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Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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2
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Barkan K, Lagarias P, Stampelou M, Stamatis D, Hoare S, Safitri D, Klotz KN, Vrontaki E, Kolocouris A, Ladds G. Pharmacological characterisation of novel adenosine A 3 receptor antagonists. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20781. [PMID: 33247159 PMCID: PMC7695835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) belongs to a family of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes which all play distinct roles throughout the body. A3R antagonists have been described as potential treatments for numerous diseases including asthma. Given the similarity between (adenosine receptors) orthosteric binding sites, obtaining highly selective antagonists is a challenging but critical task. Here we screen 39 potential A3R, antagonists using agonist-induced inhibition of cAMP. Positive hits were assessed for AR subtype selectivity through cAMP accumulation assays. The antagonist affinity was determined using Schild analysis (pA2 values) and fluorescent ligand binding. Structure-activity relationship investigations revealed that loss of the 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazolyl moiety or the aromatic nitrogen heterocycle with nitrogen at α-position to the carbon of carboximidamide group significantly attenuated K18 antagonistic potency. Mutagenic studies supported by molecular dynamic simulations combined with Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area calculations identified the residues important for binding in the A3R orthosteric site. We demonstrate that K18, which contains a 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazole group connected through carbonyloxycarboximidamide fragment with a 1,3-thiazole ring, is a specific A3R (< 1 µM) competitive antagonist. Finally, we introduce a model that enables estimates of the equilibrium binding affinity for rapidly disassociating compounds from real-time fluorescent ligand-binding studies. These results demonstrate the pharmacological characterisation of a selective competitive A3R antagonist and the description of its orthosteric binding mode. Our findings may provide new insights for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Barkan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Panagiotis Lagarias
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Stampelou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stamatis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sam Hoare
- Pharmechanics LLC, 14 Sunnyside Drive South, Owego, NY, 13827, USA
| | - Dewi Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40534, Indonesia
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Vrontaki
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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3
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Chlorella sorokiniana Extract Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Myelotoxicity In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7353618. [PMID: 32047579 PMCID: PMC7003270 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7353618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin chemotherapy causes myelosuppression and often limits treatment duration and dose escalation in patients. Novel approaches to circumvent or lessen myelotoxicity may improve clinical outcome and quality of life in these patients. Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) is a freshwater unicellular green alga and exhibits encouraging efficacy in immunomodulation and anticancer in preclinical studies. However, the efficacy of CS on chemoprotection remains unclear. We report here, for the first time, that CS extract (CSE) could protect normal myeloid cells and PBMCs from cisplatin toxicity. Also, cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells was rescued through reservation of mitochondrial function, inhibition of cytochrome c release to cytosol, and suppression of caspase and PARP activation. Intriguingly, cotreatment of CSE attenuated cisplatin-evoked hypocellularity of bone marrow in mice. Furthermore, we observed the enhancement of CSF-GM activity in bone marrow and spleen in mice administered CSE and cisplatin, along with increased CD11b levels in spleen. In conclusion, we uncovered a novel mechanism of CSE on myeloprotection, whereby potentially supports the use of CSE as a chemoprotector against cisplatin-induced bone marrow toxicity. Further clinical investigation of CSE in combination with cisplatin is warranted.
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4
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Marwein S, Mishra B, De UC, Acharya PC. Recent Progress of Adenosine Receptor Modulators in the Development of Anticancer Chemotherapeutic Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2842-2858. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716141851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased risks of peripheral toxicity and undesired adverse effects associated with chemotherapeutic
agents are the major medical hurdles in cancer treatment that worsen the quality of life of cancer patients. Although
several novel and target-specific anticancer agents have been discovered in the recent past, none of them
have proved to be effective in the management of metastatic tumor. Therefore, there is a continuous effort for the
discovery of safer and effective cancer chemotherapeutic agent. Adenosine receptors have been identified as an
important target to combat cancer because of their inherent role in the antitumor process. The antitumor property
of the adenosine receptor is primarily attributed to their inherited immune response against the tumors. These
findings have opened a new chapter in the anticancer drug discovery through adenosine receptor-mediated immunomodulation.
This review broadly outlines the biological mechanism of adenosine receptors in mediating the
selective cytotoxicity as well as the discovery of various classes of adenosine receptor modulators in the effective
management of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarapynbiang Marwein
- Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar-799022, Tripura (W), India
| | - Bijayashree Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar-799022, Tripura (W), India
| | - Utpal C. De
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar-799022, Tripura (W), India
| | - Pratap C. Acharya
- Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar-799022, Tripura (W), India
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5
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Stamatis D, Lagarias P, Barkan K, Vrontaki E, Ladds G, Kolocouris A. Structural Characterization of Agonist Binding to an A 3 Adenosine Receptor through Biomolecular Simulations and Mutagenesis Experiments. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8831-8846. [PMID: 31502843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) binds adenosine and is a drug target against cancer cell proliferation. Currently, there is no experimental structure of A3R. Here, we have generated a molecular model of A3R in complex with two agonists, the nonselective 1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-N-ethyl-β-d-ribofuranuronamide (NECA) and the selective 1-deoxy-1-[6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-N-methyl-β-d-ribofuranuronamide (IB-MECA). Molecular dynamics simulations of the wild-type A3R in complex with both agonists, combined with in vitro mutagenic studies revealed important residues for binding. Further, molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area calculations were able to distinguish mutations that reduce or negate agonistic activity from those that maintained or increased the activity. Our studies reveal that selectivity of IB-MECA toward A3R requires not only direct interactions with residues within the orthosteric binding area but also with remote residues. Although V1695.30 is considered to be a selectivity filter for A3R binders, when it was mutated to glutamic acid or alanine, the activity of IB-MECA increased by making new van der Waals contacts with TM5. This result may have implications in the design of new A3R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Stamatis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis-Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Lagarias
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis-Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Kerry Barkan
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Cambridge , Tennis Court Road , CB2 1PD Cambridge U.K
| | - Eleni Vrontaki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis-Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Cambridge , Tennis Court Road , CB2 1PD Cambridge U.K
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis-Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
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6
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Federico C, Saccone S, Giunta S, Cavallaro S, D'Agata V. Involvement of A 3 Adenosine Receptor in Neuroblastoma Progression via Modulation of the Hypoxic/Angiogenic Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:166-176. [PMID: 31166001 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. The clinical course may range from spontaneous regression towards ganglioneuroblastoma/ganglioneuroma or maturation to a very aggressive form characterized by an extensive hypoxic area. In solid tumors, extracellular microenvironment hypoxia induces the transcription of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) leading to synthesis of pro-angiogenic factor, VEGF; also, it increases extracellular adenosine production from ATP breakdown. To date, the role of this nucleoside in the hypoxic/angiogenic pathway characterizing the core of cancer mass has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the adenosine effect on modulation of the HIF-1α/2α/VEGF pathway mediated through A3 AR binding. To this end, we have used a selective A3 AR agonist IB-MECA or antagonist VUF 5574 in an in vitro model of malignant undifferentiated and all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, representing the benign form of NB. Our results have shown that specific A3 AR stimulation induces HIF and VEGF expression through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk kinase signaling cascade. In conclusion, the data suggest that A3 AR may represent a marker of NB malignancy as well as a drug target for treatment of this solid tumor. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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7
