1
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Kapustin AN, Davey P, Longmire D, Matthews C, Linnane E, Rustogi N, Stavrou M, Devine PWA, Bond NJ, Hanson L, Sonzini S, Revenko A, MacLeod AR, Ross S, Chiarparin E, Puri S. Antisense oligonucleotide activity in tumour cells is influenced by intracellular LBPA distribution and extracellular vesicle recycling. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1241. [PMID: 34725463 PMCID: PMC8560811 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are commercially approved new therapeutic modalities, yet poor productive uptake and endosomal entrapment in tumour cells limit their broad application. Here we compare intracellular traffic of anti KRAS antisense oligonucleotide (AZD4785) in tumour cell lines PC9 and LK2, with good and poor productive uptake, respectively. We find that the majority of AZD4785 is rapidly delivered to CD63+late endosomes (LE) in both cell lines. Importantly, lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) that triggers ASO LE escape is presented in CD63+LE in PC9 but not in LK2 cells. Moreover, both cell lines recycle AZD4785 in extracellular vesicles (EVs); however, AZD4785 quantification by advanced mass spectrometry and proteomic analysis reveals that LK2 recycles more AZD4785 and RNA-binding proteins. Finally, stimulating LBPA intracellular production or blocking EV recycling enhances AZD4785 activity in LK2 but not in PC9 cells thus offering a possible strategy to enhance ASO potency in tumour cells with poor productive uptake of ASOs. Kapustin et al. investigate the intracellular trafficking of anti-KRAS antisense oligonucleotides. They show that the oligonucleotide AZD4785 is recycled via late endosomes in extracellular vesicles in both cells with poor and good oligo productive uptake, and that inducing lysobisphosphatidic acid in late endosomes or blocking EV recycling enhance AZD4785 activity in cells with poor productive uptake, potentially offering improved treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Kapustin
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paul Davey
- Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Longmire
- Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl Matthews
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Linnane
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nitin Rustogi
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Stavrou
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul W A Devine
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Bond
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lyndsey Hanson
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Silvia Sonzini
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah Ross
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sanyogitta Puri
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Lim KRQ, Nguyen Q, Yokota T. Detection of Locked Nucleic Acid Gapmers from Mouse Muscle Samples Using ELISA. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2176:233-239. [PMID: 32865795 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0771-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated therapy is promising for the treatment of a variety of genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. As more ASOs advance in therapeutic development and enter clinical trials, it becomes necessary to have a means of quantifying their amounts in biological samples post-treatment. This information will be valuable for evaluating the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of ASOs, and in deciding how the efficacy of these drugs can be improved. Gapmers are a class of ASOs characterized by having a central DNA portion that is surrounded by chemically modified nucleotides on both ends. While relatively simple and accessible methods to quantify other ASOs such as phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based techniques are available and have been used for in vivo studies, no such method is available for gapmers to our knowledge. Here, we describe a sensitive ELISA protocol that can be used to quantify the levels of locked nucleic acid (LNA) gapmers in mouse muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Rowel Q Lim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Toshifumi Yokota
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research and Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Science Research Chair, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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3
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Chappell AE, Gaus HJ, Berdeja A, Gupta R, Jo M, Prakash TP, Oestergaard M, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Mechanisms of palmitic acid-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide distribution in mice. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4382-4395. [PMID: 32182359 PMCID: PMC7192618 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) with a variety of distinct lipophilic moieties like fatty acids and cholesterol increases ASO accumulation and activity in multiple tissues. While lipid conjugation increases tissue exposure in mice and reduces excretion of ASO in urine, histological review of skeletal and cardiac muscle indicates that the increased tissue accumulation of lipid conjugated ASO is isolated to the interstitium. Administration of palmitic acid-conjugated ASO (Palm-ASO) in mice results in a rapid and substantial accumulation in the interstitium of muscle tissue followed by relatively rapid clearance and only slight increases in intracellular accumulation in myocytes. We propose a model whereby increased affinity for lipid particles, albumin, and other plasma proteins by lipid-conjugation facilitates ASO transport across endothelial barriers into tissue interstitium. However, this increased affinity for lipid particles and plasma proteins also facilitates the transport of ASO from the interstitium to the lymph and back into circulation. The cumulative effect is only a slight (∼2-fold) increase in tissue accumulation and similar increase in ASO activity. To support this proposal, we demonstrate that the activity of lipid conjugated ASO was reduced in two mouse models with defects in endothelial transport of macromolecules: caveolin-1 knockout (Cav1-/-) and FcRn knockout (FcRn-/-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred E Chappell
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hans J Gaus
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Andres Berdeja
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Minji Jo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Thazha P Prakash
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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4
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Prakash TP, Mullick AE, Lee RG, Yu J, Yeh ST, Low A, Chappell AE, Østergaard ME, Murray S, Gaus HJ, Swayze EE, Seth PP. Fatty acid conjugation enhances potency of antisense oligonucleotides in muscle. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:6029-6044. [PMID: 31127296 PMCID: PMC6614804 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the functional uptake of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in the muscle will be beneficial for developing ASO therapeutics targeting genes expressed in the muscle. We hypothesized that improving albumin binding will facilitate traversal of ASO from the blood compartment to the interstitium of the muscle tissues to enhance ASO functional uptake. We synthesized structurally diverse saturated and unsaturated fatty acid conjugated ASOs with a range of hydrophobicity. The binding affinity of ASO fatty acid conjugates to plasma proteins improved with fatty acid chain length and highest binding affinity was observed with ASO conjugates containing fatty acid chain length from 16 to 22 carbons. The degree of unsaturation or conformation of double bond appears to have no influence on protein binding or activity of ASO fatty acid conjugates. Activity of fatty acid ASO conjugates correlated with the affinity to albumin and the tightest albumin binder exhibited the highest activity improvement in muscle. Palmitic acid conjugation increases ASO plasma Cmax and improved delivery of ASO to interstitial space of mouse muscle. Conjugation of palmitic acid improved potency of DMPK, Cav3, CD36 and Malat-1 ASOs (3- to 7-fold) in mouse muscle. Our approach provides a foundation for developing more effective therapeutic ASOs for muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Antisense Drug Discovery, 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Antisense Drug Discovery, 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemistry, USA
| | - Steve T Yeh
- Antisense Drug Discovery, 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Audrey Low
- Antisense Drug Discovery, 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | | | - Sue Murray
- Antisense Drug Discovery, 2855 Gazelle Ct., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hans J Gaus
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Medicinal Chemistry, USA
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5
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Nuckowski Ł, Kaczmarkiewicz A, Studzińska S. Review on sample preparation methods for oligonucleotides analysis by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1090:90-100. [PMID: 29803869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides have been successfully investigated for the treatment of different types of diseases. Detection and determination of antisense oligonucleotides and their metabolites are necessary for drug development and evaluation. This review focuses mainly on the first step of the analysis of oligonucleotides i.e. the sample preparation stage, and in particular on the techniques used for liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Exceptional sample preparation techniques are required as antisense oligonucleotides need to be determined in complex biological matrices. The text discusses general issues in oligonucleotide sample preparation and approaches to their solution. The most popular techniques i.e. protein precipitation, protein enzyme digestion and liquid-liquid extraction are reviewed. Solid phase extraction methods are discussed and the issues connected with the application of each method are highlighted. Other newly reported promising techniques are also described. Finally, there is a summary of actually used techniques and the indication of the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Nuckowski
- Chair of the Environmental Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., PL-87 100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Kaczmarkiewicz
- Chair of the Environmental Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., PL-87 100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of the Environmental Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., PL-87 100 Toruń, Poland.
