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Salama WH, Abd-Rabou AA, Bassuiny RI, El Hakim AE, Shahein YE. Exploration of antimicrobial and anticancer activities of L-amino acid oxidase from Egyptian Naja haje venom. Toxicon 2024; 242:107708. [PMID: 38574827 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and bacterial resistance are major health burdens nowadays. Thus, providing new therapies that overcome that resistance is of great interest, particularly those derived from nature rather than chemotherapeutics to avoid cytotoxicity on normal cells. Venomous animals are among the natural sources that assisted in the discovery of novel therapeutic regimens. L-amino acid oxidase Nh-LAAO (140 kDa), purified from Egyptian Naja haje venom by a successive two-step chromatography protocol, has an optimal pH and temperature of 8 and 37 °C. Under standard assay conditions, Nh-LAAO exhibited the highest specificity toward L-Arg, L-Met and L-Leu, with Km and Vmax values of 3.5 mM and 10.4 μmol/min/ml, respectively. Among the metal ions, Ca+2, Na+, and K+ ions are activators, whereas Fe+2 inhibited LAAO activity. PMSF and EDTA slightly inhibited the Nh-LAAO activity. In addition, Nh-LAAO showed antibacterial and antifungal activities, particularly against Gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa and E. coli strains with MIC of 18 ± 2 μg/ml, as well as F. proliferatum and A. parasiticus among the selected human pathogenic strains. Furthermore, Nh-LAAO exhibited anti-proliferative activity against cancer HepG2 and Huh7 cells with IC50 of 79.37 and 60.11 μg/ml, respectively, with no detectable effect on normal WI-38 cells. Consequently, the apoptosis % of the HepG2 and Huh7 cells were 12 ± 1 and 34.5 ± 2.5 %, respectively, upon Nh-LAAO treatment. Further, the Nh-LAAO arrested the HepG2 and Huh7 cell cycles in the G0/G1 phase. Thus, the powerful selective cytotoxicity of L-amino acid oxidase opens up the possibility as a good candidate for clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa H Salama
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed A Abd-Rabou
- HormonesDepartment, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roqaya I Bassuiny
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr E El Hakim
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser E Shahein
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Bin Haidar H, Almeida JR, Williams J, Guo B, Bigot A, Senthilkumaran S, Vaiyapuri S, Patel K. Differential effects of the venoms of Russell's viper and Indian cobra on human myoblasts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3184. [PMID: 38326450 PMCID: PMC10850160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Local tissue damage following snakebite envenoming remains a poorly researched area. To develop better strategies to treat snakebites, it is critical to understand the mechanisms through which venom toxins induce envenomation effects including local tissue damage. Here, we demonstrate how the venoms of two medically important Indian snakes (Russell's viper and cobra) affect human skeletal muscle using a cultured human myoblast cell line. The data suggest that both venoms affect the viability of myoblasts. Russell's viper venom reduced the total number of cells, their migration, and the area of focal adhesions. It also suppressed myogenic differentiation and induced muscle atrophy. While cobra venom decreased the viability, it did not largely affect cell migration and focal adhesions. Cobra venom affected the formation of myotubes and induced atrophy. Cobra venom-induced atrophy could not be reversed by small molecule inhibitors such as varespladib (a phospholipase A2 inhibitor) and prinomastat (a metalloprotease inhibitor), and soluble activin type IIb receptor (a molecule used to promote regeneration of skeletal muscle), although the antivenom (raised against the Indian 'Big Four' snakes) has attenuated the effects. However, all these molecules rescued the myotubes from Russell's viper venom-induced atrophy. This study demonstrates key steps in the muscle regeneration process that are affected by both Indian Russell's viper and cobra venoms and offers insights into the potential causes of clinical features displayed in envenomed victims. Further research is required to investigate the molecular mechanisms of venom-induced myotoxicity under in vivo settings and develop better therapies for snakebite-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Bin Haidar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
- Kuwait Cancer Control Centre, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - José R Almeida
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Jarred Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Bokai Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Anne Bigot
- INSERM, CNRS, Institute of Myology, Centre of Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC University Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK.
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3
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Rayapati AM, Vemulapati B, Chanda C. Cobra ( Naja naja) venom L-amino acid oxidase (NNLAAO70) induces apoptosis and secondary necrosis in human lung epithelial cancer cells. J Biosci 2024; 49:43. [PMID: 38516910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) are flavoenzymes with diverse physiological and pharmacological effects. These enzymes are found to showcase anticoagulant, antiplatelet, cytotoxicity and other biological effects in bite victims. However, the exact mechanism through which they exhibit several biological properties is not yet fully understood. The current study focussed on the purification of cobra venom LAAO and the functional characterization of purified LAAO. A novel L-amino acid oxidase NNLAAO70 with a molecular weight ~70 kDa was purified from the venom of an Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja). NNLAAO70 showed high substrate specificity for L-His, L-Leu, and L-Arg during its LAAO activity. It inhibited adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and collagen-induced platelet aggregation process in a dosedependent manner. About 60% inhibition of collagen-induced and 40% inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was observed with a 40 μg/ml dose of NNLAAO70. NNLAAO70 exhibited bactericidal activity on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. NNLAAO70 also showed cytotoxicity on A549 cells in vitro. It showed severe bactericidal activity on P. fluorescens and lysed 55% of cells. NNLAAO70 also exhibited drastic cytotoxicity on A549 cells. At 1 lg/ml dosage, it demonstrated a 60% reduction in A549 viability and induced apoptosis upon 24-h incubation. H2O2 released during oxidative deamination reactions played a major role in NNLAAO70-induced cytotoxicity. NNLAAO70 significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells by six fold when compared to untreated cells. Oxidative stress-mediated cell injury is the primary cause of NNLAAO70-induced apoptosis in A549 cells and prolonged oxidative stress caused DNA fragmentation and activated cellular secondary necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Murali Rayapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur 522 502, India
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Severyukhina MS, Ismailova AM, Shaykhutdinova ER, Dyachenko IA, Egorova NS, Murashev AN, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Synthetic Peptide Fragments of the Wtx Toxin Reduce Blood Pressure in Rats under General Anesthesia. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 513:319-323. [PMID: 37700213 PMCID: PMC10808285 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it was shown that the non-conventional toxin WTX from the venom of the cobra Naja kaouthia, when administered intravenously, caused a decrease in blood pressure (BP) and an increase in heart rate (HR) in rats [13]. To identify the site of the toxin molecule responsible for these effects, we studied the influence of synthetic peptide fragments of the WTX on BP and HR in normotensive male Sprague-Dawley rats under general anesthesia induced by Telazol and Xylazine. It was found that peptides corresponding to the WTX central polypeptide loop, stabilized by a disulfide bond, at intravenous injection at concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL caused a dose-dependent decrease in BP, with the HR increasing only in the first 5-10 min after administration. Thus, WTX fragments corresponding to the central polypeptide loop reproduce the decrease in blood pressure caused by the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Severyukhina
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
- Pushchino State Natural-Science Institute, Pushchino, Russia
| | - A M Ismailova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - E R Shaykhutdinova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - I A Dyachenko
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - N S Egorova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - V I Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu N Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Sonavane M, Almeida JR, Rajan E, Williams HF, Townsend F, Cornish E, Mitchell RD, Patel K, Vaiyapuri S. Intramuscular Bleeding and Formation of Microthrombi during Skeletal Muscle Damage Caused by a Snake Venom Metalloprotease and a Cardiotoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:530. [PMID: 37755956 PMCID: PMC10536739 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between specific snake venom toxins and muscle constituents are the major cause of severe muscle damage that often result in amputations and subsequent socioeconomic ramifications for snakebite victims and/or their families. Therefore, improving our understanding of venom-induced muscle damage and determining the underlying mechanisms of muscle degeneration/regeneration following snakebites is critical to developing better strategies to tackle this issue. Here, we analysed intramuscular bleeding and thrombosis in muscle injuries induced by two different snake venom toxins (CAMP-Crotalus atrox metalloprotease (a PIII metalloprotease from the venom of this snake) and a three-finger toxin (CTX, a cardiotoxin from the venom of Naja pallida)). Classically, these toxins represent diverse scenarios characterised by persistent muscle damage (CAMP) and successful regeneration (CTX) following acute damage, as normally observed in envenomation by most vipers and some elapid snakes of Asian, Australasian, and African origin, respectively. Our immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that both CAMP and CTX induced extensive muscle destruction on day 5, although the effects of CTX were reversed over time. We identified the presence of fibrinogen and P-selectin exposure inside the damaged muscle sections, suggesting signs of bleeding and the formation of platelet aggregates/microthrombi in tissues, respectively. Intriguingly, CAMP causes integrin shedding but does not affect any blood clotting parameters, whereas CTX significantly extends the clotting time and has no impact on integrin shedding. The rates of fibrinogen clearance and reduction in microthrombi were greater in CTX-treated muscle compared to CAMP-treated muscle. Together, these findings reveal novel aspects of venom-induced muscle damage and highlight the relevance of haemostatic events such as bleeding and thrombosis for muscle regeneration and provide useful mechanistic insights for developing better therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Sonavane
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (M.S.); (J.R.A.); (E.R.)
| | - José R. Almeida
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (M.S.); (J.R.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Elanchezhian Rajan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (M.S.); (J.R.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Harry F. Williams
- Toxiven Biotech Private Limited, Coimbatore 641042, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Felix Townsend
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (F.T.); (E.C.); (K.P.)
| | - Elizabeth Cornish
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (F.T.); (E.C.); (K.P.)
| | | | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (F.T.); (E.C.); (K.P.)
| | - Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (M.S.); (J.R.A.); (E.R.)
