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Laoué J, Havaux M, Ksas B, Tuccio B, Lecareux C, Fernandez C, Ormeño E. Long-term rain exclusion in a Mediterranean forest: response of physiological and physico-chemical traits of Quercus pubescens across seasons. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1293-1308. [PMID: 37596909 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
With climate change, an aggravation in summer drought is expected in the Mediterranean region. To assess the impact of such a future scenario, we compared the response of Quercus pubescens, a drought-resistant deciduous oak species, to long-term amplified drought (AD) (partial rain exclusion in natura for 10 years) and natural drought (ND). We studied leaf physiological and physico-chemical trait responses to ND and AD over the seasonal cycle, with a focus on chemical traits including major groups of central (photosynthetic pigments and plastoquinones) and specialized (tocochromanols, phenolic compounds, and cuticular waxes) metabolites. Seasonality was the main driver of all leaf traits, including cuticular triterpenoids, which were highly concentrated in summer, suggesting their importance to cope with drought and thermal stress periods. Under AD, trees not only reduced CO2 assimilation (-42%) in summer and leaf concentrations of some phenolic compounds and photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids from the xanthophyll cycle) but also enhanced the levels of other photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls, lutein, and neoxanthin) and plastochromanol-8, an antioxidant located in chloroplasts. Overall, the metabolomic adjustments across seasons and drought conditions reinforce the idea that Q. pubescens is highly resistant to drought although significant losses of antioxidant defenses and photoprotection were identified under AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Laoué
- Aix Marseille Univ., Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- Aix Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS UMR 7265 BIAM, CEA/Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Aix Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS UMR 7265 BIAM, CEA/Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France
| | | | - Caroline Lecareux
- Aix Marseille Univ., Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Elena Ormeño
- Aix Marseille Univ., Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
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2
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Rudenko NN, Vetoshkina DV, Marenkova TV, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2014. [PMID: 38001867 PMCID: PMC10669185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
| | - Daria V. Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
| | - Tatiana V. Marenkova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
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3
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Kim E, Poudyal RS, Lee K, Yu H, Gi E, Kim HU. Chloroplast-localized PITP7 is essential for plant growth and photosynthetic function in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13760. [PMID: 36004734 PMCID: PMC9546280 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of chloroplast-localized Sec14-like protein (CPSFL1, also known as phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 7, PITP7) showed that CPSFL1 is necessary for photoautotropic growth and chloroplast vesicle formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we investigated the functional roles of CPSFL1/PITP7 using two A. thaliana mutants carrying a putative null allele (pitp7-1) and a weak allele (pitp7-2), respectively. PITP7 transcripts were undetectable in pitp7-1 and less abundant in pitp7-2 than in the wild-type (WT). The severity of mutant phenotypes, such as plant developmental abnormalities, levels of plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) and chlorophylls, photosynthetic protein complexes, and photosynthetic performance, were well related to PITP7 transcript levels. The pitp7-1 mutation was seedling lethal and was associated with significantly lower levels of PQ-9 and major photosynthetic proteins. pitp7-2 plants showed greater susceptibility to high-intensity light stress than the WT, attributable to defects in nonphotochemical quenching and photosynthetic electron transport. PITP7 is specifically bound to phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) in lipid-binding assays in vitro, and the point mutations R82, H125, E162, or K233 reduced the binding affinity of PITP7 to PIPs. Further, constitutive expression of PITP7H125Q or PITP7E162K in pitp7-1 homozygous plants restored autotrophic growth in soil but without fully complementing the mutant phenotypes. Consistent with a previous study, our results demonstrate that PITP7 is essential for plant development, particularly the accumulation of PQ-9 and photosynthetic complexes. We propose a possible role for PITP7 in membrane trafficking of hydrophobic ligands such as PQ-9 and carotenoids through chloroplast vesicle formation or direct binding involving PIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Ha Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Roshan Sharma Poudyal
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyeong‐Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hami Yu
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eunji Gi
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologyNational Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource EngineeringPlant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Yusoff YM, Abbott G, Young L, Edrada-Ebel R. Metabolomic Profiling of Malaysian and New Zealand Honey Using Concatenated NMR and HRMS Datasets. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010085. [PMID: 35050207 PMCID: PMC8781004 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to compare the metabolomic profiles of Malaysian and New Zealand honey while determining their anti-oncogenic activity for potential prophylactic functions. Metabolomics tools including multivariate analysis were applied on concatenated LC-HRMS and NMR datasets to afford an intensive chemical profile of honey samples and have a snapshot of the bioactive metabolites in the respective collections. Malaysian samples were found to have higher sugar and polyphenolic content, while New Zealand samples afforded higher concentration of low molecular weight (MW) lipids. However, New Zealand honey collected from the northern islands had higher concentration of acetylated saccharides, while those from the southern islands yielded higher low MW phenolic metabolites that were comparable to Malaysian honey. Mild anti-oncogenic compounds against breast cancer cell line ZR75 were putatively identified in Malaysian honey that included earlier described antioxidants such as gingerdiol, 2-hexylphenol-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, plastoquinone, tropine isovalerate, plumerinine, and 3,5-(12-phenyl-8-dodecenyl)resorcinol, along with several phenolic esters and lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusnaini M. Yusoff
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (G.A.); (L.Y.)
- CADS, Level 8, Vertical Corporate Tower B, Avenue 10, The Vertical, No. 8 Jalan Kerinchi, Bangsar South City, Kuala Lumpur 59200, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (Y.M.Y.); (R.E.-E.)
| | - Grainne Abbott
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (G.A.); (L.Y.)
| | - Louise Young
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (G.A.); (L.Y.)
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, The John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK; (G.A.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (Y.M.Y.); (R.E.-E.)