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6
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El Zahar NM, Magdy N, El-Kosasy AM, Bartlett MG. Chromatographic approaches for the characterization and quality control of therapeutic oligonucleotide impurities. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 28869310 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PS) oligonucleotides are a rapidly rising class of drugs with significant therapeutic applications. However, owing to their complex structure and multistep synthesis and purification processes, generation of low-level impurities and degradation products are common. Therefore, they require significant investment in quality control and impurity identification. This requires the development of advanced methods for analysis, characterization and quantitation. In addition, the presence of the PS linkage leads to the formation of chiral centers which can affect their biological properties and therapeutic efficiency. In this review, the different types of oligonucleotide impurities and degradation products, with an emphasis on their origin, mechanism of formation and methods to reduce, prevent or even eliminate their production, will be extensively discussed. This review will focus mainly on the application of chromatographic techniques to determine these impurities but will also discuss other approaches such as mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, the chirality and formation of diastereomer mixtures of PS oligonucleotides will be covered as well as approaches used for their characterization and the application for the development of stereochemically-controlled PS oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M El Zahar
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - N Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M El-Kosasy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Hong D, Kurzrock R, Kim Y, Woessner R, Younes A, Nemunaitis J, Fowler N, Zhou T, Schmidt J, Jo M, Lee SJ, Yamashita M, Hughes SG, Fayad L, Piha-Paul S, Nadella MVP, Mohseni M, Lawson D, Reimer C, Blakey DC, Xiao X, Hsu J, Revenko A, Monia BP, MacLeod AR. AZD9150, a next-generation antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of STAT3 with early evidence of clinical activity in lymphoma and lung cancer. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:314ra185. [PMID: 26582900 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies have greatly expanded our understanding of cancer genetics. Antisense technology is an attractive platform with the potential to translate these advances into improved cancer therapeutics, because antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitors can be designed on the basis of gene sequence information alone. Recent human clinical data have demonstrated the potent activity of systemically administered ASOs targeted to genes expressed in the liver. We describe the preclinical activity and initial clinical evaluation of a class of ASOs containing constrained ethyl modifications for targeting the gene encoding the transcription factor STAT3, a notoriously difficult protein to inhibit therapeutically. Systemic delivery of the unformulated ASO, AZD9150, decreased STAT3 expression in a broad range of preclinical cancer models and showed antitumor activity in lymphoma and lung cancer models. AZD9150 preclinical activity translated into single-agent antitumor activity in patients with highly treatment-refractory lymphoma and non-small cell lung cancer in a phase 1 dose-escalation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Richard Woessner
- Cancer Bioscience Drug Discovery, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Anas Younes
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, 7777 Forest Lane, Dallas, TX 75230, USA
| | - Nathan Fowler
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tianyuan Zhou
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Joanna Schmidt
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Minji Jo
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Samantha J Lee
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Mason Yamashita
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Steven G Hughes
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Luis Fayad
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarina Piha-Paul
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Murali V P Nadella
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Morvarid Mohseni
- Cancer Bioscience Drug Discovery, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Deborah Lawson
- Cancer Bioscience Drug Discovery, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Corinne Reimer
- Cancer Bioscience Drug Discovery, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - David C Blakey
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Xiaokun Xiao
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Jeff Hsu
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Alexey Revenko
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Brett P Monia
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - A Robert MacLeod
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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8
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Crosby JR, Zhao C, Zhang H, MacLeod AR, Guo S, Monia BP. Reversing Antisense Oligonucleotide Activity with a Sense Oligonucleotide Antidote: Proof of Concept Targeting Prothrombin. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:297-305. [PMID: 26390010 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2015.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue half-life of second-generation antisense oligonucleotide drugs (ASOs) is generally longer than traditional small molecule therapeutics. Thus, a strategy to reverse the activity of antisense drugs is warranted in certain settings. In this study, we describe a strategy employing the administration of a complementary sense oligonucleotide antidote (SOA). As a model system we have chosen to target the coagulation factor and antithrombotic drug target, prothrombin, to assess the feasibility of this approach. ASO targeting mouse prothrombin specifically suppressed >90% hepatic prothrombin mRNA levels and circulating prothrombin protein in mice. These effects were dose- and time-dependent, and as expected produced predictable increases in anticoagulation activity [prothrombin time/activated partial thromboplastin time (PT/aPTT)]. Treatment with prothrombin SOAs resulted in a dose-dependent reversal of ASO activity, as measured by a return in prothrombin mRNA levels and thrombin activity, and normalization of aPTT and PT. The antithrombotic activity of prothrombin ASOs was demonstrated in a FeCl3-induced thrombosis mouse model, and as predicted for this target, the doses required for antithrombotic activity were also associated with increased bleeding. Treatment with SOA was able to prevent prothrombin ASO-induced bleeding in a dose-dependent manner. These studies demonstrate for the first time the utility of SOAs to selectively and specifically reverse the intracellular effects of an antisense therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff R Crosby
- 1 Drug Discovery and Corporate Development, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, California
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- 1 Drug Discovery and Corporate Development, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, California
| | - Hong Zhang
- 2 Prysis Biotechnologies , Shanghai, China
| | - A Robert MacLeod
- 1 Drug Discovery and Corporate Development, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, California
| | - Shuling Guo
- 1 Drug Discovery and Corporate Development, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, California
| | - Brett P Monia
- 1 Drug Discovery and Corporate Development, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Carlsbad, California
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9
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Burki U, Keane J, Blain A, O'Donovan L, Gait MJ, Laval SH, Straub V. Development and Application of an Ultrasensitive Hybridization-Based ELISA Method for the Determination of Peptide-Conjugated Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 25:275-84. [PMID: 26176274 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-induced exon skipping is one of the most promising strategies for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and other rare monogenic conditions. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) and 2'-O-methyl phosphorothioate (2'OMe) are two of the most advanced AONs in development. The next generation of peptide-conjugated PMO (P-PMO) is also showing great promise, but to advance these therapies it is essential to determine the pharmacokinetic and biodistribution (PK/BD) profile using a suitable method to detect AON levels in blood and tissue samples. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based method, which shows greater sensitivity than the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, is the method of choice for 2'OMe detection in preclinical and clinical studies. However, no such assay has been developed for PMO/P-PMO detection, and we have, therefore, developed an ultrasensitive hybridization-based ELISA for this purpose. The assay has a linear detection range of 5-250 pM (R(2)>0.99) in mouse serum and tissue lysates. The sensitivity was sufficient for determining the 24-h PK/BD profile of PMO and P-PMO injected at standard doses (12.5 mg/kg) in mdx mice, the dystrophin-deficient mouse model for DMD. The assay demonstrated an accuracy approaching 100% with precision values under 12%. This provides a powerful cost-effective assay for the purpose of accelerating the development of these emerging therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Burki
- 1 The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases at Newcastle, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Keane
- 1 The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases at Newcastle, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Blain
- 1 The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases at Newcastle, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Liz O'Donovan
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael John Gait
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven H Laval
- 1 The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases at Newcastle, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- 1 The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases at Newcastle, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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10
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van Dongen MGJ, Geerts BF, Morgan ES, Brandt TA, de Kam ML, Romijn JA, Cohen AF, Bhanot S, Burggraaf J. First proof of pharmacology in humans of a novel glucagon receptor antisense drug. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 55:298-306. [PMID: 25197025 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients cause excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP), suggesting that attenuation of hepatic glucagon action could be a therapeutic strategy for T2DM. In this study we evaluated the safety, tolerability, PK, and pharmacodynamics in healthy human volunteers of single and multiple doses (50-400 mg) ISIS 325568, a 2'-O-MOE antisense (ASO) developed to reduce hepatic glucagon receptor (GCGR) mRNA expression. In the multiple dose cohorts, treatment consisted of eight doses of ISIS 325568 or placebo over 6-weeks. Drug effects were assessed using serial fasting glucagon measurements and the glycemic response to a glucagon challenge at baseline and at the end of 6-week treatment. ISIS 325568 was not associated with clinically relevant changes. Dose-dependent predominantly mild injection site reactions were the most common side-effect. Active treatment caused a gradual increase in fasting glucagon levels and, compared to placebo, a significantly blunted glucagon-induced increase in plasma glucose AUC (24%, P < 0.0001) and HGP (13%, P = 0.007) at the 400 mg/week dose. Six weeks treatment with ISIS 325568 in healthy volunteers attenuated glucagon-stimulated HGP and glucose excursions, supporting further evaluation of the GCGR antisense approach in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam F Cohen
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Henry SP, Jagels MA, Hugli TE, Manalili S, Geary RS, Giclas PC, Levin AA. Mechanism of alternative complement pathway dysregulation by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in monkey and human serum. Nucleic Acid Ther 2014; 24:326-35. [PMID: 25093529 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The species sensitivity and mechanism of complement pathway activation by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide were investigated in monkey and human serum. Increasing concentrations of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, ISIS 2302, were incubated in either monkey or human serum. Complement activation in monkey serum was selective for the alternative pathway and occurred at concentrations ≥ 50 μg/mL ISIS 2302. By comparison, complement activation in human serum was absent. A similar difference in sensitivity for activation was also observed for a representative 2'-methoxyethyl (MOE)-modified oligonucleotide. The absence of oligonucleotide-induced complement activation was also observed in dogs. Protein binding with ISIS 2302 and enzyme competition studies suggested that factor H was important in oligonucleotide-mediated complement activation process, and addition of factor H to serum effectively prevented the activation in monkey serum. Furthermore, based on the immunoassay for factor H, there was an apparent decrease in factor H concentration as the ISIS 2302 concentration increased. This result suggests that ISIS 2302 binds to factor H and interferes with the factor H antibody from the immunoassay. Factor H is a regulatory protein that limits alternative pathway activation. Disruption of factor H interaction with C3 convertase by oligonucleotide could promote activation in this pathway.