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Götz P, Azubuike-Osu SO, Braumandl A, Arnholdt C, Kübler M, Richter L, Lasch M, Bobrowski L, Preissner KT, Deindl E. Cobra Venom Factor Boosts Arteriogenesis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158454. [PMID: 35955584 PMCID: PMC9368946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriogenesis, the growth of natural bypass blood vessels, can compensate for the loss of arteries caused by vascular occlusive diseases. Accordingly, it is a major goal to identify the drugs promoting this innate immune system-driven process in patients aiming to save their tissues and life. Here, we studied the impact of the Cobra venom factor (CVF), which is a C3-like complement-activating protein that induces depletion of the complement in the circulation in a murine hind limb model of arteriogenesis. Arteriogenesis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by femoral artery ligation (FAL). The administration of a single dose of CVF (12.5 µg) 24 h prior to FAL significantly enhanced the perfusion recovery 7 days after FAL, as shown by Laser Doppler imaging. Immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated an elevated number of proliferating (BrdU+) vascular cells, along with an increased luminal diameter of the grown collateral vessels. Flow cytometric analyses of the blood samples isolated 3 h after FAL revealed an elevated number of neutrophils and platelet-neutrophil aggregates. Giemsa stains displayed augmented mast cell recruitment and activation in the perivascular space of the growing collaterals 8 h after FAL. Seven days after FAL, we found more CD68+/MRC-1+ M2-like polarized pro-arteriogenic macrophages around growing collaterals. These data indicate that a single dose of CVF boosts arteriogenesis by catalyzing the innate immune reactions, relevant for collateral vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Götz
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sharon O. Azubuike-Osu
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, Abakaliki 482131, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Anna Braumandl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christoph Arnholdt
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Kübler
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lisa Richter
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Manuel Lasch
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Bobrowski
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); or (S.O.A.-O.); (A.B.); (C.A.); (M.K.); (M.L.); (L.B.)
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-89-2180-76504
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Salama WH, Shaheen MNF, Shahein YE. Egyptian cobra (Naja haje haje) venom phospholipase A2: a promising antiviral agent with potent virucidal activity against simian rotavirus and bovine coronavirus. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:526. [PMID: 35895237 PMCID: PMC9326960 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are linked to a variety of human diseases. Despite the achievements made in drug and vaccine development, several viruses still lack preventive vaccines and efficient antiviral compounds. Thus, developing novel antiviral agents is of great concern, particularly the natural products that are promising candidates for such discoveries. In this study, we have purified an approximately 15 kDa basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme from the Egyptian cobra Naja haje haje venom. The purified N. haje PLA2 showed a specific activity of 22 units/mg protein against 6 units/mg protein for the whole crude venom with 3.67-fold purification. The antiviral activity of purified N. haje PLA2 has been investigated in vitro against bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and simian rotavirus (RV SA-11). Our results showed that the CC50 of PLA2 were 33.6 and 29 µg/ml against MDBK and MA104 cell lines, respectively. Antiviral analysis of N. haje PLA2 showed an inhibition of BCoV and RV SA-11 infections with a therapeutic index equal to 33.6 and 16, respectively. Moreover, N. haje PLA2 decreased the BCoV and RV SA-11 titers by 4.25 log10 TCID50 and 2.5 log10 TCID50, respectively. Thus, this research suggests the potential antiviral activity of purified N. haje PLA2 against BCoV and RV SA-11 infections in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa H Salama
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yasser E Shahein
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Lafnoune A, Lee SY, Heo JY, Gourja I, Darkaoui B, Abdelkafi-Koubaa Z, Chgoury F, Daoudi K, Chakir S, Cadi R, Mounaji K, Srairi-Abid N, Marrakchi N, Shum D, Seo HR, Oukkache N. Anti-Cancer Effect of Moroccan Cobra Naja haje Venom and Its Fractions against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in 3D Cell Culture. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060402. [PMID: 34199838 PMCID: PMC8229680 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer in adults, the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer related death. An alternative to the surgical treatments and drugs, such as sorafenib, commonly used in medicine is necessary to overcome this public health problem. In this study, we determine the anticancer effect on HCC of Moroccan cobra Naja haje venom and its fraction obtained by gel filtration chromatography against Huh7.5 cancer cell line. Cells were grown together with WI38 human fibroblast cells, LX2 human hepatic stellate cell line, and human endothelial cells (HUVEC) in MCTS (multi-cellular tumor spheroids) models. The hepatotoxicity of venom and its fractions were also evaluated using the normal hepatocytes cell line (Fa2N-4 cells). Our results showed that an anti HCC activity of Moroccan cobra Naja haje venom and, more specifically, the F7 fraction of gel filtration chromatography exhibited the greatest anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect by decreasing the size of MCTS. This effect is associated with a low toxicity against normal hepatocytes. These results strongly suggest that the F7 fraction of Moroccan cobra Naja haje venom obtained by gel filtration chromatography possesses the ability to inhibit cancer cells proliferation. More research is needed to identify the specific molecule(s) responsible for the anticancer effect and investigate their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Lafnoune
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire & Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (R.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Su-Yeon Lee
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seong-nam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (H.-R.S.)
| | - Jin-Yeong Heo
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seong-nam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.-Y.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Imane Gourja
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Bouchra Darkaoui
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire & Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (R.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Zaineb Abdelkafi-Koubaa
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
| | - Fatima Chgoury
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Khadija Daoudi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire & Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (R.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Salma Chakir
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Rachida Cadi
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire & Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (R.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Khadija Mounaji
- Laboratoire Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire & Biotechnologie, Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5366 Maarif, Casablanca 20000, Morocco; (R.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
| | - Naziha Marrakchi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
| | - David Shum
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seong-nam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.-Y.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Haeng-Ran Seo
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil Bundang-gu, Seong-nam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (H.-R.S.)
| | - Naoual Oukkache
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Département de Recherche, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca 20360, Morocco; (A.L.); (I.G.); (B.D.); (F.C.); (K.D.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ryan RYM, Lutzky VP, Herzig V, Smallwood TB, Potriquet J, Wong Y, Masci P, Lavin MF, King GF, Lopez JA, Ikonomopoulou MP, Miles JJ. Venom of the Red-Bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus Shows Immunosuppressive Potential. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110674. [PMID: 33114591 PMCID: PMC7693913 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms act with remarkable specificity upon a broad diversity of physiological targets. Venoms are composed of proteins, peptides, and small molecules, providing the foundation for the development of novel therapeutics. This study assessed the effect of venom from the red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) on human primary leukocytes using bead-based flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and cell viability assays. We show that venom treatment had a significant immunosuppressive effect, inhibiting the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from purified human T cells by 90% or greater following stimulation with mitogen (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin) or via cluster of differentiation (CD) receptors, CD3/CD28. In contrast, venom treatment did not inhibit TNF or IL-6 release from antigen-presenting cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The reduced cytokine release from T cells was not associated with inhibition of T cell proliferation or reduction of cell viability, consistent with an anti-inflammatory mechanism unrelated to the cell cycle. Deconvolution of the venom using reverse-phase HPLC identified four fractions responsible for the observed immunosuppressive activity. These data suggest that compounds from P. porphyriacus venom may be potential drug leads for T cell-associated conditions such as graft versus host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Y. M. Ryan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (V.P.L.); (T.B.S.); (M.P.I.)
- Correspondence: (R.Y.M.R.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Viviana P. Lutzky
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (V.P.L.); (T.B.S.); (M.P.I.)
| | - Volker Herzig
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (V.H.); (G.F.K.)
- GeneCology Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Taylor B. Smallwood
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (V.P.L.); (T.B.S.); (M.P.I.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Yide Wong
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Paul Masci
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia;
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (V.H.); (G.F.K.)
| | - J. Alejandro Lopez
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (V.P.L.); (T.B.S.); (M.P.I.)
| | - Maria P. Ikonomopoulou
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (V.P.L.); (T.B.S.); (M.P.I.)
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - John J. Miles
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia;
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.Y.M.R.); (J.J.M.)
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Kuna E, Bocian A, Hus KK, Petrilla V, Petrillova M, Legath J, Lewinska A, Wnuk M. Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Naja pallida and Naja mossambica Venoms against Three Candida Species. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080500. [PMID: 32759763 PMCID: PMC7472363 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to comprehensively investigated antibacterial activity of snake venoms, namely crude venoms and their selected components, little is known about antifungal properties of elapid snake venoms. In the present study, the proteome of two venoms of red spitting cobra Naja pallida (NPV) and Mozambique spitting cobra Naja mossambica (NMV) was characterized using LC-MS/MS approach, and the antifungal activity of crude venoms against three Candida species was established. A complex response to venom treatment was revealed. NPV and NMV, when used at relatively high concentrations, decreased cell viability of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, affected cell cycle of C. albicans, inhibited C. tropicalis-based biofilm formation and promoted oxidative stress in C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis cells. NPV and NMV also modulated ammonia pulses during colony development and aging in three Candida species. All these observations provide evidence that NPV and NMV may diminish selected pathogenic features of Candida species. However, NPV and NMV also promoted the secretion of extracellular phospholipases that may facilitate Candida pathogenicity and limit their usefulness as anti-candidal agents. In conclusion, antifungal activity of snake venoms should be studied with great caution and a plethora of pathogenic biomarkers should be considered in the future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kuna
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Bocian
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Konrad K. Hus
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Vladimir Petrilla
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic;
- Zoological Department, Zoological Garden Kosice, 040 06 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Petrillova
- Department of General Education Subjects, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic;
| | - Jaroslav Legath
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.B.); (K.K.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (M.W.); Tel.: +48-17-851-86-09 (A.L. & M.W.)
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (M.W.); Tel.: +48-17-851-86-09 (A.L. & M.W.)
