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Martin NM, Griffin DE. Effect of IL-10 Deficiency on TGFβ Expression during Fatal Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis in C57Bl/6 Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:1791. [PMID: 36016413 PMCID: PMC9416572 DOI: 10.3390/v14081791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) causes viral encephalitis in mice with strain-dependent virulence. Fatal encephalomyelitis in C57Bl/6 mice infected with a neuroadapted strain of SINV (NSV) is an immunopathogenic process that involves Th17 cells modulated by the regulatory cytokine IL-10. To further characterize the pathogenic immune response to NSV, we analyzed the regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-b in both wild-type (WT) and IL-10-deficient mice. NSV infection upregulated the expression of TGFb1 and TGFb3 in the central nervous system (CNS). In the absence of IL-10, levels of brain Tgfb1 mRNA and brain and spinal cord mature active TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 proteins were higher than in WT mice. Compared to WT mice, IL-10-deficient mice had more TGFβ1-expressing type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) and CD4+ T cells infiltrating the CNS, but similar numbers in the cervical lymph nodes. Expression of glycoprotein A repetitions predominant protein (GARP) that binds pro-TGFb on the surface of regulatory T cells was decreased on CNS cells from IL-10-deficient mice. Higher CNS TGFb was accompanied by more expression of TGFbRII receptor, activation of SMAD transcription factors, increased PCKα mRNA, and more RORγt-positive and IL-17A-expressing cells. These results suggest a compensatory role for TGFβ in the absence of IL-10 that fosters Th17-related immunopathology and more rapid death after NSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122612. [PMID: 33291372 PMCID: PMC7762023 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, such as the chikungunya virus, are emerging and re-emerging viruses that pose a global public health threat. They are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, mainly mosquitoes, to humans and animals. Although alphaviruses cause debilitating diseases in mammalian hosts, it appears that they have no pathological effect on the mosquito vector. Alphavirus/host interactions are increasingly studied at cellular and molecular levels. While it seems clear that apoptosis plays a key role in some human pathologies, the role of cell death in determining the outcome of infections in mosquitoes remains to be fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on alphavirus-induced regulated cell death in hosts and vectors and the possible role they play in determining tolerance or resistance of mosquitoes.
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Camini FC, da Silva Caetano CC, Almeida LT, da Costa Guerra JF, de Mello Silva B, de Queiroz Silva S, de Magalhães JC, de Brito Magalhães CL. Oxidative stress in Mayaro virus infection. Virus Res 2017; 236:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Takahashi M, Wolf AM, Watari E, Norose Y, Ohta S, Takahashi H. Increased mitochondrial functions in human glioblastoma cells persistently infected with measles virus. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:238-44. [PMID: 23830853 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is known for its ability to cause an acute infection with a potential of development of persistent infection. However, knowledge of how viral genes and cellular factors interact to cause or maintain the persistent infection has remained unclear. We have previously reported the possible involvement of mitochondrial short chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECHS), which is localized at mitochondria, in the regulation of MV replication. In this study we found increased functions of mitochondria in MV-persistently infected cells compared with uninfected or acutely infected cells. Furthermore, impairment of mitochondrial functions by treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors such as ethidium bromide (EtBr) or carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) induced the cytopathic effects of extensive syncytial formation in persistently infected cells. These findings suggest that mitochondria are one of the subcellular organelles contributing to regulate persistent infection of MV. Recent studies showed mitochondria provide an integral platform for retinoic acid-inducible protein (RIG-I)-like cytosolic receptors (RLRs) signaling and participate in cellular innate antiviral immunity. Our findings not only reveal a role of mitochondria in RLR mediated antiviral signaling but also suggest that mitochondria contribute to the regulation of persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Dhanwani R, Khan M, Bhaskar A, Singh R, Patro I, Rao P, Parida M. Characterization of Chikungunya virus infection in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: Role of apoptosis in neuronal cell death. Virus Res 2012; 163:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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6
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Gac M, Bigda J, Vahlenkamp TW. Increased mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression and lowered production of reactive oxygen species during rotavirus infection. Virology 2010; 404:293-303. [PMID: 20538313 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are responsible for severe diarrhea in infants and substantial economic losses in animal husbandry worldwide. We investigated the oxidant/antioxidant status in rotavirus-infected human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line. Our results show that within the initial 48 h of infection the expression of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is significantly increased, which correlates with a decrease in reactive oxygen species production, and with a lack of cellular glutathione depletion. During this period the mitochondria display a hyperpolarization of the inner membrane, which leads to an increased mitochondrial membrane potential. No increase in apoptosis was detected in the infected cultures. In contrast to many viral infections which cause redox imbalance in host cells, the described virus-host interaction suggests that rotavirus infection does not lead to an induction of oxidative stress, possibly to prolong cell survival and to allow for accumulation of viral particles before cell destruction and virus release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gac