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de Andrade Mello P, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Multifaceted Effects of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine in the Tumor-Host Interaction and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1526. [PMID: 29184552 PMCID: PMC5694450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the world's most pressing health-care challenges, leading to a high number of deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new developing therapy that boosts patient's immune system to fight cancer by modifying tumor-immune cells interaction in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) and adenosine (Ado) are signaling molecules released in the TME that act as modulators of both immune and tumor cell responses. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate and Ado activate purinergic type 2 (P2) and type 1 (P1) receptors, respectively, triggering the so-called purinergic signaling. The concentration of eATP and Ado within the TME is tightly controlled by several cell-surface ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, the major ecto-enzymes expressed in cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and vasculature, being CD73 also expressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts. Once accumulated in the TME, eATP boosts antitumor immune response, while Ado attenuates or suppresses immunity against the tumor. In addition, both molecules can mediate growth stimulation or inhibition of the tumor, depending on the specific receptor activated. Therefore, purinergic signaling is able to modulate both tumor and immune cells behavior and, consequently, the tumor-host interaction and disease progression. In this review, we discuss the role of purinergic signaling in the host-tumor interaction detailing the multifaceted effects of eATP and Ado in the inflammatory TME. Moreover, we present recent findings into the application of purinergic-targeting therapy as a potential novel option to boost antitumor immune responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Bahreyni A, Samani SS, Ghorbani E, Rahmani F, Khayami R, Toroghian Y, Behnam-Rassouli R, Khazaei M, Ryzhikov M, Parizadeh MR, Hasanzadeh M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Adenosine: An endogenous mediator in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2715-2722. [PMID: 28617999 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular concentration of adenosine increases in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Adenosine signaling regulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune suppression in cancer cells. Adenosine-induced cell responses depend upon different subtypes of adenosine receptors activation and type of cancer. Suppression of adenosine signaling via inhibition of adenosine receptors or adenosine generating enzymes including CD39 and CD73 on ovarian or cervical cancer cells is a potentially novel therapeutic approach for gynecological cancer patients. This review summarizes the role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed S Samani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Khayami
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Younes Toroghian
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mohammad R Parizadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed M Hassanian
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Kazemi MH, Raoofi Mohseni S, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2032-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sahar Raoofi Mohseni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK); Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Bushehr Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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10
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Pedata F, Dettori I, Coppi E, Melani A, Fusco I, Corradetti R, Pugliese AM. Purinergic signalling in brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:105-30. [PMID: 26581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. Extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations able to stimulate their respective specific P2 and P1 receptors. Both ATP P2 and adenosine P1 receptor subtypes exert important roles in ischemia. Although adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence up to now in literature indicate that A2A receptor antagonists provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while agonists at A2A (and possibly also A2B) and A3 receptors provide protection by controlling massive infiltration and neuroinflammation in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Among P2X receptors most evidence indicate that P2X7 receptor contribute to the damage induced by the ischemic insult due to intracellular Ca(2+) loading in central cells and facilitation of glutamate release. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors might represent a new treatment to attenuate brain damage and to promote proliferation and maturation of brain immature resident cells that can promote tissue repair following cerebral ischemia. Among P2Y receptors, antagonists of P2Y12 receptors are of value because of their antiplatelet activity and possibly because of additional anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover strategies that modify adenosine or ATP concentrations at injury sites might be of value to limit damage after ischemia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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11
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Galvao J, Elvas F, Martins T, Cordeiro MF, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Adenosine A3 receptor activation is neuroprotective against retinal neurodegeneration. Exp Eye Res 2015; 140:65-74. [PMID: 26297614 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Death of retinal neural cells, namely retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is a characteristic of several retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Although the role of adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) in neuroprotection is controversial, A3R activation has been reported to afford protection against several brain insults, with few studies in the retina. In vitro models (retinal neural and organotypic cultures) and animal models [ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and partial optic nerve transection (pONT)] were used to study the neuroprotective properties of A3R activation against retinal neurodegeneration. The A3R selective agonist (2-Cl-IB-MECA, 1 μM) prevented apoptosis (TUNEL(+)-cells) induced by kainate and cyclothiazide (KA + CTZ) in retinal neural cultures (86.5 ± 7.4 and 37.2 ± 6.1 TUNEL(+)-cells/field, in KA + CTZ and KA + CTZ + 2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively). In retinal organotypic cultures, 2-Cl-IB-MECA attenuated NMDA-induced cell death, assessed by TUNEL (17.3 ± 2.3 and 8.3 ± 1.2 TUNEL(+)-cells/mm(2) in NMDA and NMDA+2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively) and PI incorporation (ratio DIV4/DIV2 3.3 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.1 in NMDA and NMDA+2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively) assays. Intravitreal 2-Cl-IB-MECA administration afforded protection against I-R injury decreasing the number of TUNEL(+) cells by 72%, and increased RGC survival by 57%. Also, intravitreal administration of 2-Cl-IB-MECA inhibited apoptosis (from 449.4 ± 37.8 to 207.6 ± 48.9 annexin-V(+)-cells) and RGC loss (from 1.2 ± 0.6 to 8.1 ± 1.7 cells/mm) induced by pONT. This study demonstrates that 2-Cl-IB-MECA is neuroprotective to the retina, both in vitro and in vivo. Activation of A3R may have great potential in the management of retinal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by RGC death, as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Martins
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The A3 adenosine receptor: history and perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:74-102. [PMID: 25387804 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy demand. Adenosine mediation involves activation of a family of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs): A(1), A(2)A, A(2)B, and A(3). The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is the only adenosine subtype to be overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, thus making it a potential target for therapy. Originally isolated as an orphan receptor, A(3)AR presented a twofold nature under different pathophysiologic conditions: it appeared to be protective/harmful under ischemic conditions, pro/anti-inflammatory, and pro/antitumoral depending on the systems investigated. Until recently, the greatest and most intriguing challenge has been to understand whether, and in which cases, selective A(3) agonists or antagonists would be the best choice. Today, the choice has been made and A(3)AR agonists are now under clinical development for some disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, glaucoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More specifically, the interest and relevance of these new agents derives from clinical data demonstrating that A(3)AR agonists are both effective and safe. Thus, it will become apparent in the present review that purine scientists do seem to be getting closer to their goal: the incorporation of adenosine ligands into drugs with the ability to save lives and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
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13
