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Lee SM, Han HW, Yim SY. Beneficial effects of soy milk and fiber on high cholesterol diet-induced alteration of gut microbiota and inflammatory gene expression in rats. Food Funct 2016; 6:492-500. [PMID: 25477035 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00731j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate whether a soy milk and fiber mixture could improve high cholesterol diet-induced changes in gut microbiota and inflammation. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered four different diets: CTRL (AIN76A diet), CHOL (AIN76A with 1% (w/w) cholesterol), SOY (CHOL diet, 20% of which was substituted with freeze-dried soy milk), or S.FIBER (SOY diet with 1.2% (w/w) psyllium, 6.2% (w/w) resistant maltodextrin, and 6.2% (w/w) chicory powder). A lipid profile and gene expression analysis demonstrated that SOY and S.FIBER improved the serum HDL-cholesterol and colonic expression levels of genes in tight junction (ZO-1 and occludin) and inflammation-related (IL-1β, IL-10, and Foxp3) proteins. S.FIBER lowered the serum MCP-1 concentration as well. A gut microbial analysis revealed that CHOL increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B ratio). SOY increased the F/B ratio due to an increased proportion of Lactobacillus spp. S.FIBER greatly decreased the F/B ratio. Allobaculum spp. and Parabacteroides spp. exhibited a negative correlation with colonic expression of anti-inflammatory genes such as Foxp3, IL-10, occludin and ZO-1. CHOL increased the relative proportions of Allobaculum spp. and Parabacteroides spp. in the gut, while SOY and S.FIBER decreased these proportions. Diets containing soy milk and fiber mixtures could be beneficial by limiting CHOL-induced colonic inflammation and rescuing CHOL-disturbed gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Son Y, Chun W, Ahn YT, Kim K, Lee CW, Kim JM, Lee C, An WG. 7-Ketocholesterol induces the reduction of KCNMB1 in atherosclerotic blood vessels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:324-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bender SB, de Beer VJ, Tharp DL, van Deel ED, Bowles DK, Duncker DJ, Laughlin MH, Merkus D. Reduced contribution of endothelin to the regulation of systemic and pulmonary vascular tone in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia. J Physiol 2014; 592:1757-69. [PMID: 24421352 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction has been associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), a severe form of hyperlipidaemia. We recently demonstrated that swine with FH exhibit reduced exercise-induced systemic, but not pulmonary, vasodilatation involving reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Since NO normally limits endothelin (ET) action, we examined the hypothesis that reduced systemic vasodilatation during exercise in FH swine results from increased ET-mediated vasoconstriction. Systemic and pulmonary vascular responses to exercise were examined in chronically instrumented normal and FH swine in the absence and presence of the ETA/B receptor antagonist tezosentan. Intrinsic reactivity to ET was further assessed in skeletal muscle arterioles. FH swine exhibited ∼9-fold elevation in total plasma cholesterol versus normal swine. Similar to our recent findings, systemic, not pulmonary, vasodilatation during exercise was reduced in FH swine. Blockade of ET receptors caused marked systemic vasodilatation at rest and during exercise in normal swine that was significantly reduced in FH swine. The reduced role of ET in FH swine in vivo was not the result of decreased arteriolar ET responsiveness, as responsiveness was increased in isolated arterioles. Smooth muscle ET receptor protein content was unaltered by FH. However, circulating plasma ET levels were reduced in FH swine. ET receptor antagonism caused pulmonary vasodilatation at rest and during exercise in normal, but not FH, swine. Therefore, contrary to our hypothesis, FH swine exhibit a generalised reduction in the role of ET in regulating vascular tone in vivo probably resulting from reduced ET production. This may represent a unique vascular consequence of severe familial hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B Bender
- Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Carlsson CM. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20:711-22. [PMID: 20413858 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing rapidly, heightening the importance of finding effective preventive therapies for this devastating disease. Midlife vascular risk factors, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have been associated with increased risk of AD decades later and may serve as targets for AD prevention. Studies to date suggest that T2DM and hyperinsulinemia increase risk for AD, possibly through their effects on amyloid-beta metabolism and cerebrovascular dysfunction - two early findings in preclinical AD pathology. This paper reviews the evidence supporting a relationship between T2DM, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetic dyslipidemia on the development of AD, discusses DM treatment trials and their preliminary results on cognitive function, and proposes some strategies for optimizing future AD prevention trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Carlsson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Kelishadi R. Inflammation-induced atherosclerosis as a target for prevention of cardiovascular diseases from early life. