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Gross N, Marketon J, Mousavi S, Kalies K, Ludwig RJ, Bieber K. Inhibition of interferon gamma impairs induction of experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343299. [PMID: 38799441 PMCID: PMC11116581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a muco-cutaneous autoimmune disease characterized and caused by autoantibodies targeting type VII collagen (COL7). The treatment of EBA is notoriously difficult, with a median time to remission of 9 months. In preclinical EBA models, we previously discovered that depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) enhances autoantibody-induced, neutrophil-mediated inflammation and blistering. Increased EBA severity in Treg-depleted mice was accompanied by an increased cutaneous expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The functional relevance of IFN-γ in EBA pathogenesis had been unknown. Given that emapalumab, an anti-IFN-γ antibody, is approved for primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients, we sought to assess the therapeutic potential of IFN-γ inhibition in EBA. Specifically, we evaluated if IFN-γ inhibition has modulatory effects on skin inflammation in a pre-clinical EBA model, based on the transfer of COL7 antibodies into mice. Compared to isotype control antibody, anti-IFN-γ treatment significantly reduced clinical disease manifestation in experimental EBA. Clinical improvement was associated with a reduced dermal infiltrate, especially Ly6G+ neutrophils. On the molecular level, we noted few changes. Apart from reduced CXCL1 serum concentrations, which has been demonstrated to promote skin inflammation in EBA, the expression of cytokines was unaltered in the serum and skin following IFN-γ blockade. This validates IFN-γ as a potential therapeutic target in EBA, and possibly other diseases with a similar pathogenesis, such as bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gross
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jana Marketon
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sadegh Mousavi
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kalies
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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The Potential Importance of CXCL1 in the Physiological State and in Noncancer Diseases of the Cardiovascular System, Respiratory System and Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010205. [PMID: 36613652 PMCID: PMC9820720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a literature review of the role of CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) in physiology, and in selected major non-cancer diseases of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system and skin. CXCL1, a cytokine belonging to the CXC sub-family of chemokines with CXC motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) as its main receptor, causes the migration and infiltration of neutrophils to the sites of high expression. This implicates CXCL1 in many adverse conditions associated with inflammation and the accumulation of neutrophils. The aim of this study was to describe the significance of CXCL1 in selected diseases of the cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, chronic ischemic heart disease, hypertension, sepsis including sepsis-associated encephalopathy and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury), the respiratory system (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic rhinosinusitis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), influenza, lung transplantation and ischemic-reperfusion injury and tuberculosis) and the skin (wound healing, psoriasis, sunburn and xeroderma pigmentosum). Additionally, the significance of CXCL1 is described in vascular physiology, such as the effects of CXCL1 on angiogenesis and arteriogenesis.
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Mandapathil M, Beier UH, Graefe H, Kröger B, Hedderich J, Maune S, Meyer JE. Differential chemokine expression patterns in tonsillar disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 38:316-322. [PMID: 30197422 PMCID: PMC6146581 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression profiles of CXC- and CC-chemokines in various forms of tonsillar disease were studied to evaluate whether certain chemokines play a predominant role in a specific subset of tonsillar disease. Total RNA was isolated from 89 biopsies (21 hyperplastic palatine tonsils, 25 adenoids, 16 chronic inflammatory palatine tonsils and 27 chronic inflammatory palatine tonsils with histological prove of acute inflammation), reverse transcribed and subjected to PCR amplifying IL-8, Gro-alpha, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, MCP-3, MCP-4 and RANTES. 2% agarose gel electrophoresis revealed a predominance of IL-8 in the chronic inflammatory palatine tonsil group compared to tonsillar hyperplasia. Furthermore, eotaxin-2 was strongly overexpressed in adenoid samples compared to chronic inflammatory specimens. Our data suggest that the majority of diseases related to adenoid formation are mediated via an eotaxin-2 expression, whereas chronic inflammatory tonsillitis is associated with IL-8 upregulation. These data imply that adenoids are related to a Th-2, and chronic inflammatory tonsillitis to a Th-1 based immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mandapathil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - U H Beier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - H Graefe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Kröger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J Hedderich
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - S Maune
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kliniken Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - J E Meyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
