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Panara V, Varaliová Z, Wilting J, Koltowska K, Jeltsch M. The relationship between the secondary vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system in fish. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38940420 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
New technologies have resulted in a better understanding of blood and lymphatic vascular heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular levels. However, we still need to learn more about the heterogeneity of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems among different species at the anatomical and functional levels. Even the deceptively simple question of the functions of fish lymphatic vessels has yet to be conclusively answered. The most common interpretation assumes a similar dual setup of the vasculature in zebrafish and mammals: a cardiovascular circulatory system, and a lymphatic vascular system (LVS), in which the unidirectional flow is derived from surplus interstitial fluid and returned into the cardiovascular system. A competing interpretation questions the identity of the lymphatic vessels in fish as at least some of them receive their flow from arteries via specialised anastomoses, neither requiring an interstitial source for the lymphatic flow nor stipulating unidirectionality. In this alternative view, the 'fish lymphatics' are a specialised subcompartment of the cardiovascular system, called the secondary vascular system (SVS). Many of the contradictions found in the literature appear to stem from the fact that the SVS develops in part or completely from an embryonic LVS by transdifferentiation. Future research needs to establish the extent of embryonic transdifferentiation of lymphatics into SVS blood vessels. Similarly, more insight is needed into the molecular regulation of vascular development in fish. Most fish possess more than the five vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes and three VEGF receptor genes that we know from mice or humans, and the relative tolerance of fish to whole-genome and gene duplications could underlie the evolutionary diversification of the vasculature. This review discusses the key elements of the fish lymphatics versus the SVS and attempts to draw a picture coherent with the existing data, including phylogenetic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Panara
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Varaliová
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical School Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
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2
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Simkin J, Aloysius A, Adam M, Safaee F, Donahue RR, Biswas S, Lakhani Z, Gensel JC, Thybert D, Potter S, Seifert AW. Tissue-resident macrophages specifically express Lactotransferrin and Vegfc during ear pinna regeneration in spiny mice. Dev Cell 2024; 59:496-516.e6. [PMID: 38228141 PMCID: PMC10922778 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The details of how macrophages control different healing trajectories (regeneration vs. scar formation) remain poorly defined. Spiny mice (Acomys spp.) can regenerate external ear pinnae tissue, whereas lab mice (Mus musculus) form scar tissue in response to an identical injury. Here, we used this dual species system to dissect macrophage phenotypes between healing modes. We identified secreted factors from activated Acomys macrophages that induce a pro-regenerative phenotype in fibroblasts from both species. Transcriptional profiling of Acomys macrophages and subsequent in vitro tests identified VEGFC, PDGFA, and Lactotransferrin (LTF) as potential pro-regenerative modulators. Examining macrophages in vivo, we found that Acomys-resident macrophages secreted VEGFC and LTF, whereas Mus macrophages do not. Lastly, we demonstrate the requirement for VEGFC during regeneration and find that interrupting lymphangiogenesis delays blastema and new tissue formation. Together, our results demonstrate that cell-autonomous mechanisms govern how macrophages react to the same stimuli to differentially produce factors that facilitate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Ajoy Aloysius
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Mike Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Fatemeh Safaee
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Renée R Donahue
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shishir Biswas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zohaib Lakhani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health-New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - David Thybert
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven Potter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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3
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Ocskay Z, Bálint L, Christ C, Kahn ML, Jakus Z. CCBE1 regulates the development and prevents the age-dependent regression of meningeal lymphatics. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116032. [PMID: 38141283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have described the importance of lymphatics in numerous organ-specific physiological and pathological processes. The role of meningeal lymphatics in various neurological and cerebrovascular diseases has been suggested. It has also been shown that these structures develop postnatally and are altered by aging and that the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC)/ vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) signaling plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of them. