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Yoo JJ, Park MY, Cho EJ, Yu SJ, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Kim YS, Yoon JH. Smoking Increases the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093336. [PMID: 37176776 PMCID: PMC10179445 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of smoking with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been reported, but the study of its relationship with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is limited. We aimed to investigate the effect of smoking on the incidence of HCC or CVD in MAFLD patients. Using the Korean nationwide health screening database, we analyzed subjects between 2001 and 2015. A total of 283,088 subjects including 110,863 MAFLD patients and 172,225 controls were analyzed. Smoking status was divided by non-smoker, ex-smoker, or current smoker. In the follow-up period, a total of 2903 (1.0%) subjects developed HCC, and the MAFLD group (1723, 1.6%) had a significantly higher incidence than the control group (1180, 0.7%). In the MAFLD group, current smokers showed significantly higher risk of HCC compared to non-smokers (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.41), whereas the control group did not (adjusted HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.89-1.30). A total of 18,984 (6.7%) patients developed CVD, and the incidence was significantly higher in the MAFLD group (8688, 7.8%) than in the control group (10,296, 6.0%), similar to HCC. The risk of CVD in current smokers increased by 22% compared to non-smokers in the MAFLD group (adjusted HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.15-1.30) and by 21% (adjusted HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.29) in the control group. Based on sex stratification, men showed increased incidence of both HCC and CVD by smoking, whereas women had only increased risk of CVD. Smoking significantly increases the incidence of HCC and CVD in MAFLD patients; thus, it is highly recommended to quit smoking completely in the population with MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Young Park
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Ham J, Kim J, Sohn KH, Park IW, Choi BW, Chung DH, Cho SH, Kang HR, Jung JW, Kim HY. Cigarette smoke aggravates asthma by inducing memory-like type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3852. [PMID: 35789151 PMCID: PMC9253141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoking is known to exacerbate asthma, only a few clinical asthma studies have been conducted involving smokers. Here we show, by comparing paired sputum and blood samples from smoking and non-smoking patients with asthma, that smoking associates with significantly higher frequencies of pro-inflammatory, natural-cytotoxicity-receptor-non-expressing type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) in the sputum and memory-like, CD45RO-expressing ILC3s in the blood. These ILC3 frequencies positively correlate with circulating neutrophil counts and M1 alveolar macrophage frequencies, which are known to increase in uncontrolled severe asthma, yet do not correlate with circulating eosinophil frequencies that characterize allergic asthma. In vitro exposure of ILCs to cigarette smoke extract induces expression of the memory marker CD45RO in ILC3s. Cigarette smoke extract also impairs the barrier function of airway epithelial cells and increases their production of IL-1β, which is a known activating factor for ILC3s. Thus, our study suggests that cigarette smoking increases local and circulating frequencies of activated ILC3 cells, plays a role in their activation, thereby aggravating non-allergic inflammation and the severity of asthma. Cigarette smoking may exacerbate asthma, but the underlying mechanisms have not been studied extensively in human patients. Here authors show that type 3 innate lymphoid cells with activated phenotypes are found in the sputum and blood of smokers in higher frequencies, which might result in the aggravation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Ham
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Whui Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University H.C.S. Hyundae l Hospital, Namyangju, South Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kang
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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Maritati F, Peyronel F, Fenaroli P, Pegoraro F, Lastrucci V, Benigno GD, Palmisano A, Rossi GM, Urban ML, Alberici F, Fraticelli P, Emmi G, Corradi M, Vaglio A. Occupational Exposures and Smoking in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case-Control Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1694-1702. [PMID: 33750006 DOI: 10.1002/art.41722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Environmental agents and occupational exposures may confer susceptibility to EGPA, but data are scarce. This study was undertaken to investigate the association between occupational exposures (e.g., silica, farming, asbestos, and organic solvents) and other environmental agents (e.g., smoking) and the risk of EGPA. METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed EGPA (n = 111) and general population controls (n = 333) who were matched for age, sex, and geographic area of origin were recruited at a national referral center for EGPA. Exposures were assessed using a dedicated questionnaire administered by a specialist in occupational medicine, under blinded conditions. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Exposures to silica (OR 2.79 [95% CI 1.55-5.01], P = 0.001), organic solvents (OR 3.19 [95% CI 1.91-5.34], P < 0.001), and farming (OR 2.71 [95% CI 1.71-4.29], P < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of EGPA. Co-exposure to silica and farming yielded an OR of 9.12 (95% CI 3.06-27.19, P < 0.001), suggesting a multiplicative effect between these 2 exposures. Smoking (current and former smokers combined) was significantly less frequent among patients with EGPA compared to controls (OR 0.49 [95% CI 0.29-0.70], P < 0.001). The pack-year index was also lower among patients with EGPA (OR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94-0.98], P < 0.001). The association of silica and farming was primarily aligned with ANCA-positive EGPA, while the association of smoking status and organic solvents was primarily aligned with ANCA-negative EGPA. CONCLUSION The environment can influence susceptibility to EGPA. Exposure to silica, farming, or organic solvents is associated with an increased risk of EGPA, while smoking is associated with a lower risk. These exposures seem to have distinct effects on different EGPA subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vieri Lastrucci
- University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Federico Alberici
- Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Emmi
- University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Hasan S, Alshaikh B, Yusuf K. Serum levels of soluble Fas and Fas ligand in pregnant women who smoke. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13382. [PMID: 33247994 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with reduced incidence of preeclampsia. Mechanisms of this association are poorly understood. Cytokines, angiogenic, and anti-angiogenic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. During normal pregnancy, Fas ligand (FasL) present on trophoblasts induces apoptosis of Fas bearing maternal immune cells. In preeclampsia, trophoblasts show increased apoptosis with reduced expression of FasL. We determined serum levels of cytokines, angiogenic (placental growth factor), anti-angiogenic factors (soluble endoglin, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), soluble Fas (sFas), and soluble FasL (sFasL) in smoking and non-smoking pregnant women. METHODS Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent and multiplex assays, we prospectively analyzed serum levels of angiogenic, anti-angiogenic factors, cytokines, sFas and sFasL in normotensive smoking and non-smoking mothers. Exclusion criteria included maternal hypertension, auto-immune disorders, rupture of membranes, evidence of labor, and drug use. RESULTS Of 100 women recruited to the study, 51 were in the non-smoking and 49 in the smoking group. Except for lower maternal age in the smoking group, there was no difference in gestation, BMI, gravidity, or ethnicity between the two groups. Levels of angiogenic, anti-angiogenic factors, cytokines, and sFas were similar between the two groups but sFasL levels were significantly higher in smoking group (38 pg/ml vs. 16 pg/ml, p < .001) and remained significant after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates higher sFasL levels in pregnant women who smoke. Higher sFasL may explain the reduced incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant mothers who smoke by inducing apoptosis of immune cells which may otherwise induce trophoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Belal Alshaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kamran Yusuf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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5