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González-Fernández E, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Pérez-Samartín A, Arellano RO, Matute C. A3 Adenosine receptors mediate oligodendrocyte death and ischemic damage to optic nerve. Glia 2013; 62:199-216. [PMID: 24311446 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor activation is involved in myelination and in apoptotic pathways linked to neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of adenosine receptor activation in the viability of oligodendrocytes of the rat optic nerve. Selective activation of A3 receptors in pure cultures of oligodendrocytes caused concentration-dependent apoptotic and necrotic death which was preceded by oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis induced by A3 receptor activation was caspase-dependent and caspase-independent. In addition to dissociated cultures, incubation of optic nerves ex vivo with adenosine and the A3 receptor agonist 2-CI-IB-MECA(1-[2-Chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamide)-induced caspase-3 activation, oligodendrocyte damage, and myelin loss, effects which were prevented by the presence of caffeine and the A3 receptor antagonist MRS 1220 (N-[9-Chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]-triazolo [1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]benzene acetamide). Finally, ischemia-induced injury and functional loss to the optic nerve was attenuated by blocking A3 receptors. Together, these results indicate that adenosine may trigger oligodendrocyte death via activation of A3 receptors and suggest that this mechanism contributes to optic nerve and white matter ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz González-Fernández
- CIBERNED, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), E-48940, Leioa, Spain
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14
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Wojcicka A, Wagner E, Drys A, Nawrocka WP. Synthesis and In vitroAntitumor Screening of Novel 2,7-Naphthyridine-3-carboxylic Acid Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojcicka
- Wroclaw Medical University; Department of Drug Technology; Wroclaw; Poland
| | - Edwin Wagner
- Wroclaw Medical University; Department of Drug Technology; Wroclaw; Poland
| | - Andrzej Drys
- Wroclaw Medical University; Department of Physical Chemistry; Wroclaw; Poland
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15
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Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Liang BT, Jacobson KA. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of A3 adenosine receptor agonists. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:359-66. [PMID: 22033198 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) coupled to G(i) (inhibitory regulative guanine nucleotide-binding protein) mediates anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-ischemic protective effects. The receptor is overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, while low expression is found in normal cells, rendering the A(3)AR as a potential therapeutic target. Highly selective A(3)AR agonists have been synthesized and molecular recognition in the binding site has been characterized. In this article, we summarize preclinical and clinical human studies that demonstrate that A(3)AR agonists induce specific anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects through a molecular mechanism that entails modulation of the Wnt and the NF-κB signal transduction pathways. At present, A(3)AR agonists are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis; ophthalmic diseases such as dry eye syndrome and glaucoma; liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pnina Fishman
- Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd, Kiryat-Matalon, 10 Bareket St, PO Box 7537, Petah-Tikva 49170, Israel
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16
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Verzijl D, IJzerman AP. Functional selectivity of adenosine receptor ligands. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:171-92. [PMID: 21544511 PMCID: PMC3146648 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are plasma membrane proteins that transduce an extracellular signal into the interior of the cell. Basically every mammalian cell expresses at least one of the four adenosine receptor subtypes. Recent insight in signal transduction cascades teaches us that the current classification of receptor ligands into agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists relies very much on the experimental setup that was used. Upon activation of the receptors by the ubiquitous endogenous ligand adenosine they engage classical G protein-mediated pathways, resulting in production of second messengers and activation of kinases. Besides this well-described G protein-mediated signaling pathway, adenosine receptors activate scaffold proteins such as β-arrestins. Using innovative and sensitive experimental tools, it has been possible to detect ligands that preferentially stimulate the β-arrestin pathway over the G protein-mediated signal transduction route, or vice versa. This phenomenon is referred to as functional selectivity or biased signaling and implies that an antagonist for one pathway may be a full agonist for the other signaling route. Functional selectivity makes it necessary to redefine the functional properties of currently used adenosine receptor ligands and opens possibilities for new and more selective ligands. This review focuses on the current knowledge of functionally selective adenosine receptor ligands and on G protein-independent signaling of adenosine receptors through scaffold proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Verzijl
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Sacchetto V, Simioni C, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1400-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Lee JH, Hong SM, Yun JY, Myoung H, Kim MJ. Anti-Cancer Effects of Cordycepin on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation and Apoptosis in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2011.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Stone TW, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP. Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:535-87. [PMID: 19639293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors modulate neuronal and synaptic function in a range of ways that may make them relevant to the occurrence, development and treatment of brain ischemic damage and degenerative disorders. A(1) adenosine receptors tend to suppress neural activity by a predominantly presynaptic action, while A(2A) adenosine receptors are more likely to promote transmitter release and postsynaptic depolarization. A variety of interactions have also been described in which adenosine A(1) or A(2) adenosine receptors can modify cellular responses to conventional neurotransmitters or receptor agonists such as glutamate, NMDA, nitric oxide and P2 purine receptors. Part of the role of adenosine receptors seems to be in the regulation of inflammatory processes that often occur in the aftermath of a major insult or disease process. All of the adenosine receptors can modulate the release of cytokines such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha from immune-competent leukocytes and glia. When examined directly as modifiers of brain damage, A(1) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists, A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, as well as A(3)AR antagonists, can protect against a range of insults, both in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, acute and chronic treatments with these ligands can often produce diametrically opposite effects on damage outcome, probably resulting from adaptational changes in receptor number or properties. In some cases molecular approaches have identified the involvement of ERK and GSK-3beta pathways in the protection from damage. Much evidence argues for a role of adenosine receptors in neurological disease. Receptor densities are altered in patients with Alzheimer's disease, while many studies have demonstrated effects of adenosine and its antagonists on synaptic plasticity in vitro, or on learning adequacy in vivo. The combined effects of adenosine on neuronal viability and inflammatory processes have also led to considerations of their roles in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis, as well as the brain damage associated with stroke. In addition to the potential pathological relevance of adenosine receptors, there are earnest attempts in progress to generate ligands that will target adenosine receptors as therapeutic agents to treat some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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20
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Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Synowitz M, Powell JD, Klotz KN, Gessi S, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors and cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:399-441. [PMID: 19639290 PMCID: PMC3598010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) G-protein-coupled cell surface adenosine receptors (ARs) are found to be upregulated in various tumor cells. Activation of the receptors by specific ligands, agonists or antagonists, modulates tumor growth via a range of signaling pathways. The A(1)AR was found to play a role in preventing the development of glioblastomas. This antitumor effect of the A(1)AR is mediated via tumor-associated microglial cells. Activation of the A(2A)AR results in inhibition of the immune response to tumors via suppression of T regulatory cell function and inhibition of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and tumor-specific CD4+/CD8+ activity. Therefore, it is suggested that pharmacological inhibition of A(2A)AR activation by specific antagonists may enhance immunotherapeutics in cancer therapy. Activation of the A(2B)AR plays a role in the development of tumors via upregulation of the expression levels of angiogenic factors in microvascular endothelial cells. In contrast, it was evident that activation of A(2B)AR results in inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MAP kinase activity, which are involved in tumor cell growth signals. Finally, A(3)AR was found to be highly expressed in tumor cells and tissues while low expression levels were noted in normal cells or adjacent tissue. Receptor expression in the tumor tissues was directly correlated to disease severity. The high receptor expression in the tumors was attributed to overexpression of NF-kappaB, known to act as an A(3)AR transcription factor. Interestingly, high A(3)AR expression levels were found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from tumor-bearing animals and cancer patients, reflecting receptor status in the tumors. A(3)AR agonists were found to induce tumor growth inhibition, both in vitro and in vivo, via modulation of the Wnt and the NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Taken together, A(3)ARs that are abundantly expressed in tumor cells may be targeted by specific A(3)AR agonists, leading to tumor growth inhibition. The unique characteristics of these A(3)AR agonists make them attractive as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fishman
- Can-Fite BioPharma, Kiryat Matalon, Petach Tikva, 49170, Israel.