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Vidal SEL, Tamamoto KA, Nguyen H, Abbott RD, Cairns DM, Kaplan DL. 3D biomaterial matrix to support long term, full thickness, immuno-competent human skin equivalents with nervous system components. Biomaterials 2018; 198:194-203. [PMID: 29709325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Current commercially available human skin equivalents (HSEs) are used for relatively short term studies (∼1 week) due in part to the time-dependent contraction of the collagen gel-based matrix and the limited cell types and skin tissue components utilized. In contrast, here we describe a new matrix consisting of a silk-collagen composite system that provides long term, stable cultivation with reduced contraction and degradation over time. This matrix supports full thickness skin equivalents which include nerves. The unique silk-collagen composite system preserves cell-binding domains of collagen while maintaining the stability and mechanics of the skin system for long-term culture with silk. The utility of this new composite protein-based biomaterial was demonstrated by bioengineering full thickness human skin systems using primary cells, including nerves and immune cells to establish an HSE with a neuro-immuno-cutaneous system. The HSEs with neurons and hypodermis, compared to in vitro skin-only HSEs controls, demonstrated higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of several proteins associated with inflammation across all sample groups, but HSEs with neurons had the highest amount of detected protein due to the complexity of the model. This improved, in vitro full thickness HSE model system utilizes cross-linked silk-collagen as the biomaterial and allows reduced reliance on animal models and provides a new in vitro tissue system for the assessment of chronic responses related to skin diseases and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasey A Tamamoto
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Tufts University, Department of Child Studies and Human Development, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Rosalyn D Abbott
- Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dana M Cairns
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Roh JL, Lee J, Kim EH, Shin D. Plasticity of oral mucosal cell sheets for accelerated and scarless skin wound healing. Oral Oncol 2017; 75:81-88. [PMID: 29224829 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Wound healing is generally faster and associated with less scarring in the oral mucosa than in the skin. Although rarely studied, oral mucosa equivalents may contribute to rapid, scarless cutaneous wound healing. Therefore, we examined the potential utility of our newly developed oral mucosal cell sheet in skin wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral mucosa and skin samples were obtained from surgical patients and Sprague-Dawley rats. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were primarily cultured for in vitro cell expansion. Mucosa and skin equivalents were produced with a mixture of cultured fibroblasts and autologous fibrin from plasma and seeding keratinocytes. Mucosal and skin cell sheets were transplanted in full-thickness excisional wounds of rat skin with control wounds. Gross, histological, and molecular characteristics of wound healing according to different postsurgical days were compared in control and cell sheet-covered wounds. RESULTS Keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the oral mucosa were cultured faster than those derived from the skin. The in vitro-engineered oral mucosa and skin equivalents were successfully produced using complete autologous mucosa or skin and plasma fibrin, showing similarity to the histological characteristics of the skin or mucosa. In the in vivo rat model, the oral mucosal and skin cell sheet promoted wound healing with early wound closure and less scarring. The cell sheet-treated wounds showed lower TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin, and fibronectin mRNA expression than the control wounds. CONCLUSIONS The oral mucosal cell sheet demonstrated in vivo tissue plasticity through good adaptation to skin wounds, contributing to accelerated and scarless healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaewang Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daiha Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Groeger SE, Meyle J. Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:46-67. [PMID: 26252401 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The oral epithelial barrier separates the host from the environment and provides the first line of defense against pathogens, exogenous substances and mechanical stress. It consists of underlying connective tissue and a stratified keratinized epithelium with a basement membrane, whose cells undergo terminal differentiation resulting in the formation of a mechanically resistant surface. Gingival keratinocytes are connected by various transmembrane proteins, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, each of which has a specialized structure and specific functions. Periodontal pathogens are able to induce inflammatory responses that lead to attachment loss and periodontal destruction. A number of studies have demonstrated that the characteristics of pathogenic oral bacteria influence the expression and structural integrity of different cell-cell junctions. Tissue destruction can be mediated by host cells following stimulation with cytokines and bacterial products. Keratinocytes, the main cell type in gingival epithelial tissues, express a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, the inflammatory mediators that may be secreted by oral keratinocytes are vascular endothelial growth factor, prostaglandin E2 , interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. The protein family of matrix metalloproteinases is able to degrade all types of extracellular matrix protein, and can process a number of bioactive molecules. Matrix metalloproteinase activities under inflammatory conditions are mostly deregulated and often increased, and those mainly relevant in periodontal disease are matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13 and 24. Viral infection may also influence the epithelial barrier. Studies show that the expression of HIV proteins in the mucosal epithelium is correlated with the disruption of epithelial tight junctions, suggesting a possible enhancement of human papilloma virus infection by HIV-associated disruption of tight junctions. Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases was demonstrated in keratinocytes transformed with human papilloma virus-16 or papilloma virus-18,. To summarize, the oral epithelium is able to react to a variety of exogenous, possibly noxious influences.