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11
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Ducrocq GP, Kim JS, Estrada JA, Kaufman MP. ASIC1a plays a key role in evoking the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H78-H89. [PMID: 31675256 PMCID: PMC6985806 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00565.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) in evoking the exercise pressor reflex is unknown, despite the fact that ASIC1a is opened by decreases in pH in the physiological range. This fact prompted us to test the hypothesis that ASIC1a plays an important role in evoking the exercise pressor reflex in decerebrated rats with freely perfused hindlimb muscles. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effect of injecting two ASIC1a blockers into the arterial supply of the triceps surae muscles on the reflex pressor responses to four maneuvers, namely 1) static contraction of the triceps surae muscles (i.e., the exercise pressor reflex), 2) calcaneal tendon stretch, 3) intra-arterial injection of lactic acid, and 4) intra-arterial injection of diprotonated phosphate. We found that the 2 ASIC1a blockers, psalmotoxin-1 (200 ng/kg) and mambalgin-1 (6.5 μg/kg), decreased the pressor responses to static contraction as well as the peak pressor responses to injection of lactic acid and diprotonated phosphate. In contrast, neither ASIC1a blocker had any effect on the pressor responses to tendon stretch. Importantly, we found that ASIC1a blockade significantly decreased the pressor response to static contraction after a latency of at least 8 s. Our results support the hypothesis that ASIC1a plays a key role in evoking the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role played by acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) in evoking the exercise pressor reflex remains unknown. In decerebrated rats with freely perfused femoral arteries, blocking ASIC1a with psalmotoxin-1 or mambalgin-1 significantly attenuated the pressor response to static contraction, lactic acid, and diprotonated phosphate injection but had no effect on the pressor response to stretch. We conclude that ASIC1a plays a key role in evoking the exercise pressor reflex by responding to contraction-induced metabolites, such as protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P Ducrocq
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joyce S Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Juan A Estrada
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc P Kaufman
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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12
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An JX, Shi WR, Zhang JF, Qian XY, Fang QW, Wang Y, Williams JP. A New Rat Model of Thalamic Pain Produced by Administration of Cobra Venom to the Unilateral Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus. Pain Physician 2019; 22:E635-E647. [PMID: 31775417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalamic pain is a neuropathic pain syndrome that occurs as a result of thalamic damage. It is difficult to develop therapeutic interventions for thalamic pain because its mechanism is unclear. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of thalamic pain, we developed and characterized a new rat model of thalamic pain using a technique of microinjecting cobra venom into the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. OBJECTIVES This study will establish a new thalamic pain rat model produced by administration of cobra venom to the unilateral ventral posterolateral nucleus. STUDY DESIGN This study used an experimental design in rats. SETTING The research took place in the laboratory at the Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the administration of cobra venom or saline into the left VPL. The development of mechanical hyperalgesia and changes in pain-related behaviors and motor function were measured after intrathalamic cobra venom microinjection using the von Frey test, video recording, and cylinder test, respectively. On postoperative days 7 to 35, both electroacupuncture and pregabalin (PGB) were administered to verify that the model reproduced the findings in humans. Moreover, the organizational and structural alterations of the thalamus were examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The threshold for mechanical stimuli in the left facial skin was significantly decreased on day 3 after thalamic pain modeling as compared with pre-venom treatment. Furthermore, the ultrastructural alterations of neurons such as indented neuronal nuclei, damaged mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and dissolved surrounding tissues were observed under TEM. Moreover, electroacupuncture treatment ameliorated mechanical hyperalgesia, pain-like behaviors, and motor dysfunction, as well as restore normal structures of neurons in the thalamic pain rat model. However, no such beneficial effects were noted when PGB was administered. LIMITATIONS The pathophysiological features were different from the present model and the patients in clinical practice (in most cases strokes, either ischemic or hemorrhagic). CONCLUSION The cobra venom model may provide a reasonable model for investigating the mechanism of thalamic pain and for testing therapies targeting recovery and pain after thalamic lesions. KEY WORDS Thalamic pain, cobra venom, electroacupuncture, pregabalin, indented neuronal nuclei, damaged mitochondria, dissolved endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xiong An
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine & Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, No.3, Beiyuan Road, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Rui Shi
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Wu Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University and Beijing Institute of Translational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Dutta S, Sinha A, Dasgupta S, Mukherjee AK. Binding of a Naja naja venom acidic phospholipase A 2 cognate complex to membrane-bound vimentin of rat L6 cells: Implications in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2019; 1861:958-977. [PMID: 30776333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An acidic phospholipase A2 enzyme (NnPLA2-I) interacts with three finger toxins (cytotoxin and neurotoxin) from Naja naja venom to form cognate complexes to enhance its cytotoxicity towards rat L6 myogenic cells. The cytotoxicity was further enhanced in presence of trace quantity of venom nerve growth factor. The purified rat myoblast cell membrane protein showing interaction with NnPLA2-I was identified as vimentin by LC-MS/MS analysis. The ELISA, immunoblot and spectrofluorometric analyses showed greater binding of NnPLA2-I cognate complex to vimentin as compared to the binding of individual NnPLA2-I. The immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy studies evidenced the internalization of NnPLA2-I to partially differentiated myoblasts post binding with vimentin in a time-dependent manner. Pre-incubation of polyvalent antivenom with NnPLA2-I cognate complex demonstrated better neutralization of cytotoxicity towards L6 cells as compared to exogenous addition of polyvalent antivenom 60-240 min post treatment of L6 cells with cognate complex suggesting clinical advantage of early antivenom treatment to prevent cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. The in silico analysis showed that 19-22 residues, inclusive of Asp48 residue, of NnPLA2-I preferentially binds with the rod domain (99-189 and 261-335 regions) of vimentin with a predicted free binding energy (ΔG) and dissociation constant (KD) values of -12.86 kcal/mol and 3.67 × 10-10 M, respectively; however, NnPLA2-I cognate complex showed greater binding with the same regions of vimentin indicating the pathophysiological significance of cognate complex in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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14
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Zainal Abidin SA, Lee YQ, Othman I, Naidu R. Malaysian Cobra Venom: A Potential Source of Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020075. [PMID: 30717096 PMCID: PMC6409816 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a deadly disease and there is an urgent need for the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents to treat it. Snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive proteins that represents an attractive source of novel and naturally-derived anticancer agents. Malaysia is one of the world’s most biodiverse countries and is home to various venomous snake species, including cobras. Naja kaouthia, Naja sumatrana, and Ophiophagus hannah are three of the most common cobra species in Malaysia and are of medical importance. Over the past decades, snake venom has been identified as a potential source of therapeutic agents, including anti-cancer agents. This present review highlights the potential anticancer activity of the venom and purified venom protein of N. kaouthia, N. sumatrana, and O. hannah. In conclusion, this review highlights the important role of the venom from Malaysian cobras as an important resource that researchers can exploit to further investigate its potential in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Qian Lee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Bittenbinder MA, Zdenek CN, Op den Brouw B, Youngman NJ, Dobson JS, Naude A, Vonk FJ, Fry BG. Coagulotoxic Cobras: Clinical Implications of Strong Anticoagulant Actions of African Spitting Naja Venoms That Are Not Neutralised by Antivenom but Are by LY315920 (Varespladib). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120516. [PMID: 30518149 PMCID: PMC6316626 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite is a global tropical disease that has long had huge implications for human health and well-being. Despite its long-standing medical importance, it has been the most neglected of tropical diseases. Reflective of this is that many aspects of the pathology have been underinvestigated. Snakebite by species in the Elapidae family is typically characterised by neurotoxic effects that result in flaccid paralysis. Thus, while clinically significant disturbances to the coagulation cascade have been reported, the bulk of the research to date has focused upon neurotoxins. In order to fill the knowledge gap regarding the coagulotoxic effects of elapid snake venoms, we screened 30 African and Asian venoms across eight genera using in vitro anticoagulant assays to determine the relative inhibition of the coagulation function of thrombin and the inhibition of the formation of the prothrombinase complex through competitive binding to a nonenzymatic site on Factor Xa (FXa), thereby preventing FXa from binding to Factor Va (FVa). It was revealed that African spitting cobras were the only species that were potent inhibitors of either clotting factor, but with Factor Xa inhibited at 12 times the levels of thrombin inhibition. This is consistent with at least one death on record due to hemorrhage following African spitting cobra envenomation. To determine the efficacy of antivenom in neutralising the anticoagulant venom effects, for the African spitting cobras we repeated the same 8-point dilution series with the addition of antivenom and observed the shift in the area under the curve, which revealed that the antivenom performed extremely poorly against the coagulotoxic venom effects of all species. However, additional tests with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor LY315920 (trade name: varespladib) demonstrated a powerful neutralisation action against the coagulotoxic actions of the African spitting cobra venoms. Our research has important implications for the clinical treatment of cobra snakebites and also sheds light on the molecular mechanisms involved in coagulotoxicity within Naja. As the most coagulotoxic species are also those that produce characteristic extreme local tissue damage, future research should investigate potential synergistic actions between anticoagulant toxins and cytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mátyás A Bittenbinder
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Bianca Op den Brouw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Nicholas J Youngman
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - James S Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Arno Naude
- Snakebite Assist, Pretoria ZA-0001, South Africa.
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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16
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Coimbra FCP, Dobson J, Zdenek CN, Op den Brouw B, Hamilton B, Debono J, Masci P, Frank N, Ge L, Kwok HF, Fry BG. Does size matter? Venom proteomic and functional comparison between night adder species (Viperidae: Causus) with short and long venom glands. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 211:7-14. [PMID: 29758383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Night adders (Causus species within the Viperidae family) are amphibian specialists and a common source of snakebite in Africa. Some species are unique in that they have the longest venom glands of any viper, extending approximately 10% of the body length. Despite their potential medical importance and evolutionary novelty, their venom has received almost no research attention. In this study, venoms from a short-glanded species (C. lichtensteinii) and from a long-glanded species (C. rhombeatus) were compared using a series of proteomic and bioactivity testing techniques to investigate and compare the toxin composition and functioning of the venoms of these two species. Both C. rhombeatus and C. lichtensteinii were similar in overall venom composition and inhibition of blood coagulation through non-clotting proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen. While the 1D gel profiles were very similar to each other in the toxin types present, 2D gel analyses revealed isoformic differences within each toxin classes. This variation was congruent with differential efficacy of South African Institute for Medical Research snake polyvalent antivenom, with C. lichtensteinii unaffected at the dose tested while C. rhombeatus was moderately but significantly neutralized. Despite the variation within toxin classes, the similarity in overall venom biochemistry suggests that the selection pressure for the evolution of long glands served to increase venom yield in order to subjugate proportionally large anurans as a unique form of niche partitioning, and is not linked to significant changes in venom function. These results not only contribute to the body of venom evolution knowledge but also highlight the limited clinical management outcomes for Causus envenomations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C P Coimbra
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bianca Op den Brouw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brett Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging & Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Masci
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Lilin Ge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing 215400, China
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Das HK, Sahu PP. Electro-Physiology of Coupling Model and Its Impact on Naja Kaouthia Venom Treated Sciatic Nerves of Toad. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018; 26:987-992. [PMID: 29752233 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2824844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination in peripheral nerves causes dysfunction of slowing down and stoppage of nerve impulses causing many neurological diseases, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, etc. This paper aims to develop a recovery model having interaction of a demyelinated nerve with a normal myelinated nerve. We validated the model by coupling between peripheral nerve of toad (demyelinated with Naja kaouthia venom) and a normal nerve of toad. An increase in both nerve conduction velocity as well as compound action potential amplitude is observed in the repetition of the experiments indicating gradual recovery of the patients. The significance behind this work is to suppress the malfunctioning of the demyelinated nerve by the normal electro-physiological activity of the normal nerve for speedy recovery using coupling model. The recovery model will be used in the treatment of neurological disorders with the influence of normal neuro physiological properties of a normal adjacent nerve.