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the development and maintenance of meningeal lymphatics are still poorly characterized. Recent in vitro cell culture-based experiments, and in vivo studies in zebrafish and mouse skin suggest that collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) is involved in the processing of VEGFC. However, the organ-specific role of CCBE1 in developmental lymphangiogenesis and maintenance of lymphatics remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the organ-specific functions of CCBE1 in developmental lymphangiogenesis and maintenance of meningeal lymphatics during aging. We demonstrate that inducible deletion of CCBE1 leads to impaired postnatal development of the meningeal lymphatics and decreased macromolecule drainage to deep cervical lymph nodes. The structural integrity and density of meningeal lymphatics are gradually altered during aging. Furthermore, the meningeal lymphatic structures in adults showed regression after inducible CCBE1 deletion. Collectively, our results indicate the importance of CCBE1-dependent mechanisms not only in the development, but also in the prevention of the age-related regression of meningeal lymphatics. Therefore, targeting CCBE1 may be a good therapeutic strategy to prevent age-related degeneration of meningeal lymphatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Ocskay
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Bálint
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carolin Christ
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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Brown S, Campbell AC, Kuonqui K, Sarker A, Park HJ, Shin J, Kataru RP, Coriddi M, Dayan JH, Mehrara BJ. The Future of Lymphedema: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Treatment. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2023; 15:1-9. [PMID: 37359311 PMCID: PMC10233555 DOI: 10.1007/s12609-023-00491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the pharmacological interventions studied in both experimental and clinical trials for secondary lymphedema. Recent Findings Lymphedema is a progressive disease that results in tissue swelling, pain, and functional disability. The most common cause of secondary lymphedema in developed countries is an iatrogenic injury to the lymphatic system during cancer treatment. Despite its high incidence and severe sequelae, lymphedema is usually treated with palliative options such as compression and physical therapy. However, recent studies on the pathophysiology of lymphedema have explored pharmacological treatments in preclinical and early phase clinical trials. Summary Many potential treatment options for lymphedema have been explored throughout the past two decades including systemic agents and topical approaches to decrease the potential toxicity of systemic treatment. Treatment strategies including lymphangiogenic factors, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-fibrotic therapies may be used independently or in conjunction with surgical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Brown
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Adana C. Campbell
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Kevin Kuonqui
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ananta Sarker
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Hyeung Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Raghu P. Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Michelle Coriddi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Joseph H. Dayan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Babak J. Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Wang D, Qi M, Zhao H, Wu H, Chen H, Lan Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang J. Interventional effect of processing temperature on anti-angiogenesis of Coptis chinensis and screening of active components by UPLC-MS/MS on quail chick chorioallantoic membrane model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116014. [PMID: 36581161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Coptis chinensis Franch. (CC), as a commonly used heat-clearing and toxin-resolving traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has gained increased attention for its anti-tumor activity. However, little is known about the anti-tumor angiogenesis effect of CC and its possible bioactive components. Also, it has been shown that temperature affects the quality of CC, albeit whether and how it affects the anti-angiogenic activity of CC is currently unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the processing temperatures (40, 60, 80, 120, 140, 150, 160 and 200 °C) at which CC has the strongest anti-angiogenic effect and speculate the possible bioactive components. MATERIALS AND METHODS The q-CAM model was constructed to explore the anti-angiogenesis agents of CC. The angiogenesis inhibition effects of CC samples at different processing temperatures and its seven alkaloids were determined based on morphological observation and vascular area proportion analysis. UPLC-MS/MS was employed to screen the potent active components of CC on anti-angiogenesis. RESULTS All the intervention by CC at different processing temperatures and its seven alkaloids could inhibit angiogenesis on q-CAM vessels, as evidenced by a poor vasular development in morphological observation and a low vascular area proportion in vascular quantitative analysis, most evident in CC processed at 40 °C and palmatine. LC-MS revealed that palmatine displayed strongest inhibitory effect on q-CAM vessels with a high absorption due to its stable structure. And the maternal nucleus transformation phenomenon of CC alkaloids was found in the quail embryo metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The q-CAM models in conjunction with the UPLC-MS/MS technique could be a useful tool for assessing tumor angiogenesis and screening tumor-targeted medicines. Processing temperature can affect the anti-angiogenesis effect of CC because of its function on the content of alkaloids, and palmatine can be considered as a prospective anti-angiogenic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Miao Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Hedi Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Haozhong Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Han Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Yanan Lan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Yani Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, PR China.
