1
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de Freitas V, Costa TR, Nogueira AR, Polloni L, Alves de Melo Fernandes T, Correia LIV, Borges BC, Teixeira SC, Silva MJB, Amorim FG, Quinton L, Saraiva AL, Espindola FS, Iwai LK, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, de Melo Rodrigues Ávila V. Biochemical characterization and assessment of leishmanicidal effects of a new L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake venom (CollinLA AO-I). Toxicon 2023; 230:107156. [PMID: 37169266 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the isolation of CollinLAAO-I, a new L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake venom, its biochemical characterization and leishmanicidal potential in Leishmania spp. CollinLAAO-I (63.1 kDa) was successfully isolated with high purity using two chromatographic steps and represents 2.5% of total venom proteins. CollinLAAO-I displayed high enzymatic activity (4262.83 U/mg/min), significantly reducing after 28 days. The enzymatic activity of CollinLAAO-I revealed higher affinity for hydrophobic amino acids such as L-leucine, high enzymatic activity in a wide pH range (6.0-10.0), at temperatures from 0 to 25 °C, and showed complete inhibition in the presence of Na+ and K+. Cytotoxicity assays revealed IC50 of 18.49 and 11.66 μg/mL for Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (L.) infantum, respectively, and the cytotoxicity was completely suppressed by catalase. CollinLAAO-I significantly increased the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the mitochondrial potential of both Leishmania species. Furthermore, CollinLAAO-I decreased the parasite capacity to infect macrophages by around 70%, indicating that even subtoxic concentrations of CollinLAAO-I can interfere with Leishmania vital processes. Thus, the results obtained for CollinLAAO-I provide important support for developing therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Freitas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia Rafaella Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rodrigues Nogueira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorena Polloni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thales Alves de Melo Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ian Veloso Correia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Osteoimmunology and Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gobbi Amorim
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Loïc Quinton
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Lopes Saraiva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (LETA) and Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme active on most proteinogenic L-amino acids, catalysing their conversion to α-keto acids by oxidative deamination of the substrate. For this oxidation reaction, molecular oxygen is used as the electron acceptor, generating hydrogen peroxide. LAAO can be used to detect L-amino acids, for the production of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidative agent or antimicrobial agent, and for the production of enantiopure amino acids from racemates. In this work, we characterised a previously reported LAAO from the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. The substrate scope and kinetic properties of the enzyme were determined, and the thermostability was evaluated. Additionally, we elucidated the crystal structure of this bacterial LAAO, enabling us to test the role of active site residues concerning their function in catalysis. The obtained insights and ease of expression of this thermostable LAAO provides a solid basis for the development of engineered LAAO variants tuned for biosensing and/or biocatalysis.
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Osaka Y, Kitani Y. Blood loss induces l-amino acid oxidase gene expression in the head kidney of the red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103842. [PMID: 32866581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fish, the innate immune system is more important than the adaptive immune system because it responds quickly and nonspecifically to protect against pathogens. Thus, a variety of innate immune molecules have been found in fish. Recently, l-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) were discovered as a new member of the antibacterial protein from fish skin mucus and serum. In this study, we newly found an antibacterial LAO in red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) serum. It showed a broad range of substrate specificity with aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids. The grouper LAO gene had a low expression level in the kidney under normal conditions; however, it was significantly upregulated by blood loss 1 day after bleeding. In addition, the LAO activity in the serum recovered within 3 days in the same experiment. This quick recovery may indicate that the LAO is an essential innate immune molecule in the whole grouper body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Osaka
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi Mu 4-1 Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi Mu 4-1 Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan.
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4
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Kondo H, Kitagawa M, Matsumoto Y, Saito M, Amano M, Sugiyama S, Tamura T, Kusakabe H, Inagaki K, Imada K. Structural basis of strict substrate recognition of l-lysine α-oxidase from Trichoderma viride. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2213-2225. [PMID: 32894626 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
l-Lysine oxidase (LysOX) is a FAD-dependent homodimeric enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l-lysine to produce α-keto-ε-aminocaproate with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. LysOX shows strict substrate specificity for l-lysine, whereas most l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) exhibit broad substrate specificity for l-amino acids. Previous studies of LysOX showed that overall structural similarity to the well-studied snake venom LAAOs. However, the molecular mechanism of strict specificity for l-lysine was still unclear. We here determined the structure of LysOX in complex with l-lysine at 1.7 Å resolution. The structure revealed that the hydrogen bonding network formed by D212, D315, and A440 with two water molecules is responsible for the recognition of the side chain amino group. In addition, a narrow hole formed by five hydrophobic residues in the active site contributes to strict substrate specificity. Mutation studies demonstrated that D212 and D315 are essential for l-lysine recognition, and the D212A/D315A double mutant LysOX showed different substrate specificity from LysOX. Moreover, the structural basis of the substrate specificity change has also been revealed by the structural analysis of the mutant variant and its substrate complexes. These results clearly explain the molecular mechanism of the strict specificity of LysOX and suggest that LysOX is a potential candidate for a template to design LAAOs specific to other l-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kondo
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Kitagawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Saito
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marie Amano
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugiyama
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Soares TG, Santos JLD, Alvarenga VGD, Santos JSC, Leclercq SY, Faria CD, Oliveira MAA, Bemquerer MP, Sanchez EOF, de Lima ME, Figueiredo SG, Borges MH. Biochemical and functional properties of a new l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) from Micrurus lemniscatus snake venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 154:1517-1527. [PMID: 31759013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the purification of ML-LAAO, a new LAAO from the venom of Micrurus lemniscatus snake (ML-V), using size exclusion chromatography. ML-LAAO is a 69-kDa glycoprotein that represents ~2.0% of total venom proteins. This enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.5, displaying high specificity toward hydrophobic l-amino acids. MALDI TOF/TOF and Blast analysis identified internal segments in ML-LAAO that share high sequence identity with homologous snake venom LAAOs. Western blot analysis on two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of ML-V, using anti-LAAO revealed the presence of ML-LAAO isoforms (pI 6.3-8.9). ML-LAAO blocked aggregation induced by collagen on washed platelets in a rather weak manner, it did not, however, inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP on platelet-rich plasma. In addition, this enzyme displayed in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC/MBC of 0.39 μg/mL) and in vitro leishmanicidal action against Leishmania amazonensis and L. chagasi (IC50 values of 0.14 and 0.039 μg/mL, respectively). These activities were significantly reduced by catalase, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide production is involved in some way. The data presented here revealed that ML-LAAO has bactericidal and leishmanicidal effects, suggesting that it may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Geraldo Soares
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Leal Dos Santos
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Janete Soares Coelho Santos
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sophie Yvette Leclercq
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carmem Dolores Faria
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Porto Bemquerer
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte (final), Asa Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira, 590. Santa Efigência, 30150-240 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suely Gomes Figueiredo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Maruípe, 29043-900 Vitória, Espiríto Santo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena Borges
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80, Gameleira, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Verdaguer IB, Zafra CA, Crispim M, Sussmann RA, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Prenylquinones in Human Parasitic Protozoa: Biosynthesis, Physiological Functions, and Potential as Chemotherapeutic Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203721. [PMID: 31623105 PMCID: PMC6832408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parasitic protozoa cause a large number of diseases worldwide and, for some of these diseases, there are no effective treatments to date, and drug resistance has been observed. For these reasons, the discovery of new etiological treatments is necessary. In this sense, parasitic metabolic pathways that are absent in vertebrate hosts would be interesting research candidates for the identification of new drug targets. Most likely due to the protozoa variability, uncertain phylogenetic origin, endosymbiotic events, and evolutionary pressure for adaptation to adverse environments, a surprising variety of prenylquinones can be found within these organisms. These compounds are involved in essential metabolic reactions in organisms, for example, prevention of lipoperoxidation, participation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or as enzymatic cofactors. This review will describe several prenylquinones that have been previously characterized in human pathogenic protozoa. Among all existing prenylquinones, this review is focused on ubiquinone, menaquinone, tocopherols, chlorobiumquinone, and thermoplasmaquinone. This review will also discuss the biosynthesis of prenylquinones, starting from the isoprenic side chains to the aromatic head group precursors. The isoprenic side chain biosynthesis maybe come from mevalonate or non-mevalonate pathways as well as leucine dependent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Finally, the isoprenic chains elongation and prenylquinone aromatic precursors origins from amino acid degradation or the shikimate pathway is reviewed. The phylogenetic distribution and what is known about the biological functions of these compounds among species will be described, as will the therapeutic strategies associated with prenylquinone metabolism in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi B. Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Camila A. Zafra
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Rodrigo A.C. Sussmann
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro 45810-000 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Emília A. Kimura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Alejandro M. Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7330; Fax: +5511-3091-7417
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Wiezel GA, Rustiguel JK, Morgenstern D, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Nonato MC, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Insights into the structure, function and stability of bordonein-L, the first L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Biochimie 2019; 163:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Leonardi A, Sajevic T, Pungerčar J, Križaj I. Comprehensive Study of the Proteome and Transcriptome of the Venom of the Most Venomous European Viper: Discovery of a New Subclass of Ancestral Snake Venom Metalloproteinase Precursor-Derived Proteins. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2287-2309. [PMID: 31017792 PMCID: PMC6727599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
nose-horned viper, its nominotypical subspecies Vipera
ammodytes ammodytes (Vaa), in particular,
is, medically, one of the most relevant snakes in Europe. The local
and systemic clinical manifestations of poisoning by the venom of
this snake are the result of the pathophysiological effects inflicted
by enzymatic and nonenzymatic venom components acting, most prominently,
on the blood, cardiovascular, and nerve systems. This venom is a very
complex mixture of pharmacologically active proteins and peptides.