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18
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Lu W, Hu L, Yang J, Sun X, Yan H, Liu J, Chen J, Cheng X, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Wei JF, Cao P. Isolation and pharmacological characterization of a new cytotoxic L-amino acid oxidase from Bungarus multicinctus snake venom. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213:311-320. [PMID: 29180043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bungarus multicinctus snake belongs to Elapidae family and is widely distributed in southern China. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine with the effect of dispelling wind and removing obstruction in the meridians. Moreover, it is also as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the antitumor activity of Bungarus multicinctus snake venom components and isolate, characterize the most effective anti-tumor component of Bungarus multicinctus snake venom. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro antitumor activity of Bungarus multicinctus venom components was detected by cytotoxicity assay and cell apoptosis assay. A unique LAAO from Bungarus multicinctus venom named as BM-Apotxin was isolated and characterized by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, Sephadex G-25 desalting, Q ion-exchange chromatography and subsequent amino acids sequence determination. The LAAO activity and enzyme kinetics of BM-Apotxin was detected by microplate assay. RESULTS BM-Apotxin, a 65KDa glycoprotein, which contributed to the most anti-tumor effects of Bungarus multicinctus venom. BM-Apotxin can selectively kill tumor cells, with less cytotoxicity to the normal cells. BM-Apotxin is an L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) with high sequence identity to other snake venom LAAOs. Its anti-tumor activity is mainly due to the hydrogen peroxide produced from LAAO oxidation. But the catalase did not reverse its anti-tumor effect completely. Like other snake venom LAAOs, BM-Apotxin can oxidize many L amino acids, not D amino acids. The optimum substrate for BM-Apotxin is L-Phe. Moreover, BM-Apotxin deglycosylation can significantly reduce the LAAO activity and anti-tumor activity of BM-Apotxin. CONCLUSION This study will facilitate the study on anti-tumor mechanism of snake venom and drug development based on Bungarus multicinctus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuguang Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaijiang Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolan Cheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300# Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Wang SZ, Qin ZH. Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Actions of Naja naja atra Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E100. [PMID: 29495566 PMCID: PMC5869388 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naja naja atra venom (NNAV) is composed of various proteins, peptides, and enzymes with different biological and pharmacological functions. A number of previous studies have reported that NNAV exerts potent analgesic effects on various animal models of pain. The clinical studies using whole venom or active components have confirmed that NNAV is an effective and safe medicine for treatment of chronic pain. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that NNAV has anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions in vitro and in vivo. In this review article, we summarize recent studies of NNAV and its components on inflammation and immunity. The main new findings in NNAV research show that it may enhance innate and humoral immune responses while suppressing T lymphocytes-mediated cellular immunity, thus suggesting that NNAV and its active components may have therapeutic values in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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20
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Zhang C, Wang C, Li Y, Miwa T, Liu C, Cui W, Song WC, Du J. Complement C3a signaling facilitates skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating monocyte function and trafficking. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2078. [PMID: 29233958 PMCID: PMC5727192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscle following injury is accompanied by transient inflammation. Here we show that complement is activated in skeletal muscle injury and plays a key role during regeneration. Genetic ablation of complement C3 or its inactivation with Cobra Venom Factor (CVF) result in impaired muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin-induced injury in mice. The effect of complement in muscle regeneration is mediated by the alternative pathway and C3a receptor (C3aR) signaling, as deletion of Cfb, a key alternative pathway component, or C3aR leads to impaired regeneration and reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration. Monocytes from C3aR-deficient mice express a reduced level of adhesion molecules, cytokines and genes associated with antigen processing and presentation. Exogenous administration of recombinant CCL5 to C3aR-deficient mice rescues the defects in inflammatory cell recruitment and regeneration. These findings reveal an important role of complement C3a in skeletal muscle regeneration, and suggest that manipulating complement system may produce therapeutic benefit in muscle injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Takashi Miwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
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21
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Osipov AV, Terpinskaya TI, Kuznetsova TE, Ryzhkovskaya EL, Lukashevich VS, Rudnichenko JA, Ulashchyk VS, Starkov VG, Utkin YN. Cobra Venom Factor and Ketoprofen Abolish the Antitumor Effect of Nerve Growth Factor from Cobra Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090274. [PMID: 28878143 PMCID: PMC5618207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed recently that nerve growth factor (NGF) from cobra venom inhibited the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) inoculated subcutaneously in mice. Here, we studied the influence of anti-complementary cobra venom factor (CVF) and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen on the antitumor NGF effect, as well as on NGF-induced changes in EAC histological patterns, the activity of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases in tumor cells and the serum level of some cytokines. NGF, CVF and ketoprofen reduced the tumor volume by approximately 72%, 68% and 30%, respectively. The antitumor effect of NGF was accompanied by an increase in the lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor tissue, the level of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the serum, as well as the activity of lactate and succinate dehydrogenases in tumor cells. Simultaneous administration of NGF with either CVF or ketoprofen abolished the antitumor effect and reduced all other effects of NGF, whereas NGF itself significantly decreased the antitumor action of both CVF and ketoprofen. Thus, the antitumor effect of NGF critically depended on the status of the immune system and was abolished by the disturbance of the complement system; the disturbance of the inflammatory response canceled the antitumor effect as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Osipov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Tatiana I Terpinskaya
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ul. Akademicheskaya, 28, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
| | - Tatiana E Kuznetsova
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ul. Akademicheskaya, 28, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
| | - Elena L Ryzhkovskaya
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ul. Akademicheskaya, 28, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
| | - Vladimir S Lukashevich
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ul. Akademicheskaya, 28, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
| | - Julia A Rudnichenko
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ul. Akademicheskaya, 28, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
| | - Vladimir S Ulashchyk
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ul. Akademicheskaya, 28, Minsk 220072, Belarus.
| | - Vladislav G Starkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Yuri N Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Cipriani V, Debono J, Goldenberg J, Jackson TNW, Arbuckle K, Dobson J, Koludarov I, Li B, Hay C, Dunstan N, Allen L, Hendrikx I, Kwok HF, Fry BG. Correlation between ontogenetic dietary shifts and venom variation in Australian brown snakes (Pseudonaja). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 197:53-60. [PMID: 28457945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Venom is a key evolutionary trait, as evidenced by its widespread convergent evolution across the animal kingdom. In an escalating prey-predator arms race, venoms evolve rapidly to guarantee predatory or defensive success. Variation in venom composition is ubiquitous among snakes. Here, we tested variation in venom activity on substrates relevant to blood coagulation among Pseudonaja (brown snake) species, Australian elapids responsible for the majority of medically important human envenomations in Australia. A functional approach was employed to elucidate interspecific variation in venom activity in all nine currently recognised species of Pseudonaja. Fluorometric enzymatic activity assays were performed to test variation in whole venom procoagulant activity among species. Analyses confirmed the previously documented ontogenetic shift from non-coagulopathic venom in juveniles to coagulopathic venom as adults, except for the case of P. modesta, which retains non-coagulopathic venom as an adult. These shifts in venom activity correlate with documented ontogenetic shifts in diet among brown snakes from specialisation on reptilian prey as juveniles (and throughout the life cycle of P. modesta), to a more generalised diet in adults that includes mammals. The results of this study bring to light findings relevant to both clinical and evolutionary toxinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Cipriani
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Goldenberg
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2, 8PP, UK
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chris Hay
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nathan Dunstan
- Venom Supplies, Tanunda, South Australia 5352, Australia
| | - Luke Allen
- Venom Supplies, Tanunda, South Australia 5352, Australia
| | - Iwan Hendrikx
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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23
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Bhowmik T, Saha PP, Sarkar A, Gomes A. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of a purified venom protein from Naja kaouthia (NKCT1) using gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery to cancer cell. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 261:35-49. [PMID: 27836789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In our earlier report, gold nanoparticle (GNP) and snake venom protein toxin NKCT1 were conjugated and primary characteristics were done. In this communication, further characteristics of GNP-NKCT1 were done with TGA, BET, Zeta potential, ICP-MS, FTIR, XPS, and in vitro release kinetics for its physicochemical, molecular nature and bonding. TGA and ICP-MS showed that the number of conjugation was 40 ± 5 to 90 ± 8 NKCT1 per gold nanoparticles. FTIR and XPS corresponding to (CO), (NH), (SS) reformulated the conjugation of GNP with NKCT1. The efficacy of GNP-NKCT1 on cancer cells were analyzed by MTT assay which demonstrated superior cytotoxic effects as compared to native NKCT1. IC50 dose of GNP-NKCT1 was less than 4 μg/ml in cancer cell lines, whereas in case of NKCT1 it was average 8 μg/ml. Twice dose of IC50 of GNP-NKCT1 even showed less toxicity compared to unconjugated NKCT1, towards normal epithelial or fibroblast cell and also in peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that percentage of apoptotic C6 cells was much higher in GNP-NKCT1 treatment (54.58%) than that of NKCT1 treatment (26.79%). Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle using GNP-NKCT1 on C6 cancer cells revealed that it arrested the cell cycle at Go/G1 phases. In diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced in vivo hepatocarcinoma mice, the activities of hepatic enzymes- aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and activities of antioxidant enzymes- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were restored by GNP-NKCT1. This study indicated the capability of gold nanoparticles in enhancing the cancer cell uptake of NKCT1 and also suggested that GNP-NKCT1 might be a good source of anti-carcinoma or anti-sarcoma targeted agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Bhowmik
- Laboratory of Toxinology & Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Partha Pratim Saha
- Laboratory of Toxinology & Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Laboratory of Toxinology & Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India
| | - Antony Gomes
- Laboratory of Toxinology & Experimental Pharmacodynamics, Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata, 700 009, India.
