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Matsushima N, Takatsuka S, Miyashita H, Kretsinger RH. Leucine Rich Repeat Proteins: Sequences, Mutations, Structures and Diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:108-131. [PMID: 30526451 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181208170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) containing proteins are associated with over sixty human diseases; these include high myopia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, and Crohn's disease. These mutations occur frequently within the LRR domains and within the regions that shield the hydrophobic core of the LRR domain. The amino acid sequences of fifty-five LRR proteins have been published. They include Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP14, and Nod-2, Small Leucine Rich Repeat Proteoglycans (SLRPs) such as keratocan, lumican, fibromodulin, PRELP, biglycan, and nyctalopin, and F-box/LRR-repeat proteins such as FBXL2, FBXL4, and FBXL12. For example, 363 missense mutations have been identified. Replacement of arginine, proline, or cysteine by another amino acid, or the reverse, is frequently observed. The diverse effects of the mutations are discussed based on the known structures of LRR proteins. These mutations influence protein folding, aggregation, oligomerization, stability, protein-ligand interactions, disulfide bond formation, and glycosylation. Most of the mutations cause loss of function and a few, gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Matsushima
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takatsuka
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyashita
- Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan.,Hokubu Rinsho Co., Ltd, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Robert H Kretsinger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
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Brierley GV, Siddle K, Semple RK. Evaluation of anti-insulin receptor antibodies as potential novel therapies for human insulin receptoropathy using cell culture models. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1662-1675. [PMID: 29700562 PMCID: PMC6445487 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in the INSR gene (encoding the insulin receptor [INSR]) commonly cause extreme insulin resistance and early mortality. Therapeutic options are limited, but anti-INSR antibodies have been shown to activate two mutant receptors, S323L and F382V. This study evaluates four well-characterised murine anti-INSR monoclonal antibodies recognising distinct epitopes (83-7, 83-14, 18-44, 18-146) as surrogate agonists for potential targeted treatment of severe insulin resistance arising from insulin receptoropathies. METHODS Ten naturally occurring mutant human INSRs with defects affecting different aspects of receptor function were modelled and assessed for response to insulin and anti-INSR antibodies. A novel 3T3-L1 adipocyte model of insulin receptoropathy was generated, permitting conditional knockdown of endogenous mouse Insr by lentiviral expression of species-specific short hairpin (sh)RNAs with simultaneous expression of human mutant INSR transgenes. RESULTS All expressed mutant INSR bound to all antibodies tested. Eight mutants showed antibody-induced autophosphorylation, while co-treatment with antibody and insulin increased maximal phosphorylation compared with insulin alone. After knockdown of mouse Insr and expression of mutant INSR in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, two antibodies (83-7 and 83-14) activated signalling via protein kinase B (Akt) preferentially over signalling via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) for seven mutants. These antibodies stimulated glucose uptake via P193L, S323L, F382V and D707A mutant INSRs, with antibody response greater than insulin response for D707A. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Anti-INSR monoclonal antibodies can activate selected naturally occurring mutant human insulin receptors, bringing closer the prospect of novel therapy for severe insulin resistance caused by recessive mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma V Brierley
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Siddle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Subramanian K, Fee CJ, Fredericks R, Stubbs RS, Hayes MT. Insulin receptor-insulin interaction kinetics using multiplex surface plasmon resonance. J Mol Recognit 2014; 26:643-52. [PMID: 24277609 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes affects millions of people worldwide, and measuring the kinetics of insulin receptor-insulin interactions is critical to improving our understanding of this disease. In this paper, we describe, for the first time, a rapid, real-time, multiplex surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay for studying the interaction between insulin and the insulin receptor ectodomain, isoform A (eIR-A). We used a scaffold approach in which anti-insulin receptor monoclonal antibody 83-7 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) was first immobilized on the SPR sensorchip by amine coupling, followed by eIR-A capture. The multiplex SPR system (ProteOn XPR36™, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) enabled measurement of replicate interactions with a single, parallel set of analyte injections, whereas repeated regeneration of the scaffold between measurements caused variable loss of antibody activity. Interactions between recombinant human insulin followed a two-site binding pattern, consistent with the literature, with a high-affinity site (dissociation constant K(D1) = 38.1 ± 0.9 nM) and a low-affinity site (K(D2) = 166.3 ± 7.3 nM). The predominantly monomeric insulin analogue Lispro had corresponding dissociation constants K(D1) = 73.2 ± 1.8 nM and K(D2) = 148.9 ± 6.1 nM, but the fit to kinetic data was improved when we included a conformational change factor in which the high-affinity site was converted to the low-affinity site. The new SPR assay enables insulin-eIR-A interactions to be followed in real time and could potentially be extended to study the effects of humoral factors on the interaction, without the need for insulin labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Subramanian