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Vilyanen D, Naydov I, Ivanov B, Borisova-Mubarakshina M, Kozuleva M. Inhibition of plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome b 6f complex by dinitrophenyl ether of iodonitrothymol (DNP-INT) depends on irradiance and H + uptake by thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148506. [PMID: 34751144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory analysis is a useful tool for studying reactions in the photosynthetic apparatus. After introducing by Aachim Trebst in 1978, dinitrophenylether of iodonitrothymol (DNP-INT), a competitive inhibitor of plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome (cyt.) b6f complex, has been widely applied to study reactions occurring in the plastoquinone pool and the cyt. b6f complex. Here we examine the inhibitory efficiency of DNP-INT by implementing three approaches to estimate the extent of blockage of electron flow from the plastoquinone pool to photosystem I in isolated thylakoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). We confirm that DNP-INT is a potent inhibitor of electron flow to photosystem I and demonstrate that inhibitory action of DNP-INT depends on irradiance and H+ uptake by thylakoid membranes. Based on these findings, we infer that affinity of the quinol-oxidizing site of the cyt. b6f complex to DNP-INT is increased in the light due to hydrogen bonding between DNP-INT molecules and acidic amino acid residue(s), which is (are) protonated in the light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Vilyanen
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilya Naydov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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6
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Kruk J, Szymańska R. Singlet oxygen oxidation products of carotenoids, fatty acids and phenolic prenyllipids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112148. [PMID: 33556703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the major reactive oxygen species ROS causing photooxidative stress in plants which is formed predominantly in the reaction center of photosystem II during photosynthesis. To avoid deleterious effects of 1O2 oxygen on photosynthetic membrane components, plant synthesize a variety of 1O2 quenchers of lipophilic character, such as carotenoids or phenolic prenyllipids (tocopherols, plastochromanol-8, plastoquinol). In the process of chemical quenching of 1O2 by the antioxidants, both short-lived products, such as oxidized carotenoids, or relative long-lived compounds, such as oxidized phenolic prenyllipids are formed. The other target of 1O2 are unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids that undergo peroxidation as a result of the reaction. Some of the 1O2 oxidation products, like β-cyclocitral can be components of 1O2-signallingsignaling pathway leading to acclimatory responses of plants, while some others further fulfill antioxidant functions, like hydroxy-plastochromanol or hydroxy-plastoquinol. As most of the 1O2 oxidation products are specific compounds formed only as a results of 1O2 action, they can be very useful, specific molecular markers of 1O2-dependent oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Havaux M. Plastoquinone In and Beyond Photosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1252-1265. [PMID: 32713776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) is an essential component of photosynthesis that carries electrons in the linear and alternative electron transport chains, and is also a redox sensor that regulates state transitions and gene expression. However, a large fraction of the PQ pool is located outside the thylakoid membranes, in the plastoglobules and the chloroplast envelopes, reflecting a wider range of functions beyond electron transport. This review describes new functions of PQ in photoprotection, as a potent antioxidant, and in chloroplast metabolism as a cofactor in the biosynthesis of chloroplast metabolites. It also focuses on the essential need for tight environmental control of PQ biosynthesis and for active exchange of this compound between the thylakoid membranes and the plastoglobules. Through its multiple functions, PQ connects photosynthesis with metabolism, light acclimation, and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Havaux
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7265, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, CEA/Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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8
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Borisova-Mubarakshina MM, Vetoshkina DV, Ivanov BN. Antioxidant and signaling functions of the plastoquinone pool in higher plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:181-198. [PMID: 30706486 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The review covers data representing the plastoquinone pool as the component integrated in plant antioxidant defense and plant signaling. The main goal of the review is to discuss the evidence describing the plastoquinone-involved biochemical reactions, which are incorporated in maintaining the sustainability of higher plants to stress conditions. In this context, the analysis of the reactions of various redox forms of plastoquinone with oxygen species is presented. The review describes how these reactions can constitute both the antioxidant and signaling functions of the pool. Special attention is paid to the reaction of superoxide anion radicals with plastohydroquinone molecules, producing hydrogen peroxide as signal molecules. Attention is also given to the processes affecting the redox state of the plastoquinone pool because the redox state of the pool is of special importance for antioxidant defense and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daria V Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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9
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Ksas B, Légeret B, Ferretti U, Chevalier A, Pospíšil P, Alric J, Havaux M. The plastoquinone pool outside the thylakoid membrane serves in plant photoprotection as a reservoir of singlet oxygen scavengers. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2277-2287. [PMID: 29601642 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis vte1 mutant is devoid of tocopherol and plastochromanol (PC-8). When exposed to excess light energy, vte1 produced more singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) and suffered from extensive oxidative damage compared with the wild type. Here, we show that overexpressing the solanesyl diphosphate synthase 1 (SPS1) gene in vte1 induced a marked accumulation of total plastoquinone (PQ-9) and rendered the vte1 SPS1oex plants tolerant to photooxidative stress, indicating that PQ-9 can replace tocopherol and PC-8 in photoprotection. High total PQ-9 levels were associated with a noticeable decrease in 1 O2 production and higher levels of Hydroxyplastoquinone (PQ-C), a 1 O2 -specific PQ-9 oxidation product. The extra PQ-9 molecules in the vte1 SPS1oex plants were stored in the plastoglobules and the chloroplast envelopes, rather than in the thylakoid membranes, whereas PQ-C was found almost exclusively in the thylakoid membranes. Upon exposure of wild-type plants to high light, the thylakoid PQ-9 pool decreased, whereas the extrathylakoid pool remained unchanged. In vte1 and vte1 SPS1oex plants, the PQ-9 losses in high light were strongly amplified, affecting also the extrathylakoid pool, and PQ-C was found in high amounts in the thylakoids. We conclude that the thylakoid PQ-9 pool acts as a 1 O2 scavenger and is replenished from the extrathylakoid stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Ksas
- CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Ursula Ferretti
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Chevalier
- CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jean Alric
- CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- CEA Cadarache, CNRS UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, Aix Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Schenck CA, Maeda HA. Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:82-102. [PMID: 29477627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Kim EH, Lee DW, Lee KR, Jung SJ, Jeon JS, Kim HU. Conserved Function of Fibrillin5 in the Plastoquinone-9 Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis and Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1197. [PMID: 28751900 PMCID: PMC5507956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) is essential for plant growth and development. Recently, we found that fibrillin5 (FBN5), a plastid lipid binding protein, is an essential structural component of the PQ-9 biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis. To investigate the functional conservation of FBN5 in monocots and eudicots, we identified OsFBN5, the Arabidopsis FBN5 (AtFBN5) ortholog in rice (Oryza sativa). Homozygous Osfbn5-1 and Osfbn5-2 Tos17 insertion null mutants were smaller than wild type (WT) plants when grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and died quickly when transplanted to soil in a greenhouse. They accumulated significantly less PQ-9 than WT plants, whereas chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were only mildly affected. The reduced PQ-9 content of the mutants was consistent with their lower maximum photosynthetic efficiency, especially under high light. Overexpression of OsFBN5 complemented the seedling lethal phenotype of the Arabidopsis fbn5-1 mutant and restored PQ-9 and PC-8 (plastochromanol-8) to levels comparable to those in WT Arabidopsis plants. Protein interaction experiments in yeast and mesophyll cells confirmed that OsFBN5 interacts with the rice solanesyl diphosphate synthase OsSPS2 and also with Arabidopsis AtSPS1 and AtSPS2. Our data thus indicate that OsFBN5 is the functional equivalent of AtFBN5 and also suggest that the SPSs-FBN5 complex for synthesis of the solanesyl diphosphate tail in PQ-9 is well conserved in Arabidopsis and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development AdministrationJeonju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development AdministrationJeonju, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee UniversityYongin, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Kruk J, Szymańska R, Nowicka B, Dłużewska J. Function of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols during oxidative stress in plants. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:636-643. [PMID: 26970272 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid quinones and chromanols in plants fulfill both signaling and antioxidant functions under oxidative stress. The redox state of the plastoquinol pool (PQ-pool), which is modulated by interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress, has a major regulatory function in both short- and long-term acclimatory responses. By contrast, the scavenging of ROS by prenyllipids affects signaling pathways where ROS play a role as signaling molecules. As the primary antioxidants, isoprenoid quinones and chromanols are synthesized under high-light stress in response to any increased production of ROS. During photo-oxidative stress, these prenyllipids are continuously synthesized and oxidized to other compounds. In turn, their oxidation products (hydroxy-plastochromanol, plastoquinol-C, plastoquinone-B) can still have an antioxidant function. The oxidation products of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols formed specifically in the face of singlet oxygen, can be indicators of singlet oxygen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dłużewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Lutz A, Raina JB, Motti CA, Miller DJ, van Oppen MJH. Host Coenzyme Q Redox State Is an Early Biomarker of Thermal Stress in the Coral Acropora millepora. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139290. [PMID: 26426118 PMCID: PMC4591267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleaching episodes caused by increasing seawater temperatures may induce mass coral mortality and are regarded as one of the biggest threats to coral reef ecosystems worldwide. The current consensus is that this phenomenon results from enhanced production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt the symbiosis between corals and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium. Here, the responses of two important antioxidant defence components, the host coenzyme Q (CoQ) and symbiont plastoquinone (PQ) pools, are investigated for the first time in colonies of the scleractinian coral, Acropora millepora, during experimentally-induced bleaching under ecologically relevant conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to quantify the states of these two pools, together with physiological parameters assessing the general state of the symbiosis (including photosystem II photochemical efficiency, chlorophyll concentration and Symbiodinium cell densities). The results show that the responses of the two antioxidant systems occur on different timescales: (i) the redox state of the Symbiodinium PQ pool remained stable until twelve days into the experiment, after which there was an abrupt oxidative shift; (ii) by contrast, an oxidative shift of approximately 10% had occurred in the host CoQ pool after 6 days of thermal stress, prior to significant changes in any other physiological parameter measured. Host CoQ pool oxidation is thus an early biomarker of thermal stress in corals, and this antioxidant pool is likely to play a key role in quenching thermally-induced ROS in the coral-algal symbiosis. This study adds to a growing body of work that indicates host cellular responses may precede the bleaching process and symbiont dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Lutz
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cherie A. Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J. Miller
- Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Ksas B, Becuwe N, Chevalier A, Havaux M. Plant tolerance to excess light energy and photooxidative damage relies on plastoquinone biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10919. [PMID: 26039552 PMCID: PMC4454199 DOI: 10.1038/srep10919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastoquinone-9 is known as a photosynthetic electron carrier to which has also been attributed a role in the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activities via its redox state. Here, we show that it acts also as an antioxidant in plant leaves, playing a central photoprotective role. When Arabidopsis plants were suddenly exposed to excess light energy, a rapid consumption of plastoquinone-9 occurred, followed by a progressive increase in concentration during the acclimation phase. By overexpressing the plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis gene SPS1 (solanesyl diphosphate synthase 1) in Arabidopsis, we succeeded in generating plants that specifically accumulate plastoquinone-9 and its derivative plastochromanol-8. The SPS1-overexpressing lines were much more resistant to photooxidative stress than the wild type, showing marked decreases in leaf bleaching, lipid peroxidation and PSII photoinhibition under excess light. Comparison of the SPS1 overexpressors with other prenyl quinone mutants indicated that the enhanced phototolerance of the former plants is directly related to their increased capacities for plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Ksas
- CEA, IBEB, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France
| | - Noëlle Becuwe
- CEA, IBEB, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Chevalier
- CEA, IBEB, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Havaux
- CEA, IBEB, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, F-13284 Marseille, France
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15
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Block A, Fristedt R, Rogers S, Kumar J, Barnes B, Barnes J, Elowsky CG, Wamboldt Y, Mackenzie SA, Redding K, Merchant SS, Basset GJ. Functional modeling identifies paralogous solanesyl-diphosphate synthases that assemble the side chain of plastoquinone-9 in plastids. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27594-27606. [PMID: 23913686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a little known fact that plastoquinone-9, a vital redox cofactor of photosynthesis, doubles as a precursor for the biosynthesis of a vitamin E analog called plastochromanol-8, the physiological significance of which has remained elusive. Gene network reconstruction, GFP fusion experiments, and targeted metabolite profiling of insertion mutants indicated that Arabidopsis possesses two paralogous solanesyl-diphosphate synthases, AtSPS1 (At1g78510) and AtSPS2 (At1g17050), that assemble the side chain of plastoquinone-9 in plastids. Similar paralogous pairs were detected throughout terrestrial plant lineages but were not distinguished in the literature and genomic databases from mitochondrial homologs involved in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone. The leaves of the atsps2 knock-out were devoid of plastochromanol-8 and displayed severe losses of both non-photoactive and photoactive plastoquinone-9, resulting in near complete photoinhibition at high light intensity. Such a photoinhibition was paralleled by significant damage to photosystem II but not to photosystem I. In contrast, in the atsps1 knock-out, a small loss of plastoquinone-9, restricted to the non-photoactive pool, was sufficient to eliminate half of the plastochromanol-8 content of the leaves. Taken together, these results demonstrate that plastochromanol-8 originates from a subfraction of the non-photoactive pool of plastoquinone-9. In contrast to other plastochromanol-8 biosynthetic mutants, neither the single atsps knock-outs nor the atsps1 atsps2 double knock-out displayed any defects in tocopherols accumulation or germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Block
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Sara Rogers
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Jyothi Kumar
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Brian Barnes
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Joshua Barnes
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Christian G Elowsky
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Yashitola Wamboldt
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Sally A Mackenzie
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Kevin Redding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.