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Roden DF, Hobelmann K, Vimawala S, Richa T, Fundakowski CE, Goldman R, Luginbuhl A, Curry JM, Cognetti DM. Evaluating the impact of smoking on disease‐specific survival outcomes in patients with human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal cancer treated with transoral robotic surgery. Cancer 2020; 126:1873-1887. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan F. Roden
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Rutgers University Newark New Jersey
| | - Kealan Hobelmann
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Swar Vimawala
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Tony Richa
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher E. Fundakowski
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Goldman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M. Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - David M. Cognetti
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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6
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Ezzeldin N, Farouk H, Kandil DM, Darwish A, El-Bastawisy A. Impact of cell death pathway genes Fas 21377AA and FasL 2844CC polymorphisms on the risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Liu T, Zuo L, Li L, Yin L, Liang K, Yu H, Ren H, Zhou W, Jing H, Liu Y, Kong C. Significant association among the Fas -670 A/G (rs1800682) polymorphism and esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and prostate cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10911-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Abuhussein H, Bashutski JD, Dabiri D, Halubai S, Layher M, Klausner C, Makhoul H, Kapila Y. The role of factors associated with apoptosis in assessing periodontal disease status. J Periodontol 2013; 85:1086-95. [PMID: 24359166 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the release of apoptotic proteins during periodontal breakdown. This pilot study investigates the presence of factors associated with apoptosis in serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and their association with periodontal disease severity and activity. METHODS GCF, whole saliva, and serum were obtained from 47 adult patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 10 healthy controls. Clinical measurements, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographs, were used to classify patients into healthy, mild, and moderate/severe CP groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure apoptosis or DNA fragmentation in GCF and active caspase-3, soluble Fas (sFas), and sFas ligand (sFasL) in saliva and serum. Western immunoblotting was used to detect Fas, FasL, sFasL, and caspase-3 expression in GCF. RESULTS DNA fragmentation was positively correlated with PD and CAL regardless of patient disease status (P <0.001). sFas and sFasL were present in saliva and serum, but there were no differences between groups. In GCF, the greater odds of detecting Fas, sFasL, and caspase-3 increased with increasing PD and CAL (P <0.05). In addition, sites with inflammation and PD ≥5 mm had significantly greater odds of exhibiting Fas, sFasL, and caspase-3 expression compared with sites without inflammation and PD <5 mm (P <0.05). Caspase-3 was not detected in saliva or serum. At the patient level, only FasL and disease status were significantly correlated (P <0.05). CONCLUSION Factors associated with apoptosis were detected in GCF in patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abuhussein
- School of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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9
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Zhong-Xing Z, Yuan-Yuan M, Hai Zhen M, Jian-Gang Z, Li-Feng Z. FAS-1377 G/A (rs2234767) polymorphism and cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of 17,858 cases and 24,311 controls. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73700. [PMID: 24014103 PMCID: PMC3754923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disruption of apoptosis has been implicated in carcinogenesis. Specifically, various single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in apoptotic genes, such as FAS-1377 G/A SNP, have been associated with cancer risk. FAS-1377 G/A SNP has been shown to alter FAS gene promoter transcriptional activity. Down-regulation of FAS and cell death resistance is key to many cancers, but an association between FAS-1377 G/A SNP and cancer risk is uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of the current literature to clarify this relationship. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From PubMed and Chinese language (CNKI and WanFang) databases, we located articles published up to March 5, 2013, obtaining 44 case-control studies from 41 different articles containing 17,858 cases and 24,311 controls based on search criteria for cancer susceptibility related to the FAS gene -1377 G/A SNP. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) revealed association strengths. Data show that the -1377 G allele was protective against cancer risk. Similar associations were detected in "source of control," ethnicity and cancer type subgroups. Lower cancer risk was found in both smokers with a GG+GA genotype and in non-smokers with the GG+GA genotype, when compared to smokers and nonsmokers with the AA genotype. Males carrying the -1377G allele (GG+GA) had lower cancer incidence than those with the AA genotype. Individuals who carried both FAS-1377(GG+GA)/FASL-844(TT+TC) genotypes appeared to have lower risk of cancer than those who carried both FAS-1377 AA/FASL-844 CC genotypes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The FAS-1377 G/A SNP may decrease cancer risk. Studies with larger samples to study gene-environment interactions are warranted to understand the role of FAS gene polymorphisms, especially -1377 G/A SNP, in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhong-Xing
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2. Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mi Yuan-Yuan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ma Hai Zhen
- Department of Operating Room, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zou Jian-Gang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2. Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Li-Feng
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2. Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Karimi MY, Kapoor V, Sharma SC, Das SN. Genetic polymorphisms in FAS (CD95) and FAS ligand (CD178) promoters and risk of tobacco-related oral carcinoma: gene-gene interactions in high-risk Indians. Cancer Invest 2012; 31:1-6. [PMID: 23153021 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.743555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the association of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in FAS -1377, -670 and FAS ligand (FASL) -844 promoters in 139 oral cancer patients and 126 normal subjects by PCR-RFLP. In logistic regression analysis FAS -1377 GA genotype appeared to marginally increase the risk while FASL -844 TC genotype appeared as low risk factor. The combined genotypes FAS -1377 GA or AA and FASL -844 TT (p <0.03), and FAS -670 AG or GG and FASL -844 TT (p <0.007) appeared to double the risk. FAS and FASL gene-gene and gene-environment interactions seems to modulate susceptibility/resistance to tobacco-related oral cancer in Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yahya Karimi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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12
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Mahfoudh W, Bouaouina N, Gabbouj S, Chouchane L. FASL-844 T/C polymorphism: a biomarker of good prognosis of breast cancer in the Tunisian population. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:932-8. [PMID: 22732091 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphism, rs763110 (-844 T/C) of the FASL gene, is located within a putative binding motif of CAAT/enhancer-binding protein β transcription factor. Higher basal expression of FASL is significantly associated with the FASL-844 C allele compared with the FASL-844 T allele suggesting that the FASL-844 T/C polymorphism may influence FASL expression and FASL-mediated signalling, and ultimately, the susceptibility to cancer. Therefore, we carried out a population-based study to estimate the FASL-844 C allele frequency in our population and to investigate, in a case-control study, the potential association of the FASL-844 T/C polymorphism with the risk and prognosis of breast cancer in Tunisia. FASL-844 T/C polymorphism was examined in a Tunisian population-based case-control of 438 patients with breast cancer and 332 control subjects using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. By using TT genotype as reference, no significant association was found between any genotype and the risk of developing breast cancer. The frequency of the FASL-844 C allele was 46.3% among the cases and 43.7% among the controls. Similarly, by using T allele as reference, this difference was also not statistically significant. We observed FASL-844 CC genotype and FASL-844 C allele were significantly associated with SBR 1-2 tumour grade (OR=0.42, P=0.007; OR=0.65, P=0.005, respectively). In patients with diagnosis age ≤ 50 years, FASL-844 CC genotype and C allele showed significant associations with T(1)-T(2) clinical tumour size (OR=0.34, P=0.01; OR=0.65, P=0.02, respectively) and SBR grade 1-2 (OR=0.41, P=0.02; OR=0.62, P=0.01, respectively). A marginally significant association was also found with negative nodal status (OR=0.53, P=0.06; OR=0.73, P=0.07, respectively). Thus, the FASL-844 CC genotype and C allele seem to be associated with a good prognosis in patients with diagnosis age ≤ 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijden Mahfoudh