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6
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A R P, Pandey Y, Punetha M, Kala A, Samad HA, Singh G, Chouhan VS. Comprehensive transcriptional profiling and functional study of lymphangiogenic growth factor in placentome of early-stage pregnant water buffalo. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:60-72. [PMID: 36098687 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and localization of lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-D), their receptor (VEGFR3) and lymphatic endothelial marker (LYVE1) in buffalo placenta during early pregnancy [EP], and to investigate the functional role of lymphangiogenic growth factors in placental lymphangiogenesis. The mRNA and protein expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, their receptor VEGFR3 and LYVE1 showed significant expression in EP1 (29-42 days) and EP2 stages (51-82 days) both in caruncle (maternal part) and cotyledon (foetal part) of the buffalo placenta. Immunoreactivity of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and LYVE1 was observed around the endometrial gland, in lymphatics and trophoblast cells, whereas VEGFR3 mainly localized in lymphatics of the caruncle and cotyledons. Cultured trophoblast cells were treated with VEGF-C/VEGF-D (50, 100 and 150 ng/ml) and combined doses of VEGF-C and VEGF-D (150 ng/ml) each for different time durations (24, 48 and 72 h). The mRNA expression of LYVE1 and PCNA was significantly (p < .001) upregulated with VEGF-C and VEGF-D and combined treatment (@150 ng/ml), as well as significantly downregulating Caspase-3 at 48 and 72 h. Thus, the present study provides evidence that lymphangiogenic factors are expressed in buffalo placental compartments and they may play a significant role in the regulation of placental function in water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja A R
- Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Pandey
- Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meeti Punetha
- Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anju Kala
- Animal Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hari Abdul Samad
- Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikrant Singh Chouhan
- Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rauniyar K, Akhondzadeh S, Gąciarz A, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. Bioactive VEGF-C from E. coli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18157. [PMID: 36307539 PMCID: PMC9616921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) stimulates lymphatic vessel growth in transgenic models, via viral gene delivery, and as a recombinant protein. Expressing eukaryotic proteins like VEGF-C in bacterial cells has limitations, as these cells lack specific posttranslational modifications and provisions for disulfide bond formation. However, given the cost and time savings associated with bacterial expression systems, there is considerable value in expressing VEGF-C using bacterial cells. We identified two approaches that result in biologically active Escherichia coli-derived VEGF-C. Expectedly, VEGF-C expressed from a truncated cDNA became bioactive after in vitro folding from inclusion bodies. Given that VEGF-C is one of the cysteine-richest growth factors in humans, it was unclear whether known methods to facilitate correct cysteine bond formation allow for the direct expression of bioactive VEGF-C in the cytoplasm. By fusing VEGF-C to maltose-binding protein and expressing these fusions in the redox-modified cytoplasm of the Origami (DE3) strain, we could recover biological activity for deletion mutants lacking the propeptides of VEGF-C. This is the first report of a bioactive VEGF growth factor obtained from E. coli cells circumventing in-vitro folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soheila Akhondzadeh
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Gąciarz
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.452042.50000 0004 0442 6391Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Lee JY, Wu J, Liu Y, Saraswathy S, Zhou L, Bu Q, Su Y, Choi D, Park E, Strohmaier CA, Weinreb RN, Hong YK, Pan X, Huang AS. Subconjunctival Lymphatics Respond to VEGFC and Anti-Metabolites in Rabbit and Mouse Eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:16. [PMID: 36166215 PMCID: PMC9526361 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize and pharmacologically influence subconjunctival lymphatics in rabbit and mouse eyes. Methods Rabbits received subconjunctival injections of trypan blue or fixable fluorescent dextrans. Bleb-related outflow pathways were quantified. Immunofluorescence for vessel-specific markers (lymphatics [podoplanin and LYVE-1] and blood vessels [CD31]) were performed in native rabbit conjunctiva and after fixable fluorescent dextran injection. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor-C (VEGFC) was injected subconjunctivally in rabbits. mRNA and protein were assessed for the above markers using RT-PCR and Western blot. Alternatively, mouse studies used Prox1-tdTomato transgenic reporter mice. Subconjunctival injection conditions included: no injection, balanced salt solution (BSS), VEGFC, 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and two concentrations of mitomycin-C (MMC). Two mouse injection protocols (short and long) with different follow-up times and number of injections were performed. Mouse eyes were enucleated, flat mounts created, and subconjunctival branching and length assessed. Results Rabbit eyes demonstrated clear bleb-related subconjunctival outflow pathways that were distinct from blood vessels and were without nasal/temporal predilection. Immunofluorescence against vessel-specific markers showed lymphatics and blood vessels in rabbit conjunctiva, and these lymphatics overlapped with bleb-related subconjunctival outflow pathways. Subconjunctival VEGFC increased lymphatic (P = 0.004-0.04) but not blood vessel (P = 0.77-0.84) mRNA or protein in rabbits. Prox1-tdTomato transgenic reporter mice demonstrated natively fluorescent lymphatics. Subconjunctival VEGFC increased murine lymphatic branching and length (P ≤ 0.001-0.004) while antimetabolites (P ≤ 0.001-0.043) did the opposite for the long protocol. Discussion Subconjunctival lymphatics are pharmacologically responsive to both VEGFC and antimetabolites in two animal models studied using different methodologies. These results may be important for bleb-forming glaucoma surgeries or ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Sindhu Saraswathy