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16
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Singh DK, Laremore TN, Smith PB, Maximova SN, McNellis TW. Knockdown of FIBRILLIN4 gene expression in apple decreases plastoglobule plastoquinone content. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47547. [PMID: 23077632 PMCID: PMC3470590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillin4 (FBN4) is a protein component of plastoglobules, which are antioxidant-rich sub-compartments attached to the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. FBN4 is required for normal plant biotic and abiotic stress resistance, including bacterial pathogens, herbicide, high light intensity, and ozone; FBN4 is also required for the accumulation of osmiophilic material inside plastoglobules. In this study, the contribution of FBN4 to plastoglobule lipid composition was examined using cultivated apple trees in which FBN4 gene expression was knocked down using RNA interference. Chloroplasts and plastoglobules were isolated from leaves of wild-type and fbn4 knock-down trees. Total lipids were extracted from chloroplasts and plastoglobules separately, and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Three lipids were consistently present at lower levels in the plastoglobules from fbn4 knock-down apple leaves compared to the wild-type as determined by LC-MS multiple ion monitoring. One of these species had a molecular mass and fragmentation pattern that identified it as plastoquinone, a known major component of plastoglobules. The plastoquinone level in fbn4 knock-down plastoglobules was less than 10% of that in wild-type plastoglobules. In contrast, plastoquinone was present at similar levels in the lipid extracts of whole chloroplasts from leaves of wild-type and fbn4 knock-down trees. These results suggest that the partitioning of plastoquinone between the plastoglobules and the rest of the chloroplast is disrupted in fbn4 knock-down leaves. These results indicate that FBN4 is required for high-level accumulation of plastoquinone and some other lipids in the plastoglobule. The dramatic decrease in plastoquinone content in fbn4 knock-down plastoglobules is consistent with the decreased plastoglobule osmiophilicity previously described for fbn4 knock-down plastoglobules. Failure to accumulate the antioxidant plastoquinone in the fbn4 knock-down plastoglobules might contribute to the increased stress sensitivity of fbn4 knock-down trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K. Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- The Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip B. Smith
- The Huck Institutes for the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Siela N. Maximova
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. McNellis
- Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Eugeni Piller L, Abraham M, Dörmann P, Kessler F, Besagni C. Plastid lipid droplets at the crossroads of prenylquinone metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1609-18. [PMID: 22371323 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets called plastoglobules (PGs) exist in most plant tissues and plastid types. In chloroplasts, the polar lipid monolayer surrounding these low-density lipoprotein particles is continuous with the outer lipid leaflet of the thylakoid membrane. Often small clusters of two or three PGs, only one of them directly connected to thylakoids, are present. Structural proteins (known as plastid-lipid associated proteins/fibrillins or plastoglobulins) together with lipid metabolic enzymes coat the PGs. The hydrophobic core of PGs contains a range of neutral lipids including the prenylquinones [tocopherols (vitamin E), phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)), and plastoquinone (PQ-9)]. In this review the function of PGs and their associated enzymes in prenylquinone metabolism will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Eugeni Piller
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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18
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Ivanov BN. Cooperation of photosystem I with the plastoquinone pool in oxygen reduction in higher plant chloroplasts. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 73:112-8. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Yadav DK, Kruk J, Sinha RK, Pospíšil P. Singlet oxygen scavenging activity of plastoquinol in photosystem II of higher plants: Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1807-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Mène-Saffrané L, Jones AD, DellaPenna D. Plastochromanol-8 and tocopherols are essential lipid-soluble antioxidants during seed desiccation and quiescence in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17815-20. [PMID: 20837525 PMCID: PMC2955118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006971107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their essential role as vitamin E, tocopherols and tocotrienols have been studied extensively in animals and plants. In contrast, our understanding of the function of plastochromanol-8 (PC-8), a third type of tocochromanol with a longer side chain, is very limited despite the wide distribution of PC-8 in the plant kingdom, including species consumed by humans. To investigate PC-8 function in vivo, we combined the Arabidopsis vte1 mutation that eliminates tocopherols and PC-8 and causes the accumulation of 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol (DMPBQ), a redox-active tocopherol precursor, and the vte2 mutation that eliminates tocopherols without affecting PC-8. The vte2 vte1 double mutant lacks tocopherols, PC-8, and DMPBQ, and exhibits the most severe physiological and biochemical phenotypes of any tocochromanol-affected genotype isolated to date, most notably a severe seedling developmental phenotype associated with massive lipid oxidation initiated during seed desiccation and amplified during seed quiescence. In contrast, the presence of PC-8 in vte2 suppresses or attenuates all of the developmental and biochemical phenotypes observed in vte2 vte1, demonstrating that PC-8 is a lipid antioxidant in vivo. Finally, the low relative fitness of vte2 vte1 demonstrates that tocopherols and PC-8 are in vivo lipid antioxidants essential for seed plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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21
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Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN. The production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in the plastoquinone pool of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 140:103-10. [PMID: 20553418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from oxygen reduction, superoxide anion radical O2(*-) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) are very significant in the cell metabolism of aerobic organisms. They can be destructive and lead to apoptosis and they can also serve as signal molecules. In the light, chloroplasts are known to be one of the main sources of ROS in plants. However, the components involved in oxygen reduction and the detailed chemical mechanism are not yet well established. The present review describes the experimental data and theoretical considerations that implicate the plastoquinone pool (PQ-pool) in this process. The evidence indicates that the PQ-pool has a dual role: (1) the reduction of O(2) by plastosemiquinone to superoxide and (2) the reduction of superoxide by plastohydroquinone to hydrogen peroxide. The second role represents not only the scavenging of superoxide, but also the generation of hydrogen peroxide as an important signaling molecule. The regulatory and protective functions of the PQ-pool are discussed in the context of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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22