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21
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Gessi S, Borea PA. Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: Translating Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology into Clinical Utility. Chem Rev 2008; 108:238-63. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0682195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
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22
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Borea PA. The A3 adenosine receptor: an enigmatic player in cell biology. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:123-40. [PMID: 18029023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a primordial signaling molecule present in every cell of the human body that mediates its physiological functions by interacting with 4 subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors, termed A1, A2A, A2B and A3. The A3 subtype is perhaps the most enigmatic among adenosine receptors since, although several studies have been performed in the years to elucidate its physiological function, it still presents in several cases a double nature in different pathophysiological conditions. The 2 personalities of A3 often come into direct conflict, e.g., in ischemia, inflammation and cancer, rendering this receptor as a single entity behaving in 2 different ways. This review focuses on the most relevant aspects of A3 adenosine subtype activation and summarizes the pharmacological evidence as the basis of the dichotomy of this receptor in different therapeutic fields. Although much is still to be learned about the function of the A3 receptor and in spite of its duality, at the present time it can be speculated that A3 receptor selective ligands might show utility in the treatment of ischemic conditions, glaucoma, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other disorders in which inflammation is a feature. The biggest and most intriguing challenge for the future is therefore to understand whether and where selective A3 agonists or antagonists are the best choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
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23
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Fishman P, Jacobson K, Ochaion A, Cohen S, Bar-Yehuda S. The Anti-Cancer Effect of A 3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists: A Novel, Targeted Therapy. IMMUNOLOGY, ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC AGENTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 7:298-303. [PMID: 34824647 PMCID: PMC8611655 DOI: 10.2174/187152207781369878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is highly expressed in various human solid tumor cells whereas low expression is found in the adjacent normal tissues. Activation of the A3AR with synthetic highly selective agonists, such as IB-MECA, Cl-IB-MECA or LJ529, induces tumor growth inhibition of melanoma, lymphoma, breast, hepatoma, prostate and colon carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Two molecular events take place upon receptor activation and include: a. receptor internalization and subsequent degradation, followed by decreased receptor mRNA and protein expression level. b. modulation of down-stream signal transduction pathways, including those related to Wnt and NF-κB. Subsequently, the levels of cyclin D1 and c-Myc are decreased leading to tumor growth inhibition. IB-MECA synergizes with chemotherapeutic agents to yield an additive anti-tumor effect and protects against myelotoxicity induced by chemotherapy. Taken together, A3AR agonists may be suggested as a new family of orally bioavailable compounds to be developed as potent inhibitors of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Fishman
- Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd., Kiryat-Matalon, Petah -Tikva, 49170, Israel
| | - K.A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - A. Ochaion
- Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd., Kiryat-Matalon, Petah -Tikva, 49170, Israel
| | - S. Cohen
- Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd., Kiryat-Matalon, Petah -Tikva, 49170, Israel
| | - S. Bar-Yehuda
- Can-Fite BioPharma Ltd., Kiryat-Matalon, Petah -Tikva, 49170, Israel
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Gunaga P, Kim HO, Lee HW, Tosh DK, Ryu JS, Choi S, Jeong LS. Stereoselective functionalization of the 1'-position of 4'-thionucleosides. Org Lett 2007; 8:4267-70. [PMID: 16956203 DOI: 10.1021/ol061548z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of novel 1'-alpha-substituted-4'-thionucleosides was achieved starting from D-gulonic acid gamma-lactone via stereoselective nucleophilic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantha Gunaga
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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25
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Cattabriga E, Benini A, Mirandola P, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Feo C, Baraldi S, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors in colon carcinoma tissues and colon tumoral cell lines: focus on the A(3) adenosine subtype. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:826-36. [PMID: 17348028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine may affect several pathophysiological processes, including cellular proliferation, through interaction with A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. In this study we characterized adenosine receptors in human colon cancer tissues and in colon cancer cell lines Caco2, DLD1, HT29. mRNA of all adenosine subtypes was detected in cancer tissues and cell lines. At a protein levels low amount of A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) receptors were detected, whilst the A(3) was the most abundant subtype in both cancer tissues and cells, with a pharmacological profile typical of the A(3) subtype. All the receptors were coupled to stimulation/inhibition of adenylyl-cyclase in cancer cells, with the exception of A(1) subtype. Adenosine increased cell proliferation with an EC(50) of 3-12 microM in cancer cells. This effect was not essentially reduced by adenosine receptor antagonists. However dypiridamol, an adenosine transport inhibitor, increased the stimulatory effect induced by adenosine, suggesting an action at the cell surface. Addition of adenosine deaminase makes the A(3) agonist 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-N-methyl-5'-carbamoyladenosine (Cl-IB-MECA) able to stimulate cell proliferation with an EC(50) of 0.5-0.9 nM in cancer cells, suggesting a tonic proliferative effect induced by endogenous adenosine. This effect was antagonized by 5-N-(4-methoxyphenyl-carbamoyl)amino-8-propyl-2(2furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3e]-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-c] pyrimidine (MRE 3008F20) 10 nM. Cl-IB-MECA-stimulated cell proliferation involved extracellular-signal-regulated-kinases (ERK1/2) pathway, as demonstrated by reduction of proliferation with 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis-[2-amino-phenylthio]-butadiene (U0126) and by ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion this study indicates for the first time that in colon cancer cell lines endogenous adenosine, through the interaction with A(3) receptors, mediates a tonic proliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