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24
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Yang DC, Deuis JR, Dashevsky D, Dobson J, Jackson TNW, Brust A, Xie B, Koludarov I, Debono J, Hendrikx I, Hodgson WC, Josh P, Nouwens A, Baillie GJ, Bruxner TJC, Alewood PF, Lim KKP, Frank N, Vetter I, Fry BG. The Snake with the Scorpion's Sting: Novel Three-Finger Toxin Sodium Channel Activators from the Venom of the Long-Glanded Blue Coral Snake (Calliophis bivirgatus). Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E303. [PMID: 27763551 PMCID: PMC5086663 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of years of evolution have fine-tuned the ability of venom peptides to rapidly incapacitate both prey and potential predators. Toxicofera reptiles are characterized by serous-secreting mandibular or maxillary glands with heightened levels of protein expression. These glands are the core anatomical components of the toxicoferan venom system, which exists in myriad points along an evolutionary continuum. Neofunctionalisation of toxins is facilitated by positive selection at functional hotspots on the ancestral protein and venom proteins have undergone dynamic diversification in helodermatid and varanid lizards as well as advanced snakes. A spectacular point on the venom system continuum is the long-glanded blue coral snake (Calliophis bivirgatus), a specialist feeder that preys on fast moving, venomous snakes which have both a high likelihood of prey escape but also represent significant danger to the predator itself. The maxillary venom glands of C. bivirgatus extend one quarter of the snake's body length and nestle within the rib cavity. Despite the snake's notoriety its venom has remained largely unstudied. Here we show that the venom uniquely produces spastic paralysis, in contrast to the flaccid paralysis typically produced by neurotoxic snake venoms. The toxin responsible, which we have called calliotoxin (δ-elapitoxin-Cb1a), is a three-finger toxin (3FTx). Calliotoxin shifts the voltage-dependence of NaV1.4 activation to more hyperpolarised potentials, inhibits inactivation, and produces large ramp currents, consistent with its profound effects on contractile force in an isolated skeletal muscle preparation. Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) are a particularly attractive pharmacological target as they are involved in almost all physiological processes including action potential generation and conduction. Accordingly, venom peptides that interfere with NaV function provide a key defensive and predatory advantage to a range of invertebrate venomous species including cone snails, scorpions, spiders, and anemones. Enhanced activation or delayed inactivation of sodium channels by toxins is associated with the extremely rapid onset of tetanic/excitatory paralysis in envenomed prey animals. A strong selection pressure exists for the evolution of such toxins where there is a high chance of prey escape. However, despite their prevalence in other venomous species, toxins causing delay of sodium channel inhibition have never previously been described in vertebrate venoms. Here we show that NaV modulators, convergent with those of invertebrates, have evolved in the venom of the long-glanded coral snake. Calliotoxin represents a functionally novel class of 3FTx and a structurally novel class of NaV toxins that will provide significant insights into the pharmacology and physiology of NaV. The toxin represents a remarkable case of functional convergence between invertebrate and vertebrate venom systems in response to similar selection pressures. These results underscore the dynamic evolution of the Toxicofera reptile system and reinforces the value of using evolution as a roadmap for biodiscovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl C Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Daniel Dashevsky
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Andreas Brust
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Bing Xie
- Bejing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Iwan Hendrikx
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Wayne C Hodgson
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia.
| | - Peter Josh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Gregory J Baillie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Timothy J C Bruxner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Kelvin Kok Peng Lim
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Singapore.
| | | | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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Ghosh S, Saha PP, Dasgupta SC, Gomes A. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities of Bungarus fasciatus venom in experimental animal models. Indian J Exp Biol 2016; 54:569-576. [PMID: 28699722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain and inflammation are intimately associated with rheumatoid arthritis, a growing bone-joint related problem of the modern society. Though several therapeutic managements are available for arthritis, their side effects not only limit their use, but also advocate the quest for natural therapies. In this study, we explored the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities of Bungarus fasciatus venom (BFV) in experimental animal models. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) in male Wistar albino rats. Lyophilized BFV was diluted in 0.9% NaCl. Antiarthritic activity showed that BFV significantly reduced the paw and ankle diameters; urinary hydroxyproline, glucosamine levels and serum ACP/ALP/TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-17/Cathepsin-K/MMP-1 levels. These parameters were significantly increased in FCA induced arthritic animals. Joint histopathology study indicated the partial restoration of joint structure. Treatment with BFV significantly reduced the mean latency time of tail flick response, acetic acid induced writhing response and formalin induced licking response in male albino mice. BFV treatment also significantly reduced carrageenan induced paw edema and xylene induced ear edema in male albino mice. The results indicated that BFV possess antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties and further studies are warranted to find the active constituents present in BFV.
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Das HK, Das D, Doley R, Sahu PP. Quantifying Demyelination in NK venom treated nerve using its electric circuit model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22385. [PMID: 26932543 PMCID: PMC4773768 DOI: 10.1038/srep22385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of myelin in peripheral nerve causes critical demyelinating diseases such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, etc. Clinical monitoring of these diseases requires rapid and non-invasive quantification of demyelination. Here we have developed formulation of nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in terms of demyelination considering electric circuit model of a nerve having bundle of axons for its quantification from NCV measurements. This approach has been validated and demonstrated with toad nerve model treated with crude Naja kaouthia (NK) venom and also shows the effect of Phospholipase A2 and three finger neurotoxin from NK-venom on peripheral nerve. This opens future scope for non-invasive clinical measurement of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Das
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engg., Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
| | - D. Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
| | - R. Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
| | - P. P. Sahu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engg., Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
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Yunusova ES, Sadykov ES, Sultanalieva NM, Shkinev AV. [Fibrinogen/fibrin-specific enzymes from copperhead (Agkistrodon halys halys) and cobra (Naja oxiana eichwald) snake venoms]. Biomed Khim 2016; 62:259-264. [PMID: 27420616 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ability of fractions of cobra's (Naja oxiana Eichwald) and copperhead snake's (Agkistrodon halys halys) venoms to hydrolyze fibrinogen/fibrin was studied. In cobra's snake a component with molecular mass of nearly 60 kDa was found to hydrolyze a-chain of fibrinogen but failed to hydrolyze casein/azocasein and fibrin. A fibrinogen-specific metalloproteinase, the enzyme was inhibited by EDTA. Cobra's venom reduced the mass of donor's fresh blood clots. The copperhead snake's venom and the fractions obtained by gel-filtration (HW-50) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-650) were found to hydrolyze casein/azocasein, a- and b-chains of fibrinogen/fibrin and donor's blood clots. The results from the study of the venom and proteolytically active fractions are the evidence for a thrombolytic potential in a copperhead snake's venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Yunusova
- Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
| | - E S Sadykov
- Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
| | - N M Sultanalieva
- Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
| | - A V Shkinev
- Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
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Barber CM, Rusmili MRA, Hodgson WC. Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of α-Elapitoxin-Ot1a, a Short-Chain Postsynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Western Desert Taipan, Oxyuranus temporalis. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030058. [PMID: 26938558 PMCID: PMC4810203 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taipans (Oxyuranus spp.) are elapids with highly potent venoms containing presynaptic (β) and postsynaptic (α) neurotoxins. O. temporalis (Western Desert taipan), a newly discovered member of this genus, has been shown to possess venom which displays marked in vitro neurotoxicity. No components have been isolated from this venom. We describe the characterization of α-elapitoxin-Ot1a (α-EPTX-Ot1a; 6712 Da), a short-chain postsynaptic neurotoxin, which accounts for approximately 30% of O. temporalis venom. α-Elapitoxin-Ot1a (0.1–1 µM) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect-twitches, and abolished contractile responses to exogenous acetylcholine and carbachol, in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. The inhibition of indirect twitches by α-elapitoxin-Ot1a (1 µM) was not reversed by washing the tissue. Prior addition of taipan antivenom (10 U/mL) delayed the neurotoxic effects of α-elapitoxin-Ot1a (1 µM) and markedly attenuated the neurotoxic effects of α-elapitoxin-Ot1a (0.1 µM). α-Elapitoxin-Ot1a displayed pseudo-irreversible antagonism of concentration-response curves to carbachol with a pA2 value of 8.02 ± 0.05. De novo sequencing revealed the main sequence of the short-chain postsynaptic neurotoxin (i.e., α-elapitoxin-Ot1a) as well as three other isoforms found in O. temporalis venom. α-Elapitoxin-Ot1a shows high sequence similarity (i.e., >87%) with other taipan short-chain postsynaptic neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel M Barber
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota 23800, Malaysia.
| | - Wayne C Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Vivas J, Ibarra C, Salazar AM, Neves-Ferreira AGC, Sánchez EE, Perales J, Rodríguez-Acosta A, Guerrero B. Purification and characterization of tenerplasminin-1, a serine peptidase inhibitor with antiplasmin activity from the coral snake (Micrurus tener tener) venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 179:107-15. [PMID: 26419785 PMCID: PMC4729579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A plasmin inhibitor, named tenerplasminin-1 (TP1), was isolated from Micrurus tener tener (Mtt) venom. It showed a molecular mass of 6542Da, similarly to Kunitz-type serine peptidase inhibitors. The amidolytic activity of plasmin (0.5nM) on synthetic substrate S-2251 was inhibited by 91% following the incubation with TP1 (1nM). Aprotinin (2nM) used as the positive control of inhibition, reduced the plasmin amidolytic activity by 71%. Plasmin fibrinolytic activity (0.05nM) was inhibited by 67% following incubation with TP1 (0.1nM). The degradation of fibrinogen chains induced by plasmin, trypsin or elastase was inhibited by TP1 at a 1:2, 1:4 and 1:20 enzyme:inhibitor ratio, respectively. On the other hand, the proteolytic activity of crude Mtt venom on fibrinogen chains, previously attributed to metallopeptidases, was not abolished by TP1. The tPA-clot lysis assay showed that TP1 (0.2nM) acts like aprotinin (0.4nM) inducing a delay in lysis time and lysis rate which may be associated with the inhibition of plasmin generated from the endogenous plasminogen activation. TP1 is the first serine protease plasmin-like inhibitor isolated from Mtt snake venom which has been characterized in relation to its mechanism of action, formation of a plasmin:TP1 complex and therapeutic potential as anti-fibrinolytic agent, a biological characteristic of great interest in the field of biomedical research. They could be used to regulate the fibrinolytic system in pathologies such as metastatic cancer, parasitic infections, hemophilia and other hemorrhagic syndromes, in which an intense fibrinolytic activity is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeilyn Vivas
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Ana M Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | | | - Elda E Sánchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Jonás Perales
- Laboratorio de Toxinologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Ultraestructura, Instituto Anatómico de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Belsy Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
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Brokaw JL, Costa C. In Contrast to Anti-C5 Therapy, Cobra Venom Factor Does Not Prevent Rejection of Xenogeneic Cartilage in Mice. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:2397-9. [PMID: 26518939 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of xenogeneic chondrocytes may benefit the development of clinical tissue-engineering applications for cartilage repair. However, cartilage xenografts are slowly rejected by humoral and cellular mechanisms to which galactose α1,3-galactose (Gal) antigen and complement contribute. Accordingly, transgenic expression of human α1,2-fucosyltransferase (HT) in porcine cartilage helps to protect from the Gal-mediated immune response. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of the broadly used complement inhibitor cobra venom factor (CVF) in comparison with anti-C5 therapy in α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (Gal KO) mice transplanted with porcine cartilage. METHODS Gal KO mice grafted with control or HT-transgenic cartilage were left untreated or treated systemically with either anti-C5 antibody or CVF for 5 weeks. The degree of rejection was evaluated by use of histopathological analysis, and serum anti-Gal antibodies were measured in all cohorts. RESULTS The rejection process of control cartilage was well advanced by 5 weeks after transplantation in untreated Gal KO mice, whereas enhanced graft survival characterized by reduced cellular immune infiltrate was found in mice grafted with HT cartilage and/or treated with anti-C5. In contrast, CVF administration led to inconsistent results, with some grafts showing no improvement or even increased amounts of granulocytes. Regarding antibody titers, the anti-Gal immunoglobulin (Ig)M increased in the control transplant cohort and remained unchanged in the HT-graft recipients at 5 weeks after transplantation. Notably, a strong anti-Gal IgM response was readily detected in CVF-treated mice of both transplanted cohorts. CONCLUSIONS CVF does not present advantages over anti-C5 therapy for preventing rejection of xenogeneic porcine cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Brokaw
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cheshire, Connecticut; Global Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
| | - C Costa
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cheshire, Connecticut; New Therapies of Genes and Transplants Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Qin QG, Gao XY, Liu K, Yu XC, Li L, Wang HP, Zhu B. Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints enhances jejunal motility in constipated and diarrheic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18271-18283. [PMID: 25561794 PMCID: PMC4277964 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect and mechanism of acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints on jejunal motility, particularly in pathological conditions.