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Nowicka B, Kruk J. Occurrence, biosynthesis and function of isoprenoid quinones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1587-605. [PMID: 20599680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid quinones are one of the most important groups of compounds occurring in membranes of living organisms. These compounds are composed of a hydrophilic head group and an apolar isoprenoid side chain, giving the molecules a lipid-soluble character. Isoprenoid quinones function mainly as electron and proton carriers in photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains and these compounds show also additional functions, such as antioxidant function. Most of naturally occurring isoprenoid quinones belong to naphthoquinones or evolutionary younger benzoquinones. Among benzoquinones, the most widespread and important are ubiquinones and plastoquinones. Menaquinones, belonging to naphthoquinones, function in respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains of bacteria. Phylloquinone K(1), a phytyl naphthoquinone, functions in the photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem I. Ubiquinones participate in respiratory chains of eukaryotic mitochondria and some bacteria. Plastoquinones are components of photosynthetic electron transport chains of cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts. Biosynthetic pathway of isoprenoid quinones has been described, as well as their additional, recently recognized, diverse functions in bacterial, plant and animal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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23
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Szymańska R, Kruk J. Plastoquinol is the main prenyllipid synthesized during acclimation to high light conditions in Arabidopsis and is converted to plastochromanol by tocopherol cyclase. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:537-45. [PMID: 20164151 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various strategies to acclimate to high light conditions at different levels of organization. High light stress stimulates synthesis of different antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight antioxidants, mainly in chloroplasts. In the present studies we showed that plastoquinol, in addition to alpha-tocopherol, is the main lipid-soluble antioxidant synthesized during acclimation of Arabidopsis plants to high light conditions. The level of plastoquinol increased >10-fold and independently of tocopherols, as revealed using tocopherol biosynthetic mutants. The high light-induced increase in plastoquinol level was mainly attributable to the photochemically non-active fraction of this compound localized in plastoglobuli, which are the storage site of prenyllipids for their antioxidant action. Our data also revealed that tocopherol cyclase is required for plastochromanol biosynthesis from plastoquinol in vivo. Plastochromanol accumulated in increasing amounts in leaves during growth and it was also identified in seeds. The obtained data suggest that plastochromanol may, similarly to other prenyllipids, fulfill antioxidant function in leaves and seeds, especially during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Szymańska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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24
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Crane FL. Discovery of plastoquinones: a personal perspective. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 103:195-209. [PMID: 20217233 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and the rediscovery of plastoquinone (PQ) are described together with the definition of its structure as a 2,3-dimethyl 5 solanosyl benzoquinone. The discovery, by M. Kofler, was a result of a search for Vitamin K. Its rediscovery was made by me, when I was at The Enzyme Institute of the University of Wisconsin, analyzing animals and plants for the newly discovered coenzyme Q. In green plants, I found another lipophilic quinone in addition to coenzyme Q. Some misleading evidence suggested as if the new quinone had coenzyme Q activity in mitochondria, but improved methods gave negative results. When I found that the quinone was concentrated in chloroplasts, I considered a role for it in photosynthesis analogous to the role of coenzyme Q in mitochondria. After moving to the Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, I used a plain light bulb and some spinach chloroplasts to show that PQ could be involved in photosynthetic redox reactions. This effect was supported by Norman Bishop's restoration of chloroplast electron transport after solvent extraction, with PQ and photoreduction studies by E. R. Redfern and J. Friend in R. A. Morton's laboratory in Liverpool, UK. We also found an additional analog of PQ in addition to a second analog found in Wisconsin. We called the new analogs PQB and PQC. Although we found some restoration effects with PQC, the discovery by W. T. Griffiths in Morton's laboratory, that PQB and PQC consisted of six forms of PQ each, made it more likely that the new analogs were breakdown products. Morton's group established the structure of the PQCs as a series of PQs, with a hydroxyl group on the prenyl side chain, and the PQB series as having fatty acids esterified to the hydroxyl groups of PQC. Possible functions of the analogs are also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick L Crane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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25
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Fufezan C, Trebst A. Singlet oxygen production in photosystem II and related protection mechanism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:551-64. [PMID: 18780159 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High-light illumination of photosynthetic organisms stimulates the production of singlet oxygen by photosystem II (PSII) and causes photo-oxidative stress. In the PSII reaction centre, singlet oxygen is generated by the interaction of molecular oxygen with the excited triplet state of chlorophyll (Chl). The triplet Chl is formed via charge recombination of the light-induced charge pair. Changes in the midpoint potential of the primary electron donor P(680) of the primary acceptor pheophytin or of the quinone acceptor Q(A), modulate the pathway of charge recombination in PSII and influence the yield of singlet oxygen formation. The involvement of singlet oxygen in the process of photoinhibition is discussed. Singlet oxygen is efficiently quenched by beta-carotene, tocopherol or plastoquinone. If not quenched, it can trigger the up-regulation of genes, which are involved in the molecular defence response of photosynthetic organisms against photo-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- CEA, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, CNRS URA 2096, Service de Bioénergétique Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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26