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Longfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qianwen Bu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Clemens A Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.,Hamilton Glaucoma Center, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Alex S Huang
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
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9
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Wasik A, Ratajczak-Wielgomas K, Badzinski A, Dziegiel P, Podhorska-Okolow M. The Role of Periostin in Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174225. [PMID: 36077762 PMCID: PMC9454705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancers are common diseases that affect people of all ages worldwide. For this reason, continuous attempts are being made to improve current therapeutic options. The formation of metastases significantly decreases patient survival. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that are involved in this process seems to be crucial for effective cancer therapy. Cancer dissemination occurs mainly through blood and lymphatic vessels. As a result, many scientists have conducted a number of studies on the formation of new vessels. Many studies have shown that proangiogenic factors and the extracellular matrix protein, i.e., periostin, may be important in tumor angio- and lymphangiogenesis, thus contributing to metastasis formation and worsening of the prognosis. Abstract Periostin (POSTN) is a protein that is part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and which significantly affects the control of intracellular signaling pathways (PI3K-AKT, FAK) through binding integrin receptors (αvβ3, αvβ5, α6β4). In addition, increased POSTN expression enhances the expression of VEGF family growth factors and promotes Erk phosphorylation. As a result, this glycoprotein controls the Erk/VEGF pathway. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in the formation of new blood and lymphatic vessels, which may be significant in the process of metastasis. Moreover, POSTN is involved in the proliferation, progression, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. Its increased expression has been detected in many cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung carcinoma and glioblastoma. Many studies have shown that this protein may be an independent prognostic and predictive factor in many cancers, which may influence the choice of optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Wasik
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ratajczak-Wielgomas
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Arkadiusz Badzinski
- Silesian Nanomicroscopy Center, Silesia LabMed: Research and Implementation Center, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Human Biology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okolow
- Department of Human Biology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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New, Innovative, Three-Dimensional In Vivo Model for High-Level Microsurgical and Supermicrosurgical Training: A Replacement for Animal Models. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 150:432-436. [PMID: 35674658 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Microsurgery and supermicrosurgery are surgical subdomains necessary for a large variety of surgical disciplines. So far, there is no training model for lymphatic surgery or perforator flap surgery, and the most commonly used microsurgical training models are living animals. However, the ethical principles of replacement, refinement, and reduction (the three Rs) of living animals for training purposes were implemented, highlighting the necessity of an animal-sparing microsurgical training model. Formed during embryogenesis, the chick chorioallantoic membrane resembles a highly vascularized, noninnervated membrane within fertilized chicken eggs. The aim of this study was to utilize the chorioallantoic membrane model as an innovative and versatile training model for supermicrosurgery and microsurgery that can reduce the number of animals used for these purposes. The variety of different sized vessels for the implementation of an anastomosis proved the chorioallantoic membrane model as a well-functioning supermicrosurgical and microsurgical training model. The circulatory system is resilient enough to withstand the mechanical stress applied to the tissue, and the patency of the implemented anastomosis can be tested for the verification of the procedures. In summary, the integration of the chorioallantoic membrane model into a surgical training program can benefit its quality by representing a realistic anatomical and physiological model with a high variety of vascular structures. Moreover, the chorioallantoic membrane model satisfies the principles of replacement, refinement, and reduction as an animal-sparing model, indicating the potential of this model as an innovative microsurgical training model for the improvement of surgical skills.
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Solorzano E, Alejo AL, Ball HC, Magoline J, Khalil Y, Kelly M, Safadi FF. Osteopathy in Complex Lymphatic Anomalies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158258. [PMID: 35897834 PMCID: PMC9332568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex Lymphatic Anomalies (CLA) are lymphatic malformations with idiopathic bone and soft tissue involvement. The extent of the abnormal lymphatic presentation and boney invasion varies between subtypes of CLA. The etiology of these diseases has proven to be extremely elusive due to their rarity and irregular progression. In this review, we compiled literature on each of the four primary CLA subtypes and discuss their clinical presentation, lymphatic invasion, osseous profile, and regulatory pathways associated with abnormal bone loss caused by the lymphatic invasion. We highlight key proliferation and differentiation pathways shared between lymphatics and bone and how these systems may interact with each other to stimulate lymphangiogenesis and cause bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Solorzano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Andrew L. Alejo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Hope C. Ball
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Joseph Magoline
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yusuf Khalil
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Michael Kelly
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Blood, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Fayez F. Safadi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA; (E.S.); (A.L.A.); (H.C.B.); (J.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.)