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Oncologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, Université de Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
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Castillo JJ, Dalia S, Shum H. Meta-analysis of the association between cigarette smoking and incidence of Hodgkin's Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3900-6. [PMID: 21911724 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.35.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have suggested a relationship between smoking and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). The main objective of this study was to evaluate this potential association with a meta-analysis of observational studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS A literature search was undertaken through December 2010 looking for observational studies evaluating the association between smoking and HL. From 714 articles, 17 were included in this study. Outcome was calculated and reported as odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was assessed by using the I(2) index. Publication bias was evaluated by trim-and-fill analysis. Quality assessment was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS Our analysis showed an OR of developing HL of 1.35 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.56; P < .001) in current smokers. Former smokers did not have an increased risk of HL. In subset analyses of current smokers, men and older individuals had ORs of HL of 1.78 (95% CI, 1.46 to 2.17; P < .001) and 1.77 (95% CI, 1.23 to 2.54; P = .002), respectively. In addition, the OR of HL was increased in individuals who smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day, have smoked more than 20 years, or have smoked more than 15 pack-years at 1.51 (95% CI, 1.16 to 1.98; P = .002), 1.84 (95% CI, 1.47 to 2.32; P < .001), and 1.97 (1.53 to 2.54; P < .001), respectively. Meta-regression analyses showed a relative OR of HL of 1.007 (95% CI, 1.001 to 1.013; P = .025) per cigarette per day and of 1.013 (95% CI, 1.006 to 1.019; P < .001) per year of smoking. CONCLUSION Smoking seems to increase the odds of developing HL in current smokers. The risk of HL is higher in men and older individuals and increases with higher intensity and longer duration of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Castillo
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
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El-Hodhod MA, Hamdy AM, Ahmed MB, Youssef SR, Aly SMH. Effect of passive smoking on blood lymphocyte apoptosis in children. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:387-92. [PMID: 21114490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive smoking is a well-known risk factor for both recurrent respiratory infections and disturbed lipid profile. Whether passive smoking problems are related to altered lymphocyte survival and its relation to altered lipid profile are the points of concern in this work. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urinary cotinine and creatinine levels as well as lipid profile and flow cytometric assessment of apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were assessed in 26 children with history of indoor exposure to cigarette smokers in comparison with 14 matched children with no such history. RESULTS Lipid profile showed significantly higher mean levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and significantly lower mean levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in passive smoking children compared to nonpassive-smoking ones. Furthermore, cotinine parameters were positively correlated with triglycerides and LDL and negatively correlated with HDL. Early apoptosis of PBL was significantly higher in exposed vs nonexposed ones. CONCLUSIONS Passive smoking in children could be a risk factor for enhanced lymphocytic apoptosis. It is possible that altered lipid profile may play a role in the increased risk. The impact of this lymphocytic derangement on increased frequency of infections is noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A El-Hodhod
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Cao Y, Miao XP, Huang MY, Deng L, Lin DX, Zeng YX, Shao JY. Polymorphisms of death pathway genes FAS and FASL and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:944-50. [PMID: 20842669 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The FAS receptor/ligand system is a key regulator of apoptotic cell death and corruption of this signaling pathway has been shown to participate in carcinogenesis. Functional polymorphisms in the FAS (FAS -1377G/A) and FASL (FASL -844T/C) genes alter their transcriptional activity. Therefore, we examined the association between these polymorphisms and the risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). FAS -1377G/A and FASL -844T/C genotypes were determined by PCR-based RFLP analysis in 582 patients with NPC and 613 frequency-matched controls. We observed a significantly increased risk of NPC associated with the FAS -1377AA genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-2.35] compared with the FAS -1377 GG genotype. In addition, elevated NPC risk was also found among subjects carrying both FAS -1377AA and FASL -844CC genotypes compared with both FAS -1377GG and FASL -844CT or -844TT, the OR was 2.39 (95% CI = 1.50-3.79). After stratification by smoking status, heavy smokers (≥15 pack-years) carrying FAS -1377AA genotype had an increased risk of NPC compared with FAS -1377GG genotype (OR = 3.48, 95% CI = 1.66-7.30). Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant interaction between the two polymorphisms and heavy smoking status (OR = 5.92, 95% CI = 1.91-18.3). Our study provides the first evidence that functional FAS -1377 G/A and FASL -844 T/C polymorphisms are associated with the risk of NPC, and this association is especially noteworthy in tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
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16
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Zhou RM, Wang N, Chen ZF, Duan YN, Sun DL, Li Y. Polymorphisms in promoter region of FAS and FASL gene and risk of cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:555-61. [PMID: 20074157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The FAS and FASL system play an important role in regulating apoptotic cell death. This study was designed to investigate the correlation of FAS-1377 G/A, -670 A/G and FASL-844 T/C polymorphisms with susceptibility to gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma in a population of a high-incidence region of Hebei Province. METHODS FAS-1377 G/A, -670 A/G and FASL-844 T/C polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in 262 gastric cardiac carcinoma (GCA) patients and 524 healthy controls. RESULTS Family history of upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC) might increase the risk of developing GCA (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.86). The overall allelotype and genotype distributions of FAS-1377 G/A, and FASL-844 T/C polymorphisms in GCA patients did not significantly differ from that in healthy controls (P > 0.05). Compared with individuals with a FAS-670 A/A genotype, individuals with an A/G genotype in a smoker group had a lower risk of developing GCA (age, sex, and family history of UGIC adjusted OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.34-0.88). When the genotypes of FAS and FASL single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were combined to analyze, no significant correlation was found between these SNP and the risk for GCA development. CONCLUSION In the high-incidence region of Hebei Province, FAS-1377 G/A and FASL-844 T/C polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of GCA. However, the FAS-670 A/G genotype might decrease the risk of GCA for smoker individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Miao Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Province, China
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17
