1
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Fansher D, Besna JN, Fendri A, Pelletier JN. Choose Your Own Adventure: A Comprehensive Database of Reactions Catalyzed by Cytochrome P450 BM3 Variants. ACS Catal 2024; 14:5560-5592. [PMID: 38660610 PMCID: PMC11036407 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase is the topic of extensive research as many researchers have evolved this enzyme to generate a variety of products. However, the abundance of information on increasingly diversified variants of P450 BM3 that catalyze a broad array of chemistry is not in a format that enables easy extraction and interpretation. We present a database that categorizes variants by their catalyzed reactions and includes details about substrates to provide reaction context. This database of >1500 P450 BM3 variants is downloadable and machine-readable and includes instructions to maximize ease of gathering information. The database allows rapid identification of commonly reported substitutions, aiding researchers who are unfamiliar with the enzyme in identifying starting points for enzyme engineering. For those actively engaged in engineering P450 BM3, the database, along with this review, provides a powerful and user-friendly platform to understand, predict, and identify the attributes of P450 BM3 variants, encouraging the further engineering of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
J. Fansher
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Jonathan N. Besna
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Ali Fendri
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Chemistry
Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- PROTEO,
The Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 201
Av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3Y7
- CGCC,
Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Montreal, QC, Canada H2V 0B3
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4
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2
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Ravanfar R, Sheng Y, Gray HB, Winkler JR. Tryptophan extends the life of cytochrome P450. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2317372120. [PMID: 38060561 PMCID: PMC10722969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317372120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Powerfully oxidizing enzymes need protective mechanisms to prevent self-destruction. The flavocytochrome P450 BM3 from Priestia megaterium (P450BM3) is a self-sufficient monooxygenase that hydroxylates fatty acid substrates using O2 and NADPH as co-substrates. Hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids (≥C14) is well coupled to O2 and NADPH consumption, but shorter chains (≤C12) are more poorly coupled. Hydroxylation of p-nitrophenoxydodecanoic acid by P450BM3 produces a spectrophotometrically detectable product wherein the coupling of NADPH consumption to product formation is just 10%. Moreover, the rate of NADPH consumption is 1.8 times that of O2 consumption, indicating that an oxidase uncoupling pathway is operative. Measurements of the total number of enzyme turnovers before inactivation (TTN) indicate that higher NADPH concentrations increase TTN. At lower NADPH levels, added ascorbate increases TTN, while a W96H mutation leads to a decrease. The W96 residue is about 7 Å from the P450BM3 heme and serves as a gateway residue in a tryptophan/tyrosine (W/Y) hole transport chain from the heme to a surface tyrosine residue. The data indicate that two oxidase pathways protect the enzyme from damage by intercepting the powerfully oxidizing enzyme intermediate (Compound I) and returning it to its resting state. At high NADPH concentrations, reducing equivalents from the flavoprotein are delivered to Compound I by the usual reductase pathway. When NADPH is not abundant, however, oxidizing equivalents from Compound I can traverse a W/Y chain, arriving at the enzyme surface where they are scavenged by reductants. Ubiquitous tryptophan/tyrosine chains in highly oxidizing enzymes likely perform similar protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Ravanfar
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Yuling Sheng
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Harry B. Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Jay R. Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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3
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Ravanfar R, Sheng Y, Gray HB, Winkler JR. Tryptophan-96 in cytochrome P450 BM3 plays a key role in enzyme survival. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:59-64. [PMID: 36250256 PMCID: PMC9839481 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Flavocytochrome P450 from Bacillus megaterium (P450BM3 ) is a natural fusion protein containing reductase and heme domains. In the presence of NADPH and dioxygen the enzyme catalyses the hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids. Analysis of the P450BM3 structure reveals chains of closely spaced tryptophan and tyrosine residues that might serve as pathways for high-potential oxidizing equivalents to escape from the heme active site when substrate oxidation is not possible. Our investigations of the total number of enzyme turnovers before deactivation have revealed that replacement of selected tryptophan and tyrosine residues with redox inactive groups leads to a twofold reduction in enzyme survival time. Tryptophan-96 is critical for prolonging enzyme activity, suggesting a key protective role for this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Ravanfar
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuling Sheng
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Harry B. Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jay R. Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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4
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Vincent T, Gaillet B, Garnier A. Oleic acid based experimental evolution of Bacillus megaterium yielding an enhanced P450 BM3 variant. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:20. [PMID: 35831844 PMCID: PMC9281120 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike most other P450 cytochrome monooxygenases, CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium (BM3) is both soluble and fused to its redox partner forming a single polypeptide chain. Like other monooxygenases, it can catalyze the insertion of oxygen unto the carbon-hydrogen bond which can result in a wide variety of commercially relevant products for pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. However, the instability of the enzyme holds back the implementation of a BM3-based biocatalytic industrial processes due to the important enzyme cost it would prompt. Results In this work, we sought to enhance BM3’s total specific product output by using experimental evolution, an approach not yet reported to improve this enzyme. By exploiting B. megaterium’s own oleic acid metabolism, we pressed the evolution of a new variant of BM3, harbouring 34 new amino acid substitutions. The resulting variant, dubbed DE, increased the conversion of the substrate 10-pNCA to its product p-nitrophenolate 1.23 and 1.76-fold when using respectively NADPH or NADH as a cofactor, compared to wild type BM3. Conclusions This new DE variant, showed increased organic cosolvent tolerance, increased product output and increased versatility in the use of either nicotinamide cofactors NADPH and NADH. Experimental evolution can be used to evolve or to create libraries of evolved BM3 variants with increased productivity and cosolvent tolerance. Such libraries could in turn be used in bioinformatics to further evolve BM3 more precisely. The experimental evolution results also supports the hypothesis which surmises that one of the roles of BM3 in Bacillus megaterium is to protect it from exogenous unsaturated fatty acids by breaking them down. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00750-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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5
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Vincent T, Gaillet B, Garnier A. Optimization of operation conditions for improved cytochrome
P450BM3
enzymatic reaction yield. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Québec City Québec Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Québec City Québec Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering Université Laval Québec City Québec Canada
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6
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Genetic fusion of P450 BM3 and formate dehydrogenase towards self-sufficient biocatalysts with enhanced activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21706. [PMID: 34737365 PMCID: PMC8568981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of multiple enzymes to multifunctional constructs has been recognized as a viable strategy to improve enzymatic properties at various levels such as stability, activity and handling. In this study, the genes coding for cytochrome P450 BM3 from B. megaterium and formate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. were fused to enable both substrate oxidation catalyzed by P450 BM3 and continuous cofactor regeneration by formate dehydrogenase within one construct. The order of the genes in the fusion as well as the linkers that bridge the enzymes were varied. The resulting constructs were compared to individual enzymes regarding substrate conversion, stability and kinetic parameters to examine whether fusion led to any substantial improvements of enzymatic properties. Most noticeably, an activity increase of up to threefold was observed for the fusion constructs with various substrates which were partly attributed to the increased diflavin reductase activity of the P450 BM3. We suggest that P450 BM3 undergoes conformational changes upon fusion which resulted in altered properties, however, no NADPH channeling was detected for the fusion constructs.