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Gruszka J, Pawlak A, Kruk J. Tocochromanols, plastoquinol, and other biological prenyllipids as singlet oxygen quenchers-determination of singlet oxygen quenching rate constants and oxidation products. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:920-8. [PMID: 18634868 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen quenching rate constants for tocopherol and tocotrienol homologues have been determined in organic solvents of different polarities, as well as for other biological prenyllipids such as plastoquinol, ubiquinol, and alpha-tocopherolquinol. The obtained results showed that the quenching activity of tocochromanols was mainly due to the chromanol ring of the molecule and the activity increased with the number of the methyl groups in the ring and solvent polarity. Among prenylquinols, alpha-tocopherolquinol was the most active scavenger of singlet oxygen followed by ubiquinol and plastoquinol. The oxidation products of tocopherols were identified as 8a-hydroperoxy-tocopherones which are converted to the corresponding tocopherolquinones under acidic conditions. The primary oxidation products of prenylquinols, containing unsaturated side chains, were the corresponding prenylquinones that were further oxidized to hydroxyl side-chain derivatives. In the case of plastochromanol, the gamma-tocotrienol homologue found in some seed oils, mainly the hydroxyl derivatives were formed, although 8a-hydroperoxy-gamma-tocopherones were also formed to a minor extent, both from plastochromanol and from its hydroxyl, side-chain derivatives. The obtained results were discussed in terms of the activity of different prenyllipids as singlet oxygen scavengers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Gruszka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Protective Effects of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ in Aqueous and Lipid Membrane Environments. J Membr Biol 2008; 222:141-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-008-9108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Plastoquinol as a singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1777:154-62. [PMID: 18005659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been found that in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, under high-light stress, the level of reduced plastoquinone considerably increases while in the presence of pyrazolate, an inhibitor of plastoquinone and tocopherol biosynthesis, the content of reduced plastoquinone quickly decreases, similarly to alpha-tocopherol. In relation to chlorophyll, after 18 h of growth under low light with the inhibitor, the content of alpha-tocopherol was 22.2 mol/1000 mol chlorophyll and that of total plastoquinone (oxidized and reduced) was 19 mol/1000 mol chlorophyll, while after 2 h of high-light stress the corresponding amounts dropped to 6.4 and 6.2 mol/1000 mol chlorophyll for alpha-tocopherol and total plastoquinone, respectively. The degradation of both prenyllipids was partially reversed by diphenylamine, a singlet oxygen scavenger. It was concluded that plastoquinol, as well as alpha-tocopherol is decomposed under high-light stress as a result of a scavenging reaction of singlet oxygen generated in photosystem II. The levels of both alpha-tocopherol and of the reduced plastoquinone are not affected significantly in the absence of the inhibitor due to a high turnover rate of both prenyllipids, i.e., their degradation is compensated by fast biosynthesis. The calculated turnover rates under high-light conditions were twofold higher for total plastoquinone (0.23 nmol/h/ml of cell culture) than for alpha-tocopherol (0.11 nmol/h/ml). We have also found that the level of alpha-tocopherolquinone, an oxidation product of alpha-tocopherol, increases as the alpha-tocopherol is consumed. The same correlation was also observed for gamma-tocopherol and its quinone form. Moreover, in the presence of pyrazolate under low-light growth conditions, the synthesis of plastoquinone-C, a hydroxylated plastoquinone derivative, was stimulated in contrast to plastoquinone, indicating for the first time a functional role for plastoquinone-C. The presented data also suggest that the two plastoquinones may have different biosynthetic pathways in C. reinhardtii.
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Ivanov B, Mubarakshina M, Khorobrykh S. Kinetics of the plastoquinone pool oxidation following illumination Oxygen incorporation into photosynthetic electron transport chain. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1342-6. [PMID: 17349633 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of the PQ-pool after illumination with 50 or 500 micromol quantam(-2)s(-1) was measured in isolated thylakoids as the increase in DeltaA(263), i.e., as the appearance of PQ. While it was not observed under anaerobic conditions, under aerobic conditions it was biphasic. The first faster phase constituted 26% or 44% of total reappearance of PQ, after weak or strong light respectively. The dependence on oxygen presence as well as the correlation with the rate of oxygen consumption led to conclusion that this phase represents the appearance of PQ from PQ(*-) produced in the course of PQH(2) oxidation by superoxide accumulated in the light within the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Photosynthetic Electron Transport Lab, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
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Mubarakshina M, Khorobrykh S, Ivanov B. Oxygen reduction in chloroplast thylakoids results in production of hydrogen peroxide inside the membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1757:1496-503. [PMID: 17056004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide production in isolated pea thylakoids was studied in the presence of cytochrome c to prevent disproportionation of superoxide radicals outside of the thylakoid membranes. The comparison of cytochrome c reduction with accompanying oxygen uptake revealed that hydrogen peroxide was produced within the thylakoid. The proportion of electrons from water oxidation participating in this hydrogen peroxide production increased with increasing light intensity, and at a light intensity of 630 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1) it reached 60% of all electrons entering the electron transport chain. Neither the presence of a superoxide dismutase inhibitor, potassium cyanide or sodium azide, in the thylakoid suspension, nor unstacking of the thylakoids appreciably affected the partitioning of electrons to hydrogen peroxide production. Also, osmolarity-induced changes in the thylakoid lumen volume, as well as variation of the lumen pH induced by the presence of Gramicidin D, had negligible effects on such partitioning. The flow of electrons participating in lumen hydrogen peroxide production was found to be near 10% of the total electron flow from water. It is concluded that a considerable amount of hydrogen peroxide is generated inside thylakoid membranes, and a possible mechanism, as well as the significance, of this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
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31
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Shcolnick S, Keren N. Metal homeostasis in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Balancing benefits and risks to the photosynthetic apparatus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:805-10. [PMID: 16825338 PMCID: PMC1489909 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.079251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Shcolnick
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Kruk J, Myśliwa-Kurdziel B, Jemioła-Rzeminiska M, Strzałka K. Fluorescence Lifetimes Study of α-Tocopherol and Biological Prenylquinols in Organic Solvents and Model Membranes. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:1309-14. [PMID: 17421077 DOI: 10.1562/2006-04-14-ra-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have found that for biological prenyllipids, such as plastoquinol-9, alpha-tocopherol quinol, and alpha-tocopherol, the shortest fluorescence lifetimes were found in aprotic solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate) whereas the longest lifetimes were those of ubiquinonol-10 in these solvents. For all the investigated prenyllipids, fluorescence lifetime in alcohols increased along with an increase in solvent viscosity. In a concentrated hexane solution, the lifetimes of prenylquinols considerably decreased. This contrasts with methanol solutions, which is probably due to the self-association of these compounds in aprotic solvents. We have also found a correlation of the Stokes shift of prenyllipids fluorescence with the orientation polarizability of the solvents. Based on data obtained in organic solvents, measurements of the fluorescence lifetimes of prenyllipids in liposomes allowed an estimation of the relative distance of their fluorescent rings from the liposome membrane surface, and was found to be the shortest for alpha-tocopherol quinol in egg yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes, and increased in the following order: alpha-tocopherol