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Oloris SCS, Frazer-Abel AA, Jubala CM, Fosmire SP, Helm KM, Robinson SR, Korpela DM, Duckett MM, Baksh S, Modiano JF. Nicotine-mediated signals modulate cell death and survival of T lymphocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 242:299-309. [PMID: 19896492 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of nicotine to affect the behavior of non-neuronal cells through neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been the subject of considerable recent attention. Previously, we showed that exposure to nicotine activates the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor in lymphocytes and endothelial cells, leading to alterations in cellular growth and vascular endothelial growth factor production. Here, we extend these studies to document effects of nicotine on lymphocyte survival. The data show that nicotine induces paradoxical effects that might alternatively enforce survival or trigger apoptosis, suggesting that depending on timing and context, nicotine might act both as a survival factor or as an inducer of apoptosis in normal or transformed lymphocytes, and possibly other non-neuronal cells. In addition, our results show that, while having overlapping functions, low and high affinity nAChRs also transmit signals that promote distinct outcomes in lymphocytes. The sum of our data suggests that selective modulation of nAChRs might be useful to regulate lymphocyte activation and survival in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C S Oloris
- Integrated Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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18
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El-Zayadi AR. Hepatitis C comorbidities affecting the course and response to therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4993-9. [PMID: 19859990 PMCID: PMC2768876 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the outcome of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is profoundly influenced by a variety of comorbidities. Many of these comorbidities have a significant influence on the response to antiviral therapy. These comorbidities negatively affect the course and outcome of liver disease, often reducing the chance of achieving a sustained virological response with PEGylated interferon and ribavirin treatments. Comorbidities affecting response to antiviral therapy reduce compliance and adherence to inadequate doses of therapy. The most important comorbidities affecting the course of CHC include hepatitis B virus coinfection, metabolic syndrome, and intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Comorbidities affecting the course and response to therapy include schistosomiasis, iron overload, alcohol abuse, and excessive smoking. Comorbidities affecting response to antiviral therapy include depression, anemia, cardiovascular disease, and renal failure.
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Zhang Z, Qiu L, Wang M, Tong N, Li J, Zhang Z. The FAS ligand promoter polymorphism, rs763110 (-844C>T), contributes to cancer susceptibility: evidence from 19 case-control studies. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1294-303. [PMID: 19337311 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentially functional polymorphism, rs763110 (-844C>T), in the promoter region of the FAS ligand (FASL) gene, has been implicated in cancer risk, but individually published studies show inconclusive results. To derive a more precise estimation of the association between the FASL rs763110 and risk of cancer, we performed a meta-analysis of 19 published studies that included 11,105 cancer cases and 11,372 controls. We used odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the associations. Overall, the rs763110 CT and TT variant genotypes were associated with a significantly reduced cancer risk of all cancer types in different genetic models (homozygote comparison: OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.95, P(heterogeneity)=0.001; heterozygote comparison: OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.95, P(heterogeneity)<0.001; dominant model comparison: OR=0.82, 95% CI: 0.71-0.94, P(heterogeneity)<0.001; and recessive model comparison: OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.81-0.96, P(heterogeneity)=0.074). In the stratified analyses, the risk remained for studies of the smoking-related cancers and Asian populations, or population-based studies in all the genetic models. Although some modest bias could not be eliminated, this meta-analysis suggests that the FASL rs763110 T allele has a possible protective effect on cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Huang P, Huang B, Weng H, Nakayama K, Morimoto K. Effects of lifestyle on micronuclei frequency in human lymphocytes in Japanese hard-metal workers. Prev Med 2009; 48:383-8. [PMID: 19463494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other major causes of mortality are largely attributable to lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol drinking, hours of working and sleeping, physical activity, diet, and stress. Earlier studies have suggested that an unhealthy lifestyle is also associated with increased lymphocyte sensitivity to mutagens, oxidative DNA damage level, and leukocyte DNA damage. In order to explore the genotoxicity of unhealthy lifestyle, we evaluated the effect of overall lifestyle as well as some individual lifestyle factors on micronuclei (MN) frequency in cultured human lymphocytes. METHOD The study was conducted among 208 healthy adult (19 to 59 years) male Japanese hard-metal workers. The subjects were divided into groups according to their self-reported good, moderate, and poor lifestyles based on their responses to a questionnaire regarding eight health practices (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, sleeping hours, working hours, physical exercise, eating breakfast, balanced nutrition, and mental stress), the presence or absence of each of which was summed to obtain a health practice index (HPI: range 0-8). Peripheral blood was taken and the cytokinesis-block micronuclei (CBMN) assay was performed. RESULTS Total lifestyle quality as measured by the HPI was strongly negatively associated with MN frequency in cultured human lymphocytes (p<0.01). Nutritional imbalance, lack of regular exercise (<2 times per week), insufficient sleep (< or =6 h per day), and overtime working (> or =9 h per day) each contributed significantly to higher MN frequency (all p<0.05). In the smoker group, a significantly higher MN frequency was only found in heavy smokers (p<0.05). On the other hand, mental stress, eating breakfast, and alcohol drinking had no effect on MN frequency. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that poor lifestyle habits significantly increase MN frequency in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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21
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Ter-Minassian M, Zhai R, Asomaning K, Su L, Zhou W, Liu G, Heist RS, Lynch TJ, Wain JC, Lin X, De Vivo I, Christiani DC. Apoptosis gene polymorphisms, age, smoking and the risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:2147-52. [PMID: 18757527 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is important for targeting cancer cells for destruction. Various single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in apoptotic genes have been associated with increased risks in lung cancer, particularly FAS -1377 G>A (rs2234767), FASLG -844 C>T (rs763110), IL1B +3954 C>T Phe105Phe (rs1143634) and BAT3 Ser625Pro (rs1052486). We studied the association of these SNPs with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a large case-control study (N = 4263: 2644 cases and 1619 controls). No associations with NSCLC were observed in the main effects analysis for all four SNPs, adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, pack-years and years since smoking cessation. In subjects under age 60, for FASLG -844 C>T polymorphism, CT compared with the CC genotype, was significantly associated with increased risk of NSCLC, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.58 (1.22, 2.05), P = 0.0006 and TT aOR = 1.45 (1.01, 2.04), P = 0.04. In contrast, for those over age 60, the CT aOR = 0.91 (0.73, 1.13), P = 0.37 and TT aOR = 0.86 (0.64, 1.16), P = 0.32. The P-value for the age-genotype interaction was 0.004. For the IL1B +3954 C>T polymorphism, compared with the CC genotype, TT showed significant associations in former smokers and in men but tests of interaction were not significant (P(smoking) = 0.24, P(gender) = 0.17). No interactions were observed for FAS -1377 G>A and BAT3 Ser625Pro polymorphisms. Our findings indicate that age and smoking may modify the association of the FASLG -844 and IL1B + 3954 SNPs with the risk of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ter-Minassian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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Yang M, Sun T, Wang L, Yu D, Zhang X, Miao X, Liu J, Zhao D, Li H, Tan W, Lin D. Functional Variants in Cell Death Pathway Genes and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3230-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Fas-Fas ligand (FasL)–mediated death pathway is important in the life and death of immune cells and, therefore, influences immune surveillance of carcinogenesis. This study examined the association between functional variants of Fas (−1377G→A and −670A→G), FasL (−844T→C), and caspase-8 (CASP8) six-nucleotide deletion polymorphism (−652 6N ins→del) and risk of pancreatic cancer.