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26
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Merighi S, Benini A, Mirandola P, Gessi S, Varani K, Leung E, MacLennan S, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. Modulation of the Akt/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway by A₃ adenosine receptor. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:627-32. [PMID: 18404465 PMCID: PMC2096659 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Downstream A₃ receptor signalling plays an important role in the regulation of cell death and proliferation. Therefore, it is important to determine the molecular pathways involved through A₃ receptor stimulation. The phosphatidylinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have central roles in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. The crosstalk between these two pathways has also been investigated. The focus of this review centres on downstream mediators of A₃ adenosine receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Benini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Human Anatomy Section, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edward Leung
- King Pharmaceuticals R&D, Cary, North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
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Hashemi M, Karami-Tehrani F, Ghavami S, Maddika S, Los M. Adenosine and deoxyadenosine induces apoptosis in oestrogen receptor-positive and -negative human breast cancer cells via the intrinsic pathway. Cell Prolif 2005; 38:269-85. [PMID: 16202036 PMCID: PMC6495740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2005.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have examined the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of adenosine (Ado) and deoxyadenosine (dAdo) on human breast cancer cell lines. Ado and dAdo alone had little effect on cell cytotoxicity. However, in the presence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibitor, EHNA, adenosine and deoxyadenosine led to significant growth inhibition of cells of the lines tested. Ado/EHNA and dAdo/EHNA-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by NBTI, an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, and 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenosine kinase, but the effects were not affected by 8-phenyltheophylline, a broad inhibitor of adenosine receptors. The Ado/EHNA combination brought about morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. Caspase-9 activation was observed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB468 human breast cancer cell lines on treatment with Ado/EHNA or dAdo/EHNA, but, as expected, caspase-3 activation was only observed in MDA-MB468 cells. The results of the study, thus, suggest that extracellular adenosine and deoxyadenosine induce apoptosis in both oestrogen receptor-positive (MCF-7) and also oestrogen receptor-negative (MDA-MB468) human breast cancer cells by its uptake into the cells and conversion to AMP (dAMP) followed by activation of nucleoside kinase, and finally by the activation of the mitochondrial/intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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28
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Sun W, Khoo HE, Tan CH. Adenosine induced apoptosis in BHK cells via P1 receptors and equilibrative nucleoside transporters. BMB Rep 2005; 38:314-9. [PMID: 15943907 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine, as a ubiquitous metabolite, mediates many physiological functions via activation of plasma membrane receptors. Mechanisms of most of its physiological roles have been studied extensively, but research on adenosine-induced apoptosis (AIA) has only started recently. In this study we demonstrate that adenosine dose-dependently triggered apoptosis of cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Adenosine-induced apoptotic cell death was characterized by DNA laddering, changes in nuclear chromatin morphology and phosphatidylserine staining. Apoptosis was also quantified by flow cytometry. Results suggest the involvement of adenosine A1 and A3 receptors as well as equilibrative nucleoside transporters in apoptosis induced by adenosine. These results indicate a receptor-transporter co-signaling mechanism in AIA in BHK cells. The involvement of A1 and A3 receptors also implies a possible apoptotic pathway mediated by G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Republic of Singapore
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29
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Zaid NA, Moorman AR, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA. New pyrrolo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione and imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives as potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4697-701. [PMID: 16000006 DOI: 10.1021/jm058008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compounds presenting an additional fused ring on the xanthine nucleus have been reported to exhibit antagonistic activity with various levels of affinity and selectivity toward the four adenosine receptors subtypes A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). This paper reports synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1-benzyl-3-propyl-1H,6H-pyrrolo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-diones and 1-benzyl-3-propyl-1H,8H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-diones, among which we identified potent and selective A(3) adenosine receptors antagonists. In particular, 1-benzyl-7-methyl-3-propyl-1H,8H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione (11e) shows a K(i) (hA(3)) value from binding assay of 0.8 nM.
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Notarbartolo M, Lo Cicero S, Meli M, Poma P, Labbozzetta M, Cervello M, D'Alessandro N. Induction of Apoptosis by the Adenosine Derivative IB-MECA in Parental or Multidrug-Resistant HL-60 Leukemia Cells: Possible Relationship to the Effects on Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Levels. Chemotherapy 2005; 51:272-9. [PMID: 16088125 DOI: 10.1159/000087255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of the A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) agonist IB-MECA were examined in HL-60 leukemia and in its multidrug-resistant variant HL-60R cells. METHODS Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTS assays and apoptosis by flow cytometry analyses of DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine exposure. The mRNAs of A(3)AR and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS A(3)AR expression was similar in HL-60 and HL-60R cells. At > or =100 microM, IB-MECA exhibited strong cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in HL-60, but not in HL-60R cells. This activity was not modified by the A(3)AR antagonist VUF5574, the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil, the adenosine uptake inhibitor NBTI or the anti-Fas antibody ZB4. HL-60R cells showed higher levels of different IAPs than HL-60 cells. IB-MECA 100 microM downregulated HIAP1, NAIP and survivin mRNAs in HL-60, but not in HL-60R cells. CONCLUSIONS The antitumor effects of IB-MECA are not mediated by A(3)AR in HL-60 cells, where the proapoptotic mechanism of the compound may involve downregulation of IAPs. The resistance of HL-60R cells to IB-MECA may depend on their elevated levels of IAPs.