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7
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Li Q, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Synthesis of proteogenic amino acid-based NAD analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Vincent T, Gaillet B, Garnier A. Optimisation of Cytochrome P450 BM3 Assisted by Consensus-Guided Evolution. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2893-2914. [PMID: 33860879 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes have attracted much interest over the years given their ability to insert oxygen into saturated carbon-hydrogen bonds, a difficult feat to accomplish by traditional chemistry. Much of the activity in this field has centered on the bacterial enzyme CYP102A1, or BM3, from Bacillus megaterium, as it has shown itself capable of hydroxylating/acting upon a wide range of substrates, thereby producing industrially relevant pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and hormones. In addition, unlike most cytochromes, BM3 is both soluble and fused to its natural redox partner, thus facilitating its use. The industrial use of BM3 is however stifled by its instability and its requirement for the expensive NADPH cofactor. In this work, we added several mutations to the BM3 mutant R966D/W1046S that enhanced the turnover number achievable with the inexpensive cofactors NADH and NBAH. These new mutations, A769S, S847G, S850R, E852P, and V978L, are localized on the reductase domain of BM3 thus leaving the oxidase domain intact. For NBAH-driven reactions by new mutant NTD5, this led to a 5.24-fold increase in total product output when compared to the BM3 mutant R966D/W1046S. For reactions driven by NADH by new mutant NTD6, this enhanced total product output by as much as 2.3-fold when compared to the BM3 mutant R966D/W1046S. We also demonstrated that reactions driven by NADH with the NTD6 mutant not only surpassed total product output achievable by wild-type BM3 with NADPH but also retained the ability to use this latter cofactor with greater total product output as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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9
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Eidenschenk C, Cheruzel L. Ru(II)-diimine complexes and cytochrome P450 working hand-in-hand. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111254. [PMID: 32979791 PMCID: PMC7686262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With a growing interest in utilizing visible light to drive biocatalytic processes, several light-harvesting units and approaches have been employed to harness the synthetic potential of heme monooxygenases and carry out selective oxyfunctionalization of a wide range of substrates. While the fields of cytochrome P450 and Ru(II) photochemistry have separately been prolific, it is not until the turn of the 21st century that they converged. Non-covalent and subsequently covalently attached Ru(II) complexes were used to promote rapid intramolecular electron transfer in bacterial P450 enzymes. Photocatalytic activity with Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was achieved under reductive conditions with a judicious choice of a sacrificial electron donor. The initial concept of Ru(II)-modified P450 enzymes was further improved using protein engineering, photosensitizer functionalization and was successfully applied to other P450 enzymes. In this review, we wish to present the recent contributions from our group and others in utilizing Ru(II) complexes coupled with P450 enzymes in the broad context of photobiocatalysis, protein assemblies and chemoenzymatic reactions. The merging of chemical catalysts with the synthetic potential of P450 enzymes has led to the development of several chemoenzymatic approaches. Moreover, strained Ru(II) compounds have been shown to selectively inhibit P450 enzymes by releasing aromatic heterocycle containing molecules upon visible light excitation taking advantage of the rapid ligand loss feature in those complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, USA.