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12
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Batkai S, Thum T. Analytical approaches in microRNA therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Colombo S, Zeng X, Ragelle H, Foged C. Complexity in the therapeutic delivery of RNAi medicines: an analytical challenge. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1481-95. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.927439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Hung G, Xiao X, Peralta R, Bhattacharjee G, Murray S, Norris D, Guo S, Monia BP. Characterization of target mRNA reduction through in situ RNA hybridization in multiple organ systems following systemic antisense treatment in animals. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:369-78. [PMID: 24161045 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the medicinal chemistry of antisense oligonucleotide drugs have been instrumental in achieving and optimizing antisense activity in cell types other than hepatocytes, the cell type that is most sensitive to antisense effects following systemic treatment. To broadly characterize the effects of antisense drugs on target messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in different organs and cell types in animals, we have developed a sensitive RNA in situ hybridization technique using the noncoding RNA metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) as a surrogate target. We have used this technique to evaluate the effects of 2'-O-methoxy ethyl (MOE) and constrained ethyl bicyclic nucleic acid (cEt) gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). ASO tissue distribution was also characterized using immunohistochemical techniques, and MALAT1 mRNA reductions were confirmed by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Our findings demonstrate that systemic antisense drug administration in both mice and non-human primates resulted in marked reductions in MALAT1 RNA in many tissues and cell types other than liver including kidney, muscle, lung, adipose, adrenal gland, and peripheral nerve tissue. As expected, ASOs with cEt chemistry were more efficacious than MOE ASO in all tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Hung
- Isis Pharmaceuticals , Carlsbad, California
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15
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Chen B, Chen G, Bartlett MG. Factors influencing the electrokinetic injection of oligonucleotides in capillary gel electrophoresis when using laser-induced fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:320-3. [PMID: 24123161 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) is a powerful tool for the analysis of oligonucleotides owing to its extraordinary resolving power. However, the only feasible injection mode for CGE, electrokinetic injection, can cause bias of the injected amount and thus reproducibility issues for CGE methods. Although the source of the bias in electrokinetic injection for analysis of small molecules by capillary zone electrophoresis has long been identified, there are very few studies on electrokinetic injection issues for biological molecules analyzed by CGE. In this study, we report three issues related to electrokinetic injection for oligonucleotides. First, the relationship between the injection amount and the sample solution resistance is not always linear for oligonucleotides, as has been observed for small molecules. Second, the injecting water prior to an oligonucleotide sample dramatically improves the reproducibility of both the injected amount and resolution through a 'stacking-like' mechanism. Third, optimizing the gel concentration dramatically increases the amount of oligonucleotide that is injected into the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
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16
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McGinnis AC, Cummings BS, Bartlett MG. Ion exchange liquid chromatography method for the direct determination of small ribonucleic acids. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 799:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Yu RZ, Grundy JS, Geary RS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of second generation antisense oligonucleotides. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:169-82. [PMID: 23231725 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.737320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple "second generation" gapmer antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) of varying chemistries have been evaluated as potential therapeutic agents in the clinic. Compared to first generation chemistries, second generation ASOs consistently demonstrate greater biological stability, greater in vitro/in vivo potency, and less non-hybridization based toxicities. AREAS COVERED The authors summarize previously publshed clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of second generation ASOs following intravenous or subcutaneous administration. EXPERT OPINION Our understanding of potential roles of RNAs in maintaining normal health and contribution to various diseases is increasing; thus directly targeting RNAs (with second generation ASOs) present a compelling therapeutic strategy. Further, the similar clinical PK properties across the class of second generation ASOs helps facilitate their clinical development. The majority of published information available for assessment is restricted to acute/sub-acute early clinical development. A limited but growing database on chronic dosing of second generation ASOs, across various patient and special populations, and also with non-systemic local delivery approaches, will help further characterize the clinical PK properties of these compounds and better quantify the extent and sources of any observed PK variability and potential impact on clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Z Yu
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacokinetics & Clinical Pharmacology, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA.
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Wheeler TM, Leger AJ, Pandey SK, MacLeod AR, Nakamori M, Cheng SH, Wentworth BM, Bennett CF, Thornton CA. Targeting nuclear RNA for in vivo correction of myotonic dystrophy. Nature 2012; 488:111-5. [PMID: 22859208 PMCID: PMC4221572 DOI: 10.1038/nature11362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) hold promise for gene-specific knockdown in diseases that involve RNA or protein gain-of-function. In the hereditary degenerative disease myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), transcripts from the mutant allele contain an expanded CUG repeat1–3 and are retained in the nucleus4, 5. The mutant RNA exerts a toxic gain-of-function6, making it an appropriate target for therapeutic ASOs. However, despite improvements in ASO chemistry and design, systemic use of ASOs is limited because uptake in many tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, is not sufficient to silence target mRNAs7, 8. Here we show that nuclear-retained transcripts containing expanded CUG (CUGexp) repeats are extraordinarily sensitive to antisense silencing. In a transgenic mouse model of DM1, systemic administration of ASOs caused a rapid knockdown of CUGexp RNA in skeletal muscle, correcting the physiological, histopathologic, and transcriptomic features of the disease. The effect was sustained for up to one year after treatment was discontinued. Systemically administered ASOs were also effective for muscle knockdown of Malat-1, a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that is retained in the nucleus9. These results provide a general strategy to correct RNA gain-of-function and modulate the expression of expanded repeats, lncRNAs, and other transcripts with prolonged nuclear residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thurman M Wheeler
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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19
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Cen Y, Li X, Liu D, Pan F, Cai Y, Li B, Peng W, Wu C, Jiang W, Zhou H. Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the detection and quantification of CpG oligonucleotides 107 (CpG ODN107) and its metabolites in mice plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:447-55. [PMID: 22789900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 107 (CpG ODN107) could be used as a novel radiosensitizer for glioma. Herein, a novel and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC coupled with electrospray triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following a one-step C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) for biological matrix removal was developed and fully validated for the determination of CpG ODN107 and its metabolites such as 5'N-1, 3'N-1, 3'N-2, and 3'N-3 in mouse plasma. The analytes were separated on an Extend-C18 analytical column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) using an eluent of acetonitrile-0.05% aqueous NH(3) (20:80, v/v) and detected by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in the negative multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). The assay was specific, and it showed a good linearity with a determination coefficient (r(2)) that was greater than or equal to 0.998 for CpG ODN107 and its metabolites in the biological matrices. The precision, accuracy, and relative recovery values were found to be <15%, ±15%, and 95-105%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to measure the concentrations of CpG ODN107 and its metabolites in the plasma following the intravenous administration of 15.0 mg/kg of CpG ODN107 in mice; therefore, the method was suitable for preclinical pharmacokinetic studies on CpG ODN107 and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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20
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Forsbach A, Samulowitz U, Völp K, Hofmann HP, Noll B, Tluk S, Schmitz C, Wader T, Müller C, Podszuweit A, Lohner A, Curdt R, Uhlmann E, Vollmer J. Dual or triple activation of TLR7, TLR8, and/or TLR9 by single-stranded oligoribonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 21:423-36. [PMID: 22196370 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7, 8, and 9 stimulate innate immune responses upon recognizing pathogen nucleic acids. Certain GU- or AU-rich RNA sequences were described to differentiate between human TLR7- and TLR8-mediated immune effects. Those single-stranded RNA molecules require endosomal delivery for stabilization against ribonucleases. We have discovered RNA sequences that preferentially activate TLR7, form higher ordered structures, and do not require specific cellular delivery. In addition, a dual activation of TLR8 and TLR9 without affecting TLR7 can be achieved by chimeric molecules consisting of GU-rich RNA and Cytosin (C) phosphordiester or phosphorthioat (p) guanine (CpG) motif DNA sequences. Such chimeras stimulate TLR9-mediated type I interferon (IFN) and TLR8-depending proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production upon primary human cell activation. However, an RNA-dependent TLR7 IFN-α cytokine release is suppressed by the phosphorothioate DNA sequence contained in the chimeric molecule. To convert the immune response of a single-stranded RNA from TLR7/8 to TLR9, a simple chemical modification at the 5' end proves to be sufficient. Such 8-oxo-2'-deoxy-guanosine or 8-bromo-2'-deoxy-guanosine modifications of the first guanosine in GU-rich single-stranded RNAs convert the immune response to include TLR9 activation and demonstrate strong additive effects for type I IFN immune responses in human primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Forsbach