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31
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Genescà M, Sola A, Azuara D, De Oca J, Hotter G. Apoptosis inhibition during preservation by fructose-1,6-diphosphate and theophylline in rat intestinal transplantation. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:827-34. [PMID: 15818112 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000159530.32261.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP), theophylline, or the addition of both together to the preservation solution (University of Wisconsin [UW]) on apoptosis during preservation and the effect of apoptosis minimization on the early reperfusion period after transplantation. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, and controlled animal study. SETTING Laboratory of a research institute. SUBJECT Male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS The jejunum was isolated and preserved for 6 hrs in UW solution. FDP and theophylline were added to the UW solution to evaluate their effects on apoptosis both alone and together. The role of adenosine with respect to FDP was examined by increasing endogenous adenosine. In addition, rats were subjected to intestinal transplantation for the evaluation of the effect of apoptosis on bacterial translocation, histology, and neutrophil infiltration after reperfusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Caspase-3 activity, assayed both in vitro or by cleaved caspase-3 levels in Western blots or immunohistochemically, and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells decreased with FDP and with theophylline addition to UW solution. Increase of endogenous adenosine reversed the antiapoptotic effect of FDP. FDP and theophylline together demonstrated a more pronounced antiapoptotic effect and prevented bacterial translocation after transplantation. CONCLUSION Supplementary FDP to UW solution decreased apoptosis through an adenosine-independent mechanism. Addition of theophylline to UW solution decreased both apoptosis and bacterial translocation. Concomitant theophylline and FDP addition to preservation solution is recommended to maintain low levels of apoptosis during intestinal hypothermic preservation and to decrease bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Genescà
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Panjehpour M, Karami-Tehrani F. An adenosine analog (IB-MECA) inhibits anchorage-dependent cell growth of various human breast cancer cell lines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 36:1502-9. [PMID: 15147729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptor agonists have been reported to influence cell death and survival. Here we report the effects of an A3 adenosine receptor agonist, IB-MECA, on the cell growth of human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive) and MDA-MB468 (estrogen receptor negative). Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the expression and possible action of A3 receptor in the human breast cancer cell lines. IB-MECA, at 1-100 microM, resulted in a significant cell growth inhibition (P < 0.05) which reached the maximum at 48 h, in the cell lines. In both cell lines, agonist-induced effects were antagonized by pretreatment with a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist, MRS1220. Using RT-PCR method, further confirmation was provided by the presence of mRNA of A3 receptor in the cells. In addition, IB-MECA was able to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels, which indicate the functional form of A3 receptor on the cell surface of these breast cancer cell lines. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of IB-MECA on the growth of human breast cancer cell lines is mediated through activation of A3 adenosine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Panjehpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Spalluto G. A1 and A3 adenosine receptor agonists: an overview. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.9.5.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Shanley TP, Bshesh K. Therapeutic targeting of adenosine receptors in inflammatory diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.4.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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36
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Broadley KJ. Drugs modulating adenosine receptors as potential therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.11.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Rivo J, Zeira E, Galun E, Matot I. Activation of A3 adenosine receptor provides lung protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with reduction in apoptosis. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1941-8. [PMID: 15575895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been described in various models of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, including lung transplantation. A3 adenosine receptor (AR) has been linked to a variety of apoptotic processes. The effect of A3AR activation on lung injury and apoptosis, following IR, has not been reported to date. In a spontaneously breathing cat model, in which the left lower lobe of the lung was isolated and subjected to 2 h of ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion, we tested the effect of IB-MECA, a selective A3AR agonist, on lung apoptosis and injury. Significant increase in the extent of apoptosis was observed following lung reperfusion. IB-MECA, administered before IR, and before or with reperfusion, markedly (p < 0.01) attenuated indices of injury and apoptosis including the percentage of injured alveoli, wet/dry weight ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) positive cells, and caspase 3 activity and expression. The protective effects of IB-MECA were completely blocked by pretreatment with the selective A3AR antagonist MRS-1191. In summary, even when given after the onset of ischemia, the A3AR agonist IB-MECA conferred a powerful protection against reperfusion lung injury, which was associated with decreased apoptosis. This suggests a potentially important role for A3AR in lung IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rivo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah University Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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Yaar R, Jones MR, Chen JF, Ravid K. Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function. J Cell Physiol 2004; 202:9-20. [PMID: 15389588 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors represent a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in a wide variety of tissues. This family contains four receptor subtypes: A1 and A3, which mediate inhibition of adenylyl cyclase; and A2a and A2b, which mediate stimulation of this enzyme. Currently, all receptor subtypes have been genetically deleted in mouse models except for the A2b adenosine receptor, and some have been overexpressed in selective tissues of transgenic mice. Studies involving these transgenic mice indicated that receptor levels are rate limiting, as effects were amplified upon increases in receptor level. The knockout models pointed to clusters of activities related to the physiologies of the cardiovascular and the nervous systems, which are either reduced or enhanced upon specific receptor deletion. Interestingly, the trend of effects on these systems is similar in the A1 and A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice and opposite to the effects observed in the A2a adenosine receptor knockout model. This review summarizes in vitro studies on pathways affected by each adenosine receptor, and primarily focuses on the above in vivo models generated to investigate the physiologic role of adenosine receptors. Furthermore, it illustrates the need for multiple adenosine receptor subtype deficiency studies in mice and the deletion of the A2b subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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39
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Mujoomdar M, Hoskin D, Blay J. Adenosine stimulation of the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Roles of cell density and adenosine metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1737-47. [PMID: 14563484 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside which is present at micromolar concentrations in the extracellular fluid of solid cancers as a result of tissue hypoxia. Adenosine acts to promote tumor survival by inhibiting the cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response. However, its role in modulating proliferation of the tumor cell population is unclear. Differing results have been obtained using adenosine analogues or by interfering with adenosine metabolism. We examined the effect of adenosine itself on DNA synthesis and cell growth in six different human and mouse colorectal carcinoma cell lines, from different sites and at different stages of differentiation. Adenosine given as a single dose consistently stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in all cell lines tested, with an EC(50) of 3.8-30 microM and a maximum stimulation being reached at 10-100 microM. AMP and ATP also stimulated cell proliferation at similar doses. The stimulation by adenosine varied depending upon the culture cell density, with the greatest mitogenic effect at subconfluent densities. Adenosine was metabolized by cellular adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase. The half-life (t(1/2)) for the decline in adenosine concentration in the medium following a single addition was between 40 min and 3 hr depending on the cell line and culture conditions. The rate of production of endogenous adenosine was low under normoxic culture conditions. Continuous dosing of cultures with adenosine to provide a steady-state concentration showed that proliferation could be stimulated by low micromolar concentrations of adenosine. We conclude that adenosine is stimulatory to the growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells at concentrations present within the tumor extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mujoomdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4H7