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10
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Frank R, Prönnecke C, Azendorf R, Jahnke HG, Beck-Sickinger AG, Robitzki AA. Advanced 96-microtiter plate based bioelectrochemical platform reveals molecular short cut of electron flow in cytochrome P450 enzyme. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1449-1460. [PMID: 32219236 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In bioelectrocatalysis, immobilised redox enzymes are activated in a bioelectronic interface without redox equivalents such as NADPH, thus enabling heterogeneous flow chemistry. The functional contact between enzyme and electrode requires a high degree of optimisation regarding choice of electrode material, electrode pre-treatment, enzyme immobilisation and reaction conditions. So far, however, there are no systems that can easily enable an optimisation procedure at a higher throughput. Here, we present an advanced platform with a vertical divided cell architecture in conjunction with a developed 96-multipotentiostat to be able to drive redox enzymes in 96 well microtiter plate based multielectrode arrays. This platform controls 96 independent three-electrode setups with arbitrary working electrode materials. We demonstrate its applicability in a mutation study of cytochrome P450 BM3 using indium tin oxide as electrode material and the 7-ethoxycoumarin product quantification assay. We show that the bioelectrocatalytic activity of P450 BM3 can be amplified when the cofactor FAD is erased from the enzyme by a single point mutation, so that FMN becomes the first electron entry point. Bioelectrocatalysis thus offers an approach to enzyme simplification as a remedy for the inherent instability of self-sufficient cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, we examined native and artificial enzyme activation with respect to ionic strength and buffer composition. The optimal conditions of the activation types differ substantially from each other and exhibit a new molecular facet in enzyme characteristics. In a proof-of-principle we demonstrate that the platform is also compatible with raw cell extracts, thus opening the door for random mutagenesis screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christoph Prönnecke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ronny Azendorf
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular biological-biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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11
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Weingartner AM, Sauer DF, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U. A hydroquinone-specific screening system for directed P450 evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9657-9667. [PMID: 30191291 PMCID: PMC6208966 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The direct hydroxylation of benzene to hydroquinone (HQ) under mild reaction conditions is a challenging task for chemical catalysts. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases are known to catalyze the oxidation of a variety of aromatic compounds with atmospheric dioxygen. Protein engineering campaigns led to the identification of novel P450 variants, which yielded improvements in respect to activity, specificity, and stability. An effective screening strategy is crucial for the identification of improved enzymes with desired characteristics in large mutant libraries. Here, we report a first screening system designed for screening of P450 variants capable to produce hydroquinones. The hydroquinone quantification assay is based on the interaction of 4-nitrophenylacetonitrile (NpCN) with hydroquinones under alkaline conditions. In the 96-well plate format, a low detection limit (5 μM) and a broad linear detection range (5 to 250 μM) were obtained. The NpCN assay can be used for the quantification of dihydroxylated aromatic compounds such as hydroquinones, catechols, and benzoquinones. We chose the hydroxylation of pseudocumene by P450 BM3 as a target reaction and screened for improved trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ) formation. The new P450 BM3 variant AW2 (R47Q, Y51F, I401M, A330P) was identified by screening a saturation mutagenesis library of amino acid position A330 with the NpCN assay. In summary, a 70-fold improved TMHQ formation was achieved with P450 BM3 AW2 when compared to the wild type (WT) and a 1.8-fold improved TMHQ formation compared to the recently reported P450 BM3 M3 (R47S, Y51W, A330F, I401M).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel F Sauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gaurao V Dhoke
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- DWI - Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Ferrario V, Hansen N, Pleiss J. Interpretation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase kinetics by modeling of thermodynamic activity. J Inorg Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Bahrami A, Garnier A, Larachi F, Iliuta MC. Covalent immobilization of cytochrome P450 BM3 (R966D/W1046S) on glutaraldehyde activated SPIONs. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Bahrami
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Maria C. Iliuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Laval University; QC, G1V 0A6 Canada
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14
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Biocatalyst Screening with a Twist: Application of Oxygen Sensors Integrated in Microchannels for Screening Whole Cell Biocatalyst Variants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5020030. [PMID: 29642515 PMCID: PMC6027248 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective oxidative functionalization of molecules is a highly relevant and often demanding reaction in organic chemistry. The use of biocatalysts allows the stereo- and regioselective introduction of oxygen molecules in organic compounds at milder conditions and avoids the use of complex group-protection schemes and toxic compounds usually applied in conventional organic chemistry. The identification of enzymes with the adequate properties for the target reaction and/or substrate requires better and faster screening strategies. In this manuscript, a microchannel with integrated oxygen sensors was applied to the screening of wild-type and site-directed mutated variants of naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO) from Pseudomonas sp. NICB 9816-4. The oxygen sensors were used to measure the oxygen consumption rate of several variants during the conversion of styrene to 1-phenylethanediol. The oxygen consumption rate allowed the distinguishing of endogenous respiration of the cell host from the oxygen consumed in the reaction. Furthermore, it was possible to identify the higher activity and different reaction rate of two variants, relative to the wild-type NDO. The meander microchannel with integrated oxygen sensors can therefore be used as a simple and fast screening platform for the selection of dioxygenase mutants, in terms of their ability to convert styrene, and potentially in terms of substrate specificity.
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15
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Omura K, Aiba Y, Onoda H, Stanfield JK, Ariyasu S, Sugimoto H, Shiro Y, Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Reconstitution of full-length P450BM3 with an artificial metal complex by utilising the transpeptidase Sortase A. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7892-7895. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mn-substituted full-length P450BM3 was constructed by transpeptidase Sortase A, showing catalytic hydroxylation of aliphatic C–H bonds with molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Omura
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Yuichiro Aiba
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Onoda
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Joshua Kyle Stanfield
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Shinya Ariyasu
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Tokyo
- Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center
| | - Yoshitsugu Shiro
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamighori, Akoh
- Hyogo
- Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-0802
- Japan
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16
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Simultaneous detection of NADPH consumption and H 2O 2 production using the Ampliflu™ Red assay for screening of P450 activities and uncoupling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:985-994. [PMID: 29150709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s belong to a large and diverse group of heme-containing enzymes. These monooxygenases catalyze the incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen into their substrate. In contrast to most other enzymes, the activity of P450 enzymes is not only dependent on substrate and cofactor availability and reaction conditions, but also depends on the coupling efficiency of the catalytic cycle itself. Through the electron transfer from NAD(P)H to the heme-center of the P450, the enzyme becomes activated and binds oxygen. The thereby generated iron-oxygen complex undergoes multiple reductive steps forming different activated oxygen species. These intermediates can decay easily, releasing the reactive oxygen species superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can also be further reduced to water. This so-called uncoupling of the reaction cycle drains electrons from the system, which consequently does not lead to the desired product, but merely H2O2 formation with stoichiometric consumption of NAD(P)H. Hence, measuring NAD(P)H consumption only can lead to an overestimation of substrate conversion. To measure this uncoupling, we herein report a microtiter plate-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of hydrogen peroxide formation and NAD(P)H consumption using Ampliflu™ Red as reporter. This was exemplified for the P450 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (P450 BM3) and five mutants, using different substrates. We demonstrate the applicability of the assay, which provides a versatile basis for a high-throughput preliminary screening of P450 enzyme libraries without the need for GC or HPLC analysis and clear indication of the extent of hydrogen peroxide uncoupling.