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
- Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44243, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-325-6619
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Proteomic Analysis of Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) during Embryonic Development Provides Functional Insight. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7813921. [PMID: 35774275 PMCID: PMC9237712 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7813921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In oviparous animals, the egg contains all resources required for embryonic development. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a placenta-like structure produced by the embryo for acid-base balance, respiration, and calcium solubilization from the eggshell for bone mineralization. The CAM is a valuable in vivo model in cancer research for development of drug delivery systems and has been used to study tissue grafts, tumor metastasis, toxicology, angiogenesis, and assessment of bacterial invasion. However, the protein constituents involved in different CAM functions are poorly understood. Therefore, we have characterized the CAM proteome at two stages of development (ED12 and ED19) and assessed the contribution of the embryonic blood serum (EBS) proteome to identify CAM-unique proteins. LC/MS/MS-based proteomics allowed the identification of 1470, 1445, and 791 proteins in CAM (ED12), CAM (ED19), and EBS, respectively. In total, 1796 unique proteins were identified. Of these, 175 (ED12), 177 (ED19), and 105 (EBS) were specific to these stages/compartments. This study attributed specific CAM protein constituents to functions such as calcium ion transport, gas exchange, vasculature development, and chemical protection against invading pathogens. Defining the complex nature of the CAM proteome provides a crucial basis to expand its biomedical applications for pharmaceutical and cancer research.
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13
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Alharbi KS, Almalki WH, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Singh SK, Dua K, Gupta G. A narrative review on the biology of piezo1 with platelet-rich plasma in cardiac cell regeneration. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:110011. [PMID: 35728671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte regeneration following cardiac damage is challenging to study because of the inflammatory process, the multiplication of cells in the stroma, and the creation of scar tissue. In addition to the initial damage, the subsequent decrease in cardiac myocytes adds to heart failure. Piezo1 is remarkably understudied in the heart, which may be related to its recent discovery. Despite this, Piezo1 is expressed in a variety of cardiovascular cell populations, notably epithelial cells (EC), cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and cardiac myocytes (CM), in both animal and human samples, with fibroblasts expressing more than myocytes. Researchers have recently shown that disrupting Piezo1 signaling causes defects in zebrafish developing the outflow tract (OFT) and aortic valves. Platelet plasma membranes may provide lipid substrates, such as phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, that aid in activating the piezo 1 ion channel in the cardiovascular system. In addition, CXC chemokine ligand 8/CXC chemokine receptor 1/2 (CXCL8-CXCR1/2) signaling was identified to establish the proliferation of coronary endothelial cells during cardiac regeneration. Notably, all these pathways are calcium-dependent, and cell proliferation and angiogenesis were necessary to recover myocardial cells. This review will examine the most current findings to understand further how platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and the piezo 1 channel might aid in cardiomyocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
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14
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El-Sammak H, Yang B, Guenther S, Chen W, Marín-Juez R, Stainier DY. A Vegfc-Emilin2a-Cxcl8a Signaling Axis Required for Zebrafish Cardiac Regeneration. Circ Res 2022; 130:1014-1029. [PMID: 35264012 PMCID: PMC8976759 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic heart disease following the obstruction of coronary vessels leads to the death of cardiac tissue and the formation of a fibrotic scar. In contrast to adult mammals, zebrafish can regenerate their heart after injury, enabling the study of the underlying mechanisms. One of the earliest responses following cardiac injury in adult zebrafish is coronary revascularization. Defects in this process lead to impaired cardiomyocyte repopulation and scarring. Hence, identifying and investigating factors that promote coronary revascularization holds great therapeutic potential. METHODS We used wholemount imaging, immunohistochemistry and histology to assess various aspects of zebrafish cardiac regeneration. Deep transcriptomic analysis allowed us to identify targets and potential effectors of Vegfc (vascular endothelial growth factor C) signaling. We used newly generated loss- and gain-of-function genetic tools to investigate the role of Emilin2a (elastin microfibril interfacer 2a) and Cxcl8a (chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand 8a)-Cxcr1 (chemokine (C-X-C) motif receptor 1) signaling in cardiac regeneration. RESULTS We first show that regenerating coronary endothelial cells upregulate vegfc upon cardiac injury in adult zebrafish and that Vegfc signaling is required for their proliferation during regeneration. Notably, blocking Vegfc signaling also significantly reduces cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation. Using transcriptomic analyses, we identified emilin2a as a target of Vegfc signaling and found that manipulation of emilin2a expression can modulate coronary revascularization as well as cardiomyocyte proliferation. Mechanistically, Emilin2a induces the expression of the chemokine gene cxcl8a in epicardium-derived cells, while cxcr1, the Cxcl8a receptor gene, is expressed in coronary endothelial cells. We further show that Cxcl8a-Cxcr1 signaling is also required for coronary endothelial cell proliferation during cardiac regeneration. CONCLUSIONS These data show that after cardiac injury, coronary endothelial cells upregulate vegfc to promote coronary network reestablishment and cardiac regeneration. Mechanistically, Vegfc signaling upregulates epicardial emilin2a and cxcl8a expression to promote cardiac regeneration. These studies aid in understanding the mechanisms underlying coronary revascularization in zebrafish, with potential therapeutic implications to enhance revascularization and regeneration in injured human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil El-Sammak
