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Kumari R, Sharma SD, Kumar A, Ende Z, Mishina M, Wang Y, Falls Z, Samudrala R, Pohl J, Knight PR, Sambhara S. Antiviral Approaches against Influenza Virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0004022. [PMID: 36645300 PMCID: PMC10035319 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing and controlling influenza virus infection remains a global public health challenge, as it causes seasonal epidemics to unexpected pandemics. These infections are responsible for high morbidity, mortality, and substantial economic impact. Vaccines are the prophylaxis mainstay in the fight against influenza. However, vaccination fails to confer complete protection due to inadequate vaccination coverages, vaccine shortages, and mismatches with circulating strains. Antivirals represent an important prophylactic and therapeutic measure to reduce influenza-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we review current FDA-approved influenza antivirals with their mechanisms of action, and different viral- and host-directed influenza antiviral approaches, including immunomodulatory interventions in clinical development. Furthermore, we also illustrate the potential utility of machine learning in developing next-generation antivirals against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kumari
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Ende
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), CDC Fellowship Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margarita Mishina
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Zackary Falls
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul R. Knight
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Levina A, Repkova M, Shikina N, Ismagilov Z, Kupryushkin M, Pavlova A, Mazurkova N, Pyshnyi D, Zarytova V. Pronounced therapeutic potential of oligonucleotides fixed on inorganic nanoparticles against highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 162:92-98. [PMID: 33753212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the effective attack of oligonucleotides on the viral genome of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus (IAV) in vivo using for the first time the new delivery system consisting of biocompatible low-toxic titanium dioxide nanoparticles and immobilized polylysine-containing oligonucleotides with the native (ODN) and partially modified (ODNm) internucleotide bonds. Intraperitoneal injection of the TiO2•PL-ODN nanocomposite provided 65-70% survival of mice, while intraperitoneal or oral administration of TiO2•PL-ODNm was somewhat more efficient (~80% survival). The virus titer in the lung was reduced by two-three orders of magnitude. The nanocomposites are nontoxic to mice under the used conditions. TiO2 nanoparticles, unbound ODN, and the nanocomposite bearing the random oligonucleotide showed an insignificant protective effect, which indicates the ability of targeted oligonucleotides delivered in mice in the nanocomposites to site-specifically interact with complementary RNAs. The protection of oligonucleotides in nanocomposites by TiO2 nanoparticles and partial modification of the internucleotide bonds provides a continued presence of oligonucleotides in the body for the effective and specific action on the viral RNA. The proposed oligonucleotide delivery system can claim not only to effectively inhibit IAV genes but also to turn off other genes responsible for diseases caused by nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Levina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Repkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Shikina
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Zinfer Ismagilov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Kupryushkin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna Pavlova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Mazurkova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pyshnyi
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina Zarytova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Beigel JH, Voell J, Muñoz P, Kumar P, Brooks KM, Zhang J, Iversen P, Heald A, Wong M, Davey RT. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of radavirsen (AVI-7100), an antisense oligonucleotide targeting influenza a M1/M2 translation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 84:25-34. [PMID: 28929521 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the present study were to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of radavirsen following single ascending doses and multiple doses given as intravenous infusions in healthy adults. METHODS A phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of radavirsen was performed in healthy volunteers. The study was divided into two parts. The first was a single-ascending-dose study of five cohorts of eight subjects each, randomized 6:2 to receive single intravenous doses of radavirsen ranging from 0.5 mg kg-1 to 8 mg kg-1 or placebo. The second was a multiple-dose study of 16 subjects randomized 12:4 to receive 8 mg kg-1 or placebo once daily for 5 days. RESULTS A total of 66 subjects were screened, and 56 subjects were dosed between 2013 and 2015. At least one adverse event occurred in 31/42 (74%) who received radavirsen, and 13/14 (93%) receiving placebo. The most common adverse events were headache and proteinuria, and were similar in incidence and severity among those receiving radavirsen or placebo. Single-dose pharmacokinetics demonstrated relatively linear and dose-proportional increases in maximal concentration and in area under the concentration-time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC0-24 ). At 8 mg kg-1 in the multiple-dose cohort, the day 4 geometric mean AUC0-24 was 57.9 μg*h ml-1 . CONCLUSION Single infusions of radavirsen up to 8 mg kg-1 , and multi-dosing at 8 mg kg-1 once daily for 5 days, appear to be safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects. The multi-dose day 4 AUC0-24 in the present study was comparable with that associated with protection from viral infection in a preclinical ferret influenza model. Further evaluation of radavirsen for the treatment of influenza infections is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Voell