METHODS: Jejunal motility was assessed using a manometric balloon placed in the jejunum approximately 18-20 cm downstream from the pylorus and filled with approximately 0.1 mL warm water in anesthetized normal rats or rats with diarrhea or constipation. The heterotopic acupoints including LI11 (Quchi), ST37 (Shangjuxu), BL25 (Dachangshu), and the homotopic acupoint ST25 (Tianshu), were stimulated for 60 s by rotating acupuncture needles right and left at a frequency of 2 Hz. To determine the type of afferent fibers mediating the regulation of jejunal motility by manual acupuncture, the ipsilateral sciatic A or C fibers of ST37 were inactivated by local application of the A-fiber selective demyelination agent cobra venom or the C fiber blocker capsaicin. Methoctramine, a selective M2 receptor antagonist, was injected intravenously to identify a specific role of M2 receptors in mediating the effect of acupuncture on jejunal motility.
RESULTS: Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, such as LI11 and ST37, increased jejunal motility not only in normal rats, but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea. In normal rats, manual acupuncture at LI11 or ST37 enhanced jejunal pressure from 7.34 ± 0.19 cmH2O to 7.93 ± 0.20 cmH2O, an increase of 9.05% ± 0.82% (P < 0.05), and from 6.95 ± 0.14 cmH2O to 8.97 ± 0.22 cmH2O, a significant increase of 27.44% ± 1.96% (P < 0.01), respectively. In constipated rats, manual acupuncture at LI11 or ST37 increased intrajejunal pressure from 8.17 ± 0.31 cmH2O to 9.86 ± 0.36 cmH2O, an increase of 20.69% ± 2.10% (P < 0.05), and from 8.82 ± 0.28 cmH2O to 10.83 ± 0.28 cmH2O, an increase of 22.81% ± 1.46% (P < 0.05), respectively. In rats with diarrhea, MA at LI11 or ST37 increased intrajejunal pressure from 11.95 ± 0.35 cmH2O to 13.96 ± 0.39 cmH2O, an increase of 16.82% ± 2.35% (P < 0.05), and tended to increase intrajejunal pressure (from 12.42 ± 0.38 cmH2O to 13.05 ± 0.38 cmH2O, an increase of 5.07% ± 1.08%, P > 0.05), respectively. In contrast, acupuncture ST25, a homotopic acupoint, not only decreased intrajejunal pressure, but also significantly decreased frequency in normal rats and rats with constipation or diarrhea. Following demyelination of Aδ fibers, acupuncture at ST37 again augmented intrajejunal pressure to 121.48% ± 3.06% of baseline. Following capsaicin application for 24 h, acupuncture at ipsilateral ST37 increased intrajejunal pressure to 106.63% ± 1.26% of basal levels when compared to measurements prior to capsaicin treatment (P < 0.05). Acupuncture at LI11, ST37, or BL25 significantly rescued methoctramine-mediated inhibition of jejunal motility amplitude from 42.83% ± 1.65% to 53.43% ± 1.95% of baseline (P < 0.05), from 45.15% ± 2.22% to 70.51% ± 2.34% of baseline (P < 0.01), and from 38.03% ± 2.34% to 70.12% ± 2.22% of baseline (P < 0.01), respectively.
CONCLUSION: Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases the amplitude of jejunal motility in rats. C fibers and M2 receptors predominantly and (or) partially mediate the regulation of jejunal motility by acupuncture, respectively.
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Hasegawa M, Yada S, Liu MZ, Kamada N, Muñoz-Planillo R, Do N, Núñez G, Inohara N. Interleukin-22 regulates the complement system to promote resistance against pathobionts after pathogen-induced intestinal damage. Immunity 2014; 41:620-32. [PMID: 25367575 PMCID: PMC4220303 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathobionts play a critical role in disease development, but the immune mechanisms against pathobionts remain poorly understood. Here, we report a critical role for interleukin-22 (IL-22) in systemic protection against bacterial pathobionts that translocate into the circulation after infection with the pathogen Clostridium difficile. Infection with C. difficile induced IL-22, and infected Il22(-/-) mice harbored high numbers of pathobionts in extraintestinal organs despite comparable pathogen load and intestinal damage in mutant and wild-type mice. Pathobionts exhibited increased resistant against complement-mediated phagocytosis, and their intravenous administration resulted in high animal mortality. Selective removal of translocated commensals rescued Il22(-/-) mice, and IL-22 administration enhanced the elimination of pathobionts. Mechanistically, IL-22 augmented bacterial phagocytosis by increasing the expression and bacterial binding of complement C3. Our study demonstrates an unexpected role for IL-22 in controlling the elimination of pathobionts that enter the systemic circulation through the regulation of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shoko Yada
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Student Medical Academia Center and Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Meng Zhen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raúl Muñoz-Planillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nhu Do
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Senn V, Wolff SBE, Herry C, Grenier F, Ehrlich I, Gründemann J, Fadok JP, Müller C, Letzkus JJ, Lüthi A. Long-range connectivity defines behavioral specificity of amygdala neurons. Neuron 2014; 81:428-37. [PMID: 24462103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Memories are acquired and encoded within large-scale neuronal networks spanning different brain areas. The anatomical and functional specificity of such long-range interactions and their role in learning is poorly understood. The amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are interconnected brain structures involved in the extinction of conditioned fear. Here, we show that a defined subpopulation of basal amygdala (BA) projection neurons targeting the prelimbic (PL) subdivision of mPFC is active during states of high fear, whereas BA neurons targeting the infralimbic (IL) subdivision are recruited, and exhibit cell-type-specific plasticity, during fear extinction. Pathway-specific optogenetic manipulations demonstrate that the activity balance between pathways is causally involved in fear extinction. Together, our findings demonstrate that, although intermingled locally, long-range connectivity defines distinct subpopulations of amygdala projection neurons and indicate that the formation of long-term extinction memories depends on the balance of activity between two defined amygdala-prefrontal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Senn
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen B E Wolff
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Herry
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Grenier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Ehrlich
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gründemann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan P Fadok
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes J Letzkus
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Blot A, Barbour B. Ultra-rapid axon-axon ephaptic inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje cells by the pinceau. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:289-95. [PMID: 24413696 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synaptic activity in the brain is shaped and balanced by inhibition. Because inhibition cannot propagate, it is often recruited with a synaptic delay by incoming excitation. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are driven by long-range excitatory parallel fiber inputs, which also recruit local inhibitory basket cells. The axon initial segment of each Purkinje cell is ensheathed by basket cell axons in a structure called the pinceau, which is largely devoid of chemical synapses. In mice, we found at the single-cell level that the pinceau mediates ephaptic inhibition of Purkinje cell firing at the site of spike initiation. The reduction of firing rate was synchronous with the presynaptic action potential, eliminating a synaptic delay and allowing granule cells to inhibit Purkinje cells without a preceding phase of excitation. Axon-axon ephaptic intercellular signaling can therefore mediate near-instantaneous feedforward and lateral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Blot
- 1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris, France. [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France. [3] INSERM, U1024, Paris, France
| | - Boris Barbour
- 1] Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris, France. [2] CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France. [3] INSERM, U1024, Paris, France
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Mao YF, Yu QH, Zheng XF, Liu K, Liang WQ, Wang YW, Deng XM, Jiang L. Pre-treatment with Cobra venom factor alleviates acute lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17:2207-2217. [PMID: 23893188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that complement activation is required for intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR)-induced tissue damage. Cobra venom factor (CVF), a structural and functional homolog to the activated form of C3 (the central component of the complement system), can cause exhaustive activation of the alternative pathway and deplete the complement components. AIM This study aims to investigate the effect of CVF pretreatment on acute lung injury induced by IIR in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lung injury was induced by clamping superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 60 min followed by 4 h of reperfusion. CVF was given via the tail vein 24 h before the operation. RESULTS Histological results as well as lung edema determination and permeability assay showed the severe damages were induced in the lungs of rats in the IIR group, accompanying with the increases in the levels of pulmonary malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin (IL)-8. Remarkably, CVF pretreatment significantly attenuated the morphological lung injury, lung edema and lung permeability, reduced the increase of the levels of MDA, MPO, ICAM-1 and IL-8 induced by IIR. In addition, the severe damage of intestinal and elevation of plasma diamine oxidase activity in the IIR rats were significantly alleviated by CVF pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS CVF pretreatment could significantly reduce the acute lung injury induced by IIR. The mechanism might include, at least in part, the inhibition of oxidant generation, infiltration of neutrophils, ICAM-1 expression and IL-8 release. CVF might be an efficient reagent for preventing the IIR injuries in clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Maïga A, Merlin J, Marcon E, Rouget C, Larregola M, Gilquin B, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Lajeunesse E, Marchetti C, Lorphelin A, Bellanger L, Summers RJ, Hutchinson DS, Evans BA, Servent D, Gilles N. Orthosteric binding of ρ-Da1a, a natural peptide of snake venom interacting selectively with the α1A-adrenoceptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68841. [PMID: 23935897 PMCID: PMC3723878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ρ-Da1a is a three-finger fold toxin from green mamba venom that is highly selective for the α1A-adrenoceptor. This toxin has atypical pharmacological properties, including incomplete inhibition of 3H-prazosin or 125I-HEAT binding and insurmountable antagonist action. We aimed to clarify its mode of action at the α1A-adrenoceptor. The affinity (pKi 9.26) and selectivity of ρ-Da1a for the α1A-adrenoceptor were confirmed by comparing binding to human adrenoceptors expressed in eukaryotic cells. Equilibrium and kinetic binding experiments were used to demonstrate that ρ-Da1a, prazosin and HEAT compete at the α1A-adrenoceptor. ρ-Da1a did not affect the dissociation kinetics of 3H-prazosin or 125I-HEAT, and the IC50 of ρ-Da1a, determined by competition experiments, increased linearly with the concentration of radioligands used, while the residual binding by ρ-Da1a remained stable. The effect of ρ-Da1a on agonist-stimulated Ca2+ release was insurmountable in the presence of phenethylamine- or imidazoline-type agonists. Ten mutations in the orthosteric binding pocket of the α1A-adrenoceptor were evaluated for alterations in ρ-Da1a affinity. The D1063.32A and the S1885.42A/S1925.46A receptor mutations reduced toxin affinity moderately (6 and 7.6 times, respectively), while the F862.64A, F2886.51A and F3127.39A mutations diminished it dramatically by 18- to 93-fold. In addition, residue F862.64 was identified as a key interaction point for 125I-HEAT, as the variant F862.64A induced a 23-fold reduction in HEAT affinity. Unlike the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor toxin MT7, ρ-Da1a interacts with the human α1A-adrenoceptor orthosteric pocket and shares receptor interaction points with antagonist (F862.64, F2886.51 and F3127.39) and agonist (F2886.51 and F3127.39) ligands. Its selectivity for the α1A-adrenoceptor may result, at least partly, from its interaction with the residue F862.64, which appears to be important also for HEAT binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arhamatoulaye Maïga