in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes < alpha-tocopherol < plastoquinol-9 < ubiquinol-10 in egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Keren N, Ohkawa H, Welsh EA, Liberton M, Pakrasi HB. Psb29, a conserved 22-kD protein, functions in the biogenesis of Photosystem II complexes in Synechocystis and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2005; 17:2768-81. [PMID: 16155179 PMCID: PMC1242271 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.035048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), the enzyme responsible for photosynthetic oxygen evolution, is a rapidly turned over membrane protein complex. However, the factors that regulate biogenesis of PSII are poorly defined. Previous proteomic analysis of the PSII preparations from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 detected a novel protein, Psb29 (Sll1414), homologs of which are found in all cyanobacteria and vascular plants with sequenced genomes. Deletion of psb29 in Synechocystis 6803 results in slower growth rates under high light intensities, increased light sensitivity, and lower PSII efficiency, without affecting the PSII core electron transfer activities. A T-DNA insertion line in the PSB29 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana displays a phenotype similar to that of the Synechocystis mutant. This plant mutant grows slowly and exhibits variegated leaves, and its PSII activity is light sensitive. Low temperature fluorescence emission spectroscopy of both cyanobacterial and plant mutants shows an increase in the proportion of uncoupled proximal antennae in PSII as a function of increasing growth light intensities. The similar phenotypes observed in both plant and cyanobacterial mutants demonstrate that the function of Psb29 has been conserved throughout the evolution of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms and suggest a role for the Psb29 protein in the biogenesis of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Keren
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Kruk J, Holländer-Czytko H, Oettmeier W, Trebst A. Tocopherol as singlet oxygen scavenger in photosystem II. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:749-57. [PMID: 16008099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is formed in the photosystem II reaction center in the quench of P680 triplets, and the yield is dependent on light intensity and the reduction level of plastoquinone. Singlet oxygen in PS II triggers the degradation of the D1 protein. We investigated the participation of tocopherol as a singlet oxygen scavenger in this system. For this purpose, we inhibited tocopherol biosynthesis at the level of the HPP-dioxygenase in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under conditions in which plastoquinone did not limit the photosynthesis rate. In the presence of the inhibitor and in high light for 2 h, photosynthesis in vivo and photosystem II was inactivated, the D1 protein was degraded, and the tocopherol pool was depleted and fell below its turnover rate/h. The inhibited system could be fully resuscitated upon the addition of a chemical singlet oxygen quencher (diphenylamine), and partly by synthetic cell wall permeable short chain alpha- and gamma-tocopherol derivatives. We conclude that under conditions of photoinhibition and extensive D1 protein turnover tocopherol has a protective function as a singlet oxygen scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Turunen M, Olsson J, Dallner G. Metabolism and function of coenzyme Q. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1660:171-99. [PMID: 14757233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is present in all cells and membranes and in addition to be a member of the mitochondrial respiratory chain it has also several other functions of great importance for the cellular metabolism. This review summarizes the findings available to day concerning CoQ distribution, biosynthesis, regulatory modifications and its participation in cellular metabolism. There are a number of indications that this lipid is not always functioning by its direct presence at the site of action but also using e.g. receptor expression modifications, signal transduction mechanisms and action through its metabolites. The biosynthesis of CoQ is studied in great detail in bacteria and yeast but only to a limited extent in animal tissues and therefore the informations available is restricted. However, it is known that the CoQ is compartmentalized in the cell with multiple sites of biosynthesis, breakdown and regulation which is the basis of functional specialization. Some regulatory mechanisms concerning amount and biosynthesis are established and nuclear transcription factors are partly identified in this process. Using appropriate ligands of nuclear receptors the biosynthetic rate can be increased in experimental system which raises the possibility of drug-induced upregulation of the lipid in deficiency. During aging and pathophysiological conditions the tissue concentration of CoQ is modified which influences cellular functions. In this case the extent of disturbances is dependent on the localization and the modified distribution of the lipid at cellular and membrane levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Turunen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Kruk J, Strzałka K. Anisotropy measurements of intrinsic fluorescence of prenyllipids reveal much higher mobility of plastoquinol than alpha-tocopherol in model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2003; 123:233-43. [PMID: 12691855 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(03)00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative to a fluorescent probe approach, the intrinsic fluorescence of reduced forms of prenylquinones has been exploited, which offers a convenient means of determining directly motional properties of these molecules. The steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements of plastoquinols (PQH(2)) and alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc) incorporated into phospholipid liposomes have been performed. The effect of prenyllipid concentration, PQH(2) side chain length and the composition of the membranes has been studied. For the data interpretation, the fundamental anisotropy of alpha-Toc, PQH(2), ubiquinol-10 and alpha-tocopherolquinol, as well as the angles between the absorption and emission transition moments have been also determined. It was concluded that alpha-Toc shows very low mobility in the lipid bilayer, whereas PQH(2)-9 displays significant motional freedom in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles and even higher in egg yolk lecithin membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, The Jan Zurzycki Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Street 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Hirooka K, Bamba T, Fukusaki EI, Kobayashi A. Cloning and kinetic characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana solanesyl diphosphate synthase. Biochem J 2003; 370:679-86. [PMID: 12437513 PMCID: PMC1223189 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Revised: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