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17
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Bahrami A, Vincent T, Garnier A, Larachi F, Boukouvalas J, Iliuta MC. Noncovalent Immobilization of Optimized Bacterial Cytochrome P450 BM3 on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Bahrami
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Thierry Vincent
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Faiçal Larachi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - John Boukouvalas
- Department
of Chemistry, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Maria C. Iliuta
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
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18
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Panneerselvam S, Shehzad A, Mueller-Dieckmann J, Wilmanns M, Bocola M, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. Crystallographic insights into a cobalt (III) sepulchrate based alternative cofactor system of P450 BM3 monooxygenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:134-140. [PMID: 28739446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
P450 BM3 is a multi-domain heme-containing soluble bacterial monooxygenase. P450 BM3 and variants are known to oxidize structurally diverse substrates. Crystal structures of individual domains of P450 BM3 are available. However, the spatial organization of the full-length protein is unknown. In this study, crystal structures of the P450 BM3 M7 heme domain variant with and without cobalt (III) sepulchrate are reported. Cobalt (III) sepulchrate acts as an electron shuttle in an alternative cofactor system employing zinc dust as the electron source. The crystal structure shows a binding site for the mediator cobalt (III) sepulchrate at the entrance of the substrate access channel. The mediator occupies an unusual position which is far from the active site and distinct from the binding of the natural redox partner (FAD/NADPH binding domain).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-Hamburg, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Bocola
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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19
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Schüürmann J, Quehl P, Lindhorst F, Lang K, Jose J. Autodisplay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for redox cofactor regeneration at the cell surface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1658-1669. [PMID: 28401536 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inherent cofactor regeneration is a pivotal feature of whole cell biocatalysis. For specific biotechnological applications, surface display of enzymes is emerging as a tool to circumvent mass transfer limitations or enzyme stability problems. Even complex reactions can be accomplished applying displayed enzymes. Yet, industrial utilization of the technique is still impeded by lacking cofactor regeneration at the cell surface. Here, we report on the surface display of a glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) via Autodisplay to address this limitation and regenerate NADPH directly at the cell surface. The obtained whole cell biocatalyst demonstrated similar kinetic parameters compared to the purified enzyme, more precisely KM values of 0.2 mM for NADP+ and calculated total turnover numbers of 107 . However, the KM for the substrate G6P increased by a factor of 7 to yield 1.5 mM. The whole cell biocatalyst was cheaper to produce, easy to separate from the reaction mixture and reusable in consecutive reaction cycles. Furthermore, lyophilization allowed storage at room temperature. The whole cell biocatalyst displaying G6PDH was applicable for NADPH regeneration in combination with soluble as well as surface displayed enzymes and model reactions in combination with bacterial CYP102A1 and human CYP1A2 were realized. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1658-1669. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schüürmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Quehl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Lindhorst
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Lang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
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20
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Lo HC, Ryan JD, Kerr JB, Clark DS, Fish RH. Bioorganometallic chemistry: Co-factor regeneration, enzyme recognition of biomimetic 1,4-NADH analogs, and organic synthesis; tandem catalyzed regioselective formation of N-substituted-1,4-dihydronicotinamide derivatives with [Cp*Rh(bpy)H]+, coupled to chiral S-alcohol formation with HLADH, and engineered cytochrome P450s, for selective C-H oxidation reactions. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Giovani S, Alwaseem H, Fasan R. Aldehyde and Ketone Synthesis by P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Deamination of Alkyl Azides. ChemCatChem 2016; 8:2609-2613. [PMID: 27867424 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heme-containing proteins have recently attracted increasing attention for their ability to promote synthetically valuable transformations not found in nature. Following the recent discovery that engineered variants of myoglobin can catalyze the direct conversion of organic azides to aldehydes, we investigated the azide oxidative deamination reactivity of a variety of hemoproteins featuring different heme coordination environments. Our studies show that although several heme-containing enzymes possess basal activity in this reaction, an engineered variant of the bacterial cytochrome P450 CYP102A1 constitutes a particularly efficient biocatalyst for promoting this transformation, exhibiting a broad substrate scope along with high catalytic activity (up to 11,300 TON), excellent chemoselectivity, and enhanced reactivity toward secondary alkyl azides to yield ketones. Mechanistic studies and Michaelis-Menten analyses provided insights into the mechanism of the reaction and the impact of active site mutations on the catalytic properties of the P450. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that engineered P450 variants represent promising biocatalysts for the synthesis of aryl aldehydes and ketones via the oxidative deamination of alkyl azides under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giovani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
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22
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Wong TS, Wu N, Roccatano D, Zacharias M, Schwaneberg U. Sensitive Assay for Laboratory Evolution of Hydroxylases toward Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:246-52. [PMID: 15809320 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104273336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Powerful directed evolution methods have been developed for tailoring proteins to our needs in industrial applications. Here, the authors report a medium-throughput assay system designed for screening mutant libraries of oxygenases capable of inserting a hydroxyl group into a C-H bond of aromatic or O-heterocyclic compounds and for exploring the substrate profile of oxygenases. The assay system is based on 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP), a colorimetric phenol detection reagent. By using 2 detection wavelengths (509 nm and 600 nm), the authors achieved a linear response from 50 to 800 μM phenol and standard deviations below 11% in 96-well plate assays. The monooxygenase P450 BM-3 and its F87A mutant were used as a model system for medium-throughput assay development, identification of novel substrates (e.g., phenoxytoluene, phenylallyether, and coumarone), and discovery of P450 BM-3 F87A mutants with 8-fold improvement in 3-phenoxytoluene hydroxylation activity. This activity increase was achieved by screening a saturation mutagenesis library of amino acid position Y51 using the 4-AAP protocol in the 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Wong
- International University Bremen (IUB), Campus Ring 8, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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23
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Weissenborn MJ, Notonier S, Lang SL, Otte KB, Herter S, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL, Hauer B. Whole-cell microtiter plate screening assay for terminal hydroxylation of fatty acids by P450s. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6158-61. [PMID: 27074906 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01749e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A readily available galactose oxidase (GOase) variant was used to develop a whole cell screening assay. This endpoint detection system was applied in a proof-of-concept approach by screening a focussed mutant library. This led to the discovery of the thus far most active P450 Marinobacter aquaeolei mutant catalysing the terminal hydroxylation of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Weissenborn
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Universitaet Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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24
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Lam Q, Cortez A, Nguyen TT, Kato M, Cheruzel L. Chromogenic nitrophenolate-based substrates for light-driven hybrid P450 BM3 enzyme assay. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 158:86-91. [PMID: 26712653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of a p-nitrophenoxy moiety in substrates has enabled the development of colorimetric assays to rapidly screen for O-demethylation activity of P450 enzymes. For the light-driven hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes, where a Ru(II) photosensitizer powers the enzyme upon visible light irradiation, we have investigated a family of p-nitrophenoxy derivatives as useful chromogenic substrates compatible with the light-driven approach. The validation of this assay and its adaptability to a 96-well plate format will enable the screening of the next generation of hybrid P450 BM3 enzymes towards C-H bond functionalization of non-natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lam
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Alejandro Cortez
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Thanh Truc Nguyen
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States
| | - Mallory Kato
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States.