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jon Merlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elodie Marcon
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Céline Rouget
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Maud Larregola
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Gilquin
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanismes, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Carole Fruchart-Gaillard
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Lajeunesse
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Charles Marchetti
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBEB, Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie Nucléaire, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Alain Lorphelin
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBEB, Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie Nucléaire, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Bellanger
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBEB, Service de Biochimie et Toxicologie Nucléaire, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Roger J. Summers
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana S. Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denis Servent
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Gilles
- Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif sur Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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Millers EKI, Johnson LA, Birrell GW, Masci PP, Lavin MF, de Jersey J, Guddat LW. The structure of human microplasmin in complex with textilinin-1, an aprotinin-like inhibitor from the Australian brown snake. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54104. [PMID: 23335990 PMCID: PMC3545990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Textilinin-1 is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Australian brown snake venom. Its ability to potently and specifically inhibit human plasmin (Ki = 0.44 nM) makes it a potential therapeutic drug as a systemic anti-bleeding agent. The crystal structures of the human microplasmin-textilinin-1 and the trypsin-textilinin-1 complexes have been determined to 2.78 Å and 1.64 Å resolution respectively, and show that textilinin-1 binds to trypsin in a canonical mode but to microplasmin in an atypical mode with the catalytic histidine of microplasmin rotated out of the active site. The space vacated by the histidine side-chain in this complex is partially occupied by a water molecule. In the structure of microplasminogen the χ1 dihedral angle of the side-chain of the catalytic histidine is rotated by 67° from its “active” position in the catalytic triad, as exemplified by its location when microplasmin is bound to streptokinase. However, when textilinin-1 binds to microplasmin the χ1 dihedral angle of this amino acid residue changes by −157° (i.e. in the opposite rotation direction compared to microplasminogen). The unusual mode of interaction between textilinin-1 and plasmin explains textilinin-1′s selectivity for human plasmin over plasma kallikrein. This difference can be exploited in future drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Karin I. Millers
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lambro A. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoff W. Birrell
- The Queensland Cancer Fund Research Unit, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul P. Masci
- Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- The Queensland Cancer Fund Research Unit, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John de Jersey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Martin FL, Sangaralingham SJ, Huntley BK, McKie PM, Ichiki T, Chen HH, Korinek J, Harders GE, Burnett JC. CD-NP: a novel engineered dual guanylyl cyclase activator with anti-fibrotic actions in the heart. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52422. [PMID: 23272242 PMCID: PMC3525541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are cardioprotective through the activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) receptors A and B. CD-NP, also known as cenderitide, is a novel engineered NP that was designed to uniquely serve as a first-in-class dual GC receptor agonist. Recognizing the aldosterone suppressing actions of GC-A activation and the potent inhibitory actions on collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation through GC-B activation, the current study was designed to establish the anti-fibrotic actions of CD-NP, administered subcutaneously, in an experimental rat model of early cardiac fibrosis induced by unilateral nephrectomy (UNX). Our results demonstrate that a two week subcutaneous infusion of CD-NP significantly suppresses left ventricular fibrosis and circulating aldosterone, while preserving both systolic and diastolic function, in UNX rats compared to vehicle treated UNX rats. Additionally we also confirmed, in vitro, that CD-NP significantly generates the second messenger, cGMP, through both the GC-A and GC-B receptors. Taken together, this novel dual GC receptor activator may represent an innovative anti-fibrotic therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L. Martin
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - S. Jeson Sangaralingham
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brenda K. Huntley
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paul M. McKie
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tomoko Ichiki
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Horng H. Chen
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Josef Korinek
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerald E. Harders
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John C. Burnett
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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Badr G, Al-Sadoon MK, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Rabah DM, El-Toni AM. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlie the anti-tumor activities exerted by Walterinnesia aegyptia venom combined with silica nanoparticles against multiple myeloma cancer cell types. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51661. [PMID: 23251606 PMCID: PMC3518476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal disease of plasma cells that remains incurable despite the advent of several novel therapeutics. In this study, we aimed to delineate the impact of snake venom extracted from Walterinnesia aegyptia (WEV) alone or in combination with silica nanoparticles (WEV+NP) on primary MM cells isolated from patients diagnosed with MM as well as on two MM cell lines, U266 and RPMI 8226. The IC50 values of WEV and WEV+NP that significantly decreased MM cell viability without affecting the viability of normal peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined to be 25 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Although both WEV (25 ng/ml) and WEV+NP (10 ng/ml) decreased the CD54 surface expression without affecting the expression of CXCR4 (CXCL12 receptor) on MM cells, they significantly reduced the ability of CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) to induce actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and the subsequent reduction in chemotaxis. It has been established that the binding of CXCL12 to its receptor CXCR4 activates multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate MM cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and proliferation. We found that WEV and WEV+NP clearly decreased the CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated activation of AKT, ERK, NFκB and Rho-A using western blot analysis; abrogated the CXCL12-mediated proliferation of MM cells using the CFSE assay; and induced apoptosis in MM cell as determined by PI/annexin V double staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. Monitoring the expression of B-cell CCL/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members and their role in apoptosis induction after treatment with WEV or WEV+NP revealed that the combination of WEV with NP robustly decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic effectors Bcl-2, BclXL and Mcl-1; conversely increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic effectors Bak, Bax and Bim; and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential in MM cells. Taken together, our data reveal the biological effects of WEV and WEV+NP and the underlying mechanisms against myeloma cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- Princess Johara Alibrahim Center for Cancer Research, Prostate Cancer Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Dai GL, He JK, Xie Y, Han R, Qin ZH, Zhu LJ. Therapeutic potential of Naja naja atra venom in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Environ Sci 2012; 25:630-638. [PMID: 23228832 DOI: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the protective effects of naja naja atra venom (NNAV) in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). METHODS The rat diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty-two model rats were randomly divided into one DN group (n=8) and three treatment groups (n=8 each) that received NNAV at doses of 30, 90, or 270 μg/(kg·day) via oral gavage, another eight rats as normal controls. After 12 weeks, all rats were sacrificed and the changes in serum and urine biological index levels were determined by colorimetric assay. Microalbumin (mALB), N-acetyl-β- glucosaminidase (NAG) and cystatin C (CysC) concentrations were measured by ELISA. Renal tissues were sliced for pathological and immunohistochemical observations. RESULTS Comparied with the DN group, serum glucose was decreased by 31.04%, total cholesterol 21.96%, triglyceride 23.78%, serum creatinine 19.83%, blood urea nitrogen 31.28%, urinary protein excretion 45.42%, mALB 10.42%, NAG 20.65%, CysC 19.57%, whereas albumin increased by 5.55%, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 59.09%, creatinine clearance 19.05% in the treatment group by NNAV administration at dose of 90 μg/(kg·day). NNAV also reduced the levels of malondialdehyde in serum (22.56%) and kidney tissue (9.79%), and increased superoxide dismutase concentration in serum (15%) and decreased it in renal tissue (8.85%). In addition, under light microscopy kidney structure was improved and glomerular hypertrophy decreased by 8.29%. As shown by immunohistochemistry, NNAV inhibited transforming growth factor-β1 by 6.70% and nuclear actor-κB by 5.15%. CONCLUSION NNAV improves biological indexes in DN, and it may exert renoprotective effects in rats with STZ-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Li Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
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Röder IV, Strack S, Reischl M, Dahley O, Khan MM, Kassel O, Zaccolo M, Rudolf R. Participation of myosin Va and Pka type I in the regeneration of neuromuscular junctions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40860. [PMID: 22815846 PMCID: PMC3397957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unconventional motor protein, myosin Va, is crucial for the development of the mouse neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in the early postnatal phase. Furthermore, the cooperative action of protein kinase A (PKA) and myosin Va is essential to maintain the adult NMJ. We here assessed the involvement of myosin Va and PKA in NMJ recovery during muscle regeneration. Methodology/Principal Findings To address a putative role of myosin Va and PKA in the process of muscle regeneration, we used two experimental models the dystrophic mdx mouse and Notexin-induced muscle degeneration/regeneration. We found that in both systems myosin Va and PKA type I accumulate beneath the NMJs in a fiber maturation-dependent manner. Morphologically intact NMJs were found to express stable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and to accumulate myosin Va and PKA type I in the subsynaptic region. Subsynaptic cAMP signaling was strongly altered in dystrophic muscle, particularly in fibers with severely subverted NMJ morphology. Conclusions/Significance Our data show a correlation between the subsynaptic accumulation of myosin Va and PKA type I on the one hand and NMJ regeneration status and morphology, AChR stability and specificity of subsynaptic cAMP handling on the other hand. This suggests an important role of myosin Va and PKA type I for the maturation of NMJs in regenerating muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Verena Röder
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Strack
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Reischl
- Institut für Angewandte Informatik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Oliver Dahley
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muzamil Majid Khan