To help improve the current antivenom therapy toward higher specificity
and efficiency and to assist drug discovery, we have constructed,
by combining transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, the most comprehensive
library yet of the Vaa venom proteins and peptides.
Sequence analysis of the venom gland cDNA library has revealed the
presence of messages encoding 12 types of polypeptide precursors.
The most abundant are those for metalloproteinase inhibitors (MPis),
bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), and natriuretic peptides
(NPs) (all three on a single precursor), snake C-type lectin-like
proteins (snaclecs), serine proteases (SVSPs), P-II and P-III metalloproteinases
(SVMPs), secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s),
and disintegrins (Dis). These constitute >88% of the venom transcriptome.
At the protein level, 57 venom proteins belonging to 16 different
protein families have been identified and, with SVSPs, sPLA2s, snaclecs, and SVMPs, comprise ∼80% of all venom proteins.
Peptides detected in the venom include NPs, BPPs, and inhibitors of
SVSPs and SVMPs. Of particular interest, a transcript coding for a
protein similar to P-III SVMPs but lacking the MP domain was also
found at the protein level in the venom. The existence of such proteins,
also supported by finding similar venom gland transcripts in related
snake species, has been demonstrated for the first time, justifying
the proposal of a new P-IIIe subclass of ancestral SVMP precursor-derived
proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijana Leonardi
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Jože Pungerčar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Costa TR, Carone SEI, Tucci LFF, Menaldo DL, Rosa-Garzon NG, Cabral H, Sampaio SV. Kinetic investigations and stability studies of two Bothrops L-amino acid oxidases. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:37. [PMID: 30534149 PMCID: PMC6280375 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background L-amino acid oxidases isolated from snake venoms (SV-LAAOs) are enzymes that have great therapeutic potential and are currently being investigated as tools for developing new strategies to treat various diseases, including cancer and bacterial infections. The main objective of this study was to make a brief evaluation of the enzymatic stability of two Bothrops LAAOs, one isolated from Bothrops jararacussu (BjussuLAAO-II) and the other from Bothrops moojeni (BmooLAAO-I) venoms. Methods and results The enzymatic activity and stability of both LAAOs were evaluated by microplate colorimetric assays, for which BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I were incubated with different L-amino acid substrates, in the presence of different ions, and at different pH ranges and temperatures. BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I demonstrated higher affinity for hydrophobic amino acids, such as Phe and Leu. The two enzymes showed high enzymatic activity in a wide temperature range, from 25 to 75 °C, and presented optimum pH around 7.0. Additionally, Zn2+, Al3+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions negatively modulated the enzymatic activity of both LAAOs. As to stability, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I showed high enzymatic activity for 42 days stored at 4 °C in neutral pH solution. Moreover, the glycan portions of both LAAOs were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis, which revealed that BjussuLAAO-II presented two main glycan portions with relative masses of 7.78 and 8.13 CGU, while BmooLAAO-I showed three portions of 7.58, 7.94 and 8.37 CGU. Conclusions Our results showed that, when stored properly, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-I present enzymatic stability over a long time period, which is very important to allow the use of these enzymes in pharmacological studies of great impact in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Sante E I Carone
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Luiz F F Tucci
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Nathalia G Rosa-Garzon
- 2Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- 2Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903 Brazil
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Kunalan S, Othman I, Syed Hassan S, Hodgson WC. Proteomic Characterization of Two Medically Important Malaysian Snake Venoms, Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit Viper) and Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110434. [PMID: 30373186 PMCID: PMC6266455 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calloselasma rhodostoma (CR) and Ophiophagus hannah (OH) are two medically important snakes found in Malaysia. While some studies have described the biological properties of these venoms, feeding and environmental conditions also influence the concentration and distribution of snake venom toxins, resulting in variations in venom composition. Therefore, a combined proteomic approach using shotgun and gel filtration chromatography, analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry, was used to examine the composition of venoms from these Malaysian snakes. The analysis revealed 114 proteins (15 toxin families) and 176 proteins (20 toxin families) in Malaysian Calloselasma rhodostoma and Ophiophagus hannah species, respectively. Flavin monoamine oxidase, phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterase, snake venom metalloproteinase, and serine protease toxin families were identified in both venoms. Aminopeptidase, glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase along with ankyrin repeats were identified for the first time in CR venom, and insulin, c-type lectins/snaclecs, hepatocyte growth factor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor together with tumor necrosis factor were identified in OH venom for the first time. Our combined proteomic approach has identified a comprehensive arsenal of toxins in CR and OH venoms. These data may be utilized for improved antivenom production, understanding pathological effects of envenoming, and the discovery of biologically active peptides with medical and/or biotechnological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugita Kunalan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Wayne C Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Derby CD, Gilbert ES, Tai PC. Molecules and Mechanisms Underlying the Antimicrobial Activity of Escapin, an l-Amino Acid Oxidase from the Ink of Sea Hares. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:52-61. [PMID: 30160994 DOI: 10.1086/699175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many marine animals use chemicals to defend themselves and their eggs from predators. Beyond their ecologically relevant functions, these chemicals may also have properties that make them beneficial for humans, including biomedical and industrial applications. For example, some chemical defenses are also powerful antimicrobial or antitumor agents with relevance to human health and disease. One such chemical defense, escapin, an l-amino acid oxidase in the defensive ink of the sea hare Aplysia californica, and related proteins have been investigated for their biomedical properties. This review details our current understanding of escapin's antimicrobial activity, including the array of molecules generated by escapin's oxidation of its major substrates, l-lysine and l-arginine, and mechanisms underlying these molecules' bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects on planktonic cells and the prevention of formation and removal of bacterial biofilms. Models of escapin's effects are presented, and future directions are proposed.