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- San José State University, Department of Chemistry, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0101, United States.
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25
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Ströhle FW, Kranen E, Schrader J, Maas R, Holtmann D. A simplified process design for P450 driven hydroxylation based on surface displayed enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1225-33. [PMID: 26574191 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New production routes for fine and bulk chemicals are important to establish further sustainable processes in industry. Besides the identification of new biocatalysts and new production routes the optimization of existing processes in regard to an improved utilization of the catalysts are needed. In this paper we describe the successful expression of P450BM3 on the surface of E. coli cells with the Autodisplay system. The successful hydroxylation of palmitic acid by using surface-displayed P450BM3 was shown. Besides optimization of surface protein expression, several cofactor regeneration systems were compared and evaluated. Afterwards, the development of a suitable process for the biocatalytic hydroxylation of fatty acids based on the re-use of the catalysts after a simple centrifugation was investigated. It was shown that the catalyst can be used for several times without any loss in activity. By using surface-displayed P450s in combination with an enzymatic cofactor regeneration system a total turnover number of up to 54,700 could be reached, to the knowledge of the authors the highest value reported for a P450 monooxygenase to date. Further optimizations of the described reaction system can have an enormous impact on the process design for more sustainable bioprocesses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1225-1233. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Ströhle
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Biochemical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60486, Germany
| | - Eva Kranen
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Schrader
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Biochemical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60486, Germany
| | - Ruth Maas
- Autodisplay Biotech GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Biochemical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, 60486, Germany.
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26
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Srivastava S, Sangwan RS, Tripathi S, Mishra B, Narnoliya LK, Misra LN, Sangwan NS. Light and auxin responsive cytochrome P450s from Withania somnifera Dunal: cloning, expression and molecular modelling of two pairs of homologue genes with differential regulation. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1421-37. [PMID: 25687294 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) catalyse a wide variety of oxygenation/hydroxylation reactions that facilitate diverse metabolic functions in plants. Specific CYP families are essential for the biosynthesis of species-specialized metabolites. Therefore, we investigated the role of different CYPs related to secondary metabolism in Withania somnifera, a medicinally important plant of the Indian subcontinent. In this study, complete complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of four different CYP genes were isolated and christened as WSCYP93Id, WSCYP93Sm, WSCYP734B and WSCYP734R. These cDNAs encoded polypeptides comprising of 498, 496, 522 and 550 amino acid residues with their deduced molecular mass of 56.7, 56.9, 59.4 and 62.2 kDa, respectively. Phylogenetic study and molecular modelling analysis of the four cloned WSCYPs revealed their categorization into two CYP families (CYP83B1 and CYP734A1) belonging to CYP71 and CYP72 clans, respectively. BLASTp searches showed similarity of 75 and 56 %, respectively, between the two CYP members of CYP83B1 and CYP734A1 with major variances exhibited in their N-terminal regions. The two pairs of homologues exhibited differential expression profiles in the leaf tissues of selected chemotypes of W. somnifera as well as in response to treatments such as methyl jasmonate, wounding, light and auxin. Light and auxin regulated two pairs of WSCYP homologues in a developing seedling in an interesting differential manner. Their lesser resemblance and homology with other CYP sequences suggested these genes to be more specialized and distinct ones. The results on chemotype-specific expression patterns of the four genes strongly suggested their key/specialized involvement of the CYPs in the biosynthesis of chemotype-specific metabolites, though their further biochemical characterization would reveal the specificity in more detail. It is revealed that WSCYP93Id and WSCYP93Sm may be broadly involved in the oxygenation reactions in the plant and, thereby, control various pathways involving such metabolic reactions in the plant. As a representative experimental validation of this notion, WSCYP93Id was heterologouly expressed in Escherichia coli and catalytic capabilities of the recombinant WSCYP93Id protein were evaluated using withanolides as substrates. Optimized assays with some major withanolides (withanone, withaferin A and withanolide A) involving spectrophotometric as well as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based evaluation (product detection) of the reactions showed conversion of withaferin A to a hydroxylated product. The genes belonging to other CYP group are possibly involved in some specialised synthesis such as that of brassinosteroids.
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MESH Headings
- Biotransformation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Computational Biology
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/chemistry
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Hydroxylation
- Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes
- Light
- Models, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
- Withania/drug effects
- Withania/enzymology
- Withania/genetics
- Withania/radiation effects
- Withanolides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
- Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Mohali, 1600 71, Punjab, India.
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - L K Narnoliya
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - L N Misra
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Mohali, 1600 71, Punjab, India.
