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Jyoti Mech D, Suhail Rizvi M. Micromechanics of fibrous scaffolds and their stiffness sensing by cells. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025035. [PMID: 38290154 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the tissue engineering scaffolds are known to play a crucial role in cell response. Therefore, an understanding of the cell-scaffold interactions is of high importance. Here, we have utilized discrete fiber network model to quantitatively study the micromechanics of fibrous scaffolds with different fiber arrangements and cross-linking densities. We observe that localized forces on the scaffold result in its anisotropic deformation even for isotropic fiber arrangements. We also see an exponential decay of the displacement field with distance from the location of applied force. This nature of the decay allows us to estimate the characteristic length for force transmission in fibrous scaffolds. Furthermore, we also looked at the stiffness sensing of fibrous scaffolds by individual cells and its dependence on the cellular sensing mechanism. For this, we considered two conditions- stress-controlled, and strain-controlled application of forces by a cell. With fixed strain, we find that the stiffness sensed by a cell is proportional to the scaffold's 'macroscopic' elastic modulus. However, under fixed stress application by the cell, the stiffness sensed by the cell also depends on the cell's own stiffness. In fact, the stiffness values for the same scaffold sensed by the stiff and soft cells can differ from each other by an order of magnitude. The insights from this work will help in designing tissue engineering scaffolds for applications where mechanical stimuli are a critical factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Jyoti Mech
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
| | - Mohd Suhail Rizvi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
- Computational Biology Research Lab, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India
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2
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Lückgen J, Raqué E, Reiner T, Diederichs S, Richter W. NFκB inhibition to lift the mechano-competence of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived neocartilage toward articular chondrocyte levels. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:168. [PMID: 35477424 PMCID: PMC9044876 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fully functional regeneration of skeletal defects by multipotent progenitor cells requires that differentiating cells gain the specific mechano-competence needed in the target tissue. Using cartilage neogenesis as an example, we asked whether proper phenotypic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) into chondrocytes in vitro will install the adequate biological mechano-competence of native articular chondrocytes (AC). Methods The mechano-competence of human MSC- and AC-derived neocartilage was compared during differentiation for up to 35 days. The neocartilage layer was subjected to physiologic dynamic loading in a custom-designed bioreactor and assayed for mechano-sensitive gene and pathway activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis by radiolabel incorporation, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Input from different pathways was tested by application of agonists or antagonists. Results MSC and AC formed neocartilage of similar proteoglycan content with a hardness close to native tissue. Mechano-stimulation on day 21 and 35 induced a similar upregulation of mechano-response genes, ERK phosphorylation, NO production and PGE2 release in both groups, indicating an overall similar transduction of external mechanical signals. However, while AC maintained or enhanced proteoglycan synthesis after loading dependent on tissue maturity, ECM synthesis was always significantly disturbed by loading in MSC-derived neocartilage. This was accompanied by significantly higher COX2 and BMP2 background expression, > 100-fold higher PGE2 production and a weaker SOX9 stimulation in response to loading in MSC-derived neocartilage. Anabolic BMP-pathway activity was not rate limiting for ECM synthesis after loading in both groups. However, NFκB activation mimicked the negative loading effects and enhanced PGE2 production while inhibition of catabolic NFκB signaling rescued the load-induced negative effects on ECM synthesis in MSC-derived neocartilage. Conclusions MSC-derived chondrocytes showed a higher vulnerability to be disturbed by loading despite proper differentiation and did not acquire an AC-like mechano-competence to cope with the mechanical stress of a physiologic loading protocol. Managing catabolic NFκB influences was one important adaptation to install a mechano-resistance closer to AC-derived neocartilage. This new knowledge asks for a more functional adaptation of MSC chondrogenesis, novel pharmacologic co-treatment strategies for MSC-based clinical cartilage repair strategies and may aid a more rational design of physical rehabilitation therapy after AC- versus MSC-based surgical cartilage intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02843-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Lückgen
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Raqué
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Reiner
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Tavakol M, Vaughan TJ. Energy dissipation of osteopontin at a HAp mineral interface: Implications for bone biomechanics. Biophys J 2022; 121:228-236. [PMID: 34932955 PMCID: PMC8790188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a one of the most abundant non-collagenous proteins in the bone's organic matrix. OPN is responsible for mediating bonding at mineral interfaces in the extrafibrillar space and recent evidence shows that it is a major contributor to bone's fracture resistance. While several experimental studies have identified an important role for calcium ions in mediating energy dissipation in OPN protein networks, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the current study, the role of calcium ions on energy dissipation at OPN interface with hydroxyapatite (HAp) as the main bone mineral was investigated. For the first time, the three-dimensional structure of OPN proteins were predicted, and it was found that calcium ions greatly influenced the final protein configuration and energy dissipation performance. Under small deformation, the compact cOPN structure, resulting from calcium ions presence, facilitated greater energy dissipation through sacrificial bond breaking and mechanisms mediated by the surface-bound calcium. At larger deformation, the compact structure also enabled cOPN to dissipate higher energy. Moreover, it was found that phosphorylation of OPN played an important role in energy dissipation. While previous studies have shown that OPN dissipated energy by forming aggregate networks, this study also showed that network formation is not necessary and that individual OPN proteins can dissipate large amounts of energy at HAp interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Tavakol
