (P = 0.006). The lower proportions of LSCs in CR group indicated that measurement of the proportion of LSCs might be helpful to predict the prognosis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumrock Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
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33
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Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Poluektova LY. Can humanized mice reflect the complex pathobiology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:352-62. [PMID: 22222956 PMCID: PMC3782112 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a rebirth of humanized mouse models in reflecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathobiology. This has allowed new investigations of viral diversity, immunity and developmental therapeutics. In the past, HIV infection and disease were, in part, mirrored in immune deficient mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells. What remained from early studies reflected the ability to mirror central nervous system (CNS) disease. As the wide spread use of combination antiretroviral therapies has changed the severity, but not prevalence, of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), mimicking such virus-induced CNS morbidities in humanized animals is essential for HIV/AIDS research activities. To this end, we now review the evidence for how and under what circumstances humanized mice may be utilized for studies of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience and Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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34
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Ovarian cancer stem cells: elusive targets for chemotherapy. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3400-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Vuyyuru R, Patton J, Manser T. Human immune system mice: current potential and limitations for translational research on human antibody responses. Immunol Res 2012; 51:257-66. [PMID: 22038527 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has recently become possible to generate chimeric mice durably engrafted with many components of the human immune system (HIS mice). We have characterized the maturation and function of the B cell compartment of HIS mice. The antibody response of HIS mice to T cell-dependent B cell antigens is limited, and contributing factors may be the general immaturity of the B cell compartment, infrequent helper T cells selected on human MHC class II antigens, and incomplete reconstitution of secondary lymphoid organs and their microenvironments. In contrast, HIS mice generate protective antibody responses to the bacterium Borrelia hermsii, which acts as a T cell-independent antigen in mice, but do not respond to purified polysaccharide antigens (PPS). We speculate that the anti-B. hermsii response of HIS mice is derived from an abundant B cell subset that may be analogous to B1 B cells in mice. We suggest that failure of HIS mice to respond to PPS is due to the lack of a B cell subset that may originate from adult bone marrow and is highly dependent on human interleukin-7 for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Vuyyuru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 302 BLSB, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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36
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Alpha interferon and HIV infection cause activation of human T cells in NSG-BLT mice. J Virol 2012; 86:3327-36. [PMID: 22238321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06676-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of small animal models for the study of HIV transmission is important for evaluation of HIV prophylaxis and disease pathogenesis. In humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) mice, hematopoiesis is reconstituted by implantation of human fetal liver and thymus tissue (Thy/Liv) plus intravenous injection of autologous liver-derived hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPC). This results in reconstitution of human leukocytes in the mouse peripheral blood, lymphoid organs, and mucosal sites. NOD-scid interleukin-2 receptor-negative (IL-2Rγ(-/-)) (NSG)-BLT mice were inoculated intravaginally with HIV and were monitored for plasma viremia by a branched DNA assay 4 weeks later. T-cell activation was determined by expression of CD38 and HLA-DR on human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in mouse peripheral blood at the time of inoculation and 4 weeks later. Additional BLT mice were treated with human alpha interferon 2b (IFN-α2b) (intron A) and assessed for T-cell activation. Productive HIV infection in BLT mice was associated with T-cell activation (increases in CD38 mean fluorescence intensity and both the frequency and absolute number of CD38(+) HLA-DR(+) T cells) that correlated strongly with plasma viral load and was most pronounced in the CD8(+) T-cell compartment. This T-cell activation phenotype was recapitulated in NSG-BLT mice treated with intron A. HIV susceptibility correlated with the number of HSPC injected, yet a number of mice receiving the Thy/Liv implant alone, with no HSPC injection, were also susceptible to intravaginal HIV. These results are consistent with studies linking T-cell activation to progressive disease in humans and lend support for the use of NSG-BLT mice in studies of HIV pathogenesis.
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37
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Osteohematopoietic stem cell niches in bone marrow. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 298:95-133. [PMID: 22878105 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394309-5.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, maturation of blood and bone cells from their respective progenitors occurs in the bone marrow. The marrow region contains many progenitor and stem cell types that are confined by their biochemical and cellular microenvironments, referred to as stem cell niches. The unique properties of each niche assist the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of that particular stem or progenitor cell type. Among the different niches of the bone marrow, our understanding of the osteohematopoietic niche is the most complete. Its properties, described in this chapter, are a model for studying adult stem cell differentiation, but a lot remains unknown. Our improved understanding of hematopoietic stem cell biology and its relationship with the properties of these niches are critical in the effective and safe use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Here, we review the current knowledge on the properties of these niches and suggest how the potential of hematopoietic progenitors can be utilized in regenerative medicine.