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Snyder RJ, Lantis J, Kirsner RS, Shah V, Molyneaux M, Carter MJ. Macrophages: A review of their role in wound healing and their therapeutic use. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:613-29. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Snyder
- Department of Clinical Research, Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine; Miami Shores Florida
| | - John Lantis
- Department of Surgery; Mount Sinai St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center; New York New York
| | - Robert S. Kirsner
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Vivek Shah
- Research and Development; Macrocure Ltd; Tenafly New Jersey
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Khurram SA, Bingle L, McCabe BM, Farthing PM, Whawell SA. The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 regulate oral cancer cell behaviour. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:667-74. [PMID: 24965032 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines regulate physiological and pathological leucocyte trafficking, and chemokine receptors play a role in tumorigenesis. Expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 has been shown in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) but remains poorly characterised. This aim of this study was to investigate CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression on normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) and oral cancer cell lines (OCCL) and their relative response when exposed to IL-8 and growth-related oncogene-α (which selectively binds CXCR2). METHODS mRNA and protein expression was studied using RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. ELISAs were used to investigate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and MMP production, whereas a MTS-based assay was employed to study proliferation. Migration assays were carried out using modified Boyden chambers with a matrigel coating used for invasion assays. RESULTS mRNA expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 was seen in both NOKs and OCCL with significantly higher protein expression in OCCL. Exposure to IL-8 and GROα increased intracellular ERK phosphorylation, proliferation, migration and invasion with OCCL showing a greater response than NOKs. These effects were mediated through CXCR1 and CXCR2 (for IL-8) and CXCR2 (for GROα) as receptor-blocking antibodies significantly inhibited the responses. IL-8 and GROα also increased MMP-9 release from NOKs and OCCL with significantly higher amounts released by OCCL. However, an increase in MMP-7 production was only seen in OCCL. CONCLUSIONS Functional CXCR1 and CXCR2 exist on normal and cancerous oral epithelial cells, and our data suggests a role for these receptors in oral cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Khurram
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Ceelen W, Pattyn P, Mareel M. Surgery, wound healing, and metastasis: recent insights and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:16-26. [PMID: 23958676 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery-induced acceleration of tumour growth has been observed since several centuries. METHODS We reviewed recent insights from in vitro data, animal experimentation, and clinical studies on how surgery-induced wound healing or resection of a primary cancer influences the tumour-host ecosystem in patients harbouring minimal residual or metastatic disease. RESULTS Most of the growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines orchestrating surgical wound healing promote tumour growth, invasion, or angiogenesis. In addition, resection of a primary tumour may accelerate synchronous metastatic growth. In the clinical setting, indirect evidence supports the relevance of the above findings. Randomized clinical trials are underway comparing resection versus observation in metastatic breast and colon cancer with asymptomatic primary tumours. CONCLUSIONS In depth knowledge of how surgical intervention alters the tumour-host-metastasis communicating ecosystems could have important implications for clinical decision making in patients with synchronous metastatic disease and for the design and timing of multimodality treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Ceelen
- Department of of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Piet Pattyn
- Department of of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Mareel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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LIU SF, CHIN CH, WANG CC, LIN MC. Correlation between serum biomarkers and BODE index in patients with stable COPD. Respirology 2009; 14:999-1004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Faleiros R, Leise B, Westerman T, Yin C, Nuovo G, Belknap J. In Vivo and In Vitro Evidence of the Involvement of CXCL1, a Keratinocyte-Derived Chemokine, in Equine Laminitis. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1086-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Waterston AM, Salway F, Andreakos E, Butler DM, Feldmann M, Coombes RC. TNF autovaccination induces self anti-TNF antibodies and inhibits metastasis in a murine melanoma model. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1279-84. [PMID: 15026813 PMCID: PMC2409655 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, but also in metastasis in certain types of cancer. In terms of therapy, TNF is targeted by anti-TNF neutralising monoclonal antibodies or soluble TNF receptors. Recently, a novel strategy based on the generation of self anti-TNF antibodies (TNF autovaccination) has been developed. We have previously shown that TNF autovaccination successfully generates high anti-TNF antibody titres, blocks TNF and ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. In this study, we examined the ability of TNF autovaccination to generate anti-TNF antibody titres and block metastasis in the murine B16F10 melanoma model. We found that immunisation of C57BL/6 mice with TNF autovaccine produces a 100-fold antibody response to TNF compared to immunisation with phosphate-buffered saline vehicle control and significantly reduces both the number (P<0.01) and size of metastases (P<0.01) of B16F10 melanoma cells. This effect is also observed when an anti-TNF neutralising monoclonal antibody is administered, confirming the essential role TNF plays in metastasis in this model. This study suggests that TNF autovaccination is a cheaper and highly efficient alternative that can block TNF and reduce metastasis in vivo and trials with TNF autovaccination are already underway in patients with metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Waterston