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l-Amino acid oxidase from Cerastes vipera snake venom: Isolation, characterization and biological effects on bacteria and tumor cell lines. Toxicon 2018; 150:270-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zainal Abidin SA, Rajadurai P, Chowdhury MEH, Ahmad Rusmili MR, Othman I, Naidu R. Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of L-Amino Acid Oxidase from MalaysianCalloselasma rhodostomaon Human Colon Cancer Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:577-588. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Md. Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | | | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Monash University Malaysia; Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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Zainal Abidin SA, Rajadurai P, Hoque Chowdhury ME, Othman I, Naidu R. Cytotoxic, Anti-Proliferative and Apoptosis Activity of l-Amino Acid Oxidase from Malaysian Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus (CP-LAAO) Venom on Human Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061388. [PMID: 29890640 PMCID: PMC6100610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential anti-cancer activity of l-amino acid oxidase (CP-LAAO) purified from the venom of Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus on SW480 and SW620 human colon cancer cells. Mass spectrometry guided purification was able to identify and purify CP-LAAO. Amino acid variations identified from the partial protein sequence of CP-LAAO may suggest novel variants of these proteins. The activity of the purified CP-LAAO was confirmed with o-phenyldiamine (OPD)-based spectrophotometric assay. CP-LAAO demonstrated time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic activity and the EC50 value was determined at 13 µg/mL for both SW480 and SW620 cells. Significant increase of caspase-3 activity, reduction of Bcl-2 levels, as well as morphological changes consistent with apoptosis were demonstrated by CP-LAAO. Overall, these data provide evidence on the potential anti-cancer activity of CP-LAAO from the venom of Malaysian C. purpureomaculatus for therapeutic intervention of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Md Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Rey-Suárez P, Acosta C, Torres U, Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Lomonte B, Núñez V. MipLAAO, a new L-amino acid oxidase from the redtail coral snake Micrurus mipartitus. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4924. [PMID: 29900074 PMCID: PMC5995095 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are ubiquitous enzymes in nature. Bioactivities described for these enzymes include apoptosis induction, edema formation, induction or inhibition of platelet aggregation, as well as antiviral, antiparasite, and antibacterial actions. With over 80 species, Micrurus snakes are the representatives of the Elapidae family in the New World. Although LAAOs in Micrurus venoms have been predicted by venom gland transcriptomic studies and detected in proteomic studies, no enzymes of this kind have been previously purified from their venoms. Earlier proteomic studies revealed that the venom of M. mipartitus from Colombia contains ∼4% of LAAO. This enzyme, here named MipLAAO, was isolated and biochemically and functionally characterized. The enzyme is found in monomeric form, with an isotope-averaged molecular mass of 59,100.6 Da, as determined by MALDI-TOF. Its oxidase activity shows substrate preference for hydrophobic amino acids, being optimal at pH 8.0. By nucleotide sequencing of venom gland cDNA of mRNA transcripts obtained from a single snake, six isoforms of MipLAAO with minor variations among them were retrieved. The deduced sequences present a mature chain of 483 amino acids, with a predicted pI of 8.9, and theoretical masses between 55,010.9 and 55,121.0 Da. The difference with experimentally observed mass is likely due to glycosylation, in agreement with the finding of three putative N-glycosylation sites in its amino acid sequence. A phylogenetic analysis of MmipLAAO placed this new enzyme within the clade of homologous proteins from elapid snakes, characterized by the conserved Serine at position 223, in contrast to LAAOs from viperids. MmipLAAO showed a potent bactericidal effect on S. aureus (MIC: 2 µg/mL), but not on E. coli. The former activity could be of interest to future studies assessing its potential as antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rey-Suárez
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cristian Acosta
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Uday Torres
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Vitelbina Núñez
- Programa de Ofidismo y Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Lu W, Hu L, Yang J, Sun X, Yan H, Liu J, Chen J, Cheng X, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Wei JF, Cao P. Isolation and pharmacological characterization of a new cytotoxic L-amino acid oxidase from Bungarus multicinctus snake venom. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:311-320. [PMID: 29180043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bungarus multicinctus snake belongs to Elapidae family and is widely distributed in southern China. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine with the effect of dispelling wind and removing obstruction in the meridians. Moreover, it is also as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antitumor activity of Bungarus multicinctus snake venom components and isolate, characterize the most effective anti-tumor component of Bungarus multicinctus snake venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro antitumor activity of Bungarus multicinctus venom components was detected by cytotoxicity assay and cell apoptosis assay. A unique LAAO from Bungarus multicinctus venom named as BM-Apotxin was isolated and characterized by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, Sephadex G-25 desalting, Q ion-exchange chromatography and subsequent amino acids sequence determination. The LAAO activity and enzyme kinetics of BM-Apotxin was detected by microplate assay. RESULTS BM-Apotxin, a 65KDa glycoprotein, which contributed to the most anti-tumor effects of Bungarus multicinctus venom. BM-Apotxin can selectively kill tumor cells, with less cytotoxicity to the normal cells. BM-Apotxin is an L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) with high sequence identity to other snake venom LAAOs. Its anti-tumor activity is mainly due to the hydrogen peroxide produced from LAAO oxidation. But the catalase did not reverse its anti-tumor effect completely. Like other snake venom LAAOs, BM-Apotxin can oxidize many L amino acids, not D amino acids. The optimum substrate for BM-Apotxin is L-Phe. Moreover, BM-Apotxin deglycosylation can significantly reduce the LAAO activity and anti-tumor activity of BM-Apotxin. CONCLUSION This study will facilitate the study on anti-tumor mechanism of snake venom and drug development based on Bungarus multicinctus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuguang Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaijiang Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolan Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China.