- Pfizer Oligonucleotides Therapeutics Unit, Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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21
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Ye G, Beverly M. The use of strong anion-exchange (SAX) magnetic particles for the extraction of therapeutic siRNA and their analysis by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3207-3215. [PMID: 22006382 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for extracting oligonucleotides from serum and other biological fluids are often time-consuming and require multiple steps. Magnetic particle based separation of oligonucleotides has gained importance recently due to the advantages of simplicity and high efficiency. Here we report the development and optimization of commercially available strong anion-exchange (SAX) magnetic beads for the extraction of siRNA from human serum. The beads allowed for rapid extraction of siRNA from human serum in 100-200 μL of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-compatible buffer in less than 1 h for a 96-well plate with no further drying steps. Due to the strong cation-binding properties of oligonucleotides, volatile ammonium salts such as triethylammonium bicarbonate (TEAB), ammonium bicarbonate, and NH(4) Cl were used to elute the siRNA from the beads. For more hydrophobic siRNA sequences, the addition of 5-10% organic solvent was required for elution. The recovery of chemically modified siRNA from human serum was around 80% for two types of beads examined; however, the recovery for highly modified sequences differed greatly between the two types of beads. In addition to extracting highly modified oligonucleotides, the SAX beads were also able to extract liposomal formulated siRNAs from serum with no interference from the lipid formulation. The extraction of siRNA from human serum was linear over the tested range of 50 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL. Using this extraction methodology, we have created a workflow to monitor siRNA serum stability by LC/MS. Initial observations confirm that RNase A type degradation with strand cleavage on the 3' side of uridine or cytosine is the dominant cleavage pattern in serum. This finding has implications for the selection and modification of therapeutic siRNAs and demonstrates the utility of magnetic beads as a simple and rapid extraction technique for siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ye
- RNAi Therapeutics, NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Chen B, Bartlett MG. Determination of therapeutic oligonucleotides using capillary gel electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:409-18. [PMID: 21898474 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides have developed into highly versatile and selective therapeutics over the past 20 years. More than five discrete mechanisms of action have been reported and more than 10 different chemical modifications have been used to extend their in vivo half-life and reduce their toxicity. Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has been used extensively for the quantitative analysis of oligonucleotide therapeutics in both preclinical and clinical studies since the 1990s. The success of CGE is based on its extraordinary resolving power, which allows for the simultaneous determination of the parent drug and its metabolites. More recently, capillary gel electrophoresis has seen renewed interest with the emergence of replaceable gels with single-base resolving power and new capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interfaces. This review discusses the bioanalysis of therapeutic oligonucleotides showing the evolution of the field over the past two decades leading to the current new approaches. Included in this review are topics such as different gel types, sample introduction modes, sample extraction procedures, separation conditions and detection methods used in CGE, along with discussions of the successes and limitations associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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23
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Passini MA, Bu J, Richards AM, Kinnecom C, Sardi SP, Stanek LM, Hua Y, Rigo F, Matson J, Hung G, Kaye EM, Shihabuddin LS, Krainer AR, Bennett CF, Cheng SH. Antisense oligonucleotides delivered to the mouse CNS ameliorate symptoms of severe spinal muscular atrophy. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:72ra18. [PMID: 21368223 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene that result in a deficiency of SMN protein. One approach to treat SMA is to use antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to redirect the splicing of a paralogous gene, SMN2, to boost production of functional SMN. Injection of a 2'-O-2-methoxyethyl-modified ASO (ASO-10-27) into the cerebral lateral ventricles of mice with a severe form of SMA resulted in splice-mediated increases in SMN protein and in the number of motor neurons in the spinal cord, which led to improvements in muscle physiology, motor function and survival. Intrathecal infusion of ASO-10-27 into cynomolgus monkeys delivered putative therapeutic levels of the oligonucleotide to all regions of the spinal cord. These data demonstrate that central nervous system-directed ASO therapy is efficacious and that intrathecal infusion may represent a practical route for delivering this therapeutic in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Passini
- Genzyme Corporation, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA.
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Kher G, Trehan S, Misra A. Antisense Oligonucleotides and RNA Interference. CHALLENGES IN DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150054 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384964-9.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Li S, Lu DD, Zhang YL, Wang SQ. An Improved Ion-Pair Reversed Phase LC Method for Analysis of Major Impurities of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Cantide. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Székely L, Kiessig S, Schwarz MA, Kálmán F. Capillary gel electrophoresis of therapeutic oligonucleotides--analysis of single- and double-stranded forms. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1579-86. [PMID: 19425006 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several therapeutic double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotides (ODNs) are in pharmaceutical development. During quality control, these therapeutic molecules have to be characterized with respect to their identity, their content and their impurity profile. It follows that the ds molecule as well as its process- and product-related impurities have to be quantified. The single strands are considered as process as well as product-related impurities in the ds drug substance. Applying well known, conventional, single-base resolution CE-CGE systems developed for the quality control of single-stranded antisense ODNs in the early 1990s, it turned out that the ds ODNs under investigation are migrating in broad, splitted peaks between the peaks reaction zones are observed. It follows that the quantification of the single strands in the drug substance as well as quantification of other product-related impurities, e.g. n-1; n-2 (loss of one and two bases (n), respectively) etc., are not possible without adaptation of the test system. The paper shows how the test system was adjusted in order to determine single-stranded strands as well as ds strands next to each other quantitatively in the ds drug substance under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Székely
- Protein Analytics-Development, Solvias AG, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Effect of dose and plasma concentration on liver uptake and pharmacologic activity of a 2′-methoxyethyl modified chimeric antisense oligonucleotide targeting PTEN. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Wu LX, Lu DD, Zhou Z, Zhang HY, Zhang YL, Wang SQ. A combined solid phase extraction/capillary gel electrophoresis method for the determination of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides in biological fluids, tissues and feces. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:361-8. [PMID: 19131282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel biological sample clean-up procedure has been developed for the determination of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (PS-ODNs) and derived metabolites in biological fluids (plasma, urine and bile) and in tissues and feces from mice and rats. This method uses a one-step C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) for biological matrix removal, and it uses capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) for analyte detection. The assay is specific, and its linearity is superb (r>0.99) for IV-AS (a 13-mer PS-ODN) and PS19 (a 19-mer PS-ODN) in a variety of biological matrices. For both IV-AS and PS19, the precision, accuracy and absolute recovery values were found to be <20%, +/-20% and 80-120%, respectively. The LODs of IV-AS and PS19 were 0.6 mg/l for plasma, 0.8 mg/l for rat urine and bile, 6 microg/g for rat tissues, and 10 microg/g for rat feces, with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N=3). This method has been successfully applied to the analysis and quantitation of PS-ODNs in various biological samples arising from preclinical pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
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29
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Yu RZ, Lemonidis KM, Graham MJ, Matson JE, Crooke RM, Tribble DL, Wedel MK, Levin AA, Geary RS. Cross-species comparison of in vivo PK/PD relationships for second-generation antisense oligonucleotides targeting apolipoprotein B-100. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:910-9. [PMID: 19056355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE) modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), targeting apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), were characterized in multiple species. The species-specific apoB antisense inhibitors demonstrated target apoB mRNA reduction in a drug concentration and time-dependent fashion in mice, monkeys, and humans. Consistent with the concentration-dependent decreases in liver apoB mRNA, reductions in serum apoB, and LDL-C, and total cholesterol were concurrently observed in animal models and humans. Additionally, the long duration of effect after cessation of dosing correlated well with the elimination half-life of 2'-MOE modified apoB ASOs studied in mice (t(1/2) congruent with 20 days) and humans (t(1/2) congruent with 30 days) following parental administrations. The plasma concentrations of ISIS 301012, observed in the terminal elimination phase of both mice and monkeys were in equilibrium with liver. The partition ratios between liver and plasma were similar, approximately 6000:1, across species, and thus provide a surrogate for tissue exposure in humans. Using an inhibitory E(max) model, the ASO liver EC(50s) were 101+/-32, 119+/-15, and 300+/-191 microg/g of ASO in high-fat-fed (HF) mice, transgenic mice containing the human apoB transgene, and monkeys, respectively. The estimated liver EC(50) in man, extrapolated from trough plasma exposure, was 81+/-122 microg/g. Therefore, extraordinary consistency of the exposure-response relationship for the apoB antisense inhibitor was observed across species, including human. The cross-species PK/PD relationships provide confidence in the use of pharmacology animal models to predict human dosing for second-generation ASOs targeting the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Z Yu
