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Uhl L, Gerstel A, Chabalier M, Dukan S. Hydrogen peroxide induced cell death: One or two modes of action? Heliyon 2015; 1:e00049. [PMID: 27441232 PMCID: PMC4945851 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Imlay and Linn show that exposure of logarithmically growing Escherichia coli to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) leads to two kinetically distinguishable modes of cell killing. Mode one killing is pronounced near 1 mM concentration of H2O2 and is caused by DNA damage, whereas mode-two killing requires higher concentration (>10 mM). The second mode seems to be essentially due to damage to all macromolecules. This phenomenon has also been observed in Fenton in vitro systems with DNA nicking caused by hydroxyl radical (HO•). To our knowledge, there is currently no mathematical model for predicting mode one killing in vitro or in vivo after H2O2 exposure. We propose a simple model, using Escherichia coli as a model organism and a set of ordinary differential equations. Using this model, we show that available iron and cell density, two factors potentially involved in ROS dynamics, play a major role in the prediction of the experimental results obtained by our team and in previous studies. Indeed the presence of the mode one killing is strongly related to those two parameters. To our knowledge, mode-one death has not previously been explained. Imlay and Linn (Imlay and Linn, 1986) suggested that perhaps the amount of the toxic species was reduced at high concentrations of H2O2 because hydroxyl (or other) radicals might be quenched directly by hydrogen peroxide with the concomitant formation of superoxide anion (a less toxic species). We demonstrate (mathematically and numerically) that free available iron decrease is necessary to explain mode one killing which cannot appear without it and that H2O2 quenching or consumption is not responsible for mode-one death. We are able to follow ROS concentration (particularly responsible for mode one killing) after exposure to H2O2. This model therefore allows us to understand two major parameters involved in the presence or not of the first killing mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Uhl
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée - Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS UMR7283, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Gerstel
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée - Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS UMR7283, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Maialène Chabalier
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée - Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS UMR7283, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sam Dukan
- Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée - Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, CNRS UMR7283, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
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Balestri F, Cappiello M, Moschini R, Rotondo R, Abate M, Del-Corso A, Mura U. Modulation of aldose reductase activity by aldose hemiacetals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015. [PMID: 26215787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose is considered as one of the main sources of cell damage related to aldose reductase (AR) action in hyperglycemic conditions and a worldwide effort is posed in searching for specific inhibitors of the enzyme. This AR substrate has often been reported as generating non-hyperbolic kinetics, mimicking a negative cooperative behavior. This feature was explained by the simultaneous action of two enzyme forms acting on the same substrate. METHODS The reduction of different aldoses and other classical AR substrates was studied using pure preparations of bovine lens and human recombinant AR. RESULTS The apparent cooperative behavior of AR acting on glucose and other hexoses and pentoses, but not on tethroses, glyceraldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, is generated by a partial nonclassical competitive inhibition exerted by the aldose hemiacetal on the reduction of the free aldehyde. A kinetic model is proposed and kinetic parameters are determined for the reduction of l-idose. CONCLUSIONS Due to the unavoidable presence of the hemiacetal, glucose reduction by AR occurs under different conditions with respect to other relevant AR-substrates, such as alkanals and alkenals, coming from membrane lipid peroxidation. This may have implications in searching for AR inhibitors. The emerging kinetic parameters for the aldoses free aldehyde indicate the remarkable ability of the enzyme to interact and reduce highly hydrophilic and bulky substrates. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The discovery of aldose reductase modulation by hemiacetals offers a new perspective in searching for aldose reductase inhibitors to be developed as drugs counteracting the onset of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via San Zeno, 51, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via San Zeno, 51, Pisa 56127, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via San Zeno, 51, Pisa 56127, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Rotondo
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via San Zeno, 51, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Marco Abate
- University of Pisa, Department of Mathematics, via Buonarroti, 2, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via San Zeno, 51, Pisa 56127, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Umberto Mura
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, via San Zeno, 51, Pisa 56127, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Shen Y, Zhong L, Markwell S, Cao D. Thiol-disulfide exchanges modulate aldo–keto reductase family 1 member B10 activity and sensitivity to inhibitors. Biochimie 2010; 92:530-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Flora SJS, Mehta A, Gautam P, Jatav PC, Pathak U. Essential metal status, prooxidant/antioxidant effects of MiADMSA in male rats: age-related effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 120:235-47. [PMID: 17916976 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-007-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiols are known to act as protectants in the biological system for their involvement in a number of metabolic regulations. In this study, we investigated the effect of a new and potent thiol-chelating agent, monoisoamyl 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (MiADMSA), an analog of meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, to find out if it could act as a prooxidant (because of its lipophilic character) or antioxidant (because of thiol moiety) that could supplement its chelating properties in different age groups of male rats (young, adult, and old rats) and produce effective clinical recoveries in the treatment of metal intoxication. Animals were treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of MiADMSA, i.p, once daily for 1 week to assess the effect on the antioxidant system in major organs based on sensitive biochemical variables indicative of oxidative stress. Results suggested that MiADMSA administration increased the activity of d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in all the age groups and increased blood glutathione (GSH) levels in young rats. MiADMSA also potentiated the synthesis of metallothioneine in liver and kidneys and GSH levels in liver and brain. Apart from this it also significantly reduced the glutathione disulfide levels in tissues. However, administration of MiADMSA caused some concern over the copper loss. MiADMSA was found to be safe in rats of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J S Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, India.