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bingyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stefan Guenther
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rubén Marín-Juez
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Current address: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, H3T 1C5 Montréal, QC, Canada, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Didier Y.R. Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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The impact of different forms of exercise on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy populations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1589-1625. [PMID: 35305142 PMCID: PMC9197818 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to vascular healing and neovascularisation, while exercise is an effective means to mobilise EPCs into the circulation. OBJECTIVES to systematically examine the acute and chronic effects of different forms of exercise on circulating EPCs in healthy populations. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were followed. RESULTS thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria including 747 participants aged 19 to 76 years. All included trials used flow cytometry for identification of circulating EPCs. Eight and five different EPC phenotypes were identified in the acute and chronic trials, respectively. In the acute trials, moderate intensity continuous (MICON), maximal, prolonged endurance, resistance and high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise protocols were utilised. Prolonged endurance and resistance exercise had the most profound effect on circulating EPCs followed by maximal exercise. In the chronic trials, MICON exercise, HIIT, HIIT compared to MICON and MICON compared to exergame (exercise modality based on an interactive video game) were identified. MICON exercise had a positive effect on circulating EPCs in older sedentary individuals which was accompanied by improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Long-stage HIIT (4 min bouts) appears to be an effective means and superior than MICON exercise in mobilising circulating EPCs. In conclusion, both in acute and chronic trials the degree of exercise-induced EPC mobilisation depends upon the exercise regime applied. In future, more research is warranted to examine the dose-response relationship of different exercise forms on circulating EPCs using standardised methodology and EPC phenotype.
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Brown S, Dayan JH, Coriddi M, Campbell A, Kuonqui K, Shin J, Park HJ, Mehrara BJ, Kataru RP. Pharmacological Treatment of Secondary Lymphedema. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828513. [PMID: 35145417 PMCID: PMC8822213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic disease that results in swelling and decreased function due to abnormal lymphatic fluid clearance and chronic inflammation. In Western countries, lymphedema most commonly develops following an iatrogenic injury to the lymphatic system during cancer treatment. It is estimated that as many as 10 million patients suffer from lymphedema in the United States alone. Current treatments for lymphedema are palliative in nature, relying on compression garments and physical therapy to decrease interstitial fluid accumulation in the affected extremity. However, recent discoveries have increased the hopes of therapeutic interventions that may promote lymphatic regeneration and function. The purpose of this review is to summarize current experimental pharmacological strategies in the treatment of lymphedema.
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Koylu B, Tekin F, Aktas BY, Kilickap S, Koksal D. Pazopanib-induced chylothorax in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e555-e557. [PMID: 34387587 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pazopanib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It is an anti-angiogenic agent, which blocks the activation signaling pathways of tyrosine kinases and prevents the activities of primarily vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3, which are important in lymphangiogenesis. Herein, we report a patient with advanced RCC who developed asymptomatic left-sided chylothorax under pazopanib therapy. Chylothorax developed in the 16th month and gradually increased until it was diagnosed by thoracentesis in the 22nd month. The development of chylothorax was attributed to pazopanib therapy after ruling out all possible traumatic and nontraumatic etiologies. The 'Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale' revealed a total score of 6, which fell into 'probable' category. Chylothorax regressed significantly 5 weeks after the discontinuation of pazopanib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Burak Yasin Aktas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara
| | - Saadettin Kilickap
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Formerly in Hacettepe University, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Lee JY, Heilweil G, Le P, Saraswathy S, Hong YK, Girkin CA, Huang AS. Structural Confirmation of Lymphatic Outflow from Subconjunctival Blebs of Live Human Subjects. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1. [PMID: 35005679 PMCID: PMC8740887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To uncover the mechanism of subconjunctival outflow in humans. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Fifteen patients receiving subconjunctival anesthesia before intravitreal injection for routine clinical care. Methods Anterior segment (AS) OCT was performed in patients with various instances of conjunctival edema or subconjunctival fluid. Other patients received a subconjunctival mixture of 0.005% indocyanine green and 2% lidocaine. After subconjunctival injection of the tracer and anesthetic mixture, blebs and associated outflow pathways were imaged angiographically and the time for appearance was recorded. The pattern and structure of outflow pathways were studied using AS OCT. Angiographic and AS OCT results were compared with trabecular and conventional outflow imaging, which demonstrates veins. Main Outcome Measures Ocular surface lymphangiography and AS OCT images. Results Anterior segment OCT of the conjunctiva in a normal eye demonstrated thin nonedematous conjunctiva with absent intraconjunctival lumens or subconjunctival fluid. Patients with a history of trabeculectomy, subconjunctival drug injection, or chemosis demonstrated thickened conjunctiva and intraconjunctival luminal pathways that contained valve-like structures. Tracer-based studies in patients demonstrated blebs with irregular subconjunctival bleb-related outflow patterns that arose in a time-dependent fashion. These angiographic pathways were luminal on OCT, sausage shaped, and contained intraluminal valve-like structures. This was in contrast to trabecular and conventional outflow imaging, where pathways were classically Y-shaped, of even caliber, and lacked valve-like structures. Conclusions Outflow pathways were seen in patients with conjunctival edema and after subconjunctival tracer injection. These pathways were lymphatic based on pattern and structural study. Better understanding of bleb-related lymphatic outflow may lead to improved bleb-requiring glaucoma surgeries and subconjunctival drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gad Heilweil
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Phuc Le
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sindhu Saraswathy
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alex S Huang
- The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Chennakesavalu M, Somala SRR, Dommaraju SR, Peesapati MP, Guo K, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Corneal lymphangiogenesis as a potential target in dry eye disease - a systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:960-976. [PMID: 33811911 PMCID: PMC9991079 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular surface condition causing symptoms of significant discomfort, visual disturbance, and pain. With recent advancements, DED has become recognized as a chronic self-perpetuating inflammatory condition triggered by various internal and environmental factors. DED has been shown to arise from the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, leading to corneal epithelium and lacrimal gland dysfunction. While the cornea is normally avascular and thus imbued with angiogenic and lymphangiogenic privilege, various DED models have revealed activated corneal antigen-presenting cells in regional lymph nodes, suggesting the formation of new corneal lymphatic vessels in DED. The recent availability of reliable lymphatic cell surface markers such as LYVE-1 has made it possible to study lymphangiogenesis. Accordingly, numerous studies have been published within the last decade discussing the role of lymphangiogenesis in DED pathology. We systematically review the literature to identify and evaluate studies presenting data on corneal lymphangiogenesis in DED. There is considerable evidence supporting corneal lymphangiogenesis as a central mediator of DED pathogenesis. These findings suggest that anti-lymphangiogenic therapeutic strategies may be a viable option for the treatment of DED, a conclusion supported by the limited number of reported clinical trials examining anti-lymphangiogenic modalities in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohansrinivas Chennakesavalu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sri Raghurama R Somala
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sunil R Dommaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Meghna Priyanka Peesapati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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20
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Isolating and characterizing lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells for potential therapeutic lymphangiogenic applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:191-202. [PMID: 34384911 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic dysfunction is associated with the progression of several vascular disorders, though currently, there are limited strategies to promote new lymphatic vasculature (i.e., lymphangiogenesis) to restore lost lymphatic function. One promising approach to stimulate lymphangiogenesis involves delivering endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are naturally involved in de novo blood vessel formation and have recently been identified to include a lymphatic subpopulation. However, the contribution of lymphatic EPCs in lymphangiogenesis is not clear and challenges with maintaining the activity of transplanted EPCs remain. Thus, the objective of this study was to isolate lymphatic EPCs from human umbilical cord blood and characterize their role in the initial stages of blood or lymphatic vasculature formation. Furthermore, this study also tested the applicability of alginate hydrogels to deliver lymphatic EPCs for a possible therapeutic application. We postulated and confirmed that blood and lymphatic EPC colonies could be isolated from human umbilical cord blood. Additionally, EPC populations responded to either angiogenic or lymphangiogenic growth factors and could stimulate their respective mature endothelial cells in vasculature models in vitro. Finally, lymphatic EPCs maintained their ability to promote lymphatic sprouts after prolonged interactions with the alginate hydrogel microenvironment. These results suggest EPCs have both a blood and a lymphatic population that have specific roles in promoting revascularization and highlight the potential of alginate hydrogels for the delivery of lymphatic EPCs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the potential therapeutic benefit of promoting lymphatic vasculature, lymphangiogenesis remains understudied. One appealing strategy for promoting lymphangiogenesis involves delivering lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are a subpopulation of EPCs involved in de novo vessel formation. Here, we investigate the role of isolated blood and lymphatic EPC subpopulations in promoting the early stages of vascularization and the utility of alginate hydrogels to deliver lymphatic EPCs. We determined that EPCs had two populations that expressed either blood or lymphatic markers, could stimulate their respective mature vasculature in tissue constructs and that alginate hydrogels maintained the therapeutic potential of lymphatic EPCs. We anticipate this work could support promising biomaterial applications of EPCs to promote revascularization, which could have many therapeutic applications.