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38
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Nahimana A, Aubry D, Lagopoulos L, Greaney P, Attinger A, Demotz S, Dawson KM, Schapira M, Tschopp J, Dupuis M, Duchosal MA. A novel potent Fas agonist for selective depletion of tumor cells in hematopoietic transplants. Blood Cancer J 2011; 1:e47. [PMID: 22829095 PMCID: PMC3255509 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2011.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There remains a clear need for effective tumor cell purging in autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) where residual malignant cells within the autograft contribute to disease relapse. Here we propose the use of a novel Fas agonist with potent pro-apoptotic activity, termed MegaFasL, as an effective ex-vivo purging agent. MegaFasL selectively kills hematological cancer cells from lymphomas and leukemias and prevents tumor development at concentrations that do not reduce the functional capacity of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells both in in vitro and in in vivo transplantation models. These findings highlight the potential use of MegaFasL as an ex-vivo purging agent in ASCT.
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39
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Stoddart CA, Maidji E, Galkina SA, Kosikova G, Rivera JM, Moreno ME, Sloan B, Joshi P, Long BR. Superior human leukocyte reconstitution and susceptibility to vaginal HIV transmission in humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) BLT mice. Virology 2011; 417:154-60. [PMID: 21684569 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Humanized Bone marrow/Liver/Thymus (BLT) mice recapitulate the mucosal transmission of HIV, permitting study of early events in HIV pathogenesis and evaluation of preexposure prophylaxis methods to inhibit HIV transmission. Human hematopoiesis is reconstituted in NOD-scid mice by implantation of human fetal liver and thymus tissue to generate human T cells plus intravenous injection of autologous liver-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells to engraft the mouse bone marrow. In side-by-side comparisons, we show that NOD-scid mice homozygous for a deletion of the IL-2Rγ-chain (NOD-scid IL-2Rγ(-/-)) are far superior to NOD-scid mice in both their peripheral blood reconstitution with multiple classes of human leukocytes (e.g., a mean of 182 versus 14 CD4(+) T cells per μl 12 weeks after CD34(+) injection) and their susceptibility to intravaginal HIV exposure (84% versus 11% viremic mice at 4 weeks). These results should speed efforts to obtain preclinical animal efficacy data for new HIV drugs and microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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40
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Dunning NL, Laversin SA, Miles AK, Rees RC. Immunotherapy of prostate cancer: should we be targeting stem cells and EMT? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1181-93. [PMID: 21688178 PMCID: PMC11029142 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have been implicated in a number of solid malignancies including prostate cancer. In the case of localised prostate cancer, patients are often treated with surgery (radical prostatectomy) and/or radiotherapy. However, disease recurrence is an issue in about 30% of patients, who will then go on to receive hormone ablation therapy. Hormone ablation therapy is often palliative in a vast proportion of individuals, and for hormone-refractory patients, there are several immunotherapies targeting a number of prostate tumour antigens which are currently in development. However, clinical responses in this setting are inconsistent, and it is believed that the failure to achieve full and permanent tumour eradication is due to a small, resistant population of cells known as 'cancer stem cells' (CSCs). The stochastic and clonal evolution models are among several models used to describe cancer development. The general consensus is that cancer may arise in any cell as a result of genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, which consequently result in uncontrolled cell growth. The cancer stem cell theory, however, challenges previous opinion and proposes that like normal tissues, tumours are hierarchical and only the rare subpopulation of cells at the top of the hierarchy possess the biological properties required to initiate tumourigenesis. Furthermore, where most cancer models infer that every cell within a tumour is equally malignant, i.e. equally capable of reconstituting new tumours, the cancer stem cell theory suggests that only the rare cancer stem cell component possess tumour-initiating capabilities. Hence, according to this model, cancer stem cells are implicated in both tumour initiation and progression. In recent years, the role of epithelial--mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the advancement of prostate cancer has become apparent. Therefore, CSCs and EMT are both likely to play critical roles in prostate cancer tumourigenesis. This review summarises the current immunotherapeutic strategies targeting prostate tumour antigens taking into account the need to consider treatments that target cancer stem cells and cells involved in epithelial--mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Dunning
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Stéphanie A. Laversin
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Amanda K. Miles
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Robert C. Rees
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