Experimental Design: Genotypes were determined in 397 cases with pancreatic cancer and 907 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by logistic regression, and all statistical tests were two sided.
Results: We found a significant decrease in risk of pancreatic cancer associated with FasL and CASP8 but not Fas polymorphisms. Compared with noncarriers, the ORs of developing pancreatic cancer for FasL −844CT and TT carriers were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.57-0.94) and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.19-0.63), and for CASP8 −652 6N ins/del and del/del carriers were 0.65 (95% CI, 0.50-0.85) and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.33-0.98), respectively. Gene-gene interaction between the FasL and CASP8 variants further reduced the cancer risk in a multiplicative manner (OR for the presence of both FasL −844TT and CASP8 −652 6N del/del genotype, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.75). On the other hand, a multiplicative joint effect between the FasL −844CC or CASP8 −652 6N ins/ins genotype and smoking or diabetes mellitus in intensifying risk of pancreatic cancer was also evident.
Conclusions: These results suggest that genetic variations in the death pathway genes FasL and CASP8 are involved in susceptibility to developing pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Tong Sun
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Li Wang
- 2Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Junniao Liu
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Dan Zhao
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Hui Li
- 2Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Tan
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
| | - Dongxin Lin
- 1Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, and
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Willett EV, O'Connor S, Smith AG, Roman E. Does smoking or alcohol modify the risk of Epstein-Barr virus-positive or -negative Hodgkin lymphoma? Epidemiology 2007; 18:130-6. [PMID: 17099321 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000248899.47399.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate whether 2 subgroups of Hodgkin lymphoma (Epstein-Barr virus-positive and Epstein-Barr virus-negative) are associated with smoking or alcohol. METHODS Patients with lymphoma diagnosed between age 16 and 69 years in geographically defined areas of England were recruited between 1998 and 2003. One control, matched to each lymphoma case on sex, date of birth, and area of residence, was randomly selected from population registers. Self-reported histories of tobacco and alcohol use were collected during face-to-face interviews with cases and controls. RESULTS Compared with lifelong nonsmokers, ever-smokers were at increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (odds ratio =1.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.9). This excess was among current smokers, defined as smoking 2 years before diagnosis (1.7; 1.2-2.3). An increasing trend was observed with rising numbers of years smoked. Risks fell as the number of years stopped smoking increased, becoming equivalent to that of a nonsmoker 10 or more years after quitting. Associations were suggested for Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin lymphoma, but less so for Epstein-Barr negative Hodgkin lymphoma. No associations between Hodgkin lymphoma and alcohol consumption were observed. CONCLUSIONS The association between smoking and Hodgkin lymphoma in general, and Epstein-Barr-positive Hodgkin lymphoma in particular, is consistent with previous studies. Further exploration of the relationship between Hodgkin lymphoma and smoking and of the potential mechanisms by which smoking could interact with Epstein-Barr virus status to increase Hodgkin lymphoma risk are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor V Willett
- Epidemiology and Genetics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
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24
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Abstract
Smoking causes a variety of adverse effects on organs that have no direct contact with the smoke itself such as the liver. It induces three major adverse effects on the liver: direct or indirect toxic effects, immunological effects and oncogenic effects. Smoking yields chemical substances with cytotoxic potential which increase necro-inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, smoking increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- alpha) that would be involved in liver cell injury. It contributes to the development of secondary polycythemia and in turn to increased red cell mass and turnover which might be a contributing factor to secondary iron overload disease promoting oxidative stress of hepatocytes. Increased red cell mass and turnover are associated with increased purine catabolism which promotes excessive production of uric acid. Smoking affects both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses by blocking lymphocyte proliferation and inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. Smoking also increases serum and hepatic iron which induce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation that lead to activation of stellate cells and development of fibrosis. Smoking yields chemicals with oncogenic potential that increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with viral hepatitis and are independent of viral infection as well. Tobacco smoking has been associated with suppression of p53 (tumour suppressor gene). In addition, smoking causes suppression of T-cell responses and is associated with decreased surveillance for tumour cells. Moreover, it has been reported that heavy smoking affects the sustained virological response to interferon (IFN) therapy in hepatitis C patients which can be improved by repeated phlebotomy. Smoker's syndrome is a clinico-pathological condition where patients complain of episodes of facial flushing, warmth of the palms and soles of feet, throbbing headache, fullness in the head, dizziness, lethargy, prickling sensation, pruritus and arthralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman El-Zayadi
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ain Shams University and Director of Cairo Liver Center. 5, El-Gergawy St. Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
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de Haan LD, de Haan DLD, Pouwels JGJ. Persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis: a case report. Ann Hematol 2006; 85:893-6. [PMID: 16988824 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-006-0189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang X, Miao X, Sun T, Tan W, Qu S, Xiong P, Zhou Y, Lin D. Functional polymorphisms in cell death pathway genes FAS and FASL contribute to risk of lung cancer. J Med Genet 2006; 42:479-84. [PMID: 15937082 PMCID: PMC1736067 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FAS and FASL system plays a key role in regulating apoptotic cell death and corruption of this signalling pathway has been shown to participate in immune escape and tumorigenesis. There is reduced expression of FAS but elevated expression of FASL in many types of human cancers including lung cancer. We recently reported an association between functional polymorphisms in FAS (-1377G-->A) and FASL (-844T-->C) and risk of oesophageal cancer. OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of these polymorphisms to risk of developing lung cancer. METHODS Genotypes of 1000 lung cancer patients and 1270 controls were analysed by PCR based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Associations with risk of lung cancer were estimated by logistic regression. RESULTS Compared with non-carriers, there was a 1.6 fold excess risk of developing lung cancer for carriers of the FAS -1377AA genotype (odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21 to 2.10; p = 0.001), and 1.8 fold excess risk (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.52; p = 0.001) for carriers of FASL -844CC. Gene-gene interaction of FAS and FASL polymorphisms increased risk of lung cancer in a multiplicative manner (OR for the carriers of both FAS -1377AA and FASL -844CC genotypes 4.18, 95% CI 2.83 to 6.18). Gene-environment interaction of FAS or FASL polymorphism and smoking associated with increased risk of lung cancer was also found. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with our initial findings in oesophageal cancer and further support the hypothesis that the FAS and FASL triggered apoptosis pathway plays an important role in human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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27