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ted J. Vaughan
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland,Corresponding author
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4
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Sikkema R, Keohan B, Zhitomirsky I. Alginic Acid Polymer-Hydroxyapatite Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183070. [PMID: 34577971 PMCID: PMC8471633 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural bone is a composite organic-inorganic material, containing hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inorganic phase. In this review, applications of natural alginic acid (ALGH) polymer for the fabrication of composites containing HAP are described. ALGH is used as a biocompatible structure directing, capping and dispersing agent for the synthesis of HAP. Many advanced techniques for the fabrication of ALGH-HAP composites are attributed to the ability of ALGH to promote biomineralization. Gel-forming and film-forming properties of ALGH are key factors for the development of colloidal manufacturing techniques. Electrochemical fabrication techniques are based on strong ALGH adsorption on HAP, pH-dependent charge and solubility of ALGH. Functional properties of advanced composite ALGH-HAP films and coatings, scaffolds, biocements, gels and beads are described. The composites are loaded with other functional materials, such as antimicrobial agents, drugs, proteins and enzymes. Moreover, the composites provided a platform for their loading with cells for the fabrication of composites with enhanced properties for various biomedical applications. This review summarizes manufacturing strategies, mechanisms and outlines future trends in the development of functional biocomposites.
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5
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Ge Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Li L, Teng H, Jiang Q. Effects of Mechanical Compression on Chondrogenesis of Human Synovium-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Agarose Hydrogel. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:697281. [PMID: 34350163 PMCID: PMC8327094 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.697281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical compression is a double-edged sword for cartilage remodeling, and the effect of mechanical compression on chondrogenic differentiation still remains elusive to date. Herein, we investigate the effect of mechanical dynamic compression on the chondrogenic differentiation of human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs). To this aim, SMSCs encapsulated in agarose hydrogels were cultured in chondrogenic-induced medium with or without dynamic compression. Dynamic compression was applied at either early time-point (day 1) or late time-point (day 21) during chondrogenic induction period. We found that dynamic compression initiated at early time-point downregulated the expression level of chondrocyte-specific markers as well as hypertrophy-specific markers compared with unloaded control. On the contrary, dynamic compression applied at late time-point not only enhanced the levels of cartilage matrix gene expression, but also suppressed the hypertrophic development of SMSCs compared with unloaded controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that dynamic mechanical compression loading not only promotes chondrogenic differentiation of SMSCs, but also plays a vital role in the maintenance of cartilage phenotype, and our findings also provide an experimental guide for stem cell-based cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for 3D Bioprinting, Nanjing, China
| | - Huajian Teng
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Naqvi SM, McNamara LM. Stem Cell Mechanobiology and the Role of Biomaterials in Governing Mechanotransduction and Matrix Production for Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:597661. [PMID: 33381498 PMCID: PMC7767888 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.597661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology has underpinned many scientific advances in understanding how biophysical and biomechanical cues regulate cell behavior by identifying mechanosensitive proteins and specific signaling pathways within the cell that govern the production of proteins necessary for cell-based tissue regeneration. It is now evident that biophysical and biomechanical stimuli are as crucial for regulating stem cell behavior as biochemical stimuli. Despite this, the influence of the biophysical and biomechanical environment presented by biomaterials is less widely accounted for in stem cell-based tissue regeneration studies. This Review focuses on key studies in the field of stem cell mechanobiology, which have uncovered how matrix properties of biomaterial substrates and 3D scaffolds regulate stem cell migration, self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation, and activation of specific biological responses. First, we provide a primer of stem cell biology and mechanobiology in isolation. This is followed by a critical review of key experimental and computational studies, which have unveiled critical information regarding the importance of the biophysical and biomechanical cues for stem cell biology. This review aims to provide an informed understanding of the intrinsic role that physical and mechanical stimulation play in regulating stem cell behavior so that researchers may design strategies that recapitulate the critical cues and develop effective regenerative medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Naqvi
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - L M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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7