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Blackburn JS, Liu S, Langenau DM. Quantifying the frequency of tumor-propagating cells using limiting dilution cell transplantation in syngeneic zebrafish. J Vis Exp 2011:e2790. [PMID: 21775966 PMCID: PMC3196193 DOI: 10.3791/2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewing cancer cells are the only cell types within a tumor that have an unlimited ability to promote tumor growth, and are thus known as tumor-propagating cells, or tumor-initiating cells. It is thought that targeting these self-renewing cells for destruction will block tumor progression and stop relapse, greatly improving patient prognosis1. The most common way to determine the frequency of self-renewing cells within a tumor is a limiting dilution cell transplantation assay, in which tumor cells are transplanted into recipient animals at increasing doses; the proportion of animals that develop tumors is used the calculate the number of self-renewing cells within the original tumor sample2, 3. Ideally, a large number of animals would be used in each limiting dilution experiment to accurately determine the frequency of tumor-propagating cells. However, large scale experiments involving mice are costly, and most limiting dilution assays use only 10-15 mice per experiment. Zebrafish have gained prominence as a cancer model, in large part due to their ease of genetic manipulation and the economy by which large scale experiments can be performed. Additionally, the cancer types modeled in zebrafish have been found to closely mimic their counterpart human disease4. While it is possible to transplant tumor cells from one fish to another by sub-lethal irradiation of recipient animals, the regeneration of the immune system after 21 days often causes tumor regression5. The recent creation of syngeneic zebrafish has greatly facilitated tumor transplantation studies 6-8. Because these animals are genetically identical, transplanted tumor cells engraft robustly into recipient fish, and tumor growth can be monitored over long periods of time. Syngeneic zebrafish are ideal for limiting dilution transplantation assays in that tumor cells do not have to adapt to growth in a foreign microenvironment, which may underestimate self-renewing cell frequency9, 10. Additionally, one-cell transplants have been successfully completed using syngeneic zebrafish8 and several hundred animals can be easily and economically transplanted at one time, both of which serve to provide a more accurate estimate of self-renewing cell frequency. Here, a method is presented for creating primary, fluorescently-labeled T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in syngeneic zebrafish, and transplanting these tumors at limiting dilution into adult fish to determine self-renewing cell frequency. While leukemia is provided as an example, this protocol is suitable to determine the frequency of tumor-propagating cells using any cancer model in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Pelus LM, Hoggatt J. Pleiotropic effects of prostaglandin E2 in hematopoiesis; prostaglandin E2 and other eicosanoids regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell function. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 96:3-9. [PMID: 21722751 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids have been implicated in the physiological regulation of hematopoiesis with pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic stem cells and various classes of lineage restricted progenitor cells. Herein we review the effects of eicosanoids on hematopoiesis, focusing on new findings implicating prostaglandin E(2) in enhancing hematopoietic stem cell engraftment by enhancing stem cell homing, survival and self-renewal. We also describe a role for cannabinoids in hematopoiesis. Lastly, we discuss the yin and yang of various eicosanoids in modulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell functions and summarize potential strategies to take advantage of these effects for therapeutic benefit for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis M Pelus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Pelus LM, Hoggatt J, Singh P. Pulse exposure of haematopoietic grafts to prostaglandin E2 in vitro facilitates engraftment and recovery. Cell Prolif 2011; 44 Suppl 1:22-9. [PMID: 21481039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) on haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and determine its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS HSC were exposed to PGE(2) for 2 h and effects on their homing, engraftment and self-renewal evaluated in vivo. Effects of PGE(2) on HSC cell cycle, CXCR4 expression and migration to SDF-1α were analysed in vitro. Apoptosis was evaluated by examination of survivin expression and active caspase-3 levels. RESULTS Equivalent haematopoietic reconstitution was demonstrated using 4-fold fewer PGE(2) -treated cells compared to controls. Multilineage reconstitution was stable on secondary transplantation, indicating that PGE(2) affects long-term repopulating HSC (LT-HSC) and that enhanced chimaerism of PGE(2) -pulsed cells results from their initial treatment. PGE(2) increased CXCR4 expression on mouse and human HSC, increased their migration to SDF-1αin vitro and enhanced in vivo marrow homing 2-fold, which was blocked by a CXCR4 receptor antagonist. PGE(2) pulse exposure reduced apoptosis of mouse and human HSC, with increase in endogenous caspase inhibitor survivin, and concomitant decrease in active caspase-3. Two-fold more HSC entered the cell cycle and proliferated within 24 h after PGE(2) pulse exposure. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that short-term PGE(2) exposure enhances HSC function and supports the concept of utility of PGE(2) as an ex vivo strategy to improve function of haematopoietic grafts, particularly those where HSC numbers are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Pelus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA.