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Zainal Abidin SA, Rajadurai P, Chowdhury MEH, Ahmad Rusmili MR, Othman I, Naidu R. Proteomic Characterization and Comparison of Malaysian Tropidolaemus wagleri and Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus Venom Using Shotgun-Proteomics. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100299. [PMID: 27763534 PMCID: PMC5086659 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropidolaemus wagleri and Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus are venomous pit viper species commonly found in Malaysia. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the crude venoms has detected different proteins in T. wagleri and C. purpureomaculatus. They were classified into 13 venom protein families consisting of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins. Enzymatic families detected in T. wagleri and C. purpureomaculatus venom were snake venom metalloproteinase, phospholipase A2, l-amino acid oxidase, serine proteases, 5′-nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase, and phospholipase B. In addition, glutaminyl cyclotransferase was detected in C. purpureomaculatus. C-type lectin-like proteins were common nonenzymatic components in both species. Waglerin was present and unique to T. wagleri—it was not in C. purpureomaculatus venom. In contrast, cysteine-rich secretory protein, bradykinin-potentiating peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide were present in C. purpureomaculatus venom. Composition of the venom proteome of T. wagleri and C. purpureomaculatus provides useful information to guide production of effective antivenom and identification of proteins with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Pathmanathan Rajadurai
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
- Ramsay Sime Darby Healthcare, Sime Darby Medical Centre, No. 1, Jalan SS12/1A, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Md Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur 25200, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
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Tang ELH, Tan CH, Fung SY, Tan NH. Venomics of Calloselasma rhodostoma, the Malayan pit viper: A complex toxin arsenal unraveled. J Proteomics 2016; 148:44-56. [PMID: 27418434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The venom of Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) is highly toxic but also valuable in drug discovery. However, a comprehensive proteome of the venom that details its toxin composition and abundance is lacking. This study aimed to unravel the venom complexity through a multi-step venomic approach. At least 96 distinct proteins (29 basic, 67 acidic) in 11 families were identified from the venom. The venom consists of mainly snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP, 41.17% of total venom proteins), within which the P-I (kistomin, 20.4%) and P-II (rhodostoxin, 19.8%) classes predominate. This is followed by C-type lectins (snaclec, 26.3%), snake venom serine protease (SVSP, 14.9%), L-amino acid oxidase (7.0%), phospholipase A2 (4.4%), cysteine-rich secretory protein (2.5%), and five minor toxins (nerve growth factor, neurotrophin, phospholipase B, 5' nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase, totaling 2.6%) not reported in the proteome hitherto. Importantly, all principal hemotoxins unveiled correlate with the syndrome: SVSP ancrod causes venom-induced consumptive coagulopathy, aggravated by thrombocytopenia caused by snaclec rhodocytin, a platelet aggregation inducer, while P-II rhodostoxin mediates hemorrhage, exacerbated by P-I kistomin and snaclec rhodocetin that inhibit platelet plug formation. These toxins exist in multiple isoforms and/or complex subunits, deserving further characterization for the development of an effective, polyspecific regional antivenom. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Advents in proteomics and bioinformatics have vigorously propelled the scientific discoveries of toxins from various lineages of venomous snakes. The Malayan pit viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, is a medically important species in Southeast Asia as its bite can cause envenomation, while the venom is also a source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. Detailed profiling of the venom, however, is inadequate possibly due to the complex nature of the venom and technical limitation in separating the constituents into details. Integrating a multi-step fractionation method, this study successfully revealed a comprehensive and quantitative profile of the composition of the venom of this medically important venomous snake. The relative abundance of the various venom proteins is determined in a global profile, providing useful information for understanding the pathogenic roles of the different toxins in C. rhodostoma envenomation. Notably, the principal hemotoxins were identified in great details, including the variety of toxin subunits and isoforms. The findings indicate that these toxins are the principal targets for effective antivenom neutralization, and should be addressed in the production of a pan-regional polyspecific antivenom. In addition, minor toxin components not reported previously in the venom were also detected in this study, enriching the current toxin database for the venomous snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Lai Har Tang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shin Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Pontes AS, Setúbal SDS, Nery NM, da Silva FS, da Silva SD, Fernandes CFC, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. p38 MAPK is involved in human neutrophil chemotaxis induced by L-amino acid oxidase from Calloselasma rhodosthoma. Toxicon 2016; 119:106-16. [PMID: 27242041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The action of LAAO, an L-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodosthoma snake venom, on isolated human neutrophil function was investigated. Cr-LAAO showed no toxicity on neutrophils. Cr-LAAO in its native form induced the neutrophil chemotaxis, suggesting that its primary structure is essential for stimulation the cell. p38 MAPK and PI3K have a role as signaling pathways of CR-LAAO induced chemotaxis. This toxin also induced the production of hydrogen peroxide and stimulated phagocytosis in neutrophils. Furthermore, Cr-LAAO was able to stimulate neutrophils to release IL-6, IL-8, MPO, LTB4 and PGE2. Together, the data showed that the Cr-LAAO triggers relevant proinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Neriane Monteiro Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Francisquinha Souza da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Silvana D da Silva
- Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F C Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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El Hakim A, Salama W, Hamed M, Ali A, Ibrahim N. Heterodimeric l-amino acid oxidase enzymes from Egyptian Cerastes cerastes venom: Purification, biochemical characterization and partial amino acid sequencing. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2015; 13:165-176. [PMID: 30647580 PMCID: PMC6299811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two l-amino acid oxidase enzyme isoforms, Cc-LAAOI and Cc-LAAOII were purified to apparent homogeneity from Cerastes cerastes venom in a sequential two-step chromatographic protocol including; gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. The native molecular weights of the isoforms were 115 kDa as determined by gel filtration on calibrated Sephacryl S-200 column, while the monomeric molecular weights of the enzymes were, 60, 56 kDa and 60, 53 kDa for LAAOI and LAAOII, respectively. The tryptic peptides of the two isoforms share high sequence homology with other snake venom l-amino acid oxidases. The optimal pH and temperature values of Cc-LAAOI and Cc-LAAOII were 7.8, 50 °C and 7, 60 °C, respectively. The two isoenzymes were thermally stable up to 70 °C. The K m and V max values were 0.67 mM, 0.135 μmol/min for LAAOI and 0.82 mM, 0.087 μmol/min for LAAOII. Both isoenzymes displayed high catalytic preference to long-chain, hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids. The Mn2 + ion markedly increased the LAAO activity for both purified isoforms, while Na+, K+, Ca2 +, Mg2 + and Ba2 + ions showed a non-significant increase in the enzymatic activity of both isoforms. Furthermore, Zn2 +, Ni2 +, Co2 +, Cu2 + and AL3 + ions markedly inhibited the LAAOI and LAAOII activities. l-Cysteine and reduced glutathione completely inhibited the LAAO activity of both isoenzymes, whereas, β-mercaptoethanol, O-phenanthroline and PMSF completely inhibited the enzymatic activity of LAAOII. Furthermore, iodoacitic acid inhibited the enzymatic activity of LAAOII by 46% and had no effect on the LAAOI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. El Hakim
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt1
| | - W.H. Salama
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt1
| | - M.B. Hamed
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt1
| | - A.A. Ali
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt1
- Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - N.M. Ibrahim
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt1
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Bordon KCF, Wiezel GA, Cabral H, Arantes EC. Bordonein-L, a new L-amino acid oxidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom: isolation, preliminary characterization and enzyme stability. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:26. [PMID: 26273287 PMCID: PMC4535778 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (CdtV) is one of the most studied snake venoms in Brazil. Despite presenting several well known proteins, its L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) has not been studied previously. This study aimed to isolate, characterize and evaluate the enzyme stability of bordonein-L, an LAAO from CdtV. Methods The enzyme was isolated through cation exchange, gel filtration and affinity chromatography, followed by a reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography to confirm its purity. Subsequently, its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation. The enzyme activity and stability were evaluated by a microplate colorimetric assay and the molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE using periodic acid-Schiff staining and determined by mass spectrometry. Results The first 39 N-terminal amino acid residues exhibited high identity with other snake venom L-amino acid oxidases. Bordonein-L is a homodimer glycoprotein of approximately 101 kDa evaluated by gel filtration. Its monomer presents around 53 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE and 58,702 Da determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.0 and lost about 50 % of its activity after five days of storage at 4 °C. Bordonein-L’s activity was higher than the control when stored in 2.8 % mannitol or 8.5 % sucrose. Conclusions This research is pioneering in its isolation, characterization and enzyme stability evaluation of an LAAO from CdtV, denominated bordonein-L. These results are important because they increase the knowledge about stabilization of LAAOs, aiming to increase their shelf life. Since the maintenance of enzymatic activity after long periods of storage is essential to enable their biotechnological use as well as their functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 SP Brazil
| | - Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 SP Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 SP Brazil
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Abdelkafi-Koubaa Z, Jebali J, Othman H, Morjen M, Aissa I, Zouari-Kesentini R, Bazaa A, Ellefi AA, Majdoub H, Srairi-Abid N, Gargouri Y, El Ayeb M, Marrakchi N. A thermoactive l-amino acid oxidase from Cerastes cerastes snake venom: Purification, biochemical and molecular characterization. Toxicon 2014; 89:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Advances in Detection Methods of l-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:13-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pollegioni L, Motta P, Molla G. L-amino acid oxidase as biocatalyst: a dream too far? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 97:9323-41. [PMID: 24077723 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is a flavoenzyme containing non-covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide, which catalyzes the stereospecific oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to α-keto acids and also produces ammonia and hydrogen peroxide via an imino acid intermediate. LAAOs purified from snake venoms are the best-studied members of this family of enzymes, although a number of LAAOs from bacterial and fungal sources have been also reported. From a biochemical point of view, LAAOs from different sources are distinguished by molecular mass, substrate specificity, post-translational modifications and regulation. In analogy to the well-known biotechnological applications of d-amino acid oxidase, important results are expected from the availability of suitable LAAOs; however, these expectations have not been fulfilled yet because none of the "true" LAAOs has successfully been expressed as a recombinant protein in prokaryotic hosts, such as Escherichia coli. In enzyme biotechnology, recombinant production of a protein is mandatory both for the production of large amounts of the catalyst and to improve its biochemical properties by protein engineering. As an alternative, flavoenzymes active on specific l-amino acids have been identified, e.g., l-aspartate oxidase, l-lysine oxidase, l-phenylalanine oxidase, etc. According to presently available information, amino acid oxidases with "narrow" or "strict" substrate specificity represent as good candidates to obtain an enzyme more suitable for biotechnological applications by enlarging their substrate specificity by means of protein engineering.