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4:24-9. [PMID: 21804638 PMCID: PMC2840608 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401004020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis starts from the fetal life, and its natural course consists of interrelations between traditional risk factors and inflammatory, immune, and endothelial biomarkers. Even the early-stages of atherosclerotic lesions, i.e. fatty streaks present the features of chronic inflammation. Markers of inflammation are associated with insulin resistance and major atherosclerosis risk factors. Several studies have confirmed a relationship between surrogate markers of future cardiovascular disease with childhood obesity, notably abdominal obesity, as well as with the degree of obesity. Moreover, functional and structural changes are documented in arteries of children with a familial predisposition to atherosclerotic diseases; these changes are associated with clusters of inflammatory factors and markers of oxidation. In addition to the development of atheromatous plaques, inflammation also plays an essential role in the destabilization of artery plaques, and in turn in the occurrence of acute thrombo-embolic disorders. Markers of inflammation can provide predictive clinical information about outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes, independent of the extent of myocardial damage. Moreover, serum levels of the inflammatory markers might add prognostic information provided by traditional risk factors. Platelets have an important role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis and in the formation of mural thrombi. As lifestyle modification trials have been successful in decreasing endothelial dysfunction and the level of markers of inflammation among children and adolescents, it is suggested that in addition to expanding pharmacological therapies considered for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases aiming to control the inflammatory process, the importance of primordial/primary prevention of atherosclerosis should be underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Department, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Cao M, Dong L, Lu X, Luo J. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and its pathogenic effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1007-4376(08)60023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lamb DJ, Tickner ML, Dreux AC, El-Sankary W, Hourani SMO, Eales-Reynolds LJ, Ferns GAA. Impairment of vascular function following BCG immunisation is associated with immune responses to HSP-60 in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Atherosclerosis 2004; 172:13-20. [PMID: 14709352 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An immune response to heat shock protein (HSP)-60/65 has recently been implicated in atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether this effect may be mediated by impairment of endothelial function. Rabbits were injected with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine (n=12) or saline (n=12). A further injection of BCG or saline was administered after 2 weeks. After a further 2 weeks, animals were fed either a 0.25-1% cholesterol diet or a chow diet for 16 weeks. Blood cholesterol levels were maintained at 10-12mmol/l by altering the dietary cholesterol content. Plasma levels of anti-mycobacterial antibodies rose following BCG immunisation, but anti-HSP antibodies developed only in the BCG-immunised, cholesterol-fed rabbits. Aortic endothelium from cholesterol-fed, but not chow-fed, rabbits stained positively for HSP-60, independently of the immunisation protocol. Endothelial function was impaired in the BCG immunised, cholesterol-fed rabbits as measured by acetylcholine-mediated relaxation of isolated non-atherosclerotic carotid artery rings (P<0.05). This impairment was positively associated with the level of plasma anti-HSP-60 antibodies (P<0.01). These results suggest that BCG immunisation impairs endothelial responses, at least in part, by immune responses against mycobacterial and vascular HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lamb
- Centre for Clinical Science and Measurement, School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Paris D, Townsend KP, Humphrey J, Obregon DF, Yokota K, Mullan M. Statins inhibit A beta-neurotoxicity in vitro and A beta-induced vasoconstriction and inflammation in rat aortae. Atherosclerosis 2002; 161:293-9. [PMID: 11888511 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Freshly solubilized A beta peptides synergistically increase the magnitude of the constriction induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1), via the activation of a pro-inflammatory pathway. We report that mevinolin and mevastatin, two inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase are able to completely abolish the vasoactive properties of A beta in rat aortae. Mevinolin also appears to oppose the increased vascular reactivity to ET-1 induced by interleukin 1-beta and phospholipase A(2) suggesting that statins display some anti-inflammatory properties. We show that freshly solubilized A beta stimulates prostaglandin E(2) and F(2 alpha) production (by 6 and 3.6 times, respectively) in isolated rat aortae and that mevinolin completely antagonizes this effect confirming the anti-inflammatory action of mevinolin ex vivo in rat aortae. In addition, we observed that A beta vasoactivity is not mediated nor modulated by mevalonic acid suggesting that the anti-inflammatory action of the statins are not related to an inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity. Differentiated human neuroblastoma cells (IMR32) were used to assess the neurotoxic effect of pre-aggregated A beta by quantifying the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell culture medium. A beta appears to enhance LDH release by 30% in IMR32 cells, an effect that can be completely opposed by mevastatin. Taken together these data show that statins can antagonize the effect of A beta in different assays and provide new clues to understand the prophylactic action of the statins against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paris
- Department of Psychiatry, The Roskamp Institute, University of South Florida, 3515 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.