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand, 8041
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Ardon O, Procter M, Tvrdik T, Longo N, Mao R. Sequencing analysis of insulin receptor defects and detection of two novel mutations in INSR gene. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:71-84. [PMID: 27896077 PMCID: PMC5121292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the insulin receptor gene cause the inherited insulin resistant syndromes Leprechaunism and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome. These recessive conditions are characterized by intrauterine and post-natal growth restrictions, dysmorphic features, altered glucose homeostasis, and early demise. The insulin receptor gene (INSR) maps to the short arm of chromosome 19 and is composed of 22 exons. Here we optimize the conditions for sequencing this gene and report novel mutations in patients with severe insulin resistance. Methods PCR amplification of the 22 coding exons of the INSR gene was performed using M13-tailed primers. Bidirectional DNA sequencing was performed with BigDye Terminator chemistry and M13 primers and the product was analyzed on the ABI 3100 genetic analyzer. Data analysis was performed using Mutation Surveyor software comparing the sequence to a reference INSR sequence (Genbank NC_000019). Results We sequenced four patients with Leprechaunism or Rabson–Mendenhall syndromes as well as seven samples from normal individuals and confirmed previously identified mutations in the affected patients. Three of the four mutations identified in this group caused premature insertion of a stop codon. In addition, the INSR gene was sequenced in 14 clinical samples from patients with suspected insulin resistance and one novel mutation was found in an infant with a suspected diagnosis of Leprechaunism. Discussion Leprechaunism and Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome are very rare and difficult to diagnose. Diagnosis is currently based mostly on clinical criteria. Clinical availability of DNA sequencing can provide an objective way of confirming or excluding the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ardon
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M Procter
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - T Tvrdik
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - N Longo
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R Mao
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Alzahrani AS, Zou M, Baitei EY, Parhar RS, Al-Kahtani N, Raef H, Almahfouz A, Amartey JK, Al-Rijjal R, Hammami R, Meyer BF, Al-Mohanna FA, Shi Y. Molecular characterization of a novel p.R118C mutation in the insulin receptor gene from patients with severe insulin resistance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:540-7. [PMID: 22017372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations of the insulin receptor gene (INSR) can cause genetic syndromes associated with severe insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyse INSR mutations in Saudi patients with severe insulin resistance. DESIGN Ten patients with Type A insulin resistance syndrome from five unrelated Saudi families were investigated. The entire coding region of INSR was sequenced. The founder effect was assessed by microsatellite haplotype analysis. The functional effect of the mutation was investigated by in vitro functional assays. RESULTS A novel biallelic c.433 C>T (p.R118C) mutation was detected in all patients. The c.433 C>T (p.R118C) sequence variation was not found in 100 population controls. The arginine residue at position 118 is located in the ligand-binding domain of INSR and is highly conserved across species. Microsatellite haplotype analysis of these patients indicated that p.R118C was a founder mutation created approximately 2900 years ago. The wild-type and mutant (R118C) INSR were cloned and expressed in CHO cells for functional analysis. Specific insulin binding to the mutant receptor was reduced by 83% as compared to wild-type (WT), although the mutant receptor was processed and expressed on the cell surface. Insulin-mediated receptor autophosphorylation was also significantly reduced in CHO(R118C) cells. CONCLUSIONS Biallelic c.433 C>T (p.R118C) mutation of INSR causes significant damage to insulin binding and insulin-mediated signal transduction. p.R118C is a founder mutation frequently present in the Saudi patients with severe insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Vambergue A, Lautier C, Valat AS, Cortet-Rudelli C, Grigorescu F, Dewailly D. Follow-up study of two sisters with type A syndrome of severe insulin resistance gives a new insight into PCOS pathogenesis in relation to puberty and pregnancy outcome: a case report. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:1274-8. [PMID: 16410336 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two sisters with profound insulin resistance associated with a novel heterozygous missense mutation in exon 19 (His1130Arg) of the insulin receptor gene. The eldest was seen after puberty at age 15 and she presented a severe form of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with biological hyperandrogenism (HA) mimicking a virilizing tumour. However, she has been able to ovulate under clomiphene citrate (CC) and to achieve two uneventful pregnancies. The patient had no glucose tolerance abnormality during pregnancies. The outcome of pregnancy was good except for a low birthweight. The youngest sister was seen earlier in life (at age 11) before puberty. First, she developed polycystic ovaries (PCO), seen under ultrasound scan, and later also developed full PCOS. This second finding gave us the opportunity to observe that PCO developed before and at the beginning of puberty despite low LH levels. We postulate that the development of PCO was the consequence of an LH-independent intra-ovarian HA likely induced by the severe hyperinsulinism in the context of genetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vambergue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Clinique Marc Linquette, Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Lille, France.