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25
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Izidoro LFM, Sobrinho JC, Mendes MM, Costa TR, Grabner AN, Rodrigues VM, da Silva SL, Zanchi FB, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CFC, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases: trends in pharmacology and biochemistry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:196754. [PMID: 24738050 PMCID: PMC3971498 DOI: 10.1155/2014/196754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases are enzymes found in several organisms, including venoms of snakes, where they contribute to the toxicity of ophidian envenomation. Their toxicity is primarily due to enzymatic activity, but other mechanisms have been proposed recently which require further investigation. L-amino acid oxidases exert biological and pharmacological effects, including actions on platelet aggregation and the induction of apoptosis, hemorrhage, and cytotoxicity. These proteins present a high biotechnological potential for the development of antimicrobial, antitumor, and antiprotozoan agents. This review provides an overview of the biochemical properties and pharmacological effects of snake venom L-amino acid oxidases, their structure/activity relationship, and supposed mechanisms of action described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando M. Izidoro
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mirian M. Mendes
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tássia R. Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal e Departamento de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Altoparaopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando B. Zanchi
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Calderon LA, Sobrinho JC, Zaqueo KD, de Moura AA, Grabner AN, Mazzi MV, Marcussi S, Nomizo A, Fernandes CFC, Zuliani JP, Carvalho BMA, da Silva SL, Stábeli RG, Soares AM. Antitumoral activity of snake venom proteins: new trends in cancer therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:203639. [PMID: 24683541 PMCID: PMC3943284 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For more than half a century, cytotoxic agents have been investigated as a possible treatment for cancer. Research on animal venoms has revealed their high toxicity on tissues and cell cultures, both normal and tumoral. Snake venoms show the highest cytotoxic potential, since ophidian accidents cause a large amount of tissue damage, suggesting a promising utilization of these venoms or their components as antitumoral agents. Over the last few years, we have studied the effects of snake venoms and their isolated enzymes on tumor cell cultures. Some in vivo assays showed antineoplastic activity against induced tumors in mice. In human beings, both the crude venom and isolated enzymes revealed antitumor activities in preliminary assays, with measurable clinical responses in the advanced treatment phase. These enzymes include metalloproteases (MP), disintegrins, L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), C-type lectins, and phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Their mechanisms of action include direct toxic action (PLA2s), free radical generation (LAAOs), apoptosis induction (PLA2s, MP, and LAAOs), and antiangiogenesis (disintegrins and lectins). Higher cytotoxic and cytostatic activities upon tumor cells than normal cells suggest the possibility for clinical applications. Further studies should be conducted to ensure the efficacy and safety of different snake venom compounds for cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Calderon
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Sobrinho
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Kayena D. Zaqueo
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andrea A. de Moura
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Amy N. Grabner
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Maurício V. Mazzi
- Fundação Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Núcleo de Ciências da Saúde-NUCISA, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, UFLA, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla F. C. Fernandes
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. A. Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, UFSJ, Campus Alto paraopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Saulo L. da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Biotecnologia e Engenharia de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, UFSJ, Campus Alto paraopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo G. Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Effect of L-amino acid oxidase from Calloselasma rhodosthoma snake venom on human neutrophils. Toxicon 2014; 80:27-37. [PMID: 24462716 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of LAAO, an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodosthoma snake venom, on isolated human neutrophil function were investigated. LAAO showed no toxicity on neutrophils. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, LAAO induced the superoxide anion production by isolated human neutrophil. This toxin, in its native form, is also able to stimulate the production of hydrogen peroxide in neutrophils, suggesting that its primary structure is essential for stimulation the cell. Moreover, the incubation of LAAO and phenol red medium did not induce the production of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, LAAO was able to stimulate neutrophils to release proinflammatory mediators such as IL-8 and TNF-α as well as NETs liberation. Together, the data showed that the LAAO triggers relevant proinflammatory events. Particular regions of the molecule distinct from the LAAO catalytic site may be involved in the onset of inflammatory events.
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Ali SA, Baumann K, Jackson TN, Wood K, Mason S, Undheim EA, Nouwens A, Koludarov I, Hendrikx I, Jones A, Fry BG. Proteomic comparison of Hypnale hypnale (Hump-Nosed Pit-Viper) and Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan Pit-Viper) venoms. J Proteomics 2013; 91:338-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mitra J, Bhattacharyya D. Irreversible inactivation of snake venom l-amino acid oxidase by covalent modification during catalysis of l-propargylglycine. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:135-43. [PMID: 23772385 PMCID: PMC3668516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom l-amino acid oxidase (SV-LAAO, a flavor-enzyme) has attracted considerable attention due to its multifunctional nature, which is manifest in diverse clinical and biological effects such as inhibition of platelet aggregation, induction of cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity against various cells. The majority of these effects are mediated by H2O2 generated during the catalytic conversion of l-amino acids. The substrate analog l-propargylglycine (LPG) irreversibly inhibited the enzyme from Crotalus adamanteus and Crotalus atrox in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Inactivation was irreversible which was significantly protected by the substrate l-phenylalanine. A Kitz-Wilson replot of the inhibition kinetics suggested formation of reversible enzyme-LPG complex, which occurred prior to modification and inactivation of the enzyme. UV-visible and fluorescence spectra of the enzyme and the cofactor strongly suggested formation of covalent adduct between LPG and an active site residue of the enzyme. A molecular modeling study revealed that the FAD-binding, substrate-binding and the helical domains are conserved in SV-LAAOs and both His223 and Arg322 are the important active site residues that are likely to get modified by LPG. Chymotrypsin digest of the LPG inactivated enzyme followed by RP-HPLC and MALDI mass analysis identified His223 as the site of modification. The findings reported here contribute towards complete inactivation of SV-LAAO as a part of snake envenomation management.
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Key Words
- CHD, 1,2-cyclohexanedione
- Crotalus adamanteus venom
- Crotalus atrox venom
- DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- Gdn-HCl, guanidine hydrochloride
- Irreversible inactivation
- LAAO, l-amino acid oxidase (EC. 1.4.3.2)
- LPG, l-propargylglycine
- MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight
- Mechanism-based inhibitor
- TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.