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Rd, Imperial college School of Medicine, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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Korting HC, Hube B, Oberbauer S, Januschke E, Hamm G, Albrecht A, Borelli C, Schaller M. Reduced expression of the hyphal-independent Candida albicans proteinase genes SAP1 and SAP3 in the efg1 mutant is associated with attenuated virulence during infection of oral epithelium. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:623-632. [PMID: 12867554 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of Candida albicans from a yeast to a hyphal form is controlled by several transcriptional factors, including the key regulators Cph1 and Efg1, and is considered an important virulence attribute. These factors, especially Efg1, regulate the expression of hyphal-associated genes e.g. SAP4-SAP6. In order to investigate the relevance of these transcriptional regulators for hyphal-independent SAP genes, recently constructed cph1 and efg1 single mutants and a cph1/efg1 double mutant lacking these factors were tested during interaction with oral epithelium and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In contrast to the parental wild-type strain and the cph1 mutant, the efg1 and the cph1/efg1 mutants did not produce hyphal forms in all experiments and were less capable of damaging epithelial cells and neutrophil granulocytes. The attenuated epithelial lesions of these mutants were correlated not only with reduced expression of the hyphal-associated gene SAP4, but also with the lack of SAP1 and SAP3 expression previously shown to be important for oral infections. An efg1 mutant strain carrying a plasmid-borne copy of the EFG1 gene regained hyphal growth, damage of keratinocytes, granulocytes and the expression of SAP1 and SAP3. Although efg1 and cph1/efg1 mutants did not produce germ tubes during infection, expression of the hyphal-associated genes SAP5 and SAP6 was not completely abolished. A reduced capacity to stimulate an epithelial immune response manifested by a delayed onset of IL-1beta, IL-8 and TNF expression was only observed in the cph1/efg1-infected tissue. These results provide further evidence for a combined regulation of different virulence factors, such as dimorphism and expression of SAP genes. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the lack of Efg1 also caused reduced expression of hyphal-independent SAP genes. Both the EFG1 and the CPH1 gene products are necessary for adequate induction of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Korting
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Oberbauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elfriede Januschke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Hamm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Albrecht
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Borelli
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology1 and Department of Parodontology3, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 2Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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Traves SL, Culpitt SV, Russell REK, Barnes PJ, Donnelly LE. Increased levels of the chemokines GROalpha and MCP-1 in sputum samples from patients with COPD. Thorax 2002; 57:590-5. [PMID: 12096201 PMCID: PMC1746378 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.57.7.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have increased numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in their lungs. Growth related oncogene-alpha (GROalpha) attracts neutrophils, whereas monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) attracts monocytes that can differentiate into macrophages. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of GROalpha and MCP-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and sputum from non-smokers, healthy smokers and patients with COPD, and to see if there was a correlation between the concentrations of these chemokines, lung function, and numbers of inflammatory cells. METHODS BAL fluid and sputum from non-smokers (n=32), healthy smokers (n=36), and patients with COPD (n=40) were analysed for the presence of GROalpha and MCP-1 using ELISA. Cells counts were performed on the samples and correlations between the concentrations of these chemokines, lung function, and inflammatory cells observed. RESULTS Median (SE) GROalpha and MCP-1 levels were significantly increased in sputum from patients with COPD compared with non-smokers and healthy smokers (GROalpha: 31 (11) v 2 (2) v 3 (0.8) ng/ml; MCP-1: 0.8 (0.4) v 0.2 (0.1) v 0.1 (0.04) ng/ml, p<0.05), but not in BAL fluid. There were significant negative correlations between both GROalpha and MCP-1 levels in sputum and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) % predicted (GROalpha: r=-0.5, p<0.001; MCP-1: r=-0.5, p<0.001), together with significant positive correlations between GROalpha and MCP-1 and neutrophil numbers in sputum (GROalpha: r=0.6, p<0.001; MCP-1: r=0.4, p<0.01). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GROalpha and MCP-1 are involved in the migration of inflammatory cells, thus contributing to the inflammatory load associated with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Traves
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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