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40
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Hoferová Z, Hofer M, Pospíšil M, Znojil V, Chramostová K. Effects of synthetic adenosine receptor agonists on growth characteristics of G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells In Vitro. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. A glance at adenosine receptors: novel target for antitumor therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100:31-48. [PMID: 14550503 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine can be released from a variety of cells throughout the body, as the result of increased metabolic rates, in concentrations that can have a profound impact on the vasculature, immunoescaping, and growth of tumor masses. It is recognized that the concentrations of this nucleoside are increased in cancer tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that adenosine has been shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cell progression pathway, either during apoptosis or during cytostatic state. From the perspective of cancer, the most important question then may be "Can activation and/or blockade of the pathways downstream of the adenosine receptor contribute to tumor development?" Rigorous examinations of the role of adenosine in in vivo and in vitro systems need to be investigated. The present review therefore proposes multiple adenosine-sustained ways that could prime tumor development together with the critical combinatorial role played by adenosine receptors in taking a choice between proliferation and death. This review proposes that adenosine acts as a potent regulator of normal and tumor cell growth. It is hypothesized that this effect is dependent on extracellular adenosine concentrations, cell surface expression of different adenosine receptor subtypes, and signal transduction mechanisms activated following the binding of specific agonists. We venture to suggest that the clarification of the role of adenosine and its receptors in cancer development may hold great promise for the treatment of chemotherapy in patients affected by malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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42
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Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Capitani S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. Pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives sensitize melanoma cells to the chemotherapic drugs: taxol and vindesine. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:739-48. [PMID: 12948854 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated the "in vitro" modulatory activity of a series of pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives (PTP-d) in sensitizing malignant melanoma cells to the chemotherapic drugs: taxol and vindesine. To that end, we have described the impact of chemotherapeutic agents on the cell cycle and on the induction of apoptosis when used alone or in combination with PTP-d. We have demonstrated that four PTP-d reduced chemotherapic drugs EC(50) doses of the G(2)/M accumulation with an average of 1.7-fold for taxol and 9.5-fold for vindesine when challenged on A375 human melanoma cell line. This sensitization activity was also confirmed by analyzing the apoptosis degree induced by the chemotherapic drugs. Interestingly, PTP-d had no effects on the response to cytotoxic agents by skin-derived human keratinocyte cells, NCTC 2544. Therefore, we have investigated the signaling pathway sustaining the sensitizing effect of PTP-d, providing functional evidence that active compounds are able to inhibit multidrug resistance-associated ATP-binding cassette drug transporter. These results suggested that PTP-d hold great promise for the treatment of multidrug resistance in cancers, leading to potential new therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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43
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Abstract
The purine nucleoside adenosine acts via four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes: the adenosine A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptor. They are all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) coupling to classical second messenger pathways such as modulation of cAMP production or the phospholipase C (PLC) pathway. In addition, they couple to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which could give them a role in cell growth, survival, death and differentiation. Although each of the adenosine receptors can activate one or more of the MAPKs, the mechanisms appear to differ substantially, both between receptor subtypes in the same cell type and between the same receptor in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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44
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Bovero A, Avitabile B, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Gessi S, Varani K, Borea PA. Recent developments in the field of A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Maddock HL, Mocanu MM, Yellon DM. Adenosine A(3) receptor activation protects the myocardium from reperfusion/reoxygenation injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1307-13. [PMID: 12234780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00851.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion induces both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. The ability of adenosine to attenuate reperfusion-induced injury (RI) and the role played by adenosine receptors are unclear. We therefore studied the role of the A(3) receptor (A(3)R) in ameliorating RI using the specific A(3)R agonist 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxi-N-methyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamide (2-Cl-IB-MECA). Isolated rat hearts and cardiomyocytes were subjected to ischemia or simulated ischemia, followed by reperfusion/reoxygenation. The end points were percent infarction/risk zone and annexin-V (apoptosis) and/or propidium iodide positivity (necrosis), respectively. In isolated hearts, 2-Cl-IB-MECA significantly limited infarct size (44.2 +/- 2.7% in control vs. 21.9 +/- 2.4% at 1 nM and 35.8 +/- 3.3% at 0.1 nM, P < 0.05). In isolated myocytes, apoptosis and necrosis were significantly reduced compared with controls (5.7 +/- 2.6% vs. 17.1 +/- 1.3% and 13.7 +/- 2.0% vs. 23.1 +/- 1.5%, respectively, P < 0.0001). In both models, the beneficial effects were abrogated using the A(3)R antagonist MRS-1191. The involvement of A(2a) receptor activation was also examined. This is the first study to demonstrate that A(3)R activation at reperfusion limits myocardial injury in the isolated rat heart and improves survival in isolated myocytes, possibly by antiapoptotic and antinecrotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Maddock
- The Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Studies, Division of Cardiology, University College London Hospitals and Medical School, United Kingdom
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Merighi S, Mirandola P, Milani D, Varani K, Gessi S, Klotz KN, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors as mediators of both cell proliferation and cell death of cultured human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:923-33. [PMID: 12406340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine displays contradictory effects on cell growth: it improves cell proliferation, but it may also induce apoptosis and impair cell survival. Following the pharmacologic characterization of adenosine receptor expression on the human melanoma cell line A375, we chose A375 as our cellular model to define how the extracellular adenosine signals are conveyed from each receptor. By using selective adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists, we found that A2A stimulation reduced cell viability and cell clone formation, whereas, at the same time, it improved cell proliferation. In support of this finding we demonstrated that the stimulation of A2A adenosine receptors stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cell clone reproduced deleterious effects observed in human melanoma cells. A3 stimulation counteracted A2A-induced cell death but also reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, we found that A3 stimulation ensures cell survival. We demonstrated that adenosine triggers a survival signal via A3 receptor activation and it kills the cell through A2A receptor inducing a signaling pathway that involves protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Abstract