- Primary Laboratory of Origin, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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30
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Zhang J, Zafrullah M, Yang X, Yin X, Zhang Z, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R. Downregulation of KSR1 in pancreatic cancer xenografts by antisense oligonucleotide correlates with tumor drug uptake. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1490-5. [PMID: 18719367 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.9.6472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While antisense oligonucleotide (AS-ODN) technology holds promise for the treatment of cancer, to date there have been no clinical successes. Unfortunately, current assays are not sufficiently sensitive to measure tissue ODN levels. Hence it has not been possible to ascertain whether treatment failures result from failure of drug delivery. To investigate the relationship between drug uptake and therapeutic effect, we developed an ultrasensitive noncompetitive hybridization-ligation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NCHL-ELISA) to quantify Kinase Suppressor of Ras1 (KSR1) AS-ODN drug uptake in plasma and tumor tissues. In mice harboring PANC-1 pancreatic cancer xenografts and continuously infused with AS-ODN, our ELISA detects plasma and tumor KSR1 AS-ODN levels over an extended range, from 0.05 nM to 20 nM. Using this sensitive assay, we demonstrate that KSR1 repression in pancreatic cancer xenografts correlates highly with AS-ODN uptake into tumor tissues. In contrast, plasma drug levels do not correlate with tumor drug content or target downregulation. These studies indicate the efficacy of our ELISA, and suggest that tumor biopsy material will need to be procured to estimate the potential of this antisense technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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31
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Springate CM, Jackson JK, Gleave ME, Burt HM. Clusterin antisense complexed with chitosan for controlled intratumoral delivery. Int J Pharm 2007; 350:53-64. [PMID: 17890029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to characterize an injectable, intratumoral, controlled release delivery system for clusterin antisense oligonucleotide (clusterin ASO) based on clusterin ASO complexed with chitosan microparticles (CC complexes) and blended with a biodegradable polymeric paste (CC in paste). The effect of clusterin ASO/chitosan ratio on the physicochemical properties of CC complexes and the influence of chitosan and polymeric paste on the in vitro release and stability of clusterin ASO were investigated. Chitosan had an intrinsic pK(a) of 6.2. Chitosan particles incubated at different pHs swelled to approximately 600% of their dry weight and had a mean diameter of approximately 200microm. As the amount of chitosan in CC complexes was increased or as the pH was decreased, zeta potentials became increasingly less negatively charged and the amount of clusterin ASO complexed with chitosan increased. Clusterin ASO released into PBS or plasma in vitro from polymeric paste and CC in paste in a similar manner with a burst phase of release followed by a slow sustained release. The ratio of clusterin ASO to chitosan and incorporation into polymeric paste influenced the rate and extent of clusterin ASO release. Inclusion of clusterin ASO with or without chitosan in polymeric paste inhibited the in vitro degradation of clusterin ASO in plasma. Treatment of PC-3 cells in vitro with clusterin ASO alone or clusterin ASO released from the various formulations resulted in 52-62% inhibition of the expression of clusterin protein. Degradation studies showed that approximately 40% of the full-length clusterin ASO remained from both clusterin ASO alone and CC complex samples when incubated in 50% plasma in vitro for 4 days. In conclusion, the amount of clusterin ASO loaded into microparticulate chitosan was dependent on the amount of chitosan present and the pH of the environment and clusterin ASO released from the various formulations in a controlled manner and in a bioactive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Springate
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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32
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Soucy NV, Riley JP, Templin MV, Geary R, de Peyster A, Levin AA. Maternal and fetal distribution of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in rats after intravenous infusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 77:22-8. [PMID: 16496297 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal uptake of an antisense oligonucleotide was evaluated after intravenous (i.v.) dosing of ISIS 2105, a 20-base phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, in timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS To maximize the potential for fetal exposure, ISIS 2105 was administered as a 3-hr infusion at 6.6 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 20 mg/kg, or as a continuous 7-day infusion at 0.35 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 59 mg/kg. This dosing regime is higher than a patient would be expected to receive in the clinical use of oligonucleotides. Infusions were delivered through a jugular vein cannula by syringe pump on gestation day (GD) 19 (3-hr exposure) or by osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) starting on GD 12 (7-day exposures). RESULTS After a 3-hr infusion, maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of ISIS 2105 were >100 microg/ml and <0.07 microg/ml, respectively with a maternal fetal ratio of >1,000. Maternal regions of the placenta had twice the oligonucleotide concentration compared to fetal regions of the placenta (6 microg/g vs. 3 microg/g). After this acute exposure the concentrations in fetal kidney and liver were approximately 140- and 500-fold less than the maternal kidney and liver respectively. After 7-day infusion maternal plasma concentrations were 0.82 microg/ml and fetal concentrations were <0.22 microg/ml. By capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) only the fetal liver consistently had quantifiable oligonucleotide concentrations (range=1.01-4.95 microg/g) compared to a mean concentration of 50.11+/-1.71 microg/g in the maternal liver a maternal to fetal ratio of approximately 10:50 after 7 days of infusion. CONCLUSIONS There was a low level of transfer from dam to fetus, consistent with a slow equilibrium but the permeability of placenta to this 6 kDa polyanionic compound seemed to be limited even at supraclinical doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V Soucy
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
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Wei X, Dai G, Liu Z, Cheng H, Xie Z, Marcucci G, Chan KK. Metabolism of GTI-2040, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide antisense, using ion-pair reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry. AAPS JOURNAL 2007; 8:E743-55. [PMID: 17285740 PMCID: PMC2751371 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GTI-2040 is a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, which is complementary to the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. This study characterized both the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of GTI-2040. A highly specific ion-pair reversed-phase electrospray ionization (IP-RP-ESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was used for the identification of GTI-2040 and metabolites from a variety of biological samples including exonuclease enzyme solutions, plasma, urine, mouse liver/kidney homogenates, and human liver microsomes. Progressively chain-shortened metabolites truncated from the 3' terminal of GTI-2040 were detected in all of the evaluated biological samples. GTI-2040 was found to be a good substrate for 3' but not 5' exonuclease. While the pattern of n-1 chain-shortened 3'-exonucleolytic degradation was similar in the mouse liver and kidney homogenates, the latter was found to contain a larger number of shortenmers, the kidneys appeared to possess higher enzymatic reactivity toward GTI-2040. Thus, metabolism of GTI-2040 was found to occur in a variety of biological samples, mainly mediated by the 3' exonuclease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Guowei Dai
- />Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers-Squibb Co, 08540 Princeton, NJ
| | - Zhongfa Liu
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Hao Cheng
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Guido Marcucci
- />The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
- />Division of Hematology-Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
- />Room 308 OSU CCC, The Ohio State University, 410 West 12th Avenue, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth K. Chan
- />Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
- />The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 43210 Columbus, OH
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Lin ZJ, Li W, Dai G. Application of LC-MS for quantitative analysis and metabolite identification of therapeutic oligonucleotides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:330-41. [PMID: 17339091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides (OGNs) have been studied extensively in the recent years as novel agents designed to selectively and specifically inhibit target gene expression in cell culture, in animal disease models and in human. This review summarizes applications of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS or LC-MS/MS) for quantitative analysis of therapeutic OGNs and characterization of their metabolism in vitro and in vivo described in the literature over the past 10 years. Although the applications of LC-MS or LC-MS/MS to the molecular mass measurement, sequence determination, DNA adducts identification, detection of mutations and characterization of covalent and/or noncovalent DNA/RNA complexes have been comprehensively reviewed in a few excellent review papers. The quantitative bioanalysis and metabolite identification of therapeutic OGNs using LC-MS or LC-MS/MS have not been covered. This review covers technical issues, current approaches and applications of LC-MS or LC-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of OGNs in biological matrices and characterization of their in vitro and in vivo metabolism. Finally, some conclusions are drawn and prospects of LC-MS in quantitative analysis and metabolism characterization of therapeutic OGNs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping John Lin
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Global Development DMPK and Bioanalysis, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA.