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Overexpression of IL-3Rα on CD34+CD38- stem cells defines leukemia-initiating cells in Fanconi anemia AML. Blood 2011; 117:4243-52. [PMID: 21330473 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-309179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) have a high risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we attempted to identify cell-surface markers for leukemia-initiating cells in FA-AML patients. We found that the IL-3 receptor-α (IL-3Rα) is a promising candidate as an leukemia-initiating cell-specific antigen for FA-AML. Whereas IL-3Rα expression is undetectable on normal CD34(+)CD38(-) HSCs, it is overexpressed on CD34(+)CD38(-) cells from FA patients with AML. We examined the leukemia-initiating cell activity of IL-3Rα-positive FA-AML cells in a "humanized" FA xenotransplant model in which we separated AML cells into IL-3Rα-positive and IL-3Rα-negative CD34 fractions and transplanted them into irradiated recipient mice. In all 3 FA-AML samples, only IL-3Rα-positive cells showed significant levels of engraftment and developed leukemia in the recipient mice. The FA CD34(+)IL-3Rα(+) blasts isolated from leukemic mice exhibited hypersensitivity to IL-3 deprivation and JAK2-STAT5 overactivation after IL-3 treatment. Finally, treatment of FA CD34(+)IL-3Rα(+) blasts with an IL-3Rα-neutralizing antibody inhibited IL-3-mediated proliferation and STAT5 activation. These results demonstrate that IL-3Rα is a cell-surface marker present on FA-AML leukemia-initiating cells and may be a valuable therapeutic target.
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Human thrombopoietin knockin mice efficiently support human hematopoiesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2378-83. [PMID: 21262827 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019524108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) both self-renew and give rise to all blood cells for the lifetime of an individual. Xenogeneic mouse models are broadly used to study human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell biology in vivo. However, maintenance, differentiation, and function of human hematopoietic cells are suboptimal in these hosts. Thrombopoietin (TPO) has been demonstrated as a crucial cytokine supporting maintenance and self-renewal of HSCs. We generated RAG2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) mice in which we replaced the gene encoding mouse TPO by its human homolog. Homozygous humanization of TPO led to increased levels of human engraftment in the bone marrow of the hosts, and multilineage differentiation of hematopoietic cells was improved, with an increased ratio of myelomonocytic verus lymphoid lineages. Moreover, maintenance of human stem and progenitor cells was improved, as demonstrated by serial transplantation. Therefore, RAG2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) TPO-humanized mice represent a useful model to study human hematopoiesis in vivo.
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Cancer stem cells and epithelial ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2010:105269. [PMID: 21318146 PMCID: PMC3034964 DOI: 10.1155/2010/105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell hypothesis is becoming more widely accepted as a model for carcinogenesis. Tumours are heterogeneous both at the molecular and cellular level, containing a small population of cells that possess highly tumourigenic “stem-cell” properties. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumour-initiating cells, have the ability to self-renew, generate xenografts reminiscent of the primary tumour that they were derived from, and are chemoresistant. The characterisation of the CSC population within a tumour that drives its growth could provide novel target therapeutics against these cells specifically, eradicating the cancer completely. There have been several reports describing the isolation of putative cancer stem cell populations in several cancers; however, no defined set of markers has been identified that conclusively characterises “stem-like” cancer cells. This paper highlights the current experimental approaches that have been used in the field and discusses their limitations, with specific emphasis on the identification and characterisation of the CSC population in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Picchione F, Pritchard C, Lagutina I, Janke L, Grosveld GC. IRIZIO: a novel gene cooperating with PAX3-FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS). Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:452-61. [PMID: 21177767 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children with an annual incidence of five new cases per million. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is characterized by the t(2;13) or t(1;13) chromosomal translocations, which generate the PAX3-FOXO1 or PAX7-FOXO1 fusion genes, respectively. The oncogenic activity of PAX3-FOXO1 has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, yet expression of the fusion protein alone in primary myoblasts or a mouse model is insufficient for tumorigenic transformation. To identify genes cooperating with PAX3-FOXO1 in ARMS tumorigenesis, we generated a retroviral complementary DNA (cDNA) expression library from the Rh30 ARMS cell line. Arf-/- myoblasts expressing PAX3-FOXO1 and the retroviral cDNA library rapidly formed tumors after subcutaneous injection into NOD-SCID mice. Tumors formed by Arf-/-/PAX3-FOXO1/MarX-library myoblasts contained an unknown cDNA, encoding the C-terminus of the Homo sapiens hypothetical protein, FLJ10404, herein named IRIZIO. Expression of full length IRIZIO cDNA also cooperated with PAX3-FOXO1 in the transformation of Arf-/- myoblasts. Given that IRIZIO is expressed at increased levels in RMS, it might contribute to rhabdomyosarcomagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Picchione