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5
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Dal Monte M, Del Corso A, Moschini R, Cappiello M, Amodeo P, Mura U. Zofenoprilat-glutathione mixed disulfide as a specific S-thiolating agent of bovine lens aldose reductase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:841-8. [PMID: 15998238 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Zofenoprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor carrying a thiol group, to intervene in protein S-thiolation processes was tested on bovine lens aldose reductase (ALR2). Zofenoprilat, more susceptible to oxidation than glutathione (GSH), forms with this physiological thiol a rather stable mixed disulfide (ZSSG). ZSSG, whose generation through the transthiolation reaction between GSH and Zofenoprilat homodisulfide was shown to be enhanced by a micro-class glutathione S-transferase, appears to be a specific donor of the Zofenoprilat moiety in the S-thiolation processes. This is indicated by the apparent stability of ZSSG to reduction by GSH and by the specificity of the transfer of the group on ALR2, used as a protein model. Indeed, the S-thiolation of ALR2 by ZSSG occurred exclusively through the insertion of the Zofenoprilat moiety of ZSSG on the enzyme. The modified ALR2 is shown to retain the same activity of the native enzyme, but displays a reduced sensitivity to inhibition. The S-thiolation of specific target enzymes is proposed as an event potentially relevant for the antioxidant action of Zofenoprilat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Dal Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Mura U, Cappiello M, Vilardo PG, Cecconi I, Dal Monte M, Del Corso A. Signalling potential and protein modifying ability of physiological thiols. Biofactors 2003; 17:279-85. [PMID: 12897449 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520170127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Mura
- Dip. di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria, 55, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Cecconi I, Scaloni A, Rastelli G, Moroni M, Vilardo PG, Costantino L, Cappiello M, Garland D, Carper D, Petrash JM, Del Corso A, Mura U. Oxidative modification of aldose reductase induced by copper ion. Definition of the metal-protein interaction mechanism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42017-27. [PMID: 12183464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206945200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (ALR2) is susceptible to oxidative inactivation by copper ion. The mechanism underlying the reversible modification of ALR2 was studied by mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and molecular modeling approaches on the enzyme purified from bovine lens and on wild type and mutant recombinant forms of the human placental and rat lens ALR2. Two equivalents of copper ion were required to inactivate ALR2: one remained weakly bound to the oxidized protein whereas the other was strongly retained by the inactive enzyme. Cys(303) appeared to be the essential residue for enzyme inactivation, because the human C303S mutant was the only enzyme form tested that was not inactivated by copper treatment. The final products of human and bovine ALR2 oxidation contained the intramolecular disulfide bond Cys(298)-Cys(303). However, a Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide could also be formed. Evidence for an intramolecular rearrangement of the Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide to the more stable product Cys(298)-Cys(303) is provided. Molecular modeling of the holoenzyme supports the observed copper sequestration as well as the generation of the Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide. However, no evidence of conditions favoring the formation of the Cys(298)-Cys(303) disulfide was observed. Our proposal is that the generation of the Cys(298)-Cys(303) disulfide, either directly or by rearrangement of the Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide, may be induced by the release of the cofactor from ALR2 undergoing oxidation. The occurrence of a less interactive site for the cofactor would also provide the rationale for the lack of activity of the disulfide enzyme forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cecconi
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria, 55, Italy
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8
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Cappiello M, Amodeo P, Mendez BL, Scaloni A, Vilardo PG, Cecconi I, Dal Monte M, Banditelli S, Talamo F, Micheli V, Giblin FJ, Del Corso A, Mura U. Modulation of aldose reductase activity through S-thiolation by physiological thiols. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:597-608. [PMID: 11306078 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The glutathionyl-modified aldose reductase (GS-ALR2) is unique, among different S-thiolated enzyme forms, in that it displays a lower specific activity than the native enzyme (ALR2). Specific interactions of the bound glutathionyl moiety (GS) with the ALR2 active site, were predicted by a low perturbative molecular modelling approach. The outcoming GS allocation, involving interactions with residues relevant for catalysis and substrate allocation, explains the rationale behind the observed differences in the activity between GS-ALR2 and other thiol-modified enzyme forms. The reversible S-glutathionylation of ALR2 observed in cultured intact bovine lens undergoing an oxidative/non oxidative treatment cycle is discussed in terms of the potential of ALR2/GS-ALR2 inter-conversion as a response to oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cappiello