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paula Muñoz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Parag Kumar
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristina M Brooks
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard T Davey
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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In vitro and in vivo protection against enterovirus 71 by an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2339-47. [PMID: 24756344 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a highly infectious virus that is a major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which can lead to severe neurological complications. Currently, there is no effective therapy against EV71. Five antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting the 5'-terminal conserved domain of the viral genome were designed using a method based on multiple predicted target mRNA structures. They were then screened for anti-EV71 activity in vitro based on their ability to inhibit an EV71-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). A novel antisense oligonucleotide (EV5) was tested both in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and in vivo using a mouse model, with a random oligonucleotide (EV5R) of EV5 as a control. EV5 was identified as having significant anti-EV71 activity in vitro and in vivo without significant cytotoxicity. Treatment of RD and Vero cells with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide EV5 significantly and specifically alleviated the cytopathic effect of EV71 in vitro. The inhibitory effect was dose dependent and specific, with a corresponding decrease in viral RNA and viral protein levels. In vivo, EV5 was specifically effective against EV71 virus in preventing death, decreasing weight reduction and reducing the viral RNA copy number and the level of viral proteins in the lungs, intestines and muscles. These results demonstrate the potential and feasibility of using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides specific for the 5'-terminal conserved domain of the viral genome as an antiviral therapy for EV71 disease.
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Hayden FG. Newer influenza antivirals, biotherapeutics and combinations. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7 Suppl 1:63-75. [PMID: 23279899 PMCID: PMC5978626 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This summary provides an overview of investigational antiviral agents for influenza and of future directions for development of influenza therapeutics. While progress in developing clinically useful antiviral agents for influenza has been generally slow, especially with respect to seriously ill and high-risk patients, important clinical studies of intravenous neuraminidase inhibitors, antibodies and drug combinations are currently in progress. The current decade offers the promise of developing small molecular weight inhibitors with novel mechanisms of action, including host-directed therapies, new biotherapeutics and drug combinations, that should provide more effective antiviral therapies and help mitigate the problem of antiviral resistance. Immunomodulatory interventions also offer promise but need to be based on better understanding of influenza pathogenesis, particularly in seriously ill patients. The development of combination interventions, immunomodulators and host-directed therapies presents unique clinical trial design and regulatory hurdles that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Hayden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Jin Y, Zhang G, Hu Y, Ding M, Li Y, Cao S, Xue J, Sun LQ, Wang M. Inhibition of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus propagation by RNA oligonucleotides targeting the PB2 gene in combination with celecoxib. J Gene Med 2011; 13:243-9. [PMID: 21449039 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 can cause acute respiratory infections with an uncontrolled virus-induced cytokine storm in both poultry and humans. In view of the high mortality of H5N1 influenza virus infection, the development of novel broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic agents against infection is urgently needed. In the present study, we attempted to explore whether the combinational use of a viral gene-targeted agent and immunomodulator is feasible as a new strategy against the H5N1 infection. METHODS Four antisense RNA oligonucleotides targeting the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) gene of H5N1-HPIV were designed and screened for their ability to inhibit H5N1 influenza viral propagation. RESULTS In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, the RNA oligonucleotides efficiently inhibited viral replication, as measured by hemagglutinin production, plaque formation and viral RNA expression assays. In a mouse infection model, a combinational treatment in mice with the PB2 oligonucleotides and celecoxib significantly reduced the viral load, regulated cytokine profiles, and improved lung lesions and animal survival compared to the single use of either PB2 oligonucleotides or the immunomodulatory agent, celecoxib. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study suggest the potential use of PB2-targeted oligonucleotides in conjunction with immunomodulators for the control of H5N1 influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