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Lai HC, Lin WY, Lin YW, Chang CC, Yu MH, Chen CC, Chu TY. Genetic polymorphisms of FAS and FASL (CD95/CD95L) genes in cervical carcinogenesis: An analysis of haplotype and gene-gene interaction. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 99:113-8. [PMID: 15996722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whereas human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary but not sufficient for cervical carcinogenesis, host genetic variations may confer individual susceptibility. Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer in which FAS/FAS ligand signaling plays an important role. The present study examines the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms in FAS and FAS ligand genes, alone or in combination, are associated with cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS The genotypes of FAS -670A/G, FAS -1377G/A, and FASL -844C/T were assessed in 143 patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 175 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and in age-matched controls by real-time PCR with allele-specific TaqMan probes. The status of cervical high-risk HPV infection was determined and adjusted to test the independence of genotype in the risk assessment. RESULTS The A-allele and AA-genotype frequencies of FASA -670G were significantly higher in HSIL/SCC than in controls (60% vs. 54%, P = 0.04, OR 1.26 [95% CI 1.01-1.57]; 38.0% vs. 28.6%, P = 0.02, OR 1.70 [95% CI 1.07-2.70]). No association between FAS -1377 or FASL -844 polymorphisms and HSIL/SCC could be identified. The FAS -1377A/-670A haplotype conferred a higher risk for HSIL/SCC (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.28-7.30) than FAS -670A alone (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.28-7.30). The interaction between FAS -670AA and FASL -844CC genotypes was associated with a risk of HSIL/SCC (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.06-4.29) higher than that of the FAS -670AA genotype alone (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.07-2.70). CONCLUSIONS The FAS -1377A/-670A haplotype in combination with FASL -844C is associated with cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cheng Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, 325 Section 2 Cheng-Gung Road, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
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Assis GF, Ceolin DS, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF, Ribeiro DA. Cigarette smoke affects apoptosis in rat tongue mucosa: role of bcl-2 gene family. J Mol Histol 2005; 36:483-9. [PMID: 16733793 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-006-9023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While it has been clearly demonstrated that smoking is the most significant exogenous factor involved in oral carcinogenesis, little is known about the global molecular and cellular changes that occur prior to the appearance of clinically detectable symptoms. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the expressivity of bcl-2, bax and PCNA in the rat tongue mucosa exposed to cigarette smoke by means of immunohistochemistry. A total of twelve male Wistar rats were distributed into 2 groups: negative control and experimental group exposed to cigarette smoke during 75 days. After experimental period, no histopathological changes in the tongue mucosa were detected in the negative control and the experimental group. On the other hand, an overexpression of bcl-2 was detected (p < 0.01) throughout all layers of the epithelium, whereas bax did not show significant differences (p > 0.05). Also, the labeling index for bcl-2 and bax showed an increase 75 days after cigarette exposure (p < 0.01). PCNA-labeling index did not show remarkable changes between groups. Taken together, our results show that bcl-2 is overexpressed in the rat tongue keratinocytes after cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson F Assis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Histology, Bauru School of Dentistry, USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Gu J, Spitz MR, Zhao H, Lin J, Grossman HB, Dinney CP, Wu X. Roles of tumor suppressor and telomere maintenance genes in cancer and aging--an epidemiological study. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1741-7. [PMID: 15905204 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is strikingly linked to increased incidence of cancer. To gain insight into the mechanism underlying the association between increased cancer incidence and aging in normal human physiological conditions, we used a case-control design and measured the mRNA expression levels of p53, ATM, hTERT and TRF2, the four major protectors of genomic integrity, in isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 202 confirmed bladder cancer (BC) patients and 199 healthy controls. Significant age effects on expression levels were observed. When we divided the study subjects into three age groups (<57, 57-65 and > or = 65), the expressions of p53, ATM and TRF2 significantly decreased with advancing age in cases (P for trend < or = 0.001, 0.01 and 0.01 for p53, ATM and TRF2, respectively). In controls, however, p53 expression significantly increased with advancing age (P for trend = 0.05). Among subjects > or = 65 years of age, the expressions of p53, ATM and TRF2 were significantly lower in cases than in controls (P = 0.003, 0.04 and 0.05 for p53, ATM and TRF2, respectively), suggesting that attenuated genomic maintenance mechanisms lead to increased cancer risk in older individuals. When we dichotomized our study population at the median age of study subjects (61 years old), low p53 expression was associated with a significantly increased BC risk in older people (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.00-5.16). In addition, older subjects without detectable hTERT expression had a significantly reduced BC risk (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.17-0.99). Our study provides the first epidemiologic evidence that the increased genomic instability resulting from the combination of telomere dysfunction, impaired ATM- and p53-mediated DNA damage, and/or telomere dysfunction response pathway contributes to increased cancer incidence in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA
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Arredondo J, Chernyavsky AI, Marubio LM, Beaudet AL, Jolkovsky DL, Pinkerton KE, Grando SA. Receptor-mediated tobacco toxicity: regulation of gene expression through alpha3beta2 nicotinic receptor in oral epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:597-613. [PMID: 15681842 PMCID: PMC1602318 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco is a known cause of oral disease but the mechanism remains elusive. Nicotine (Nic) is a likely culprit of pathobiological effects because it displaces the local cytotransmitter acetylcholine from the nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) expressed by oral keratinocytes (KCs). To gain a mechanistic insight into tobacco-induced morbidity in the oral cavity, we studied effects of exposures to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) versus equivalent concentration of pure Nic on human and murine KCs. Both ETS and Nic up-regulated expression of cell cycle and apoptosis regulators, differentiation marker filaggrin, and signal transduction factors at both the mRNA and protein levels. These changes could be abolished in cultured human oral KCs transfected with anti-alpha3 small interfering RNA or treated with the alpha3beta2-preferring antagonist alpha-conotoxin MII. Functional inactivation of alpha3-mediated signaling in alpha3-/- mutant KCs prevented most of the ETS/Nic-dependent changes in gene expression. To determine relevance of the in vitro findings to the in vivo situation, we studied gene expression in oral mucosa of neonatal alpha3+/+ and alpha3-/- littermates delivered by heterozygous mice soon after their exposures to ETS or equivalent concentration of pure Nic in drinking water. In addition to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, the ETS/Nic-dependent alterations in gene expression were also detected by semiquantitative immunofluorescence assay directly in KCs comprising murine oral mucosa. Only wild-type mice consistently developed significant (P < 0.05) changes in the gene expression. These results identified alpha3beta2 nAChR as a major receptor mediating effects of tobacco products on KC gene expression. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that in all three model systems the common genes targeted by alpha3beta2-mediated ETS/Nic toxicity were p21, Bcl-2, NF-kappaB, and STAT-1. The expression of the nAChR subunits alpha5 and beta2 and the muscarinic receptor subtypes M(2) and M(3) was also altered. This novel mechanism offers innovative solutions to ameliorate the tobacco-related cell damage and intercede in disease pathways, and may shed light on general mechanisms regulating and driving tobacco-related morbidity in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Arredondo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4860 Y St., Suite #3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Rössner P, Chvatalova I, Schmuczerova J, Milcova A, Rössner P, Sram RJ. Comparison of p53 levels in lymphocytes and in blood plasma of nuclear power plant workers. Mutat Res 2004; 556:55-63. [PMID: 15491632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
p53 levels were assessed in lymphocytes and in blood plasma of workers from two Czech nuclear power plants (NPP): 114 subjects working in Temelin and 108 subjects working in Dukovany. Ionizing radiation (IR) exposure data were available for 64 and 59 subjects working in the monitored zones from the NPP in Temelin and Dukovany, respectively. The short-term doses of IR for these subjects were 0.01 and 0.12 mSv, and the long-term doses were 0.46 and 5.68 mSv, in the Temelin and Dukovany NPP, respectively. As a control group, 46 subjects living in Ceske Budejovice, a city nearby the Temelin NPP, were analyzed. The concentration of p53 in lymphocytes was significantly higher in workers from the monitored zone in the Dukovany NPP (median value 6.4 pg/microg protein, P <0.001) than in workers from the Temelin NPP (3.2 pg/microg) as well as in the control group (3.5 pg/microg). In contrast, plasma levels of p53 were comparable in the control group (median value 116 pg/ml plasma) and workers from the monitored zone of Dukovany NPP (102 pg/ml), but lower in workers from Temelin NPP (5 pg/ml). Other factors affecting p53 levels were studied. Smoking resulted in increased p53 lymphocyte levels. The effect of polymorphisms in metabolic and DNA repair genes on p53 levels was analyzed. The correlation was found between p53 levels in lymphocytes and p53 codon 72 polymorphism in subjects working in NPPs, but not in the control group. The results of measurement p53 levels in lymphocytes suggest that this biomarker could reflect the short-term as well as long-term effects of low doses IR. Its impact on human health should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rössner
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Health Institute of Central Bohemia and Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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Frazer-Abel AA, Baksh S, Fosmire SP, Willis D, Pierce AM, Meylemans H, Linthicum DS, Burakoff SJ, Coons T, Bellgrau D, Modiano JF. Nicotine activates nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2) and prevents cell cycle entry in T cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:758-69. [PMID: 15231866 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We used primary peripheral blood T cells, a population that exists in G(0) and can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle synchronously, to define more precisely the effects of nicotine on pathways that control cell cycle entry and progression. Our data show that nicotine decreased the ability of T cells to transit through the G(0)/G(1) boundary (acquire competence) and respond to progression signals. These effects were due to nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2)-dependent repression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression. Growth arrest at the G(0)/G(1) boundary was further enforced by inhibition of cyclin D2 expression and by increased expression and stabilization of p27Kip1. Intriguingly, T cells from habitual users of tobacco products and from NFATc2-deficient mice constitutively expressed CDK4 and were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine impairs T cell cycle entry through NFATc2-dependent mechanisms and suggest that, in the face of chronic nicotine exposure, selection may favor cells that can evade these effects. We postulate that cross talk between nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and growth factor receptor-activated pathways offers a novel mechanism by which nicotine may directly impinge on cell cycle progression. This offers insight into possible reasons that underlie the unique effects of nicotine on distinct cell types and identifies new targets that may be useful control tobacco-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Frazer-Abel
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, AMC Cancer Center, 2-Diamond Building, 1600 Pierce Street, Denver, CO 80214, USA
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El-Zayadi A, Selim O, Hamdy H, El-Tawil A, Badran HM, Attia M, Saeed A. Impact of cigarette smoking on response to interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C Egyptian patients. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2963-6. [PMID: 15378774 PMCID: PMC4576253 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i20.2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Smoking may affect adversely the response rate to interferon-α . Our objective was to verify this issue among chronic hepatitis C patients.
METHODS: Over the year 1998, 138 chronic hepatitis C male Egyptian patients presenting to Cairo Liver Center, were divided on the basis of smoking habit into: group I which comprised 38 smoker patients ( > 30 cigarettes/d) and group II which included 84 non-smoker patients. Irregular and mild smokers (16 patients) were excluded. Non eligible patients for interferon-α therapy were excluded from the study and comprised 3/38 (normal ALT) in group I and 22/84 in group II (normal ALT, advanced cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia). Group I was randomly allocated into 2 sub-groups: group Ia comprised 18 patients who were subjected to therapeutic phlebotomy while sub-group Ib consisted of 17 patients who had no phlebotomy. In sub-group Ia, 3 patients with normal ALT after repeated phlebotomies were excluded from the study. Interferon-α 2b 3 MU/TIW was given for 6 mo to 15 patients in group Ia, 17 patients in group Ib and 62 patients in group II. Biochemical, virological end-of- treatment and sustained responses were evaluated.
RESULTS: At the end of interferon-α treatment, ALT was normalized in 3/15 patients (20%) in group Ia and 2/17 patients (11.8%) in group Ib compared to17/62 patients (27.4%) in group II (P = 0.1). Whereas 2/15 patients (13.3%) in group Ia. and 2/17 patients (11.8%) in group Ib lost viraemia compared to 13/62 patients (26%) in group II (P = 0.3). Six months later, ALT was persistently normal in 2/15 patients (13.3%) in group 1a and 1/17 patients (5.9%) in group Ib compared to 9/62 patients (14.5%) in group II (P = 0.47). Viraemia was eliminated in 1/15 patients (6.7%) in group Ia and 1/17 patients (5.9%) in group Ib compared to 7/62 patients (11.3%) in group II, but the results did not mount to statistical significance (P = 0.4).