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Via S. Maria, 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Del Corso A, Costantino L, Rastelli G, Buono F, Mura U. Aldose reductase does catalyse the reduction of glyceraldehyde through a stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH. Exp Eye Res 2000; 71:515-21. [PMID: 11040087 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to define the ability of bovine lens aldose reductase (ALR2) to generate polyols from aldoses, the quantitative determination of glycerol in the presence of glyceraldehyde was performed by gas chromatography after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. The proposed method appears to be useful in quantifying low amounts of glycerol in the presence of relatively high concentrations of glyceraldehyde and in following glycerol formation in enzyme assay conditions. The generation of one equivalent of glycerol in the presence of ALR2, is paralleled by the oxidation of one equivalent of NADPH. A similar result was obtained when S-glutathionyl-modified ALR2 was used, instead of the native enzyme, as a catalyst of glyceraldehyde reduction. Sorbinil, a classical ALR2 inhibitor, present in the enzyme assay mixture, inhibits to the same extent both NADPH oxidation and glycerol formation. The demonstration of the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 occurring in the presence of bovine lens ALR2 between the synthesis of glycerol from D, L -glyceraldehyde and the oxidation of NADPH, rules out doubts concerning the ability of the enzyme to catalyse the reduction of aldoses to the corresponding polyalcohols. Possible autooxidation processes of glyceraldehyde, in the enzyme assay conditions, appear to be irrelevant with respect to the enzyme-catalysed reduction of the aldose. This would indicate that the spectrophotometric monitoring of NADPH oxidation at 340 nm, in the presence of ALR2, is a reliable method to assay the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Corso
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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10
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Cappiello M, Vilardo PG, Micheli V, Jacomelli G, Banditelli S, Leverenz V, Giblin FJ, Del Corso A, Mura U. Thiol disulfide exchange modulates the activity of aldose reductase in intact bovine lens as a response to oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:795-803. [PMID: 10843784 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reversibility of S-thiolation of aldose reductase was shown in intact bovine lens subjected to oxidative stress. The glutathione modified aldose reductase generated in the lens as a consequence of hyperbaric oxygen treatment was recovered in its reduced form following culturing in normobaric air conditions. Nucleus and cortex were differently affected by both oxidative treatment and normobaric air recovery. The extent of S-thiolation of aldose reductase appeared to be higher in the nucleus than in the cortex. Moreover, the nucleus, but not the cortex, was unable to completely recover from the protein S-thiolation process. The ratios of GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP(+)as well as the Energy Charge values were determined in the cortex and nucleus both after oxidative stress and recovery. The results are consistent with the existence of a quite well-defined boundary between the two lens regions. Moreover, they are supportive of the hypothesis that thiol/disulfide exchange has the potential to be a regulatory mechanism for certain enzymes which can modulate the flux of NADPH inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cappiello
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria 55, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Yoon SJ, Koh YH, Floyd RA, Park JW. Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase enhances DNA damage and mutagenicity induced by cysteine/iron. Mutat Res 2000; 448:97-104. [PMID: 10751627 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage caused by a cysteine metal-catalyzed oxidation system (Cys-MCO) comprised of Fe(3+), O(2), and a cysteine as an electron donor was enhanced by copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in a concentration-dependent manner, as reflected by the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) and strand breaks. Unlike CuZnSOD, manganese SOD (MnSOD) as well as iron SOD (FeSOD) did not enhance DNA damage. The capacity of CuZnSOD to enhance damage to DNA was inhibited by a spin-trapping agent, 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and a metal chelator, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DETAPAC). The deoxyribose assay showed that hydroxyl free radicals were generated in the reaction of CuZnSOD with Cys-MCO. We found that the Cys-MCO system caused the release of free copper from CuZnSOD. CuZnSOD also caused the two-fold enhancement of a mutation in the pUC18 lacZ' gene in the presence of Cys-MCO when measured as a loss of alpha-complementation. Based on these results, we interpret the effects of CuZnSOD on Cys-MCO-induced DNA damage and mutation as due to reactive oxygen species, probably hydroxyl free radicals, formed by the reaction of free Cu(2+), released from oxidatively damaged CuZnSOD, and H(2)O(2) produced by the Cys-MCO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea