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Gamez C, Schneider-Wald B, Bieback K, Schuette A, Büttner S, Hafner M, Gretz N, Schwarz ML. Compression Bioreactor-Based Mechanical Loading Induces Mobilization of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Collagen Scaffolds In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218249. [PMID: 33158020 PMCID: PMC7672606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is an avascular tissue composed of scattered chondrocytes embedded in a dense extracellular matrix, in which nourishment takes place via the synovial fluid at the surface. AC has a limited intrinsic healing capacity, and thus mainly surgical techniques have been used to relieve pain and improve function. Approaches to promote regeneration remain challenging. The microfracture (MF) approach targets the bone marrow (BM) as a source of factors and progenitor cells to heal chondral defects in situ by opening small holes in the subchondral bone. However, the original function of AC is not obtained yet. We hypothesize that mechanical stimulation can mobilize mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from BM reservoirs upon MF of the subchondral bone. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the counts of mobilized human BM-MSCs (hBM-MSCs) in alginate-laminin (alginate-Ln) or collagen-I (col-I) scaffolds upon intermittent mechanical loading. The mechanical set up within an established bioreactor consisted of 10% strain, 0.3 Hz, breaks of 10 s every 180 cycles for 24 h. Contrary to previous findings using porcine MSCs, no significant cell count was found for hBM-MSCs into alginate-Ln scaffolds upon mechanical stimulation (8 ± 5 viable cells/mm3 for loaded and 4 ± 2 viable cells/mm3 for unloaded alginate-Ln scaffolds). However, intermittent mechanical stimulation induced the mobilization of hBM-MSCs into col-I scaffolds 10-fold compared to the unloaded col-I controls (245 ± 42 viable cells/mm3 vs. 22 ± 6 viable cells/mm3, respectively; p-value < 0.0001). Cells that mobilized into the scaffolds by mechanical loading did not show morphological changes. This study confirmed that hBM-MSCs can be mobilized in vitro from a reservoir toward col-I but not alginate-Ln scaffolds upon intermittent mechanical loading, against gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gamez
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (C.G.); (B.S.-W.); (A.S.)
| | - Barbara Schneider-Wald
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (C.G.); (B.S.-W.); (A.S.)
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden Württemberg—Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Andy Schuette
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (C.G.); (B.S.-W.); (A.S.)
| | - Sylvia Büttner
- Department for Statistical Analysis, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University & Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Markus L. Schwarz
- Section for Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (C.G.); (B.S.-W.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-4569
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8
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Fu L, Yang Z, Gao C, Li H, Yuan Z, Wang F, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. Advances and prospects in biomimetic multilayered scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:527-542. [PMID: 33365139 PMCID: PMC7748444 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sophisticated hierarchical structure and limited reparability of articular cartilage (AC), the ideal regeneration of AC defects has been a major challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. As defects progress, they often extend from the cartilage layer to the subchondral bone and ultimately lead to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering techniques bring new hope for AC regeneration. To meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native AC tissue, a substantial number of multilayered biomimetic scaffolds have been studied. Ideal multilayered scaffolds should generate zone-specific functional tissue similar to native AC tissue. This review focuses on the current status of multilayered scaffolds developed for AC defect repair, including design strategies based on the degree of defect severity and the zone-specific characteristics of AC tissue, the selection and composition of biomaterials, and techniques for design and manufacturing. The challenges and future perspectives of biomimetic multilayered scaffold strategies for AC regeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cangjian Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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9
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Zhao Z, Li Y, Wang M, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Fang J. Mechanotransduction pathways in the regulation of cartilage chondrocyte homoeostasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5408-5419. [PMID: 32237113 PMCID: PMC7214151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays a critical role in cartilage development and homoeostasis. Chondrocytes are surrounded by a narrow pericellular matrix (PCM), which absorbs dynamic and static forces and transmits them to the chondrocyte surface. Recent studies have demonstrated that molecular components, including perlecan, collagen and hyaluronan, provide distinct physical properties for the PCM and maintain the essential microenvironment of chondrocytes. These physical signals are sensed by receptors and molecules located in the cell membrane, such as Ca2+ channels, the primary cilium and integrins, and a series of downstream molecular pathways are involved in mechanotransduction in cartilage. All mechanoreceptors convert outside signals into chemical and biological signals, which then regulate transcription in chondrocytes in response to mechanical stresses. This review highlights recent progress and focuses on the function of the PCM and cell surface molecules in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Emerging understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mechanotransduction will provide new insights into osteoarthritis pathogenesis and precision strategies that could be used in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Diseases and Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Grogan SP, Dorthé EW, Glembotski NE, Gaul F, D'Lima DD. Cartilage tissue engineering combining microspheroid building blocks and microneedle arrays. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:229-243. [PMID: 31134817 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1617280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Scaffold-free cartilage tissue engineering circumvents issues with scaffold seeding, potential toxicity response, and impaired host integration. However, precisely controlling and maintaining a scaffold-free construct shape have been challenging. We explored the feasibility of microneedle arrays to print tissue using cellular microspheroids as building blocks.Materials and Methods: Human embryonic-derived mesenchymal stem cells or infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cells were used to create microspheroids of 500 µm in diameter, which were assembled on microneedle arrays in a predefined arrangement using a robotic system under computer vision. Microspheroids on microneedles were cultured to permit fusion into a tissue construct. Infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cell constructs were either implanted into chondral defects created in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants or maintained on the microneedle array for 3 weeks. Embryonic-derived mesenchymal stem cell constructs were designed to be press-fit into 3 mm subchondral defects in New Zealand White rabbits and maintained for up to 8 weeks to assess retention, early tissue repair, and more mature cartilage regeneration.Results: Microspheroids of both cell types fused together in culture to form neotissues of predefined shape and size. Infrapatellar fat pad mesenchymal stem cell neotissues expressed high levels of chondrogenic genes and integrated with the surrounding osteoarthritic host cartilage. Embryonic-derived mesenchymal stem cell constructs generated chondrogenic neotissue in vivo as early as 2 weeks and more mature tissue by 8 weeks with increased glycosaminoglycan deposition.Conclusions: We constructed defined scaffold-free shapes by bioprinting and fusing microspheroids. Proof of concept was shown in the repair of ex vivo osteoarthritic human cartilage and in vivo rabbit osteochondral (OC) defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Grogan
- Scripps Health, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik W Dorthé
- Scripps Health, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Glembotski
- Scripps Health, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florian Gaul
- Scripps Health, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, Spine Center, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Scripps Health, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Voisin C, Cauchois G, Reppel L, Laroye C, Louarn L, Schenowitz C, Sonon P, Poras I, Wang V, D. Carosella E, Benkirane-Jessel N, Moreau P, Rouas-Freiss N, Bensoussan D, Huselstein C. Are the Immune Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton's Jelly Maintained during Chondrogenic Differentiation? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020423. [PMID: 32033151 PMCID: PMC7073626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Umbilical mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), and especially those derived from Wharton’s jelly (WJ), are a promising engineering tool for tissue repair in an allogeneic context. This is due to their differentiation capacity and immunological properties, like their immunomodulatory potential and paracrine activity. Hence, these cells may be considered an Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP). The purpose of this work was to differentiate MSCs from WJ (WJ-MSCs) into chondrocytes using a scaffold and to evaluate, in vitro, the immunomodulatory capacities of WJ-MSCs in an allogeneic and inflammatory context, mimicked by IFN-γ and TNF-α priming during the chondrogenic differentiation. Methods: Scaffolds were made from hydrogel composed by alginate enriched in hyaluronic acid (Alg/HA). Chondrogenic differentiation, immunological function, phenotype expression, but also secreted soluble factors were the different parameters followed during 28 days of culture. Results: During chondrocyte differentiation, even in an allogeneic context, WJ-MSCs remained unable to establish the immunological synapse or to induce T cell alloproliferation. Moreover, interestingly, paracrine activity and functional immunomodulation were maintained during cell differentiation. Conclusion: These results show that WJ-MSCs remained hypoimmunogenic and retained immunomodulatory properties even when they had undergone chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Voisin
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Campus brabois-santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP20199, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372-74-6585
| | - Ghislaine Cauchois
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Campus brabois-santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP20199, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France
| | - Loïc Reppel
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Campus brabois-santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP20199, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire Banque de Tissus, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Caroline Laroye
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Campus brabois-santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP20199, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire Banque de Tissus, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laetitia Louarn
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Schenowitz
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Paulin Sonon
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Poras
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Valentine Wang
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Campus brabois-santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP20199, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France
| | - Edgardo D. Carosella
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM-UNISTRA UMR1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine laboratory, Faculté de Médecine, FMTS, Strasbourg CEDEX F-67085, France;
| | - Philippe Moreau
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- CEA, DRF-Institut François Jacob, Service de Recherches en Hémato-Immunologie, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France; (L.L.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (I.P.); (E.D.C.); (P.M.); (N.R.-F.)