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Swayze EE, Siwkowski AM, Wancewicz EV, Migawa MT, Wyrzykiewicz TK, Hung G, Monia BP, Bennett CF. Antisense oligonucleotides containing locked nucleic acid improve potency but cause significant hepatotoxicity in animals. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:687-700. [PMID: 17182632 PMCID: PMC1802611 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) containing either 2′-O-methoxyethylribose (MOE) or locked nucleic acid (LNA) modifications were designed to investigate whether LNA antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the potential to improve upon MOE based ASO therapeutics. Some, but not all, LNA containing oligonucleotides increased potency for reducing target mRNA in mouse liver up to 5-fold relative to the corresponding MOE containing ASOs. However, they also showed profound hepatotoxicity as measured by serum transaminases, organ weights and body weights. This toxicity was evident for multiple sequences targeting three different biological targets, as well as in mismatch control sequences having no known mRNA targets. Histopathological evaluation of tissues from LNA treated animals confirmed the hepatocellular involvement. Toxicity was observed as early as 4 days after a single administration. In contrast, the corresponding MOE ASOs showed no evidence for toxicity while maintaining the ability to reduce target mRNA. These studies suggest that while LNA ASOs have the potential to improve potency, they impose a significant risk of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Swayze
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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Yu RZ, Kim TW, Hong A, Watanabe TA, Gaus HJ, Geary RS. Cross-species pharmacokinetic comparison from mouse to man of a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide, ISIS 301012, targeting human apolipoprotein B-100. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 35:460-8. [PMID: 17172312 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.012401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-modified oligonucleotide, ISIS 301012 [targeting human apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100)], was characterized in mouse, rat, monkey, and human. Plasma pharmacokinetics following parental administration was similar across species, exhibiting a rapid distribution phase with t(1/2alpha) of several hours and a prolonged elimination phase with t(1/2beta) of days. The prolonged elimination phase represents equilibrium between tissues and circulating drug due to slow elimination from tissues. Absorption was nearly complete following s.c. injection, with bioavailability ranging from 80 to 100% in monkeys. Plasma clearance scaled well across species as a function of body weight alone, and this correlation was improved when corrected for plasma protein binding. In all of the animal models studied, the highest tissue concentrations of ISIS 301012 were observed in kidney and liver. Urinary excretion was less than 3% in monkeys and human in the first 24 h. ISIS 301012 is highly bound to plasma proteins, probably preventing rapid removal by renal filtration. However, following 25 mg/kg s.c. administration in mouse and 5-mg/kg i.v. bolus administration in rat, plasma concentrations of ISIS 301012 exceeded their respective protein binding capacity. Thus, urinary excretion increased to 16% or greater within the first 24 h. Albeit slow, urinary excretion of ISIS 301012 and its shortened metabolites is the ultimate elimination pathway of this compound, as demonstrated by 32% of dose recovered in total excreta by 14 days in a rat mass balance study. The pharmacokinetics of ISIS 301012 in human is predictable from the pharmacokinetics measured in animals. The pharmacokinetic properties of ISIS 301012 provide guidance for clinical development and support infrequent dose administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Z Yu
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1896 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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Noll BO, Debelak H, Uhlmann E. Identification and quantification of GC-rich oligodeoxynucleotides in tissue extracts by capillary gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 847:153-61. [PMID: 17049935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) is a widely used method for quantification of oligonucleotide-based drugs, such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), aptamers and small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) that allows accurate quantification of parent compound as well as metabolites. Stable secondary structure formation of these molecules frequently prevents analysis by conventional CGE methods and impedes pharmacokinetic assessment. Herein, we describe development of a CGE method for identification and quantification of complex mixtures of secondary structure forming GC-rich ODN in biological samples at dose levels of 0.5mg/kg and above. Samples containing GC-rich CpG ODN and metabolite markers were treated by solid-phase-extraction (SPE) and subsequently analyzed by CGE using a 50cm neutrally coated capillary at 60 degrees C together with a 7M urea buffer system containing 30% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Peak resolutions >or=1 were typically achieved, enabling pharmacokinetic assessment of secondary structure forming oligonucleotides in biological samples that hitherto were unsusceptible to quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard O Noll
- Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, D-40764 Langenfeld, Germany.
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Hantash J, Bartlett A, Oldfield P, Dénès G, O'Rielly R, Roudiere D, Menduni S. Use of an on-line imprinted polymer pre-column, for the liquid chromatographic-UV absorbance determination of carbaryl and its metabolite in complex matrices. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1125:104-11. [PMID: 16774759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A carbaryl and 1-naphtol molecular imprinted polymers (MIP1 and MIP 2, respectively) were prepared using suspension polymerization and tested for selective and reversible binding to carbaryl and 1-naphtol, respectively. In the suspension polymerization technique used, polymers of methacrylic acid (MAA), highly cross-linked with ethylene dimethacrylate, provide a specific binding sites for the carbaryl molecule and its metabolite when using it as a template to be removed after polymerization. The molecular imprinted polymer with a particle size of approximately 5 microm were isolated and packed into a pre-column (50 mm x 4.6 mm id) that was used to isolate carbaryl and its metabolite from complex matrices injected on a high performance liquid chromatography system using ultra-violet detection without extensive sample preparation and clean up. The HPLC method had a detection limit of 1.00 ng/mL and a linear response (r2 > 0.98) over the concentration range of 1.00-10.0 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Hantash
- Charles River Laboratories, Montreal Inc., 87 Senneville road, Senneville, Que. H9X 3R3, Canada.
