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Ribeiro AC, Hawkins E, Jahr FM, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Barzi NV, Eftekhari Z, Doroud D, Eidi A. DNA methylation changes of apoptotic genes in organogenesis stage of mice embryos by maternal chlorpyrifos induction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:794-803. [PMID: 32149475 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The continued use of pesticides is one of the requirements of modern agriculture. Investigations have shown that pesticides can alter gene methylation and expression and subsequently may lead to abortion or birth of embryos with teratogenic disorders. In present study, 30 female NMRI mouse were divided in three experimental groups which in the CPF group, intraperitoneal chlorpyrifos was injected, in the sham group, DMSO was injected, and the control group without injection. The mice were mated and utinized 10 days' post gestation. The number of embryos in each fertilized female, maternal weight, and liver fibrosis was evaluated. The apoptosis pathway genes (caspase3, caspase9) and protein expressions (pro-caspase3, caspase3) of the embryos were evaluated with qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. The DNA methylation of caspase3 and caspase9 were also assessed. The number of embryos and obtained maternal weight from the CPF group was significantly lower than other two groups. The mRNA expression of Caspase3 and Caspase9 were significantly higher in the CPF group. The protein expression evaluation confirmed the results achieved at the mRNA level. The percentage of Caspase9 DNA methylation in embryos collected from the CPF group was higher compared to the others. It can be considered that consumption of chlorpyrifos toxin can alter the DNA methylation and increase the expression of apoptotic genes. Therefore, continuous use of chlopyrifos may affect pregnancy by increasing the apoptosis pathway in the developing embryos which may lead to abortion or teratogenic disorders in newborn infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Vahabi Barzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Eftekhari
- Quality Control Department, Research & Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Alborz, Iran
| | - Delaram Doroud
- Research & Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Alborz, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Updated statement on the available outcomes of the human health assessment in the context of the pesticides peer review of the active substance chlorpyrifos-methyl. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05908. [PMID: 32626191 PMCID: PMC7008899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2019, the European Commission asked EFSA to provide a statement on the available outcomes of the human health assessment in the context of the pesticides peer review for the renewal of approval of the active substance chlorpyrifos-methyl conducted in accordance with Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No 844/2012. Accordingly, EFSA delivered a statement to the Commission providing a summary of the main findings of the assessment related to human health following the pesticides peer review expert discussions in mammalian toxicology held between 1 and 5 April 2019, as well as EFSA's additional considerations, including whether the active substance can be expected to meet the approval criteria applicable to human health as laid down in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. A follow-up mandate was received to update the statement issued on 31 July 2019 with the outcome of the expert meeting in mammalian toxicology held on 5 September 2019 during which chlorpyrifos-methyl was rediscussed. The concerns identified in the previous statement are maintained.
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Anvar Z, Acurzio B, Roma J, Cerrato F, Verde G. Origins of DNA methylation defects in Wilms tumors. Cancer Lett 2019; 457:119-128. [PMID: 31103718 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wilms tumor is an embryonic renal cancer that typically presents in early childhood and accounts for 7% of all paediatric cancers. Different genetic alterations have been described in this malignancy, however, only a few of them are associated with a majority of Wilms tumors. Alterations in DNA methylation, in contrast, are frequent molecular defects observed in most cases of Wilms tumors. How these epimutations are established in this tumor is not yet completely clear. The recent identification of the molecular actors required for the epigenetic reprogramming during embryogenesis suggests novel possible mechanisms responsible for the DNA methylation defects in Wilms tumor. Here, we provide an overview of the DNA methylation alterations observed in this malignancy and discuss the distinct molecular mechanisms by which these epimutations can arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Anvar
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'A. Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Basilia Acurzio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'A. Buzzati-Traverso', CNR, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Josep Roma
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavia Cerrato
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Gaetano Verde