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27
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Reinen J, van Hemert D, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Application of a Continuous-Flow Bioassay to Investigate the Organic Solvent Tolerability of Cytochrome P450 BM3 Mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1246-55. [PMID: 26396180 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115607183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology is presented to investigate the organic solvent tolerability of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase BM3 (CYP BM3) mutants. A fluorescence-based continuous-flow enzyme activity detection (EAD) setup was used to screen the activity of CYP BM3 mutants in the presence of organic solvents. The methodology is based on the CYP BM3-mediated O-dealkylation of benzyloxyresorufin to form the highly fluorescent product resorufin. The assay setup not only allows detection of the formed resorufin, but it also simultaneously monitors cofactor depletion online. The EAD setup was used to test the activity of a small library of novel CYP BM3 mutants in flow-injection analysis mode in the presence of the organic modifiers methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol. Mutants with enhanced tolerability toward all three solvents were identified, and the EAD setup was adapted to facilitate CYP BM3 activity screening against a gradient of an organic modifier to study the behavior of the small library of CYP BM3 mutants in more detail. The simple methodology used in this study was shown to be a very powerful tool to screen for novel CYP BM3 mutants with increased tolerability toward organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel van Hemert
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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A first continuous 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP)-based screening system for directed esterase evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5237-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Evaluation of coumarin-based fluorogenic P450 BM3 substrates and prospects for competitive inhibition screenings. Anal Biochem 2014; 456:70-81. [PMID: 24708937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based assays for the cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium address an attractive biotechnological challenge by facilitating enzyme engineering and the identification of potential substrates of this highly promising biocatalyst. In the current study, we used the scarcity of corresponding screening systems as an opportunity to evaluate a novel and continuous high-throughput assay for this unique enzyme. A set of nine catalytically diverse P450 BM3 variants was constructed and tested toward the native substrate-inspired fluorogenic substrate 12-(4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-7-yloxy)dodecanoic acid. Particularly high enzyme-mediated O-dealkylation yielding the fluorescent product 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin was observed with mutants containing the F87V substitution, with A74G/F87V showing the highest catalytic efficiency (0.458 min(-1)μM(-1)). To simplify the assay procedure and show its versatility, different modes of application were successfully demonstrated, including (i) the direct use of NADPH or its oxidized form NADP(+) along with diverse NADPH recycling systems for electron supply, (ii) the use of cell-free lysates and whole-cell preparations as the biocatalyst source, and (iii) its use for competitive inhibition screens to identify or characterize substrates and inhibitors. A detailed comparison with known, fluorescence-based P450 BM3 assays finally emphasizes the relevance of our contribution to the ongoing research.
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30
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Peroxygenase reactions catalyzed by cytochromes P450. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Ley C, Schewe H, Ströhle FW, Ruff AJ, Schwaneberg U, Schrader J, Holtmann D. Coupling of electrochemical and optical measurements in a microtiter plate for the fast development of electro enzymatic processes with P450s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Enhanced bioconversion of colchicine to regiospecific 3-demethylated colchicine (3-DMC) by whole cell immobilization of recombinant E. coli harboring P450 BM-3 gene. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Choi KY, Jung EO, Yun H, Yang YH, Kazlauskas RJ, Kim BG. Development of colorimetric HTS assay of cytochrome p450 for ortho-specific hydroxylation, and engineering of CYP102D1 with enhanced catalytic activity and regioselectivity. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1231-8. [PMID: 23780920 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A current challenge in high-throughput screening (HTS) of hydroxylation reactions by P450 is a fast and sensitive assay for regioselective hydroxylation against millions of mutants. We have developed a solid-agar plate-based HTS assay for screening ortho-specific hydroxylation of daidzein by sensing formaldehyde generated from the O-dealkylation reaction. This method adopts a colorimetric dye, pararosaniline, which has previously been used as an aldehyde-specific probe within cells. The rationale for this method lies in the fact that the hydroxylation activity at ortho-carbon position to COH correlates with a linear relationship to O-dealkylation activity on chemically introduced methoxy group at the corresponding COH. As a model system, a 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein) hydroxylase (CYP102D1 F96V/M246I), which catalyzes hydroxylation at ortho positions of the daidzein A/B-ring, was examined for O-dealklyation activity, by using permethylated daidzein as a surrogate substrate. By using the developed indirect bishydroxylation screening assay, the correlation coefficient between O-dealkylation and bishydroxylation activity for the template enzyme was 0.72. For further application of this assay, saturation mutants at A273/G274/T277 were examined by mutant screening with a permethylated daidzein analogue substrate (A-ring inactivated in order to find enhanced 3'-regioselectiviy). The whole-cell biotransformation of daidzein by final screened mutant G1 (A273H/G274E/T277G) showed fourfold increased conversion yield, with 14.3 mg L(-1) production titer and greatly increased 3'-regioselectiviy (3'/6=11.8). These results show that there is a remarkably high correlation (both in vitro and in vivo), thus suggesting that this assay would be ideal for a primary HTS assay for P450 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Young Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Kwanak-ro, 151-742 Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Protein Engineering as an Enabling Tool for Synthetic Biology. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394430-6.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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35
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Ruff AJ, Dennig A, Wirtz G, Blanusa M, Schwaneberg U. Flow Cytometer-Based High-Throughput Screening System for Accelerated Directed Evolution of P450 Monooxygenases. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Joëlle Ruff
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Georgette Wirtz
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen,
Germany
| | - Milan Blanusa
- School of Engineering
and Science, Jacobs University Bremen,
Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen,
Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen,
Germany
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36