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Kher G, Trehan S, Misra A. Antisense Oligonucleotides and RNA Interference. CHALLENGES IN DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTIC GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150054 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384964-9.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Duan M, Zhou Z, Lin RX, Yang J, Xia XZ, Wang SQ. In vitro and in vivo Protection against the Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza virus by an Antisense Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Current vaccination strategies and antiviral drugs only provide limited protection against influenza virus infection. In this study, we investigated the use of a novel antisense oligonucleotide (named IV-AS), which is specific for the 5’-terminal conserved sequence found in all eight viral RNA segments of influenza A virus. Methods The activity of IV-AS was monitored both in vitro, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, and in vivo using a mouse model. IV-AS was given intranasally to H5N1-infected mice once daily for 6 days starting 6 h after infection. A three-base mismatch of IV-AS was used as a control. Results IV-AS inhibited influenza virus A induced cytopathic effects in MDCK cells with the 50% effective concentration (EC50) ranging from 2.2 to 4.4 μM. IV-AS was effective against H5N1 virus in preventing death, lessening weight reduction, inhibiting lung consolidation and reducing lung virus titres. Dosages of 40 and 60 mg/kg/day provided 40% and 60% survival rates and prolonged mean survival days in comparison with the infected control group ( P<0.05). The lung index in mice treated with IV-AS, at a dose of 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg/day, had been inhibited on day 4 or 6 ( P<0.05 or P<0.01); virus titres in lung had declined to 2.42, 1.51 and 1.54 log10 TCID50/g of lung, respectively, whereas the yields in the infected control mice were 6.00 log10 TCID50/g of lung. Conclusions Our results suggest that the 5’-terminal conserved region of influenza A virus RNA segments can be targeted using antisense technology; therefore, IV-AS is a potential drug for prophylaxis and control of influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Duan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ru-Xian Lin
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xian-Zhu Xia
- Changchun Institute of Veterinary Science, 1068 Qinglong Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
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Wu Y, Zhang G, Li Y, Jin Y, Dale R, Sun LQ, Wang M. Inhibition of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus replication by RNA oligonucleotides targeting NS1 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 365:369-74. [PMID: 17996729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) has caused widespread infections in poultry and wild birds, and has the potential to emerge as a pandemic threat to human. In order to explore novel approaches to inhibiting highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection, we have developed short RNA oligonucleotides, specific for conserved regions of the non-structural protein gene (NS1) of AIV. In vitro the hemagglutination (HA) titers in RNA oligonucleotide-treated cells were at least 5-fold lower than that of the control. In vivo, the treatment with three doses of RNA oligonucleotides protected the infected chickens from H5N1 virus-induced death at a rate of up to 87.5%. Plaque assay and real-time PCR analysis showed a significant reduction of the PFU and viral RNA level in the lung tissues of the infected animals treated with the mixed RNA oligonucleotides targeting the NS1 gene. Together, our findings revealed that the RNA oligonucleotides targeting at the AIV NS1 gene could potently inhibit avian H5N1 influenza virus reproduction and present a rationale for the further development of the RNA oligonucleotides as prophylaxis and therapy for highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100094, PR China