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Olivier Kassel
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institut für Toxikologie und Genetik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut für Medizintechnologie, Universität Heidelberg und Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Institut für Molekular- und Zellbiologie, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhang XJ, Ke LM, Yang J, Lin LW, Xue ES, Wang Y, Yu LY, Chen ZK. Development, characterization and anti-tumor effect of a sequential sustained-release preparation containing ricin and cobra venom cytotoxin. Pharmazie 2012; 67:618-621. [PMID: 22888519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cobra venom cytotoxin (CVC) loaded in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres was mixed with ricin and encapsulated in a thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel for this study. This sequential sustained-release preparation (SSRP) containing ricin and CVC could avoid burst release effect of CVC from microspheres. In addition, in SSRP, the two biotoxins have different drug release rates and antitumor mechanisms, which can be complementary to each other. Ricin has a faster release rate than CVC. It can combine with the tumor cell membrane and enter the cell, inhibiting protein synthesis within 2 weeks. Whereas CVC releases slowly in 5 weeks directly dissolving the tumor cell membrane and killing the cells which are less-sensitive to ricin. The in vivo experiments showed that intratumoral injection of SSRP could inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth significantly, and the tumor growth inhibition rate reached 73.5%. It appears that a new medicine preparation for cancer local treatment should be further studied for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is one of the largest gene superfamilies with approx. 370 members responding to endogenous ligands in humans and a roughly equal amount of receptors sensitive to external stimuli from the surrounding. A number of receptors from this superfamily are well recognized targets for medical treatment of various disease conditions, whereas for many others the potential medical benefit of interference is still obscure. A general problem associated with GPCR research and therapeutics is the insufficient specificity of available ligands to differentiate between closely homologous receptor subtypes. In this context, venom peptides could make a significant contribution to the development of more specific drugs. Venoms from certain animals specialized in biochemical hunting contain a mixture of molecules that are directed towards a variety of membrane proteins. Peptide toxins isolated from these mixtures usually exhibit high specificity for their targets. Muscarinic toxins found from mamba snakes attracted much attention during the 1990s. These are 65-66 amino acid long peptides with a structural three-finger folding similar to the α-neurotoxins and they target the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in a subtype-selective manner. Recently, several members of the three-finger toxins from mamba snakes as well as conotoxins from marine cone snails have been shown to selectively interact with subtypes of adrenergic receptors. In this review, we will discuss the GPCR-directed peptide toxins found from different venoms and how some of these can be useful in exploring specific roles of receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Näreoja
- Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Kim SM, Kim SY, Kim SH, Cho KW, Kim SZ. Renal actions of dendroaspis natriuretic peptide in rabbits. Peptides 2012; 33:59-66. [PMID: 22197490 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) is one of four members of the natriuretic peptide family sharing functional and structural properties. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the physiological role of DNP on renal functions and its cellular mechanism in the rabbit kidney. DNP (5 μg/kg/min) infused intravenously increased urine volume and urinary excretion of electrolytes. These renal actions induced by DNP were more pronounced than those caused by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). We compared profiles of (125)I-ANP and (125)I-DNP by reverse-phase HPLC during incubation in rabbit plasma at 37°C for 1, 2, and 4h. While (125)I-ANP was quickly degraded within 1h, (125)I-DNP was still stable in plasma for 4h. DNP induced the greatest cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production in the glomeruli in a dose-dependent manner, when compared to other renal structures including cortical tubules, outer medullary tubules, and inner medullary tubules. Affinity cross-linking analysis revealed NPR-A is selective receptor for DNP in glomeruli. Forskolin, a stimulator of adenylyl cyclase, significantly decreased cGMP production in the renal glomeruli but not in the renal medulla. In summary, DNP is a more effective activator of renal functions than ANP, possibly because of the degradation resistance of DNP against the endogenous peptidases in plasma or tissues. These findings suggest that DNP plays a pivotal role as a renal regulating peptide via specific natriuretic peptide receptors with a guanylyl cyclase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 561-180, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
A fibrinogenolytic toxin of molecular weight 6.5 kDa has been purified from the venom of Indian monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) by repeated cation exchange chromatography on CM-sephadex C-50. The purified toxin did not show any phospholipase activity but was mildly hemolytic on human erythrocytes. This toxin, called Lahirin, cleaved fibrinogen in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The digestion process apparently started with the A alpha chain, and gradually other lower-molecular-weight chains were also cleaved to low-molecular-weight peptides. The fibrinolytic activity was completely lost after treatment with ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). However, exposure to 100 degree C for 1 min or pre-treatment with phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) did not affect the fibrinolytic activity. Cleavage of di-sulphide bonds by beta-mercaptoethanol or unfolding the protein with 4 M urea caused complete loss of activity of pure Lahirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
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Lin Q, Jiang W, Liang Y, Han L, Zhang C, Zhao S. [Influence of najanalgesin from Naja naja on GLT-1 in spinal cord of rat in neuropathic pain]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011; 36:903-907. [PMID: 21761732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of najanalgesin on glutamate-glial transporter 1(GLT-1) in spinal cord of rats after L5 spinal nerve ligation and transection (SNL), and explore the spinal analgesic mechanism of najanalgesin. METHOD One hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham(A), SNL(B), SNL + najanalgesin(C), SNL + saline (D), SNL + najanalgesin + liposome (E), SNL + najanalgesin + liposome + GLT-1 As-ODNs(F) and treated with intrathecal injections of 10 p.L saline (A and D), 40 ng X kg(-1) najanalgesin (C, E and F), qd, respectively. Besides intrathecal administration of najanalgesin the rats were intrathecally injected with 10 microL of GLT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (As-ODNs) (F) and 10 micdroL of liposome(E) once daily on day 3. The L4-L6 segments of the spinal cord were isolated in 1, 4 and 7 d(A,B,C and D), 7 d(E and F) after surgery. The mRNA and protein of GLT-1 were determined. RESULT The SNL model has successfully been set up. Compared to sham group, the expression of GLT-1 mRNA and protein level in group B and D both increased firstly and decreased later, the expression of GLT-1 in group C was significantly increased and kept stable, which were also higher when compared to group D in day 7th. Compared to SNL + najanalgesin group, after intrathecal injection of GLT-1 As-ODNs the GLT-1, expression of GLT-1 in F group significantly decreased. While intrathecal administration of liposome had no significant effect on the spinal GLT-1 expression. CONCLUSION Najanalgesin could increase the mRNA and protein expression of GLT-1 in spinal cord, which may be one of its spinal mechanisms of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjian Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Reid PF. Cobra venom: A review of the old alternative to opiate analgesics. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 17:58-71. [PMID: 21614945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pain has been called the fifth vital sign, and chronic pain impacts the lives of millions. The search for better analgesics is at a fever pitch, but opiates still dominate the moderate to severe pain treatment spectrum, and morphine, essentially a 2000-year-old drug, is still the gold standard. By today's pharmaceutical standards, opiates are old hat, and physicians are generally reluctant to prescribe them due to their potential for adverse effects and abuse. It is suggested that a new look at another old solution, cobra venom, could inject new life into pain management. This review looks at the historical use of cobra venom to control moderate to severe pain and at recent understandings of its mechanism of action.
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Rose RA. CD-NP, a chimeric natriuretic peptide for the treatment of heart failure. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 11:349-356. [PMID: 20178049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In development by Nile Therapeutics Inc, under license from the Mayo Foundation, CD-NP is a chimeric natriuretic peptide in which the 15-amino acid C-terminal tail of Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide is fused to the 22-amino acid human C-type natriuretic peptide. The rationale for its design was to create a peptide with the beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects of native natriuretic peptides, but without a clinically significant hypotensive response. CD-NP is able to bind to all three natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A, NPR-B and NPR-C) and, therefore, is unique in being able to increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate production downstream of both NPR-A and NPR-B. Animal studies and human trials demonstrated that CD-NP is safe and improves cardiovascular and renal function without inducing significant levels of hypotension. Preliminary data also suggest improved renal function in human heart failure patients. Ongoing clinical trials are needed to further validate CD-NP as an effective treatment option for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rose
- Dalhousie University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Laboratory 3F, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H1X5, Canada.
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Esposito V. [Can complement blocking arrest peritoneal fibrosis?]. G Ital Nefrol 2010; 27:8. [PMID: 20191454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Esposito
- Div. of Experimental Diabetes and Aging, Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, USA.
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Chen KC, Chang LS. Notexin upregulates Fas and FasL protein expression of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells through p38 MAPK/ATF-2 and JNK/c-Jun pathways. Toxicon 2009; 55:754-61. [PMID: 19944115 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notechis scutatus scutatus notexin induced an increase in Fas and FasL protein expression of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, notexin treatment upregulated transcription of Fas/FasL mRNA. Downregulation of FADD blocked notexin-induced procaspase-8 degradation and cleavage of Bid and rescued viability of notexin-treated cells. Upon exposure to notexin, activation of JNK and p38 MAPK was observed in SK-N-SH cells. Notexin-induced upregulation of Fas and FasL was suppressed by SB202190 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and S600125 (JNK inhibitor). Downregulation of p38alpha MAPK and JNK1 by siRNA proved that upregulation of Fas/FasL was related to p38alpha MAPK and JNK1 activation. Notexin treatment evoked p38alpha MAPK-mediated ATF-2 phosphorylation and JNK1-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation. Knockdown of c-Jun and ATF-2 by siRNA or overexpression of dominant-negative c-Jun and ATF-2 revealed that both c-Jun and ATF-2 were crucial for Fas/FasL upregulation. Taken together, our data indicate that notexin-induced upregulation of Fas and FasL is triggered by p38 MAPK/ATF-2 and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways in SK-N-SH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Chung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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