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Chen Z, Ayala P, Wang M, Fayad L, Katz RL, Romaguera J, Caraway N, Neelapu SS, Kwak LW, Simmons PJ, McCarty N. Prospective isolation of clonogenic mantle cell lymphoma-initiating cells. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:212-25. [PMID: 20851072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we have prospectively isolated and characterized, for the first time, clonogenic cells with self-renewal capacities from mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a particularly deadly form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Self-renewal and tumorigenic activities were enriched in MCL cell fractions that lacked expression of the prototypic B-cell surface marker, CD19. CD45+CD19- cells represented a relatively small fraction of the total MCL tumor cells; however, they recapitulated the heterogeneity of original patient tumors on transplantation into immunodeficient mice. As few as 100 of these cells displayed self-renewal capacities in secondary and tertiary recipient mice by in vivo limiting dilution assays. Similar to leukemic stem cells, CD45+CD19- MCL cells also displayed a quiescent status as determined by dye efflux assays. In summary, this study is the first to isolate subpopulations of MCL cells that have self-renewal and tumorigenic capacities. Identification and characterization of MCL-ICs are important first steps toward understanding how self-renewal and tumorigenicity are regulated in MCL and designing targeted therapies against MCL-ICs will ultimately lead to improved outcomes for MCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sudo K, Yasuda J, Nakamura Y. Gene expression profiles of cryopreserved CD34(+) human umbilical cord blood cells are related to their bone marrow reconstitution abilities in mouse xenografts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:697-705. [PMID: 20570655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells are an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for treatment of leukemia and other diseases. It is very difficult to assess the quality of UCB cells in the clinical situation. Here, we sought to assess the quality of UCB cells by transplantation to immunodeficient mice. Cryopreserved CD34(+) UCB cells from twelve different human donors were transplanted into sublethally irradiated NOD/shi-scid Jic mice. In parallel, the gene expression profiles of the UCB cells were determined from oligonucleotide microarrays. UCB cells from three donors failed to establish an engraftment in the host mice, while the other nine succeeded to various extents. Gene expression profiling indicated that 71 genes, including HOXB4, C/EBP-beta, and ETS2, were specifically overexpressed and 23 genes were suppressed more than 2-fold in the successful UCB cells compared to those that failed. Functional annotation revealed that cell growth and cell cycle regulators were more abundant in the successful UCB cells. Our results suggest that hematopoietic ability may vary among cryopreserved UCB cells and that this ability can be distinguished by profiling expression of certain sets of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sudo
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan
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Abstract
The nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD-scid) xenotransplantation model is the "gold standard" for assaying human hematopoietic stem cell activity. Systematic advancements, such as depletion of natural killer cell activity with anti-CD122 antibody, direct intrafemoral injection, and deletion or truncation of IL2Rgamma, have improved human cell engraftment; however, questions remain whether these mouse models are equivalent or, if not, which model is superior for assaying hematopoietic stem cell activity. To address this, we compared overall engraftment and multilineage differentiation of near-limiting doses of lineage-depleted human umbilical cord blood cells by direct intrafemoral injection into NOD/Lt-scid, NOD/Shi-scid, NOD/Lt-scid/IL2Rgamma(null) (NSG), and NOD/Shi-scid/IL2Rgamma(null) mice. Transplantation into NSG mice generated moderately higher human engraftment levels in bone marrow compared with other strains. At limiting doses, NSG mice of both sexes were 3.6-fold more sensitive in detecting SCID-repopulating cells compared with NOD/Lt-scid mice. However, NSG females exhibited higher engraftment at limiting cell doses, resulting in an overall increase in SCID-repopulating cell detection of 9-fold. Both NSG and NOD/Shi-scid/IL2Rgamma(null) support significantly improved engraftment in peripheral tissues compared with NOD/Lt-scid and NOD/Shi-scid mice, whereas NSG mice provide greater human engraftment in bone marrow than all other strains, especially at limiting doses.
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