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Smith RA, Miller TM, Yamanaka K, Monia BP, Condon TP, Hung G, Lobsiger CS, Ward CM, McAlonis-Downes M, Wei H, Wancewicz EV, Bennett CF, Cleveland DW. Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for neurodegenerative disease. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2290-6. [PMID: 16878173 PMCID: PMC1518790 DOI: 10.1172/jci25424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity from accumulation of misfolded/mutant proteins is thought to drive pathogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases. Since decreasing levels of proteins responsible for such accumulations is likely to ameliorate disease, a therapeutic strategy has been developed to downregulate almost any gene in the CNS. Modified antisense oligonucleotides, continuously infused intraventricularly, have been demonstrated to distribute widely throughout the CNS of rodents and primates, including the regions affected in the major neurodegenerative diseases. Using this route of administration, we found that antisense oligonucleotides to superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), one of the most abundant brain proteins, reduced both SOD1 protein and mRNA levels throughout the brain and spinal cord. Treatment initiated near onset significantly slowed disease progression in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by a mutation in SOD1. This suggests that direct delivery of antisense oligonucleotides could be an effective, dosage-regulatable means of treating neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, where appropriate target proteins are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Smith
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Timothy M. Miller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Brett P. Monia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Thomas P. Condon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Gene Hung
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Christian S. Lobsiger
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Chris M. Ward
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Melissa McAlonis-Downes
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Hongbing Wei
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Ed V. Wancewicz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - C. Frank Bennett
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Don W. Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Neurologic Study, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
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Advani R, Lum BL, Fisher GA, Halsey J, Geary RS, Holmlund JT, Kwoh TJ, Dorr FA, Sikic BI. A phase I trial of aprinocarsen (ISIS 3521/LY900003), an antisense inhibitor of protein kinase C-alpha administered as a 24-hour weekly infusion schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Invest New Drugs 2006; 23:467-77. [PMID: 16133798 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-2906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A phase I study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety profile and pharmacology of aprinocarsen (ISIS 3521), an antisense oligonucleotide to protein kinase C-alpha, in patients with refractory solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fourteen patients were treated in sequential cohorts of aprinocarsen by 24-hour continuous infusion (CIV), weekly, at doses of 6, 12, 18 and 24 mg/kg. RESULTS One grade 4 toxicity was observed, transient grade 4 neutropenia at 18 mg/kg. Grade 3 toxicities included neutropenia at 12 mg/kg, fever and hemorrhage at 18 mg/kg, and neutropenia, nausea, and chills at 24 mg/kg. Grade 2 toxicities included thrombocytopenia myalgias, chills, headache, fatigue, fever and nausea/vomiting. Mean prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) increased by 10% and 29% from baseline (p = 0.006 and 0.005). Mean complement split products (Bb and C3a) increased 1.6-fold and 3.6-fold (from p = 0.014 and 0.004, respectively). These changes correlated with dose and were transient with recovery to baseline by day 7. Steady state plasma concentrations (Css) of aprinocarsen were achieved within four hours. Css better described changes in aPTT than dose. Clinical evidence of complement activation was not observed. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to 21-day protracted infusion schedules, delivery of aprinocarsen over a 24-hour infusion schedule showed concentration-dependent effects on coagulation and complement, which are consistent with nonclinical toxicology studies performed in the phosphorothioate DNA antisense drug class. These coagulation and complement changes resulted in a maximum tolerated dose 24 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Advani
- Oncology Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5151, USA.
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McHutchison JG, Patel K, Pockros P, Nyberg L, Pianko S, Yu RZ, Dorr FA, Kwoh TJ. A phase I trial of an antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (ISIS 14803), administered to chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2006; 44:88-96. [PMID: 16274834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS ISIS 14803 is a 20-unit antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide that binds to hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA at the translation initiation region of the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and inhibits protein expression in cell culture and mouse models. This Phase I, open-label, dose-escalation trial of ISIS 14803 was performed in chronic HCV patients. METHODS At least 7 days after receiving an initial single dose, twenty-eight patients received 0.5-3 mg/kg ISIS 14803 thrice weekly for 4 weeks by intravenous infusion or subcutaneous injection. RESULTS In most patients, the 4-week treatment did not reduce plasma HCV RNA. However, 3 patients receiving > or =2 mg/kg had transient HCV reductions of 1.2-1.7 log(10) that persisted < or =32 days. These reductions were accompanied by asymptomatic, self-resolving elevations in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels to >10x the upper limit of normal. Two other patients had ALT flares without plasma HCV reduction. No clinical signs, symptoms of hepatic dysfunction, or laboratory changes in albumin or prothrombin time accompanied ALT elevations. CONCLUSIONS ISIS 14803 treatment was associated with HCV reductions in only 3/28 patients. ALT flares in 5 patients also occurred. Further studies to evaluate ISIS 14803 treatment and the mechanisms of the ALT flares are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G McHutchison
- The Duke Clinical Research Institute and Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, USA.
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Zhang W, Leighl N, Zawisza D, Moore MJ, Chen EX. Determination of GTI-2040, a novel antisense oligonucleotide, in human plasma by using HPLC combined with solid phase and liquid-liquid extractions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:45-9. [PMID: 16226062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 09/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GTI-2040 is a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to the mRNA of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). It is under clinical development as an anti-cancer agent. A reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) method was established for the quantitative analysis of GTI-2040 in human plasma. Plasma samples were prepared with an initial solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by a liquid-liquid extraction step. HPLC analysis was performed with a gradient system on a Waters XTerraMS C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAS) buffer (pH 9.0, 20 mM) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and the detector was set at a wavelength of 260 nm. A cationic pairing reagent, tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate was added during plasma sample clean-up with solid-phase extraction, resulting in significant improvement in extraction recovery. In addition, TBAS addition to the mobile phase improved the peak symmetry of GTI-2040. This method was successfully used in the analysis of GTI-2040 in clinical plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Ont. Canada
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Johnson JL, Guo W, Zang J, Khan S, Bardin S, Ahmad A, Duggan JX, Ahmad I. Quantification of raf antisense oligonucleotide (rafAON) in biological matrices by LC-MS/MS to support pharmacokinetics of a liposome-entrapped rafAON formulation. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:272-8. [PMID: 15627279 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify an antisense oligonucleotide against Raf-1 expression (rafAON) in monkey and mouse plasma and in mouse tissue homogenates from animals dosed with a liposome-entrapped rafAON easy-to-use formulation (LErafAON-ETU) intended for use as an antineoplastic agent. RafAON was extracted from mouse and monkey plasma using solid-phase extraction. Tissues were homogenized and sample cleanup was achieved by protein precipitation. RafAON and the internal standard (IS) were separated on a Hamilton PRP-1 column and quantified by tandem mass spectrometry using an electrospray source in negative ion mode. The total run time was 4.0 min. The peak areas of two rafAON transitions were summed and plotted against the peak area of an IS transition to generate the standard curve. In monkey plasma the linear range was 50-10,000 ng/mL, and in mouse plasma it was 25-5000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 500 ng/mL (10 microg/g tissue) in heart, kidney, liver, lung and spleen homogenates, and the standard curve was linear up to 10,000 ng/mL. Accuracy, precision and stability were evaluated and found to be acceptable in all three matrices. The assay was used to support pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies of LErafAON-ETU in mice and monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer L Johnson
- Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy Department, NeoPharm Inc., Waukegan, IL 60085, USA
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Masarjian L, de Peyster A, Levin AA, Monteith DK. Distribution and excretion of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in rats with experimentally induced renal injury. Oligonucleotides 2005; 14:299-310. [PMID: 15665597 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2004.14.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of renal injury on the urinary excretion and tissue distribution of a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Renal injury was produced by treating the rats with either 5.0 mg/kg cisplatin or 2.5 mg/kg of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed toward Thy1.1. Controls received saline. Three days after cisplatin treatment or 2 days after anti- Thy1.1 treatment, the rats received 10 mg/kg ISIS 3521. Blood was collected at various times to assess the plasma concentrations of ISIS 3521, and rats were killed at various times from 6 to 48 hours after intravenous (i.v.) infusion of oligonucleotide to assess tissue concentrations by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). Cisplatin and anti-Thy1.1 antibody produced histologic and biochemical changes consistent with proximal tubular damage and glomerular damage, respectively. Urinary excretion of oligonucleotides was increased 2- to 4-fold of control; however, this amount accounted for only 1% to 2% of dose compared to 0.5% in controls. Proximal tubular damage reduced renal accumulations of ISIS 3521 and other oligonucleotide metabolites, but there were no obvious compensatory increases in concentrations in other organs except for a slight increase in spleen levels of total oligonucleotide. Glomerular damage was not associated with any change in oligonucleotide disposition. Immunohistochemical studies showed no evidence of alterations in the pattern of distribution within the injured kidney. The data suggest that acute renal dysfunction, either renal tubular or glomerular, does not markedly alter the urinary elimination and tissue deposition of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Masarjian
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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Biodistribution and metabolism of immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide CPG 7909 in mouse and rat tissues following subcutaneous administration. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:981-91. [PMID: 15748709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution, CPG 7909, a 24-mer immunostimulatory fully phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN), was administered by subcutaneous injection at 2, 5 and 12.5mg/kg to mice and at 9mg/kg to rats. Parent compound and metabolites were isolated from plasma and tissues and quantified by capillary gel electrophoresis with UV detection (CGE-UV) and molecular masses were determined by matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization time of flight detection (MALDI-TOF). An established method for PS-ODN isolation from plasma and tissue was modified to prevent oxidation of the phosphorothioate bonds during the extraction process, significantly increasing sensitivity in the subsequent MALDI-TOF analysis. Concentrations of CPG 7909 and metabolites were highest at the injection site (>600mg/kg at 4h). Maximal concentrations in local (draining) lymph nodes (LLN), kidney and liver were 10-15% of that at the injection site. The highest total amount of PS-ODN (percentage of administered dose) was found in the liver (32% at 4h), followed closely by the injection site (23% at 4h). Only very low levels of CPG 7909 and metabolites were found in plasma and only during the first hours. Metabolites identified by MALDI-TOF were similar for both species and all analyzed tissues, although the relative amounts of the different metabolites varied with tissue and over time. Degradation of CPG 7909 in vivo occurred predominantly by 3'exonucleases with additional cleavage by endonucleases.