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Shrestha S, Singh VK, Sarkar SK, Shanmugasundaram B, Jeevaratnam K, Koner BC. Effect of sub-toxic chlorpyrifos on redox sensitive kinases and insulin signaling in rat L6 myotubes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2019; 17:325-332. [PMID: 30918868 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-018-0379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Sub-chronic exposures to chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus pesticide is associated with incidence of diabetes mellitus. Biochemical basis of chlorpyrifos-induced diabetes mellitus is not known. Hence, effect of its sub-toxic exposure on redox sensitive kinases, insulin signaling and insulin-induced glucose uptake were assessed in rat muscle cell line. Methods In an in vitro study, rat myoblasts (L6) cell line were differentiated to myotubes and then were exposed to sub-toxic concentrations (6 mg/L and 12 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos for 18 h. Then total anti-oxidant level in myotubes was measured and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was assayed. Assessment of activation of NFκB & p38MAPK and insulin signaling following insulin stimulation from tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and serine phosphorylation of Akt were done in myotubes after chlorpyrifos exposure by western blot (WB) and compared with those in vehicle-treated controls. Results The glucose uptake and total antioxidant level in L6-derived myotubes after sub-toxic exposure to chlorpyrifos were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. As measured from band density of WB, phosphorylation levels increased for redo-sensitive kinases (p38MAPK and IκBα component of NFκB) and decreased for IRS-1 (at tyrosine 1222) and Akt (at serine 473) on insulin stimulation following chlorpyrifos exposure as compared to those in controls. Conclusion We conclude that sub-toxic chlorpyrifos exposure induces oxidative stress in muscle cells activating redox sensitive kinases that impairs insulin signaling and thereby insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle cells. This probably explains the biochemical basis of chlorpyrifos-induced insulin resistance state and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijana Shrestha
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, 2 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, PIN 110002 India
| | - Vijay Kumar Singh
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, 2 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, PIN 110002 India
| | - Sajib Kumar Sarkar
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, 2 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, PIN 110002 India
| | | | - Kadirvelu Jeevaratnam
- 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Koner
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College, 2 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, PIN 110002 India
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Pérez-Cerezales S, Ramos-Ibeas P, Rizos D, Lonergan P, Bermejo-Alvarez P, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Early sex-dependent differences in response to environmental stress. Reproduction 2017; 155:R39-R51. [PMID: 29030490 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity enables the appearance of long-term effects in offspring caused by exposure to environmental stressors during embryonic and foetal life. These long-term effects can be traced to pre- and post-implantation development, and in both cases, the effects are usually sex specific. During preimplantation development, male and female embryos exhibit an extensive transcriptional dimorphism mainly driven by incomplete X chromosome inactivation. These early developmental stages are crucial for the establishment of epigenetic marks that will be conserved throughout development, making it a particularly susceptible period for the appearance of long-term epigenetic-based phenotypes. Later in development, gonadal formation generates hormonal differences between the sexes, and male and female placentae exhibit different responses to environmental stressors. The maternal environment, including hormones and environmental insults during pregnancy, contributes to sex-specific placental development that controls genetic and epigenetic programming during foetal development, regulating sex-specific differences, including sex-specific epigenetic responses to environmental hazards, leading to long-term effects. This review summarizes several human and animal studies examining sex-specific responses to environmental stressors during both the periconception period (caused by differences in sex chromosome dosage) and placental development (caused by both sex chromosomes and hormones). The identification of relevant sex-dependent trajectories caused by sex chromosomes and/or sex hormones is essential to define diagnostic markers and prevention/intervention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Dimorphic placental stress: A repercussion of interaction between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and fetal sex. Med Hypotheses 2017; 99:73-75. [PMID: 28110704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Placental homeostasis is critical for fetal development as it determines the health of mother and fetus during pregnancy and in later life. Interestingly even the fetus, in a sexually dimorphic manner, influences the pedantic growth and development of placenta. Although placenta is thought to act as a protective barrier against chemical exposures, certain endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are circulating in mother's blood tend to cross placenta. These EDCs have been reported to cause changes in expression levels of certain genes, immunogenic factors and non-coding RNAs such as micro RNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) leading to placental stress. We hypothesize that these changes in placenta occur in a sexually dimorphic manner as a result of interaction between EDC exposure and fetal sex. Therefore, we propose that the ability of placenta to respond and buffer EDC exposure depends on fetal sex and, hence the EDC associated disease susceptibility of one sex differs from the other.