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El Mkadem SA, Lautier C, Macari F, Molinari N, Lefèbvre P, Renard E, Gris JC, Cros G, Daurès JP, Bringer J, White MF, Grigorescu F. Role of allelic variants Gly972Arg of IRS-1 and Gly1057Asp of IRS-2 in moderate-to-severe insulin resistance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 2001; 50:2164-8. [PMID: 11522686 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, and IRS-2 genes in insulin resistance, we explored the genomic DNA in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and a variable degree (mean +/- SE) of insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance [HOMA(IR)] 3.2 +/- 0.6, n = 53; control subjects 1.56 +/- 0.34, n = 102) using direct sequencing. Whereas no novel mutations were found in these genes, gene-dosage effects were found on fasting insulin for the Gly972Arg IRS-1 variant and on 2-h plasma glucose for the Gly1057Asp IRS-2 variant. The Gly972Arg IRS-1 variant was more prevalent in insulin-resistant patients compared with non-insulin-resistant individuals or control subjects (39.3 vs. 4.0 and 16.6%, P < 0.0031, respectively). A multivariate model that included BMI as a variable revealed significant effects of the Gly1057Asp IRS-2 variant on insulin resistance (P < 0.016, odds ratio [OR] 7.2, 95% CI 1.29-43.3). HOMA(IR) was higher in carriers of both IRS variants than in those with IRS-2 mutations only or those with wild-type variants (6.2 +/- 2.3, 2.8 +/- 0.5, and 1.8 +/- 0.2, respectively; P < 0.01), and it was significantly associated with this genotype (P < 0.0085, OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.09-2.99). We conclude that polymorphic alleles of both IRS-1 and IRS-2, alone or in combination, may have a functional impact on the insulin-resistant component of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A El Mkadem
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Cilnique, Montpellier, France
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Bennet AM, Näslund TI, Morgenstern R, de Faire U. Bioinformatic and experimental tools for identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes with a potential role for the development of the insulin resistance syndrome. J Intern Med 2001; 249:127-36. [PMID: 11240843 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genes with a possible role for the development of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) were scanned for novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using bioinformatics. METHODS GenBank mRNA sequences were compared to the human EST database using gapped BLAST, software that is available on the internet. Mismatches between the search and the EST sequences indicated potential SNPs. Thirty-two SNPs in 13 genes were randomly chosen for experimental verification. PCR and direct sequencing were used to determine the 'true' SNPs. A random sample of 30 Swedish men with slightly elevated diastolic blood pressure (85-94 mmHg) obtained from a population-based study was selected for the sequencing. After completion of these stages, the potential SNPs were checked against the large and rapidly expanding SNP databases HGBASE and NCBI. RESULTS EST searches of 146 genes revealed 106 potential SNPs in 44 genes. Experimental analysis of 32 of these potential SNPs verified two SNPs; endothelin receptor A 1471 G/C (3' UTR) and PAI-1 Trp514Arg from a T/C exchange. These two SNPs were also identified in the NCBI and HGBASE databases together with two polymorphisms that were not experimentally identified in our homogeneous Swedish population. Overall, the HGBASE and NCBI databases contained entries of 22% (23 out of 106) of the SNPs identified through our EST searches. CONCLUSIONS In the search for genetic variations causing complex diseases like IRS in homogeneous populations (such as the Swedish one used here), important information can be obtained through bioinformatic searches of human genome databases and experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bennet
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rouard M, Bass J, Grigorescu F, Garrett TP, Ward CW, Lipkind G, Jaffiole C, Steiner DF, Bell GI. Congenital insulin resistance associated with a conformational alteration in a conserved beta-sheet in the insulin receptor L1 domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18487-91. [PMID: 10373457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone binding site of members of the insulin receptor family is contained within a highly conserved extracellular region of the receptor. Recent crystallization of the N-terminal region of the binding site revealed two large domains (L1, L2), each organized as a single-stranded right-handed beta-helix, connected by a rod-shaped cysteine-rich domain. Here, we analyze two new naturally occurring mutations in a single beta-sheet within L1, D59G and L62P, that we previously identified in a young woman with classic congenital insulin resistance (type A). Substitution of D59G, a beta-sheet connecting loop residue, caused decreased hormone binding but did not disrupt overall folding, assembly, or movement to the cell surface. In contrast, replacement of the adjacent residue L62P, which is located within the beta-sheet, and positioned in a hormone binding surface, completely disrupted intracellular folding, oligomerization, and trafficking and resulted in aberrant proteolytic degradation. Immunohistochemistry in combination with biosynthetic studies showed that misfolded receptors were retained in an incorrect cellular location and that they colocalized with the resident endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin. This study, together with other mutagenesis data, shows that formation of beta-sheet elements within the L1 beta-helix are critical for the folding of the entire extracellular domain of the receptor and that the hormone contact site is composed in part by residues in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rouard
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie Moleculaire, Institut Universitaire de Recherche, 34093 Montpellier, France
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