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Grossman SA, Alavi JB, Supko JG, Carson KA, Priet R, Dorr FA, Grundy JS, Holmlund JT. Efficacy and toxicity of the antisense oligonucleotide aprinocarsen directed against protein kinase C-alpha delivered as a 21-day continuous intravenous infusion in patients with recurrent high-grade astrocytomas. Neuro Oncol 2005; 7:32-40. [PMID: 15701280 PMCID: PMC1871621 DOI: 10.1215/s1152851703000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C alpha (PKC-alpha) is a cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating cell differentiation and proliferation. Aprinocarsen is an antisense oligonucleotide against PKC-alpha that reduces PKC-alphain human cell lines and inhibits a human glioblastoma tumor cell line in athymic mice. In this phase 2 study, aprinocarsen was administered to patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas by continuous intravenous infusion (2.0 mg/kg/day for 21 days per month). Twenty-one patients entered this trial. Their median age was 46 years (range, 28-68 years), median Karnofsky performance status was 80 (range, 60-100), median tumor volume was 58 cm3 (range, 16-254 cm3), and histology included glioblastoma multiforme (n = 16), anaplastic oligodendroglioma (n = 4), and anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 1). The number of prior chemotherapy regimens included none (n = 3), one (n = 10), and two (n = 8). No tumor responses were observed. Patients on this therapy rapidly developed symptoms of increased intracranial pressure with increased edema, enhancement, and mass effect on neuroimaging. The median time to progression was 36 days, and median survival was 3.4 months. The observed toxicities were mild, reversible, and uncommon (grade 3 thrombocytopenia [n = 3] and grade 4 AST [n = 1]), and no coagulopathy or CNS bleeding resulted from this therapy. Plasma concentrations of aprinocarsen during the infusion exhibited significant interpatient variability (mean = 1.06 mug/ml; range, 0.34-6.08 mug/ml). This is the first study to use an antisense oligonucleotide or a specific PKC-alpha inhibitor in patients with high-grade gliomas. No clinical benefit was seen. The rapid deterioration seen in these patients could result from tumor growth or an effect of aprinocarsen on bloodbrain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Grossman
- The New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy CNS Consortium, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Raoof AA, Chiu P, Ramtoola Z, Cumming IK, Teng C, Weinbach SP, Hardee GE, Levin AA, Geary RS. Oral bioavailability and multiple dose tolerability of an antisense oligonucleotide tablet formulated with sodium caprate. J Pharm Sci 2005; 93:1431-9. [PMID: 15124202 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In vivo study was performed to determine the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ISIS 104838, a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide targetting human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA, following multi-dose administration via intravenous and oral routes. Oral tablet formulations of ISIS 104838 were pre-formulated with the permeation enhancer, sodium caprate, in an enteric-coated solid dosage form. The average plasma bioavailability of ISIS 104838 was 1.4% relative to IV. The tissue distribution profile was similar following both routes of administration, with highest concentrations observed in the kidney followed by the liver, lymph nodes and spleen. Plasma bioavailability underestimated the tissue accumulation of ISIS 104838 observed 1 day after the last dose. Mean systemic tissue bioavailability ranged from 2.0 to 4.3%, relative to IV tissues, and was dependent on tissue type. No marked differences were noted in the pharmacokinetic parameters following multi-dosing either via intravenous or oral routes. All formulations administered were well tolerated. This paper reports the first evaluation of solid oral dosage forms comprising sodium caprate and an antisense oligonucleotide. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the oral delivery of ISIS 104838 from solid oral dose formulations, with the achievement of comparable tissue concentrations of the oligonucleotide to that of the intravenous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araz A Raoof
- Elan Drug Delivery, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Murphy AT, Brown-Augsburger P, Yu RZ, Geary RS, Thibodeaux S, Ackermann BL. Development of an ion-pair reverse-phase liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of an 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in mouse liver tissue. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2005; 11:209-15. [PMID: 16046805 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative method for the determination of a partially modified, 2'-ribose alkoxy 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, in liver tissue has been developed. A liquid:liquid extraction, ion-pair reverse phase chromatographic separation, and tandem mass spectrometry were used to achieve a quantitation range of 125 to 10,000 ng g(-1) mouse liver tissue. A total cycle time of 5 min was obtained while maintaining separation of three potential impurities. Separations were performed using a Discovery RP-Amide C16, 100 x 2 mm column packed with 5 microm particles. The separation was facilitated by the use of triethylamine (TEA) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as ion-pair agents. The method has subsequently been used for the determination of other phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in support of discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Murphy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Kahan BD, Stepkowski S, Kilic M, Katz SM, Van Buren CT, Welsh MS, Tami JA, Shanahan WR. Phase I and phase II safety and efficacy trial of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ISIS 2302) for the prevention of acute allograft rejection. Transplantation 2004; 78:858-63. [PMID: 15385805 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000128857.77893.d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ISIS 2302, an antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits the expression of human intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, was evaluated in combination with a cyclosporine (CsA)-prednisone (Pred) regimen first in a phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study and then in a phase II assessment of prophylaxis of acute rejection episodes in deceased donor renal allografts. METHODS Both phase I and phase II trials were double-blinded and placebo-controlled, including 17 stable and 39 de novo patients, respectively, in time-lagged, ascending-dose regimens. Each study compared the outcomes of 8 alternate-day intravenous infusions of four ISIS 2302 dose levels (0.05, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg) versus placebo (3:1 ratio). Patients were followed for 34 days (phase I) or 6 months (phase II). All transplant patients were followed for 3 years. RESULTS ISIS 2302 produced no evident toxicity; a significant, dose-related increase in activated partial thromboplastin time was accompanied by a trend toward a decreased platelet count. ISIS 2302 did not alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of CsA. At 6 months, the rates of acute rejection episodes were 38.1% in the ISIS 2302 group versus 20.0% in the placebo group. Three-year graft survivals were similar. The mean creatinine values at 1, 2, and 3 years for all ISIS dose groups combined versus placebo over 3 years showed no significant differences. CONCLUSIONS ISIS 2302 did not evoke side-effects and produced slightly improved renal function. However, in this pilot study, it did not further reduce the rate of acute rejection episodes or increase graft survival compared to a concentration-controlled CsA-Pred regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Kahan
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Duan W, Chan JHP, McKay K, Crosby JR, Choo HH, Leung BP, Karras JG, Wong WSF. Inhaled p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase antisense oligonucleotide attenuates asthma in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:571-8. [PMID: 15557129 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200408-1006oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cells. Therefore, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects of a respirable p38alpha MAPK antisense oligonucleotide (p38alpha-ASO) in a mouse asthma model. A potent and selective p38alpha-ASO was characterized in vitro. Inhalation of aerosolized p38alpha-ASO using an aerosol chamber dosing system produced measurable lung deposition of ASO and significant reduction of ovalbumin (OVA-)-induced increases in total cells, eosinophils, and interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and dose-dependent inhibition of airway hyperresponsiveness in allergen-challenged mice. Furthermore, inhaled p38alpha-ASO markedly inhibited OVA-induced lung tissue eosinophilia and airway mucus hypersecretion. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells and peribronchial lymph node cells showed that p38alpha-ASO significantly reduced p38alpha MAPK mRNA expression. Nose-only aerosol exposure of mice verified the p38alpha-ASO-induced inhibition of OVA-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. None of the effects of the p38alpha-ASO were produced by a six-base mismatched control oligonucleotide. These findings demonstrate antisense pharmacodynamic activity in the airways after aerosol delivery and suggest that a p38alpha MAPK ASO approach may have therapeutic potential for asthma and other inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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