- l-Amino acid oxidase
- l-Phe, l-phenylalaine
- l-Propargylglycine
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A thermostable L-aspartate oxidase: a new tool for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7285-95. [PMID: 23371294 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are homodimeric flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing flavoproteins that catalyze the stereospecific oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. Unlike the D-selective counterpart, the biotechnological application of LAAOs has not been thoroughly advanced because of the difficulties in their expression as recombinant protein in prokaryotic hosts. In this work, L-aspartate oxidase from the thermophilic archea Sulfolobus tokodaii (StLASPO, specific for L-aspartate and L-asparagine only) was efficiently produced as recombinant protein in E. coli in the active form as holoenzyme. This recombinant flavoenzyme shows the classical properties of FAD-containing oxidases. Indeed, StLASPO shows distinctive features that makes it attractive for biotechnological applications: high thermal stability (it is fully stable up to 80 °C) and high temperature optimum, stable activity in a broad range of pH (7.0-10.0), weak inhibition by the product oxaloacetate and by D-aspartate, and tight binding of the FAD cofactor. This latter property significantly distinguishes StLASPO from the E. coli counterpart. StLASPO represents an appropriate novel biocatalyst for the production of D-aspartate and a well-suited protein scaffold to evolve a LAAO activity by protein engineering.
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Fox JW. A brief review of the scientific history of several lesser-known snake venom proteins: l-amino acid oxidases, hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. Toxicon 2012; 62:75-82. [PMID: 23010165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When considering the proteins and toxins in snake venom one's thoughts generally migrate to the proteinases, neurotoxins and phospholipases since these families of proteins are comprised by many of the toxins found in venom. However as modern proteomic and transcriptomic venom research has abundantly shown snake venoms are complex and containing numerous families of protein beyond the "big three". In this brief review we will discuss three of the lesser discussed proteins typically found in snake venoms: l-amino acid oxidases (LAAO); hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. These proteins have long been known to be part of many venoms' proteomes with reports appearing in the literature as early as 1944 for LAAO, 1947 for hyaluronidase (spreading factor), and 1932 for venom phosphodiesterase. These are more or less contemporary with the first reports (circa 1950) on snake venom proteases. Thus, the relatively modest literature on these snake venom proteins stems not from lack of early discovery but rather more likely to their ostensibly minor role in snake venom pathophysiology. In this review we will provide an overview of the experimental history of these venom proteins, their biochemical and structural features and their role in snake venom toxinology with the aim of bringing a fuller, more comprehensive, understanding of the history of laboratory research on snake venoms. In addition, there are some comments on these proteins from investigators who were actively engaged in their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Fox
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Chen HS, Wang YM, Huang WT, Huang KF, Tsai IH. Cloning, characterization and mutagenesis of Russell's viper venom L-amino acid oxidase: Insights into its catalytic mechanism. Biochimie 2012; 94:335-44. [PMID: 21802487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the structure-function relationships and geographic variations of L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) from Daboia venoms, a single LAAO (designated as DrLAO) was purified from eastern Indian Daboia russelii venom and characterized. The purified DrLAO showed subunit molecular mass of 60-64kDa; its N-terminal sequence (1-20) was identical to those of several true viper LAAOs. Its preferred substrates were hydrophobic l-amino acids and the kinetic specificities were ordered as follows: Phe, Tyr, Met, Leu, and Trp. Enzyme assay and Western blotting showed that the venom LAAO contents of D. russelii were higher than those of Daboia siamensis. DrLAO dose-dependently inhibited ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation with IC(50) values of 0.27 and 0.82μM, respectively. Apparently, DrLAO may synergize with other venom components to prolong and enhance bleeding symptoms after Daboia envenoming. The full sequence of DrLAO was deduced from its cDNA sequence and then confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that SV-LAAO family members could be differentiated not only by snake taxonomy but also by the variations at position 223, and they divided into H223, S223, N223, and D223 subclasses. We have further prepared recombinant DrLAO and mutants by the Pichia expression system. Mutagenic analyses of DrLAO His223 revealed that this residue bound substrates instead of serving as an essential base in the catalytic steps. Our results suggest a direct hydride transfer from substrate to FAD as the mechanism for SV-LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sen Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lukasheva E, Efremova A, Treshalina E, Arinbasarova A, Medentzev A, Berezov T. L-amino acid oxidases: properties and molecular mechanisms of action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 58:372-84. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125804372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During previous decade L-amino acid oxidases (LAAO) attracted the steady interest of researchers due to their poly functional effects on different biological systems. The review summarizes information concerning the sources, structure, phisico-chemical and catalytical properties of LAAO which exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral effects as well as the ambiguous action on platelet aggregation. Special attention is devoted to the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of LAAO action. It is proposed that the unique properties of LAAO are based on their catalytic reaction, which causes the decrease of L-amino acid levels, including the essential amino acids and formation of hydrogen peroxide. The action of liberated H2O2 on cells involves the synthesis of oxygen reactive species and the development of necrotic and apoptotic pathways of cell death. The presence of carbohydrate moieties in LAAO molecules promotes their attachment to cell's surface and creation of high H2O2 local concentrations. The wide range of LAAO biological effects is undoubtedly connected with their important functional roles in the organism. In particular, it was shown that in the mice brain the LAAO-catalyzed reaction is the single pathway of L-lysine degradation, while in the mice milk LAAO carry out the antibacterial effect and in human leucocytes LAAO take part in fulfilling their defending role. Protector action may be also attributed to the oxidases from the other numerous sources: microscopic fungi, snake venoms and sea inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.V. Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University
| | - A.A. Efremova
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University
| | - E.M. Treshalina
- N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center,Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - A.Ju. Arinbasarova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A.G. Medentzev
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - T.T. Berezov
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University
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Lukasheva EV, Efremova AA, Treshalina EM, Arinbasarova AY, Medentzev AG, Berezov TT. L-Amino acid oxidases: Properties and molecular mechanisms of action. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s199075081104007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nuutinen JT, Marttinen E, Soliymani R, Hildén K, Timonen S. L-Amino acid oxidase of the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum displays substrate preference towards glutamate. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 158:272-283. [PMID: 21998160 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.054486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Catabolism of amino acids is a central process in cellular nitrogen turnover, but only a few of the mechanisms involved have been described from basidiomycete fungi. This study identified one such mechanism, the l-amino acid oxidase (Lao1) enzyme of Hebeloma cylindrosporum, by 2D gel separation and MS. We determined genomic DNA sequences of lao1 and part of its upstream gene, a putative pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc2), and cloned the cDNA of lao1. The two genes were also identified and annotated from the genome of Laccaria bicolor. The lao1 and pdc2 gene structures were conserved between the two fungi. The intergenic region of L. bicolor possessed putative duplications not detected in H. cylindrosporum. Lao1 sequences possessed dinucleotide-binding motifs typical for flavoproteins. Lao1 was less than 23 % identical to Lao sequences described previously. Recombinant Lao1 of H. cylindrosporum was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and refolded with SDS to gain catalytic activity. The enzyme possessed broad substrate specificity: 37 l-amino acids or derivatives served as effective substrates. The highest activities were recorded with l-glutamate, but positively charged and aromatic amino acids were also accepted. Michaelis constants for six amino acids varied from 0.5 to 6.7 mM. We have thus characterized a novel type of Lao-enzyme and its gene from the basidiomycete fungus H. cylindrosporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaro T Nuutinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Marttinen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, Protein Chemistry Unit, Biomedicum-Helsinki, PO Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Timonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Cheng CH, Yang CA, Liu SY, Lo CT, Huang HC, Liao FC, Peng KC. Cloning of a novel L-amino acid oxidase from Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 and bioactivity analysis of overexpressed L-amino acid oxidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9142-9149. [PMID: 21797276 DOI: 10.1021/jf201598z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (L-AAOs) have been isolated from many organisms, such as snake, and are known to have antibacterial activity. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the cloning of cDNA encoding a novel Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 L-amino acid oxidase (Th-L-AAO). The protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Comparisons of its deduced amino acid sequence with the sequence of other L-AAOs revealed the similarity to be between 9 and 24%. The molecular mass of the purified protein was 52 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme substrate specificity was highest for L-phenylalanine, and its optimal pH and temperature for activity were 7 and 40 °C, respectively; exogenous metal ions had no significant effect on activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of Th-L-AAO is composed of 17% α-helices, 28% β-sheets, and 55% random coils. The bacterially expressed Th-L-AAO also mediated antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative food spoilage microorganisms. Furthermore, a three-dimensional protein structure was created to provide more information about the structural composition of Th-L-AAO, suggesting that the N-terminal sequence of Th-L-AAO may have contributed to the antibacterial activity of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kang TS, Georgieva D, Genov N, Murakami MT, Sinha M, Kumar RP, Kaur P, Kumar S, Dey S, Sharma S, Vrielink A, Betzel C, Takeda S, Arni RK, Singh TP, Kini RM. Enzymatic toxins from snake venom: structural characterization and mechanism of catalysis. FEBS J 2011; 278:4544-76. [PMID: 21470368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are cocktails of enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins used for both the immobilization and digestion of prey. The most common snake venom enzymes include acetylcholinesterases, l-amino acid oxidases, serine proteinases, metalloproteinases and phospholipases A(2) . Higher catalytic efficiency, thermal stability and resistance to proteolysis make these enzymes attractive models for biochemists, enzymologists and structural biologists. Here, we review the structures of these enzymes and describe their structure-based mechanisms of catalysis and inhibition. Some of the enzymes exist as protein complexes in the venom. Thus we also discuss the functional role of non-enzymatic subunits and the pharmacological effects of such protein complexes. The structures of inhibitor-enzyme complexes provide ideal platforms for the design of potent inhibitors which are useful in the development of prototypes and lead compounds with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse Siang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Alves RM, Feliciano PR, Sampaio SV, Nonato MC. A rational protocol for the successful crystallization of L-amino-acid oxidase from Bothrops atrox. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:475-8. [PMID: 21505245 PMCID: PMC3080154 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the valuable contributions of robotics and high-throughput approaches to protein crystallization, the role of an experienced crystallographer in the evaluation and rationalization of a crystallization process is still crucial to obtaining crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction measurements. In this work, the difficult task of crystallizing the flavoenzyme L-amino-acid oxidase purified from Bothrops atrox snake venom was overcome by the development of a protocol that first required the identification of a non-amorphous precipitate as a promising crystallization condition followed by the implementation of a methodology that combined crystallization in the presence of oil and seeding techniques. Crystals were obtained and a complete data set was collected to 2.3 Å resolution. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 73.64, b = 123.92, c = 105.08 Å, β = 96.03°. There were four protein subunits in the asymmetric unit, which gave a Matthews coefficient V(M) of 2.12 Å(3) Da(-1), corresponding to 42% solvent content. The structure has been solved by molecular-replacement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Melo Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirao Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rosa Feliciano
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirao Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–FCFRP–USP, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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Sun MZ, Guo C, Tian Y, Chen D, Greenaway FT, Liu S. Biochemical, functional and structural characterization of Akbu-LAAO: a novel snake venom L-amino acid oxidase from Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis. Biochimie 2010; 92:343-9. [PMID: 20100538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
An L-amino acid oxidase (Akbu-LAAO) was isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis snake using DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and high performance liquid chromatographies. The homogeneity and molecular mass of Akbu-LAAO were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. The sequences of ten peptides from Akbu-LAAO were established by HPLC-nESI-MS/MS analysis. Protein sequence alignment indicated that i) that Akbu-LAAO is a new snake venom LAAO, and ii) Akbu-LAAO shares homology with several LAAOs from the venoms of Calloselasma rhodost, Agkistrodon halys, Daboia russellii siamensis, and Trimeresurus stejnegeri. Akbu-LAAO is a homodimer with a molecular mass of approximately 124.4 kDa. It reacts optimally with its enzymatic substrate, Leu, at pH 4.7 with a K(m) of 2.1 mM. ICP-AES measurements showed that Akbu-LAAO contains four Zn(2+) per dimer that are unessential for the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. The emission fluorescence intensity of Akbu-LAAO decreases by 61% on removal of Zn(2+) indicating that the zinc probably helps maintain the structural integrity of the enzyme. The addition of exogenous metal ions, including Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+), Ce(3+), Nd(3+), Co(2+) and Tb(3+), increases the l-Leu hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. Akbu-LAAO shows apparent anti-aggregation effects on human and rabbit platelets. It exhibits a strong bacteriostasis effect on Staphylococcus aureus, eighteen fold that of cephalosporin C under the same conditions. Taken together, the biochemical, proteomic, structural and functional characterizations reveal that Akbu-LAAO is a novel LAAO with promise for biotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhong Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Zhong SR, Jin Y, Wu JB, Jia YH, Xu GL, Wang GC, Xiong YL, Lu QM. Purification and characterization of a new l-amino acid oxidase from Daboia russellii siamensis venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:763-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wei JF, Yang HW, Wei XL, Qiao LY, Wang WY, He SH. Purification, characterization and biological activities of the l-amino acid oxidase from Bungarus fasciatus snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:262-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Mugford P, Wagner UG, Jiang Y, Faber K, Kazlauskas R. Enantiocomplementary Enzymes: Classification, Molecular Basis for Their Enantiopreference, and Prospects for Mirror-Image Biotransformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8782-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Mugford P, Wagner U, Jiang Y, Faber K, Kazlauskas R. Enantiokomplementäre Enzyme: Klassifizierung, molekulare Grundlage der Enantiopräferenz und Prognosen für spiegelbildliche Biotransformationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. The Toxinology ofCalloselasma Rhodostoma(Malayan Pit Viper) Venom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549609080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mandal S, Bhattacharyya D. Two L-amino acid oxidase isoenzymes from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli russelli) venom with different mechanisms of inhibition by substrate analogs. FEBS J 2008; 275:2078-95. [PMID: 18384385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two isoforms, L(1) and L(2), of L-amino acid oxidase have been isolated from Russell's viper venom by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration followed by CM-Sephadex C-50 ion exchange chromatography. The enzymes, with different isoelectric points, are monomers of 60-63 kDa as observed from size exclusion HPLC and SDS/PAGE. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequencing of L(1) and L(2) showed significant homology with other snake venom L-amino acid oxidases. Both the enzymes exhibit marked substrate preference for hydrophobic amino acids, maximum catalytic efficiency being observed with L-Phe. Inhibition of L(1) and L(2) by the substrate analogs N-acetyltryptophan and N-acetyl-L-tryptophan amide has been followed. The initial uncompetitive inhibition of L(1) followed by mixed inhibition at higher concentrations suggested the existence of two different inhibitor-binding sites distinct from the substrate-binding site. In the case of L(2), initial linear competitive inhibition followed by mixed inhibition suggested the existence of two nonoverlapping inhibitor-binding sites, one of which is the substrate-binding site. An inhibition kinetic study with O-aminobenzoic acid, a mimicking substrate with amino, carboxylate and hydrophobic parts, indicated the presence of three and two binding sites in L(1) and L(2), respectively, including one at the substrate-binding site. An inhibitor cross-competition kinetic study indicated mutually excluding binding between N-acetyltryptophan, N-acetyl-L-tryptophan amide and O-aminobenzoic acid in both the isoforms, except at the substrate-binding site of L(1). Binding of substrate analogs with different electrostatic and hydrophobic properties provides useful insights into the environment of the catalytic sites. Furthermore, it predicts the minimum structural requirement for a ligand to enter and anchor at the respective functional sites of LAAO that may facilitate the design of suicidal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mandal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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46