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Kuper J, Tee KL, Wilmanns M, Roccatano D, Schwaneberg U, Wong TS. The role of active-site Phe87 in modulating the organic co-solvent tolerance of cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1013-7. [PMID: 22949185 PMCID: PMC3433188 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112031570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of organic co-solvents on protein structure and function is pivotal to engineering enzymes for biotransformation in non-aqueous solvents. The effects of DMSO on the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 BM3 have previously been investigated and the importance of Phe87 in its organic co-solvent tolerance was identified. To probe the DMSO inactivation mechanism and the functional role of Phe87 in modulating the organic co-solvent tolerance of P450 BM3, the haem domain (Thr1-Leu455) of the F87A variant was cocrystallized in the presence of 14%(v/v) and 28%(v/v) DMSO. At both DMSO concentrations the protein retained the canonical structure of the P450 haem domain without any sign of partial or global unfolding. Interestingly, a DMSO molecule was found in the active site of both structures, with its O atom pointing towards the haem iron. The orientation of the DMSO molecule indicated a dynamic coordination process that was in competition with the active-site water molecule. The ability of the DMSO molecule to coordinate the haem iron is plausibly the main reason why P450 BM3 is inactivated at elevated DMSO concentrations. The data allowed an interesting comparison with the wild-type structures reported previously. A DMSO molecule was found when the wild-type protein was placed in 28%(v/v) DMSO, in which the DMSO molecule coordinated the haem iron directly via its S atom. Intriguingly, no DMSO molecule was observed at 14%(v/v) DMSO for the wild-type structure. These results suggested that the bulky phenyl side chain of Phe87 protects the haem from being accessed by the DMSO molecule and explains the higher tolerance of the wild-type enzyme towards organic co-solvents compared with its F87A variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf Virchow Centre for Biomedical Research, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kang Lan Tee
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, England
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- EMBL Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Danilo Roccatano
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Department of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tuck Seng Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, England
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37
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Harkey A, Kim HJ, Kandagatla S, Raner GM. Defluorination of 4-fluorophenol by cytochrome P450(BM₃)-F87G: activation by long chain fatty aldehydes. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1725-31. [PMID: 22639088 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450(BM3)-F87G catalyzed the oxidative defluorination of 4-fluorophenol, followed by reduction of the resulting benzoquinone to hydroquinone via the NADPH P450-reductase activity of the enzyme. The k (cat) and K (m) for this reaction were 71 ± 5 min(-1) and 9.5 ± 1.3 mM, respectively. Co-incubation of the reaction mixture with long chain aldehydes stimulated the defluorination reaction, with the 2,3-unsaturated aldehyde, 2-decenal producing a 12-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. At 150 μM aldehyde, k (cat) increased to 158 ± 4, while K (m) decreased to 1.8 ± 0.2. The effects of catalase, glutathione and ascorbate on the reaction were all consistent with a direct oxygen insertion mechanism, as opposed to a radical mechanism. The study demonstrates the potential use of P450(BM3) mutants in oxidative defluorination reactions, and characterizes the novel stimulatory action of straight chain aldehydes on this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Harkey
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 416 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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38
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O'Reilly E, Aitken SJ, Grogan G, Kelly PP, Turner NJ, Flitsch SL. Regio- and stereoselective oxidation of unactivated C-H bonds with Rhodococcus rhodochrous. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:496-500. [PMID: 22509221 PMCID: PMC3326629 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Rhodococcus rhodochrous (NCIMB 9703) to catalyse the regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of a range of benzyloxy-substituted heterocycles has been investigated. Incubation of 2-benzyloxytetrahydropyrans with resting cell suspensions of the organism yielded predominantly a mixture of 5-hydroxylated isomers in combined yields of up to 40%. Exposure of the corresponding 2-benzyloxytetrahydrofuran derivatives to the cell suspensions gave predominantly the 4-hydroxylated isomers in yields of up to 26%. Most interestingly, 2-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)tetrahydrofuran and 2-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)tetrahydropyran were transformed in high yields to the 4-hydroxylated and 5-hydroxylated products, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7ND, UK, , Tel: +44 (0)161 3065172
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39
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Ueno T, Ohki T, Watanabe Y. Molecular engineering of cytochrome P450 and myoglobin for selective oxygenations. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842460400026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aspects of protein engineering of cytochrome P450 (P450) and myoglobin ( Mb ) to construct selective oxygenation catalysts have been described. Heme enzymes are known as biocatalysts for various oxidations but the design of substrate specificity has still remained one of the significant challenges because of dynamic nature of enzyme-substrate interactions. In particular, P450s are the most interesting targets among the heme enzymes because they are able to catalyze many types of monooxygenations such as hydroxylation, epoxidation, and sulfoxidation with high selectivity. Thus, many researchers have made efforts to convert the selectivity for natural substrates into that for unnatural substrates by several protein engineering approaches. On the other hand, we have reported a rational design of Mb to convert its oxygen carrier function into that of peroxidase or peroxygenase. The Mb mutants prepared in our work afford oxo-ferryl porphyrin radical cation (compound I) as observable species in Mb for the first time. Furthermore, some of the mutants we have constructed are useful for enantioselective oxygenations by oxygen transfer from the Mb -compound I to substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ueno
- Research Center for Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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40
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Hasmann A, Eberl A, Schneider K, Schoening KU, Kaufmann F, Glieder A, Kovač J, Cavaco-paulo A, Wehrschuetz-Sigl E, Guebitz GM. Hydroxylation of polypropylene using the monooxygenase mutant 139-3 fromBacillus megaterium BM3. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.645367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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41
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Dubey KK, Jawed A, Haque S. Structural and metabolic correlation for Bacillus megaterium ACBT03 in response to colchicine biotransformation. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