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Ge Q, Pastey M, Kobasa D, Puthavathana P, Lupfer C, Bestwick RK, Iversen PL, Chen J, Stein DA. Inhibition of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus in cell cultures with morpholino oligomers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3724-33. [PMID: 16966399 PMCID: PMC1635187 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00644-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (P-PMO) are single-stranded nucleic acid-like antisense agents that can reduce gene expression by sterically blocking complementary RNA sequence. P-PMO are water soluble and nuclease resistant, and they readily achieve uptake into cells in culture under standard conditions. Eight P-PMO, each 20 to 22 bases in length, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza A virus (FLUAV) A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) replication in cell culture. The P-PMO were designed to base pair with FLUAV RNA sequences that are highly conserved across viral subtypes and considered critical to the FLUAV biological-cycle, such as gene segment termini and mRNA translation start site regions. Several P-PMO were highly efficacious, each reducing viral titer in a dose-responsive and sequence-specific manner in A/PR/8/34-infected cells. Two P-PMO, one designed to target the AUG translation start site region of PB1 mRNA and the other the 3'-terminal region of nucleoprotein viral genome RNA, also proved to be potent against several other FLUAV strains, including A/WSN/33 (H1N1), A/Memphis/8/88 (H3N2), A/Eq/Miami/63 (H3N8), A/Eq/Prague/56 (H7N7), and the highly pathogenic A/Thailand/1(KAN-1)/04 (H5N1). The P-PMO exhibited minimal cytotoxicity in cell viability assays. High efficacy by two of the P-PMO against multiple FLUAV subtypes suggests that these oligomers represent a broad-spectrum therapeutic approach against a high percentage of known FLUAV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ge
- AVI BioPharma Inc., 4575 SW Research Way, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Takahashi H, Hamazaki H, Habu Y, Hayashi M, Abe T, Miyano-Kurosaki N, Takaku H. A new modified DNA enzyme that targets influenza virus A mRNA inhibits viral infection in cultured cells. FEBS Lett 2004; 560:69-74. [PMID: 14988000 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA enzymes are RNA-cleaving single-stranded DNA molecules. We designed DNA enzymes targeting the PB2 mRNA translation initiation (AUG) region of the influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34). The modified DNA enzymes have one or two N3'-P5' phosphoramidate bonds at both the 3'- and 5'-termini of the oligonucleotides, which significantly enhanced their nuclease resistance. These modified DNA enzymes had the same cleavage activity as the unmodified DNA enzymes, determined by kinetic analyses, and reduced influenza A virus replication by more than 99%, determined by plaque formation. These DNA enzymes are highly specific; their protective effect was not observed in influenza B virus (B/Ibaraki)-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
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Inagawa T, Nakashima H, Karwowski B, Guga P, Stec WJ, Takeuchi H, Takaku H. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by P-stereodefined oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioate)s in a long-term infection model. FEBS Lett 2002; 528:48-52. [PMID: 12297278 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioate)s (S-ODNs), if prepared by conventional methods, consist of a mixture of diastereomers by virtue of the asymmetry of the phosphorus atom involved in the internucleotide linkages. This may affect the stability of the complexes formed between S-ODNs and complementary oligoribonucleotides, which is commonly accepted as the most important factor in determining the efficacy of an antisense approach. Using HIV-1-infected MOLT-4 cells via a long-term culture approach, we studied the influence of the P-chirality sense of stereodefined 28mer oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioate)s, [All-Rp]-S-ODN-gag-28-AUG and [All-Sp]-S-ODN-gag-28-AUG, complementary to the sequence starting at the AUG initiation codon of the gag mRNA of HIV-1, upon the anti-HIV-1 activity. The [All-Sp]-S-ODN-gag-28-AUG at a low concentration of 0.5 microM can completely suppress HIV-1(gag) p24 antigen expression in HIV-1-infected MOLT-4 clone 8 cells for 32 days. Cells treated with [All-Rp]-S-ODN-gag-28-AUG (0.5 microM) showed a high level of the antigen expression at day 16. Furthermore, satisfactory suppression could not be achieved from a random [Mix]-S-ODN-gag-28-AUG, consisting of a diastereomeric mixture of the oligonucleotides. Our results suggest that chemotherapy based upon the use of stereodefined antisense [All-Sp] S-ODN may be a more effective method for reducing the viral burden in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takubumi Inagawa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Japan
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Dass CR. Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of lipoplexes pertinent to solid tumour gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2002; 241:1-25. [PMID: 12086717 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes have become the reagent of choice for transfer of nucleic acids such as plasmids and oligodeoxynucleotides to cells in culture and in vivo. Whilst these reagents have several advantages over other forms of nucleic acid transfer methods, toxicity remains a significant problem, especially in vivo. Recent studies have also highlighted the immunostimulatory nature of these cationic vesicles when complexed to plasmid DNA, a phenomenon that may be harnessed for efficacious usage against tumours. Current research in this dynamic technological field is aimed at the development of cationic lipids that have negligible toxic effects and enhanced transfection capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Johnson & Johnson Research, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, 1430, Eveleigh, Australia.
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