trans -Long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases catalyse the sequential condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (C(5)) units with allylic diphosphate to produce the C(30)-C(50) prenyl diphosphates, which are precursors of the side chains of prenylquinones. Based on the relationship between product specificity and the region around the first aspartate-rich motif in trans -prenyl diphosphate synthases characterized so far, we have isolated the cDNA for a member of trans -long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases from Arabidopsis thaliana. The cDNA was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant His(6)-tagged protein was purified and characterized. Product analysis revealed that the cDNA encodes solanesyl diphosphate (C(45)) synthase (At-SPS). At-SPS utilized farnesyl diphosphate (FPP; C(15)) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP; C(20)), but did not accept either the C(5) or the C(10) allylic diphosphate as a primer substrate. The Michaelis constants for FPP and GGPP were 5.73 microM and 1.61 microM respectively. We also performed an analysis of the side chains of prenylquinones extracted from the A. thaliana plant, and showed that its major prenylquinones, i.e. plastoquinone and ubiquinone, contain the C(45) prenyl moiety. This suggests that At-SPS might be devoted to the biosynthesis of either or both of the prenylquinone side chains. This is the first established trans -long-chain prenyl diphosphate synthase from a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutake Hirooka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita Yamadaoka 2-1, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Tziveleka LA, Kourounakis AP, Kourounakis PN, Roussis V, Vagias C. Antioxidant potential of natural and synthesised polyprenylated hydroquinones. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:935-9. [PMID: 11836101 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites 2-octaprenyl-1,4-hydroquinone (1) and 2-(24-hydroxy)-octaprenyl-1,4-hydroquinone (2), isolated from the sponge Ircinia spinosula, along with a series of synthetic derivatives, were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity, in order to establish a potential relationship between structural characteristics and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant potential of both natural and synthesised compounds was evaluated in vitro by their ability: (1) to interact with the stable free 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and (2) to inhibit the peroxidation, induced by the Fe(++)/ascorbate system, of heat inactivated hepatic microsomal membrane lipids. Metabolite 1 presented a strong interaction with DPPH and had a moderate effect on lipid peroxidation, while metabolite 2 interacted extensively with DPPH and exhibited a significant effect against lipid peroxidation. All derivatives retaining the free 1,4-hydroquinone system maintained fully or partly the free radical scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leto-A Tziveleka
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 157 71, Athens, Greece
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Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Myśliwa-Kurdziel B, Strzałka K. The influence of structure and redox state of prenylquinones on thermotropic phase behaviour of phospholipids in model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 114:169-80. [PMID: 11934398 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Our study was aimed to investigate the significance of the isoprenoid side chain size as well as redox state of the quinone ring for interaction of two main classes of prenylquinones: plastoquinones (PQ) and ubiquinones (UQ) with lipid bilayers. By use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) we have followed the thermotropic behaviour of multilamellar vesicles prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) upon incorporation of increasing amount (1.3-12 mol%) of quinone (quinol) molecules. Our studies reveal that as the side chain is shorter (from 9 to 2 isoprenoid units) the height of the calorimetric profiles is reduced and the temperature of the main transition of DPPC (T(m)) decreases (T(m)=39.4 degrees C for a sample with 12 mol% of PQ-2), and then increases up to 39.8 degrees C for PQ-1. For the samples containing quinols the effect is more pronounced even at lower concentration. The greater influence of the added prenylquinones on the pretransition demonstrates a stronger distortion of the DPPC packing in the gel state. It seems that this is the isoprenoid side chain length rather than the redox state of prenylquinones that determines their effectiveness in perturbation of thermotropic properties of lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, The Jan Zurzycki Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Lopukhina A, Dettenberg M, Weiler EW, Holländer-Czytko H. Cloning and characterization of a coronatine-regulated tyrosine aminotransferase from Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:1678-87. [PMID: 11500565 PMCID: PMC117166 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.4.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2001] [Revised: 03/28/2001] [Accepted: 05/07/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the phytotoxin coronatine, which is an analog of the octadecanoids 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and/or jasmonic acid, gives rise to a number of physiological responses similar to those of octadecanoids. To further elucidate the physiological role of these compounds, the differential RNA display technique was used to isolate a number of novel octadecanoid-inducible genes expressed in coronatine-treated Arabidopsis. Among these, a cDNA clone was identified that was similar to known tyrosine aminotransferases (TATs). The function was verified with the expressed recombinant protein. In Arabidopsis, the protein is present as a multimer of 98 kD, with a monomer of an apparent molecular mass of 47 kD. TAT mRNA could be induced within 2 h by various octadecanoids and by wounding of the plants. Accumulation of the TAT protein and a 5- to 7-fold increase in its enzymatic activity was observed 7 to 9 h after application of octadecanoids, coronatine, or wounding. The potential role of TAT in the defense response to herbivores and pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lopukhina
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Wanke M, Swiezewska E, Dallner G. Half-life of ubiquinone and plastoquinone in spinach cells. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 154:183-187. [PMID: 10729617 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The half-life of plastoquinone (PQ), ubiquinone-9 (UQ-9) and ubiquinone-10 (UQ-10) in spinach tissue was determined. This was achieved by monitoring the decay of radioactivity incorporated into these lipids from a labeled precursor. The half-life of PQ was 15 h while for UQ-9 and UQ-10 it was longer, i.e. 30 h. The values of half-lives of PQ and UQ suggest a high rate of turnover of these lipids in spinach cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wanke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Wanke M, Dallner G, Swiezewska E. Subcellular localization of plastoquinone and ubiquinone synthesis in spinach cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1463:188-94. [PMID: 10631308 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo labeling of spinach etiolated leaves with [(3)H]mevalonate followed by rapid cell fractionation procedure showed that ER-Golgi membranes are involved in transport of plastoquinone (PQ) and ubiquinone (UQ) to plastids and mitochondria, respectively. Translocation of these lipids was inhibited by agents which affect protein and lipid intracellular transport causing structural and functional disintegration of the ER-Golgi system (monensin, brefeldin) and interfere with mitochondrial energy conservation (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone), but was not affected by colchicine which influences the organization of the cytoskeletal network. Colchicine treatment resulted in marked stimulation of PQ and UQ synthesis. Results of experiments with pre-exposure of etiolated seedlings to light suggest that translocation processes are dependent on the plastid developmental state and their capacity as acceptors of PQ. Thus, the experiments indicate that biosynthesis and transport of PQ and UQ involve multiple cellular compartments and that kinetics of the transport process is dependent on the actual physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wanke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Plastoquinol and α-tocopherol quinol are more active than ubiquinol and α-tocopherol in inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Chem Phys Lipids 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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