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Wei XL, Wei JF, Li T, Qiao LY, Liu YL, Huang T, He SH. Purification, characterization and potent lung lesion activity of an L-amino acid oxidase from Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis snake venom. Toxicon 2007; 50:1126-39. [PMID: 17854853 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases (LAOs) are one of the major components of snake venoms, which possess numerous biological functions. However, little is known of the influence of LAOs on organ lesions. In the present study, a unique LAO from Agkistrodon blomhoffii ussurensis snake venom named ABU-LAO was purified by Heparin-Sepharose FF chromatography followed by an ion-exchange chromatography procedure. The purified ABU-LAO appears a dimer with a molecular mass of approximately 108.8kDa. Kinetics studies showed that ABU-LAO is very active towards its substrates L-Asn, L-Phe, L-Tyr, L-Leu, L-Ile and L-Trp. The most striking observation in the present study is that ABU-LAO causes severe pneumorrhagia, pulmonary interstitial edema, fusion of pulmonary alveoli, cardiac interstitial edema and bleeding when being intravenously injected into BALB/c mice. ABU-LAO also induces liver cell necrosis and release of cytokines including IL-6, IL-12 and IL-2 from highly purified human peripheral blood monocytes and T cells, respectively. In conclusion, ABU-LAO potently induces lesions in lungs and livers. The ability of ABU-LAO will contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of snakebite wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Wei
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, The Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin-ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Derby CD. Escape by inking and secreting: marine molluscs avoid predators through a rich array of chemicals and mechanisms. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 213:274-289. [PMID: 18083967 DOI: 10.2307/25066645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Inking by marine molluscs such as sea hares, cuttlefish, squid, and octopuses is a striking behavior that is ideal for neuroecological explorations. While inking is generally thought to be used in active defense against predators, experimental evidence for this view is either scant or lacks mechanistic explanations. Does ink act through the visual or chemical modality? If inking is a chemical defense, how does it function and how does it affect the chemosensory systems of predators? Does it facilitate escape not only by acting directly on predators but also by being an alarm signal for conspecifics? This review examines these issues, within a broader context of passive and active chemical defensive secretions. It focuses on recent work on mechanisms of defense by inking in sea hares (Aplysia) and extends what we have learned about sea hares to other molluscs including the cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Derby
- Department of Biology, Brains & Behavior Program, and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010, USA.
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Jin Y, Lee WH, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Molecular characterization of l-amino acid oxidase from king cobra venom. Toxicon 2007; 50:479-89. [PMID: 17543361 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An L-amino acid oxidase from Ophiophagus hannah snake venom (Oh-LAAO) was purified by successive gel filtration, ion-exchange and heparin chromatography. Oh-LAAO did not induce platelet aggregation; however, it had potent inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by ADP and U46619, but showed no effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, mucetin, ristocetin and stejnulxin. By RT-PCR and 5'-RACE methods, the complete Oh-LAAO cDNA was cloned from the venom gland total RNA preparations. The cDNA sequence contains an open-reading frame (ORF) of 1476-bp, which encodes a protein of 491 amino acids comprising a signal peptide of 25 amino acids and 466-residue mature protein. The predicted protein sequence of Oh-LAAO was confirmed by N-terminal and trypsin-digested internal peptides sequencing together with peptide mass fingerprinting. cDNAs encoding for ORF of LAAOs from Bungarus fasciatus and B. multicinctus were cloned and reported in this study. In addition, partial cDNA encoding for Naja atra LAAO was also reported. Oh-LAAO shared approximately 50% protein sequence identity with other known snake venom LAAOs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Oh-LAAO is evolutionary distant to other snake venom LAAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jin
- Biotoxin Units, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Moustafa IM, Foster S, Lyubimov AY, Vrielink A. Crystal structure of LAAO from Calloselasma rhodostoma with an L-phenylalanine substrate: insights into structure and mechanism. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:991-1002. [PMID: 17046020 PMCID: PMC2018609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidase is a dimeric glycosylated flavoenzyme, a major constituent of the venom-from the snake Calloselasma rhodostoma. The enzyme exhibits apoptosis inducing effects as well as antibacterial and anti-HIV activities. The structure of l-amino acid oxidase with its substrate (L-phenylalanine) has been refined to a resolution of 1.8 A. The complex structure reveals the substrate bound to the reduced flavin (FADred). Alternative conformations for the key residues His223 and Arg322 are evident, suggesting a dynamic active site. Furthermore, conformational changes are apparent for the isoalloxazine ring; the three-ring system exhibits more bending around the N5-N10 axis compared to the oxidized flavin. The implications of the observed dynamics on the mechanism of catalysis are discussed. Inspection of buried surfaces in the enzyme reveals a Y-shaped channel system extending from the external surface of the protein to the active site. One portion of this channel may serve as the entry path for O2 during the oxidative half-reaction. The second region, separated from the proposed O2 channel by the N terminus (residues 8-16) of the protein, may play a role in H2O2 release. Interestingly, the latter portion of the channel would direct the H2O2 product to the exterior surface of the protein, near the glycan moiety, thought to anchor the enzyme to the host cell. This channel location may explain the ability of the enzyme to localize H2O2 to the targeted cell and thus induce the apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Moustafa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | | | - Alice Vrielink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Alice Vrielink, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thimann Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA95064, USA, Phone: +1(831) 459 3929, Fax: +1(831) 459 3139, e-mail:
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Faust A, Niefind K, Hummel W, Schomburg D. The structure of a bacterial L-amino acid oxidase from Rhodococcus opacus gives new evidence for the hydride mechanism for dehydrogenation. J Mol Biol 2006; 367:234-48. [PMID: 17234209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
l-Amino acid oxidase from Rhodococcus opacus (roLAAO) is classified as a member of the GR(2)-family of flavin-dependent oxidoreductases according to a highly conserved sequence motif for the cofactor binding. The monomer of the homodimeric enzyme consists of three well-defined domains: the FAD-binding domain corresponding to a general topology throughout the whole GR(2)-family; a substrate-binding domain with almost the same topology as the snake venom LAAO and a helical domain exclusively responsible for the unusual dimerisation mode of the enzyme and not found in other members of the family so far. We describe here high-resolution structures of the binary complex of protein and cofactor as well as the ternary complexes of protein, cofactor and ligands. This structures in addition to the structural knowledge of snake venom LAAO and DAAO from yeast and pig kidney permit more insight into different steps in the reaction mechanism of this class of enzymes. There is strong evidence for hydride transfer as the mechanism of dehydrogenation. This mechanism appears to be uncommon in a sense that the chemical transformation can proceed efficiently without the involvement of amino acid functional groups. Most groups present at the active site are involved in substrate recognition, binding and fixation, i.e. they direct the trajectory of the interacting orbitals. In this mode of catalysis orbital steering/interactions are the predominant factors for the chemical step(s). A mirror-symmetrical relationship between the two substrate-binding sites of d and l-amino acid oxidases is observed which facilitates enantiomeric selectivity while preserving a common arrangement of the residues in the active site. These results are of general relevance for the mechanism of flavoproteins and lead to the proposal of a common dehydrogenation step in the mechanism for l and d-amino acid oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Faust
- Universität zu Köln, Institut für Biochemie, Zülpicher Strasse 47, D-50674 Köln, Germany
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