Snake envenomation employs three well integrated strategies: prey immobilization via hypotension, prey immobilization via paralysis, and prey digestion. Purines (adenosine, guanosine and inosine) evidently play a central role in the envenomation strategies of most advanced snakes. Purines constitute the perfect multifunctional toxins, participating simultaneously in all three envenomation strategies. Because they are endogenous regulatory compounds in all vertebrates, it is impossible for any prey organism to develop resistance to them. Purine generation from endogenous precursors in the prey explains the presence of many hitherto unexplained enzyme activities in snake venoms: 5'-nucleotidase, endonucleases (including ribonuclease), phosphodiesterase, ATPase, ADPase, phosphomonoesterase, and NADase. Phospholipases A(2), cytotoxins, myotoxins, and heparinase also participate in purine liberation, in addition to their better known functions. Adenosine contributes to prey immobilization by activation of neuronal adenosine A(1) receptors, suppressing acetylcholine release from motor neurons and excitatory neurotransmitters from central sites. It also exacerbates venom-induced hypotension by activating A(2) receptors in the vasculature. Adenosine and inosine both activate mast cell A(3) receptors, liberating vasoactive substances and increasing vascular permeability. Guanosine probably contributes to hypotension, by augmenting vascular endothelial cGMP levels via an unknown mechanism. Novel functions are suggested for toxins that act upon blood coagulation factors, including nitric oxide production, using the prey's carboxypeptidases. Leucine aminopeptidase may link venom hemorrhagic metalloproteases and endogenous chymotrypsin-like proteases with venom L-amino acid oxidase (LAO), accelerating the latter. The primary function of LAO is probably to promote prey hypotension by activating soluble guanylate cyclase in the presence of superoxide dismutase. LAO's apoptotic activity, too slow to be relevant to prey capture, is undoubtedly secondary and probably serves principally a digestive function. It is concluded that the principal function of L-type Ca(2+) channel antagonists and muscarinic toxins, in Dendroaspis venoms, and acetylcholinesterase in other elapid venoms, is to promote hypotension. Venom dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like enzymes probably also contribute to hypotension by destroying vasoconstrictive peptides such as Peptide YY, neuropeptide Y and substance P. Purines apparently bind to other toxins which then serve as molecular chaperones to deposit the bound purines at specific subsets of purine receptors. The assignment of pharmacological activities such as transient neurotransmitter suppression, histamine release and antinociception, to a variety of proteinaceous toxins, is probably erroneous. Such effects are probably due instead to purines bound to these toxins, and/or to free venom purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Laboratório de Toxinas Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Avenida Paranjana, 1700, Itaperí, 60740-000, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesangial cell apoptosis is a mechanism of resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in inflammatory forms of glomerular injury in which adenosine (ADO) was shown to play an anti-inflammatory role. This, and the observation that mesangial cell have ADO receptors prompted us to determine whether ADO induces mesangial cell apoptosis and to explore underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cultured mouse mesangial cell were incubated in the presence or absence of ADO or ADO receptor agonists (R-PIA, NECA, IB-MECA, CGS26180) or antagonists (DPCPX, DPSPX, MRS1191) for 48 hours. Cell death was assessed by trypan blue exclusion analysis. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS ADO and the A3 ADO receptor agonist IB-MECA induced mesangial cell death, which was markedly attenuated by the A3 receptor antagonist MRS1191. The A1 receptor agonist R-PIA, A2 receptor agonist NECA or the A2a receptor agonist CGS-12680 had no effect. The IB-MECA-induced mesangial cell death was due to apoptosis. This occurred via a cAMP independent mechanism. RT-PCR analysis revealed presence of A3, A1 and A2b but lack of A2a receptor transcripts in MC total RNA. Western blot analysis of mesangial cell lysates revealed expression the A3 receptor protein only. CONCLUSION The observations indicate that ADO induces mesangial cell apoptosis via stimulation of the A3 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhao
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Kim SG, Ravi G, Hoffmann C, Jung YJ, Kim M, Chen A, Jacobson KA. p53-Independent induction of Fas and apoptosis in leukemic cells by an adenosine derivative, Cl-IB-MECA. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:871-80. [PMID: 11911839 PMCID: PMC4811183 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) agonists have been reported to influence cell death and survival. The effects of an A(3)AR agonist, 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranonamide (Cl-IB-MECA), on apoptosis in two human leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and MOLT-4, were investigated. Cl-IB-MECA (> or =30 microM) increased the apoptotic fractions, as determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and activated caspase 3 and poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase. Known messengers coupled to A(3)AR (phospholipase C and intracellular calcium) did not seem to play a role in the induction of apoptosis. Neither dantrolene nor BAPTA-AM affected the Cl-IB-MECA-induced apoptosis. Cl-IB-MECA failed to activate phospholipase C in HL-60 cells, while UTP activated it through endogenous P2Y(2) receptors. Induction of apoptosis during a 48hr exposure to Cl-IB-MECA was not prevented by the A(3)AR antagonists [5-propyl-2-ethyl-4-propyl-3-(ethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-6-phenylpyridine-5-carboxylate] (MRS 1220) or N-[9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]benzeneacetamide (MRS 1523). Furthermore, higher concentrations of MRS 1220, which would also antagonize A(1) and A(2A) receptors, were ineffective in preventing the apoptosis. Although Cl-IB-MECA has been shown in other systems to cause apoptosis through an A(3)AR-mediated mechanism, in these cells it appeared to be an adenosine receptor-independent effect, which required prolonged incubation. In both HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells, Cl-IB-MECA induced the expression of Fas, a death receptor. This induction of Fas was not dependent upon p53, because p53 is not expressed in an active form in either HL-60 or MOLT-4 cells. Cl-IB-MECA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells was augmented by an agonistic Fas antibody, CH-11, and this increase was suppressed by the antagonistic anti-Fas antibody ZB-4. Therefore, Cl-IB-MECA induced apoptosis via a novel, p53-independent up-regulation of Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gon Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gnana Ravi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Jin Jung
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Min Kim
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aishe Chen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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González-Benítez E, Guinzberg R, Díaz-Cruz A, Piña E. Regulation of glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes through adenosine receptors. Role of Ca2+ and cAMP. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 437:105-11. [PMID: 11890897 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to identify the adenosine receptor subtype and the triggered events involved in the regulation of hepatic glycogen metabolism. Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, cAMP, and cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+](cyt)) were measured in isolated hepatocytes challenged with adenosine A1, A2A, and A3 receptor-selective agonists. Stimulation of adenosine receptor subtypes with selective agonists in Ca2+ media produced a dose-dependent increase in [Ca2+]cyt with A1>A2=A3, cAMP with A2A, glycogenolysis with A1>A2A>A3, and gluconeogenesis with A2A>A1>A3, in addition, a decrease in cAMP was observed with A1=A3. Comparatively, in Ca2+-free media or with a cell membrane-permeant Ca2+ chelator, activation of these adenosine receptors with the same selective agonists produced a smaller and transient rise in [Ca2+]cyt with A1=A3>A2, no rise in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis with A3>A1, but a full rise with A2A. Thus, in isolated rat hepatocytes activation of the adenosine A1 receptor triggered Ca2+-mediated glycogenolysis, activation of the adenosine A2A receptor stimulated cAMP-mediated gluconeogenesis, and activation of the adenosine A3 receptor increased [Ca2+]cyt and decreased cAMP with minor changes in glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth González-Benítez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70159, Mexico City, México, D.F., 04510, Mexico
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