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Fukuhara T, Hosoya T, Shimizu S, Sumi K, Oshiro T, Yoshinaka Y, Suzuki M, Yamamoto N, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA, Hagiwara M. Utilization of host SR protein kinases and RNA-splicing machinery during viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11329-33. [PMID: 16840555 PMCID: PMC1544086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604616103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the viral genome is often quite small, it encodes a broad series of proteins. The virus takes advantage of the host-RNA-processing machinery to provide the alternative splicing capability necessary for the expression of this proteomic diversity. Serine-arginine-rich (SR) proteins and the kinases that activate them are central to this alternative splicing machinery. In studies reported here, we use the HIV genome as a model. We show that HIV expression decreases overall SR protein/activity. However, we also show that HIV expression is significantly increased (20-fold) when one of the SR proteins, SRp75 is phosphorylated by SR protein kinase (SRPK)2. Thus, inhibitors of SRPK2 and perhaps of functionally related kinases, such as SRPK1, could be useful antiviral agents. Here, we develop this hypothesis and show that HIV expression down-regulates SR proteins in Flp-In293 cells, resulting in only low-level HIV expression in these cells. However, increasing SRPK2 function up-regulates HIV expression. In addition, we introduce SR protein phosphorylation inhibitor 340 (SRPIN340), which preferentially inhibits SRPK1 and SRPK2 and down-regulates SRp75. Although an isonicotinamide compound, SPRIN340 (or its derivatives) remain to be optimized for better specificity and lower cytotoxicity, we show here that SRPIN340 suppresses propagation of Sindbis virus in plaque assay and variably suppresses HIV production. Thus, we show that SRPK, a well known kinase in the cellular RNA-processing machinery, is used by at least some viruses for propagation and hence suggest that SRPIN340 or its derivatives may be useful for curbing viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukuhara
- *Laboratory of Gene Expression, School of Biomedical Science
- Department of Functional Genomics, Medical Research Institute
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saki Shimizu
- Molecular Virology, Graduate School, and
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; and
| | - Kengo Sumi
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takako Oshiro
- *Laboratory of Gene Expression, School of Biomedical Science
- Department of Functional Genomics, Medical Research Institute
| | - Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka
- **Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Division of Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Molecular Virology, Graduate School, and
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; and
| | - Leonore A. Herzenberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5318
| | - Leonard A. Herzenberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5318
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- *Laboratory of Gene Expression, School of Biomedical Science
- Department of Functional Genomics, Medical Research Institute
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Nikiforova NN, Velikodvorskaja TV, Kachko AV, Nikolaev LG, Monastyrskaya GS, Lukyanov SA, Konovalova SN, Protopopova EV, Svyatchenko VA, Kiselev NN, Loktev VB, Sverdlov ED. Induction of alternatively spliced spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase mRNA in the human kidney cells infected by venezuelan equine encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Virology 2002; 297:163-71. [PMID: 12083816 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
293 and RH cells derived from human embryo kidney were infected by Venezuelan equine encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses and cDNA libraries representing cellular mRNAs induced or suppressed due to the infection were prepared using suppressive subtractive hybridization. Among the up-regulated clones the RT-PCR and Northern analyses revealed an unusual transcript of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) gene that was shown to be an alternatively spliced form containing an additional 110-bp exon. The alternatively spliced transcript is polyadenylated and can be expected to yield only a truncated 71 amino acid polypeptide. This first evidence of the host gene alternatively spliced mRNA induction by RNA viruses raises the questions of its biological role, regulation mechanisms of alternative splicing, and significance for the virus life cycle.
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Liao SL, Raung SL, Chen CJ. Japanese encephalitis virus stimulates superoxide dismutase activity in rat glial cultures. Neurosci Lett 2002; 324:133-6. [PMID: 11988345 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection is commonly associated with inflammatory reaction and neurological disease that occurs in the infected animals. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated as a critical mediator for inflammation and diseases. The present study investigated the change of redox potential in glial cells following JEV infection. JEV infection induced the generation of superoxide anion and nitric oxide in rat cortical glial cells. Manganese superoxide dismutase, but not copper/zinc superoxide dismutase was activated by JEV infection, and this activation was blocked by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. In addition, the increased superoxide dismutase activity was also apparent in JEV acutely, or persistently infected continuous cell lines. These results suggest that cellular factors regulating oxidative pathway might play roles in responding to JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Section 3, Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
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