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12
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Mizoguchi T, Maeda I, Yagi K, Kador PF. Formation of lens aldose reductase mixed disulfides with GSH by UV irradiation and its proteolysis by lens calpain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 463:481-6. [PMID: 10352722 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Japan
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13
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Del Corso A, Vilardo PG, Barsotti C, Cappiello M, Cecconi I, Dal Monte M, Marini I, Banditelli S, Mura U. Interconversion pathways of aldose reductase induced by thiol compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 463:453-8. [PMID: 10352718 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Del Corso
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Italy
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14
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Kwon OJ, Lee SM, Floyd RA, Park JW. Thiol-dependent metal-catalyzed oxidation of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1387:249-56. [PMID: 9748611 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme in the antioxidant system of the cells. When exposed to a metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) system composed of Fe3+, O2, and thiol as an electron donor copper, zinc SOD (CuZnSOD) was susceptible to oxidative modification and damage as indicated by the loss of activity, fragmentation and aggregation of peptide as well as by the formation of carbonyl groups. Oxidative damage to CuZnSOD was inhibited by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid as well as by free radical scavengers and spin-trapping agents. The results of the present study indicate that hydrogen peroxide may be generated from a thiol/Fe3+/O2 system and that hydroxyl free radicals, produced by metal-catalyzed Fenton reactions, may be the ultimate species mediating the SOD damage. Incubation with the MCO system resulted in the release of Cu ions from CuZnSOD. Incubation with the thiol-MCO did not significantly increase the formation of 2-oxohistidine in CuZnSOD. The lack of formation of 2-oxohistidine, as well as the pronounced preventive effect of spin-traps on the thiol-MCO-mediated damage to CuZnSOD, indicates that inactivation might actually be predominantly due to global oxidation rather than a site-specific oxidation. The thiol-MCO-mediated damage to SOD may result in the perturbation of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and subsequently lead to a pro-oxidant condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701, South Korea
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15
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Del Corso A, Dal Monte M, Vilardo PG, Cecconi I, Moschini R, Banditelli S, Cappiello M, Tsai L, Mura U. Site-specific inactivation of aldose reductase by 4-hydroxynonenal. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 350:245-8. [PMID: 9473298 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lens aldose reductase (ALR2), which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), is readily inactivated by its own substrate in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Both DTT and NADP+ can prevent enzyme inactivation but neither extensive dialysis nor thiol-reducing treatment were able to restore enzyme activity once inactivation had occurred. Unlike the native enzyme, S-glutathionyl-modified ALR2 is unaffected by HNE, and can be easily reverted to the native form under thiol-reducing conditions. Evidence is presented of the involvement of Cys298 in the inactivation process. Zofenoprilat, an antioxidant thiol compound, mimics the effect of GSH. The possibility is raised that enzyme thiolation may function as a protection mechanism against the irreversible modification of ALR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Corso
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria, Pisa, 55, Italy
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16
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Park JW, Floyd RA. Glutathione/Fe3+/O2-mediated DNA strand breaks and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation. Enhancement by copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1336:263-8. [PMID: 9305798 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage reflected by the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) and strand breaks caused by a glutathione mixed-function oxidation system (GSH-MFO) comprised of Fe3+, O2, and glutathione as an electron donor was enhanced by copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlike CuZnSOD, manganese SOD (MnSOD) as well as iron SOD (FeSOD) did not enhance either strand breaks or 8-OH-dH formation in DNA. The capacity of CuZnSOD to enhance damage to DNA was inhibited by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), a spin trapping agent. The salicylate hydroxylation assay showed that hydroxyl radicals formed in the presence of the GSH-MFO system was increased by CuZnSOD. The GSH-MFO system caused the release of free copper from CuZnSOD. Based on these results, we interpret the effects of CuZnSOD on the GSH-MFO induced DNA damage as due to reactive oxygen species, probably .OH, formed by the reaction of free Cu2+, released from oxidatively damaged CuZnSOD, and H2O2 produced by the GSH-MFO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea.