P450(BM3) (CYP102A1), a fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium, has been extensively studied over a period of almost forty years. The enzyme has been redesigned to catalyse the oxidation of non-natural substrates as diverse as pharmaceuticals, terpenes and gaseous alkanes using a variety of engineering strategies. Crystal structures have provided a basis for several of the catalytic effects brought about by mutagenesis, while changes to reduction potentials, inter-domain electron transfer rates and catalytic parameters have yielded functional insights. Areas of active research interest include drug metabolite production, the development of process-scale techniques, unravelling general mechanistic aspects of P450 chemistry, methane oxidation, and improving selectivity control to allow the synthesis of fine chemicals. This review draws together the disparate research themes and places them in a historical context with the aim of creating a resource that can be used as a gateway to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J C Whitehouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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43
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Wong LL. P450BM3 on Steroids: The Swiss Army Knife P450 Enzyme Just Gets Better. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2537-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Erkelenz M, Kuo CH, Niemeyer CM. DNA-mediated assembly of cytochrome P450 BM3 subdomains. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16111-8. [PMID: 21919448 DOI: 10.1021/ja204993s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 BM3 is a versatile enzyme, which holds great promise for applications in biocatalysis and biomedicine. We here report on the generation of a hybrid DNA-protein device based on the two subdomains of BM3, the reductase domain BMR and the porphyrin domain BMP. Both subdomains were fused genetically to the HaloTag protein, a self-labeling enzyme, allowing for the bioconjugation with chloroalkane-modified oligonucleotides. The subdomain-DNA-chimeras could be reassembled by complementary oligonucleotides, thus leading to reconstitution of the monooxygenase activity of BM3 holoenzyme, as demonstrated by conversion of the reporter substrate 12-pNCA. Arrangement of the two chimeras on a switchable DNA scaffold allowed one to control the distance between both subdomains, as indicated by the DNA-dependent activity of the holoenzyme. Furthermore, a switchable chimeric device was constructed, in which monooxygenase activity could be turned off by DNA strand displacement. This study demonstrates that P450 BM3 engineering and strategies of DNA nanotechnology can be merged to open up novel ways for the development of novel screening systems or responsive catalysts with potential applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Erkelenz
- TU Dortmund, Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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45
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Bryson D, Lim PL, Lawson A, Manjunath S, Raner GM. Isotopic labeling of the heme cofactor in cytochrome P450 and other heme proteins. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:2019-26. [PMID: 21660572 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant bacterial expression system that generates (13)C-labeled heme or (15)N-labeled heme in functional cytochrome P450 enzymes and other heme-containing systems is reported here using a mutant strain of Escherichia coli (HU227) in which the HemA gene is inactive. By synthesizing several isotopomers of aminolevulinic acid with (13)C or (15)N at different locations, isotopes have been incorporated with high abundance into the heme cofactor of five different cytochrome P450 isoforms, along with one peroxidase. Confirmed both (13)C- and (15)N-incorporation; spectral and catalytic assays show the labeled enzymes produced in this system are functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bryson
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 416 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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46
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Reinen J, Ferman S, Vottero E, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM. Application of a fluorescence-based continuous-flow bioassay to screen for diversity of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutant libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:239-50. [PMID: 21297109 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110394180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence-based continuous-flow enzyme affinity detection (EAD) setup was used to screen cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants on-line for diversity. The flow-injection screening assay is based on the BM3-mediated O-dealkylation of alkoxyresorufins forming the highly fluorescent product resorufin, and can be used in different configurations, namely injection of ligands, enzymes and substrates. Screening conditions were optimized and the activity of a library of 32 BM3 mutants towards the recently synthesized new probe substrate allyloxyresorufin was measured in flow-injection analysis (FIA) mode and it was shown that large activity differences between the mutants existed. Next, six BM3 mutants containing mutations at different positions in the active site were selected for which on-line enzyme kinetics were determined. Subsequently, for these six BM3 mutants affinity towards a set of 30 xenobiotics was determined in FIA EAD mode. It was demonstrated that significant differences existed for the affinity profiles of the mutants tested and that these differences correlated to alterations in the BM3 mutant-generated metabolic profiles of the drug buspirone. In conclusion, the developed FIA EAD approach is suitable to screen for diversity within BM3 mutants and this alternative screening technology offers new perspectives for rapid and sensitive screening of compound libraries towards BM3 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Zhao L, Güven G, Li Y, Schwaneberg U. First steps towards a Zn/Co(III)sep-driven P450 BM3 reactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:989-99. [PMID: 21562982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are synthetically attractive hydroxylation catalysts. For cell-free applications, a constant supply of NAD(P)H can be very costly. Mediators such as Zn/Co(III)sep can be an alternative cofactor system to NAD(P)H. Several mutants of cytochrome P450 BM3 with improved electron transfer rate to Zn/Co(III)sep have been obtained in our group. P450 BM3 M7 (F87A V281G M354S R471C A1011T S1016G Q1022R) was immobilized on DEAE-650S, further entrapped with k-carrageenan together with zinc dust which function as electron source and catalase which removes produced hydrogen peroxide instantly. Immobilized P450 BM3 M7 were treated with 0.05% (v/v) glutaraldehyde to enhance operational stability. P450 BM3 M7 retained around 76% of its activity and conversions stayed above 80% in 10 batch cycles, indicating a high stability of immobilized P450 BM3 M7. To explore the synthetic potential, a small-scale bioreactor was developed to investigate the stability and efficiencies of P450 BM3 M9 (R47F F87A M238K V281G M354S D363H W575C A595T). P450 BM3 M9 was used for the continuous conversion of 3-phenoxytoluene in a plug flow reactor (PFR) since P450 BM3 M9 has a 3-fold higher activity for 3-phenoxytoluene compared to P450 BM3 M7 which was used for optimizing immobilization conditions with the highest activity for 12-pNCA assay. The reactor could be operated for 5 days with total turnover numbers (TTNs) over 2,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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48
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Construction of recombinant Escherichia coli for enhanced bioconversion of colchicine into 3-demethylated colchicine at 70l bioreactor level. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Immobilization of P450 BM-3 monooxygenase on mesoporous molecular sieves with different pore diameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Furuya T, Kino K. Genome mining approach for the discovery of novel cytochrome P450 biocatalysts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:991-1002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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