- Université de Paris, CEA, U976 HIPI Unit (Human Immunology, Physiopathology, Immunotherapy), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Danièle Bensoussan
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire Banque de Tissus, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Céline Huselstein
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus brabois-santé, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France; (G.C.); (L.R.); (C.L.); (V.W.); (D.B.); (C.H.)
- UMS2008 IBSLor, Campus brabois-santé, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP20199, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-nancy, France
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12
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Belleghem SMV, Mahadik B, Snodderly KL, Fisher JP. Overview of Tissue Engineering Concepts and Applications. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Setayeshmehr M, Esfandiari E, Rafieinia M, Hashemibeni B, Taheri-Kafrani A, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Kaplan DL, Moroni L, Joghataei MT. Hybrid and Composite Scaffolds Based on Extracellular Matrices for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 25:202-224. [PMID: 30648478 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Scaffolds fabricated from extracellular matrix (ECM) derivatives are composed of conducive structures for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, but generally do not have proper mechanical properties and load-bearing capacity. In contrast, scaffolds based on synthetic biomaterials demonstrate appropriate mechanical strength, but the absence of desirable biological properties is one of their main disadvantages. To integrate mechanical strength and biological cues, these ECM derivatives can be conjugated with synthetic biomaterials. Hence, hybrid scaffolds comprising both advantages of synthetic polymers and ECM derivatives can be considered a robust vehicle for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Setayeshmehr
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,2 Biomaterials Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Advanced Medical Technology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,3 MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafieinia
- 2 Biomaterials Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Advanced Medical Technology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Batool Hashemibeni
- 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asghar Taheri-Kafrani
- 5 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,6 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - David L Kaplan
- 7 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- 3 MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,8 CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mohammad T Joghataei
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,6 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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14
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Xiongfa J, Hao Z, Liming Z, Jun X. Recent advances in 3D bioprinting for the regeneration of functional cartilage. Regen Med 2018; 13:73-87. [PMID: 29350587 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of regeneration for functional cartilage has progressed tremendously. Conventional approaches for regenerating the damaged tissue based on integrated manufacturing are limited by their inability to produce precise and customized biomimetic tissues. On the other hand, 3D bioprinting is a promising technique with increased versatility because it can co-deliver cells and biomaterials with proper compositions and spatial distributions. In the present article, we review recent progress in the complete 3D printing process involved in functional cartilage regeneration, including printing techniques, biomaterials and cells. We also discuss the combination of 3D in vivo hybrid bioprinting with spheroids, gene delivery strategies and zonal cartilage design as a future direction of cartilage regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xiongfa
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhu Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhao Liming
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Jun
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan 430072, China
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15
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The Application of Stem Cells from Different Tissues to Cartilage Repair. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2761678. [PMID: 29375622 PMCID: PMC5742463 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2761678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of articular cartilage represents an ongoing challenge at the clinical and basic level. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using stem/progenitor cells have emerged as valid alternatives to classical reparative techniques. This review offers a brief introduction and overview of the field, highlighting a number of tissue sources for stem/progenitor cell populations. Emphasis is given to recent developments in both clinical and basic sciences. The relative strengths and weaknesses of each tissue type are discussed.
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16
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Yang R, Xu C, Wang T, Wang Y, Wang J, Quan D, Deng DYB. PTMAc-PEG-PTMAc hydrogel modified by RGDC and hyaluronic acid promotes neural stem cells' survival and differentiation in vitro. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of the biological properties of hydrogels by surface modifying with bioactive molecules is of great significance, especially for the treatment of central nervous system injury by combining engrafted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Yang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Tao Wang
- PCFM Lab
- GD HPPC Lab
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Functional Biomaterials of Guangdong
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yuanqi Wang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Daping Quan
- PCFM Lab
- GD HPPC Lab
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Functional Biomaterials of Guangdong
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - David Y. B. Deng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
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