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17
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Mizoguchi T, Ogura T, Yagi K, Kador PF. D-fructose-mediated stimulation of bovine lens aldose reductase activation by UV-irradiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 414:529-35. [PMID: 9059659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5871-2_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Mizoguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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18
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Cappiello M, Voltarelli M, Cecconi I, Vilardo PG, Dal Monte M, Marini I, Del Corso A, Wilson DK, Quiocho FA, Petrash JM, Mura U. Specifically targeted modification of human aldose reductase by physiological disulfides. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:33539-44. [PMID: 8969219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.52.33539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase is inactivated by physiological disulfides such as GSSG and cystine. To study the mechanism of disulfide-induced enzyme inactivation, we examined the rate and extent of enzyme inactivation using wild-type human aldose reductase and mutants containing cysteine-to-serine substitutions at positions 80 (C80S), 298 (C298S), and 303 (C303S). The wild-type, C80S, and C303S enzymes lost >80% activity following incubation with GSSG, whereas the C298S mutant was not affected. Loss of activity correlated with enzyme thiolation. The binary enzyme-NADP+ complex was less susceptible to enzyme thiolation than the apoenzyme. These results suggest that thiolation of human aldose reductase occurs predominantly at Cys-298. Energy minimization of a hypothetical enzyme complex modified by glutathione at Cys-298 revealed that the glycyl carboxylate of glutathione may participate in a charged interaction with His-110 in a manner strikingly similar to that involving the carboxylate group of the potent aldose reductase inhibitor Zopolrestat. In contrast to what was observed with GSSG and cystine, cystamine inactivated the wild-type enzyme as well as all three cysteine mutants. This suggests that cystamine-induced inactivation of aldose reductase does not involve modification of cysteines exclusively at position 80, 298, or 303.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cappiello
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria 55, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
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Costantino L, Rastelli G, Vescovini K, Cignarella G, Vianello P, Del Corso A, Cappiello M, Mura U, Barlocco D. Synthesis, activity, and molecular modeling of a new series of tricyclic pyridazinones as selective aldose reductase inhibitors. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4396-405. [PMID: 8893834 DOI: 10.1021/jm960124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Three new series of tricyclic pyridazinones have been synthesized and tested in vitro in order to assess (i) their ability to inhibit aldose reductase enzyme (ALR2) and (ii) their specificity toward the target enzyme with respect to other related oxidoreductases, such as aldehyde reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase. The inhibitory capability of the most effective compounds (IC50 values ranging from 6.44 to 12.6 microM) appears to be associated with a rather significant specificity for ALR2. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamic calculations performed on the ALR2-inhibitor complex give indications of specific interaction sites responsible for the binding, thus providing information for the design of new inhibitors with improved affinity for the enzyme.
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Del Corso A, Cappiello M, Mura U. Thiol dependent oxidation of enzymes: the last chance against oxidative stress. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:745-50. [PMID: 8063003 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. A survey of known effects of oxidized thiols on enzyme activity reveals a potential concerted action on metabolic pathways determining an impairment of anabolic reduction processes and an activation of the oxidative arm of the hexose monophosphate shunt. Thus it appears that, following oxidative stress, the increase of disulphides may act in restoring a reduced state in the cell by specifically channelling the metabolic energy flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Corso
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Italy
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