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Birnie D, Soucie LP, Smith S, Tang AS. Effects of cardiac resynchronisation on maximal and submaximal exercise performance in advanced heart failure patients with conduction abnormality. Heart 2001; 86:703-4. [PMID: 11711474 PMCID: PMC1730000 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Verma S, Dumont AS, Maitland A. Tetrahydrobiopterin attenuates cholesterol induced coronary hyperreactivity to endothelin. Heart 2001; 86:706-8. [PMID: 11711478 PMCID: PMC1730015 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Godart F, Willoteaux S, Rey C, Cocheteux B, Francart C, Beregi JP. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and pulmonary venous anomalies. Heart 2001; 86:705. [PMID: 11711476 PMCID: PMC1730011 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kotajima N, Kimura T, Kanda T, Kuwabara A, Fukumura Y, Murakami M, Kobayashi I. Reciprocal increase of circulating interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2001; 86:704-5. [PMID: 11711475 PMCID: PMC1730005 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Hetet G, Grandchamp B, Bouchier C, Nicaud V, Tiret L, Roizès G, Desnos M, Schwartz K, Dorent R, Komajda M. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: lack of association with haemochromatosis gene in the CARDIGENE study. Heart 2001; 86:702-3. [PMID: 11711473 PMCID: PMC1729998 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Sanderson JE, Lai KB, Shum IO, Wei S, Chow LT. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) expression in dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 2001; 86:701-8. [PMID: 11711472 PMCID: PMC1729995 DOI: 10.1136/heart.86.6.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Garlichs CD, John S, Schmeisser A, Eskafi S, Stumpf C, Karl M, Goppelt-Struebe M, Schmieder R, Daniel WG. Upregulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2001; 104:2395-400. [PMID: 11705814 DOI: 10.1161/hc4501.099312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is associated with inflammation and hypercoagulability. Both can be mediated by the CD40 system. This study investigated whether the CD40 system is upregulated in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia and whether it is influenced by therapy with a hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia and 15 healthy control subjects were investigated. CD154 and P-selectin were analyzed on platelets and CD40 was analyzed on monocytes before and under therapy with the statin cerivastatin by double-label flow cytometry. Blood concentrations of soluble CD154 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were evaluated. Our main findings were as follows. Patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia showed a significant increase of CD154 and P-selectin on platelets and CD40 on monocytes compared with healthy subjects. Soluble CD154 showed a nonsignificant trend for higher plasma levels in patients. A positive correlation was found for total or LDL cholesterol and CD154, but not for CD40 on monocytes. The latter was upregulated in vitro by C-reactive protein, which was found to be significantly elevated in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. CD154 on platelets proved to be biologically active because it enhanced the release of MCP-1, which was markedly elevated in an in vitro platelet-endothelial cell coculture model and in the serum of patients. Short-term therapy with a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor significantly downregulated CD40 on monocytes and serum levels of MCP-1. CONCLUSION Patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia show upregulation of the CD40 system, which may contribute to the known proinflammatory, proatherogenic, and prothrombotic milieu found in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Garlichs
- Medical Clinic II and Medical Clinic IV, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxane, which are important regulators of vascular function. Under normal physiological conditions, PGHS-dependent vasodilators (such as prostacyclin) modulate vascular tone. However, PGHS-dependent vasoconstriction (mediated by thromboxane and/or its immediate precursor, PGH(2)) predominates in some vascular pathologies (eg, systemic hypertension, diabetes, cerebral ischemia, and aging). This review will discuss the role of PGHS-dependent modulation of vascular function in a number of vascular beds (systemic, pulmonary, cerebral, and uterine) with an emphasis on vascular pathophysiology. Moreover, the specific contributions of the different isoforms (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2) are discussed. Understanding the role of PGHS in vascular function is of particular importance because they are the targets of the commonly used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include aspirin and ibuprofen. Importantly, with the advent of specific PGHS-2 inhibitors for treatment of conditions such as chronic inflammatory disease, it is an opportune time to review the data regarding PGHS-dependent modulation of vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Davidge
- Perinatal Research Centre, Departments of Ob/Gyn and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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