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are over 200 nucleotides in length and are transcribed from the mammalian genome in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated pattern. There is growing recognition that lncRNAs are novel biomarkers and/or key regulators of toxicological responses in humans and animal models. Lacking protein-coding capacity, the numerous types of lncRNAs possess a myriad of transcriptional regulatory functions that include cis and trans gene expression, transcription factor activity, chromatin remodeling, imprinting, and enhancer up-regulation. LncRNAs also influence mRNA processing, post-transcriptional regulation, and protein trafficking. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been implicated in various human health outcomes such as various cancers, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, as well as intermediary metabolism such as glucose, lipid, and bile acid homeostasis. Interestingly, emerging evidence in the literature over the past five years has shown that lncRNA regulation is impacted by exposures to various chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, cadmium, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bisphenol A, phthalates, phenols, and bile acids. Recent technological advancements, including next-generation sequencing technologies and novel computational algorithms, have enabled the profiling and functional characterizations of lncRNAs on a genomic scale. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and general biological functions of lncRNAs, highlight the important roles of lncRNAs in human diseases and especially during the toxicological responses to various xenobiotics, evaluate current methods for identifying aberrant lncRNA expression and molecular target interactions, and discuss the potential to implement these tools to address fundamental questions in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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Schmidt RJ, Schroeder DI, Crary-Dooley FK, Barkoski JM, Tancredi DJ, Walker CK, Ozonoff S, Hertz-Picciotto I, LaSalle JM. Self-reported pregnancy exposures and placental DNA methylation in the MARBLES prospective autism sibling study. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw024. [PMID: 28781890 PMCID: PMC5538262 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Human placenta is a fetal-derived tissue that offers a unique sample of epigenetic and environmental exposures present in utero. In the MARBLES prospective pregnancy study of high-risk younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), pregnancy and environmental factors collected by maternal interviews were examined as predictors of placental DNA methylation, including partially methylated domains (PMDs), an embryonic feature of the placental methylome. DNA methylation data from MethylC-seq analysis of 47 placentas of children clinically diagnosed at 3 years with ASD or typical development using standardized assessments were examined in relation to: child's gestational age, birth-weight, and diagnosis; maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking, education, parity, height, prenatal vitamin and folate intake; home ownership; pesticides professionally applied to lawns or gardens or inside homes, pet flea/tick pouches, collars, or soaps/shampoos used in the 3 months prior to or during pregnancy. Sequencing run, order, and coverage, and child race and sex were considered as potential confounders. Akaike information criterion was used to select the most parsimonious among candidate models. Final prediction models used sandwich estimators to produce homoscadisticity-robust estimates of the 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-values controlled the false discovery rate at 5%. The strongest, most robust associations were between pesticides professionally applied outside the home and higher average methylation over PMDs [0.45 (95% CI 0.17, 0.72), P = 0.03] and a reduced proportion of the genome in PMDs [-0.42 (95% CI - 0.67 to -0.17), P = 0.03]. Pesticide exposures could alter placental DNA methylation more than other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diane I. Schroeder
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Florence K. Crary-Dooley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cheryl K. Walker
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Genome Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Brieño-Enríquez MA, Larriba E, Del Mazo J. Endocrine disrupters, microRNAs, and primordial germ cells: a dangerous cocktail. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:871-9. [PMID: 27521771 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental pollutants that may change the homeostasis of the endocrine system, altering the differentiation of germ cells with consequences for reproduction. In mammals, germ cell differentiation begins with primordial germ cells (PGCs) during embryogenesis. Primordial germ cell development and gametogenesis are genetically regulated processes, in which the posttranscriptional gene regulation could be mediated by small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we review the deleterious effects of exposure during fetal life to EDCs mediated by deregulation of ncRNAs, and specifically miRNAs on PGC differentiation. Moreover, the environmental stress induced by exposure to some EDCs during the embryonic window of development could trigger reproductive dysfunctions transgenerationally transmitted by epigenetic mechanisms with the involvement of miRNAs expressed in germ line cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Kim HY, Wegner SH, Van Ness KP, Park JJ, Pacheco SE, Workman T, Hong S, Griffith W, Faustman EM. Differential epigenetic effects of chlorpyrifos and arsenic in proliferating and differentiating human neural progenitor cells. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:212-223. [PMID: 27523287 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying temporal and mechanistic responses to neurotoxicant exposures during sensitive periods of neuronal development are critical for assessing the impact of these exposures on developmental processes. To investigate the importance of timing of neurotoxicant exposure for perturbation of epigenetic regulation, we exposed human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs) to chlorpyrifos (CP) and sodium arsenite (As; positive control) during proliferation and differentiation. CP or As treatment effects on hNPCs morphology, cell viability, and changes in protein expression levels of neural differentiation and cell stress markers, and histone H3 modifications were examined. Cell viability, proliferation/differentiation status, and epigenetic results suggest that hNPCs cultures respond to CP and As treatment with different degrees of sensitivity. Histone modifications, as measured by changes in histone H3 phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation, varied for each toxicant and growth condition, suggesting that differentiation status can influence the epigenetic effects of CP and As exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susanna H Wegner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kirk P Van Ness
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Juyoung Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sara E Pacheco
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institute of Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Espinoza M, Rivero Osimani V, Sánchez V, Rosenbaum E, Guiñazú N. B-esterase determination and organophosphate insecticide inhibitory effects in JEG-3 trophoblasts. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:190-7. [PMID: 26790371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The placenta and trophoblasts express several B-esterases. This family includes acethylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which are important targets of organophosphate insecticide (OP) toxicity. To better understand OP effects on trophoblasts, B-esterase basal activity and kinetic behavior were studied in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell cultures. Effects of the OP azinphos-methyl (Am) and chlorpyrifos (Cp) on cellular enzyme activity were also evaluated. JEG-3 cells showed measurable activity levels of AChE and CES, while BChE was undetected. Recorded Km for AChE and CES were 0.33 and 0.26 mM respectively. Native gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated CES1 and CES2 isoform expression. Cells exposed for 4 and 24 h to the OP Am or Cp, showed a differential CES and AChE inhibition profiles. Am inhibited CES and AChE at 4 h treatment while Cp showed the highest inhibition profile at 24 h. Interestingly, both insecticides differentially affected CES1 and CES2 activities. Results demonstrated that JEG-3 trophoblasts express AChE, CES1 and CES2. B-esterase enzymes were inhibited by in vitro OP exposure, indicating that JEG-3 cells metabolization capabilities include phase I enzymes, able to bioactivate OP. In addition, since CES enzymes are important for medicinal drug activation/deactivation, OP exposure may interfere with trophoblast CES metabolization, probably being relevant in a co-exposure scenario during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Espinoza
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | | | - Victoria Sánchez
- LIBIQUIMA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Enrique Rosenbaum
- LIBIQUIMA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Natalia Guiñazú
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias del Ambiente y la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina; LIBIQUIMA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
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13
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Shin HS, Seo JH, Jeong SH, Park SW, Park YI, Son SW, Kang HG, Kim JS. Effect on the H19 gene methylation of sperm and organs of offspring after chlorpyrifos-methyl exposure during organogenesis period. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1355-1363. [PMID: 25782373 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect on the H19 gene methylation of sperm and organs in offspring by chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM) exposure during organogenesis period, CPM was administered at doses of 4 (CPM4), 20 (CPM20), and 100 (CPM100) mg/kg bw/day from 7 days post coitum (d.p.c.) to 17 d.p.c. after mating CAST/Ei (♂) and B6 (♀). Anogenital distance (AGD) was measured at postnatal day (PND) 21. Clinical signs, body weights, feed and water consumption, organs weights, serum hormone values, and H19 methylation level of organ and sperm were measured at PND63. Body weights were significantly lower than control until PND6. AGD was significantly decreased in the CPM100 group in males and increased in the CPM20 group in females. The absolute weights of the thymus and epididymis were significantly increased for males in all of CPM treatment groups. In the CPM20 group, absolute weights of liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, prostate gland, and testes were significantly increased. Testosterone concentrations in serum were significantly increased by CPM treatment in males. H19 methylation level of liver and thymus showed decreased pattern in a dose-dependent manner in males. The levels of H19 methylation in sperm were 73.76 ± 7.16% (Control), 57.84 ± 12.94% (CPM4), 64.24 ± 3.79% (CPM20), and 64.24 ± 3.79% (CPM100). Conclusively, CPM exposure during organogenesis period can disrupt H19 methylation in sperm, liver, and thymus and disturb the early development of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sook Shin
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Seo
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Jeong
- GLP Research Center, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, 79 Hoseoro, Baebangup, Asan-si, Chungnam, 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Park
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Park
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wan Son
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- Toxicology & Residue Chemistry Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Suk Kim
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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14
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Abstract
The placenta is an ephemeral but critical organ for the survival of all eutherian mammals and marsupials. It is the primary messenger system between the mother and fetus, where communicational signals, nutrients, waste, gases, and extrinsic factors are exchanged. Although the placenta may buffer the fetus from various environmental insults, placental dysfunction might also contribute to detrimental developmental origins of adult health and disease effects. The placenta of one sex over the other might possess greater ability to respond and buffer against environmental insults. Given the potential role of the placenta in effecting the lifetime health of the offspring, it is not surprising that there has been a resurging interest in this organ, including the Human Placental Project launched by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development. In this review, we will compare embryological development of the laboratory mouse and human chorioallantoic placentae. Next, evidence that various species, including humans, exhibit normal sex-dependent structural and functional placental differences will be examined followed by how in utero environmental changes (nutritional state, stress, and exposure to environmental chemicals) might interact with fetal sex to affect this organ. Recent data also suggest that paternal state impacts placental function in a sex-dependent manner. The research to date linking placental maladaptive responses and later developmental origins of adult health and disease effects will be explored. Finally, we will focus on how sex chromosomes and epimutations may contribute to sex-dependent differences in placental function, the unanswered questions, and future directions that warrant further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Departments of Bond Life Sciences Center, Biomedical Sciences, Genetics Area Program, and Research Faculty Member for the Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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15
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Ayala-García B, López-Santibáñez Guevara M, Marcos-Camacho LI, Fuentes-Farías AL, Meléndez-Herrera E, Gutiérrez-Ospina G. Speciation, phenotypic variation and plasticity: what can endocrine disruptors tell us? Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:862739. [PMID: 23762055 PMCID: PMC3670528 DOI: 10.1155/2013/862739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotype variability, phenotypic plasticity, and the inheritance of phenotypic traits constitute the fundamental ground of processes such as individuation, individual and species adaptation and ultimately speciation. Even though traditional evolutionary thinking relies on genetic mutations as the main source of intra- and interspecies phenotypic variability, recent studies suggest that the epigenetic modulation of gene transcription and translation, epigenetic memory, and epigenetic inheritance are by far the most frequent reliable sources of transgenerational variability among viable individuals within and across organismal species. Therefore, individuation and speciation should be considered as nonmutational epigenetic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Ayala-García
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, MI, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Braulio Ayala-García: and
| | - Marta López-Santibáñez Guevara
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lluvia I. Marcos-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, MI, Mexico
| | - Alma L. Fuentes-Farías
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, MI, Mexico
| | - Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, MI, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina:
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