CONCLUSION: Smokers suffering from chronic hepatitis C tend to have a lower response rate to interferon-α compared to non-smokers. Therapeutic phlebotomy improves the response rate to interferon-α therapy among this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Zayadi
- Department of Tropical medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Wakisaka S, Takeba Y, Mihara S, Takeno M, Yamamoto S, Sakane T, Suzuki N. Aberrant Fas ligand expression in lymphocytes in patients with Behçet's disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 129:175-80. [PMID: 12403936 DOI: 10.1159/000065878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in immune responses have been reported in patients with Behçet's disease (BD). To further characterize the immune dysfunction and its contribution to the pathogenesis, we have studied Fas ligand (FasL) expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and mononuclear cells in the skin lesions in patients with BD. METHODS FasL expression in PBL was studied with RT-PCR and immunoblotting with rabbit anti-human FasL antibody. We studied the expression of FasL in cryostat sections of biopsy specimens of erythema nodosum lesions from 4 patients with BD and of a genital ulcer lesion in another patient using immunohistochemical staining. Apoptotic cell death was detected with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS We found that FasL mRNA and FasL protein expression was detected marginally in the unstimulated PBL, and was induced upon activation in normal individuals. PBL from patients with BD exhibited an enhanced expression of FasL mRNA and FasL protein without in vitro stimulation. Moreover, mitogen stimulation failed to augment FasL expression of their lymphocytes, suggesting a dysregulation of FasL expression of PBL in patients with BD. The skin biopsy specimens revealed that cells infiltrating into skin lesions expressed FasL and there were several TUNEL staining-positive cells in the lesions, suggesting that Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis is involved in the development of the skin lesion and thus may be associated with the pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We found an excessive expression of FasL in circulating as well as skin-infiltrating lymphocytes and the presence of apoptotic cells in the skin lesions, suggesting that lymphocytes expressing FasL aberrantly may play a role in the development and pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueshige Wakisaka
- Department of Immunology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kalra R, Singh SP, Kracko D, Matta SG, Sharp BM, Sopori ML. Chronic self-administration of nicotine in rats impairs T cell responsiveness. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:935-9. [PMID: 12183649 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.302.3.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of rodents to nicotine via subcutaneously or intracerebroventricularly implanted miniosmotic pumps affects T cell function. However, this method of continuous nicotine administration does not replicate the self-motivated administration of nicotine in human smokers. To determine whether nicotine impairs the immune system under conditions pertinent to human smokers, we investigated the T cell responsiveness of male Lewis rats self-administering (SA) nicotine (0.03 mg/kg of body weight per injection) 40 to 50 times/day for 5 weeks, using a model of virtually unlimited access to nicotine. Compared with sham control animals, the concanavalin A-induced proliferation of spleen cells from SA rats was significantly decreased. Moreover, the ability of spleen cells to mobilize intracellular Ca(2+) after ligation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) with an anti-alphabeta TCR antibody was significantly less in SA than in control rats. In addition, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores were markedly depleted in spleen cells from SA animals. These results suggest that chronic nicotine self-administration suppresses T cell responsiveness, and this suppression may result from an impaired TCR-mediated signaling that stems from the depletion of IP(3)-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Kalra
- Immunology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Road SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Abstract
Although the health risks of tobacco smoking are well documented, there is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Many of the adverse and beneficial effects of smoking might result from the ability of cigarette smoke to suppress the immune system. Nicotine, which is one of the main constituents of cigarette smoke, suppresses the immune system but might have therapeutic potential as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sopori
- Immunology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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Chiaramonte R, Bartolini E, Riso P, Calzavara E, Erba D, Testolin G, Comi P, Sherbet GV. Oxidative stress signalling in the apoptosis of Jurkat T-lymphocytes. J Cell Biochem 2001; 82:437-44. [PMID: 11500920 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pathways of transduction of oxidative stress signals have been studied using the Jurkat T cell model. The oxidative stress was induced by exposure of the cells to 100 microM H(2)O(2). DNA damage was detected within 15 min after commencement of treatment. DNA damage repair occurred within about 1 h in cells exposed to oxidative stress for 15 min. In continuous exposure to stress, DNA repair was slower and control levels of DNA integrity were not reached. DNA repair did not involve gene transcription. H(2)O(2) at 100 microM caused cell death by necrosis as well as by apoptosis. Both these processes were induced by 15 min exposure to the stress stimulus. However, some important differences were found between necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis was more rapid, began within an hour of treatment and continued to increase during the full duration of the experiment. But apoptosis was seen after 4 h from treatment and was conspicuous between 6 and 20 h after the start of treatment. The necrotic phase preceded apoptosis, although these did show an overlap. In the necrotic phase, Bcl-2, Caspase 8 genes were down regulated. The 6-20 h phase characterised by a marked increase in apoptosis is accompanied by the up regulation of both Bcl-2 and Caspase genes. Expression of the Fas and p53 genes was not altered in either phase. We also analysed the levels of expression of the scavenging genes whose gene products are involved in detoxification. No modulation of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chiaramonte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milano, LITA-via Fratelli Cervi 93- 20090 Segrate (MI), Italy.
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Bijl M, Horst G, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG. Effects of smoking on activation markers, Fas expression and apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:550-3. [PMID: 11422406 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking influences numbers and function of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by a process that is badly understood. We conducted this study to evaluate whether the immune impairment of smoking might be related to changes in the expression or functionality of Fas, a cell surface molecule that plays a central role in immune homeostasis and cytotoxic activity. METHODS PBL from 10 smoking and 10 nonsmoking healthy volunteers were isolated. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the state of activation, Fas expression and apoptosis of PBL. Functionality of Fas was tested by assessing apoptosis after incubation of isolated lymphocytes with agonistic anti-Fas antibodies in four smoking and four nonsmoking individuals. RESULTS Smoking was associated with an increase in the percentage of Fas-expressing CD4+ T and B lymphocytes. A decrease in the percentage of activated (CD38+) B cells was observed. In vitro Fas-induced apoptosis did not appear different between smokers and nonsmokers. No differences in the percentages of circulating apoptotic lymphocytes could be demonstrated between smoking and nonsmoking individuals. Conclusion Smoking is associated with increased Fas expression on PBL in general, and on B cells in particular. This might render these cells more susceptible for apoptosis. As Fas is functionally intact this may also explain the reduced percentage of activated (CD38+) B cells found in smoking individuals. The latter may contribute to the reduced humoral immune response observed in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bijl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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