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21
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Pankova MN, Lobov GI. Lymphangiogenesis and Features of Lymphatic Drainage in Different Organs: the Significance for Allograft Fate. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Grambow E, Sorg H, Sorg CGG, Strüder D. Experimental Models to Study Skin Wound Healing with a Focus on Angiogenesis. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9030055. [PMID: 34449673 PMCID: PMC8395822 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of models are now available for the investigation of skin wound healing. These can be used to study the processes that take place in a phase-specific manner under both physiological and pathological conditions. Most models focus on wound closure, which is a crucial parameter for wound healing. However, vascular supply plays an equally important role and corresponding models for selective or parallel investigation of microcirculation regeneration and angiogenesis are also described. In this review article, we therefore focus on the different levels of investigation of skin wound healing (in vivo to in virtuo) and the investigation of angiogenesis and its parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Grambow
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Heiko Sorg
- Department of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58455 Witten, Germany;
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Westfalen, Am Knappschaftskrankenhaus 1, 44309 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian G. G. Sorg
- Chair of Management and Innovation in Health Care, Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Management, Economics and Society, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455 Witten, Germany;
| | - Daniel Strüder
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery “Otto Körner”, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
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23
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Chorioallantoic membrane vascularization. A meta-analysis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112716. [PMID: 34186097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The CAM is a widely used experimental assay to study angiogenesis, wound healing, tumor growth and metastatic process. In this study, we have analyzed and compared the existent literature data concerning the growth of the CAM. Moreover, we have analyzed the data concerning the development of the vascular system and the expression of the most important pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The availability of these data and their comparative evaluation allow to better analyze the experimental data concerning the testing of different pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules, as well as biomaterials in the CAM assay. Moreover, the dynamic of the angiogenic response to different tumor cell lines and or tumor bioptic specimens, may be also better evaluated and estimated.
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24
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An intact complement system dampens cornea inflammation during acute primary HSV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10247. [PMID: 33986436 PMCID: PMC8119410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal transparency is an essential characteristic necessary for normal vision. In response to microbial infection, the integrity of the cornea can become compromised as a result of the inflammatory response and the ensuing tissue pathology including neovascularization (NV) and collagen lamellae destruction. We have previously found complement activation contributes to cornea pathology-specifically, denervation in response to HSV-1 infection. Therefore, we investigated whether the complement system also played a role in HSV-1-mediated neovascularization. Using wild type (WT) and complement component 3 deficient (C3 KO) mice infected with HSV-1, we found corneal NV was accelerated associated with an increase in inflammatory monocytes (CD11b+CCR2+CD115+/-Ly6G-Ly6Chigh), macrophages (CD11b+CCR2+CD115+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh) and a subpopulation of granulocytes/neutrophils (CD11b+CCR2-CD115+Ly6G+Ly6Clow). There were also increases in select pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors including IL-1α, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, CXCL1, CCL2, and VEGF-A that coincided with increased inflammation, neovascularization, and corneal opacity in the C3 KO mice. The difference in inflammation between WT and C3 KO mice was not driven by changes in virus titer. However, viral antigen clearance was hindered in C3 KO mouse corneas suggesting the complement system has a dynamic regulatory role within the cornea once an inflammatory cascade is initiated by HSV-1.
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25
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das Neves SP, Delivanoglou N, Da Mesquita S. CNS-Draining Meningeal Lymphatic Vasculature: Roles, Conundrums and Future Challenges. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655052. [PMID: 33995074 PMCID: PMC8113819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A genuine and functional lymphatic vascular system is found in the meninges that sheath the central nervous system (CNS). This unexpected (re)discovery led to a reevaluation of CNS fluid and solute drainage mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions and the involvement of meningeal lymphatics in the initiation and progression of neurological disorders. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the development, morphology and unique functional features of meningeal lymphatics. An outline of the different factors that affect meningeal lymphatic function, such as growth factor signaling and aging, and their impact on the continuous drainage of brain-derived molecules and meningeal immune cells into the cervical lymph nodes is also provided. We also highlight the most recent discoveries about the roles of the CNS-draining lymphatic vasculature in different pathologies that have a strong neuroinflammatory component, including brain trauma, tumors, and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Lastly, we provide a critical appraisal of the conundrums, challenges and exciting questions involving the meningeal lymphatic system that ought to be investigated in years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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26
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Becker J, Tchagou Tchangou GE, Schmidt S, Zelent C, Kahl F, Wilting J. Absence of lymphatic vessels in term placenta. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:380. [PMID: 32600346 PMCID: PMC7325062 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been debate about the existence of lymphatic vessels in placenta. Lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers such as LYVE-1 and podoplanin/D2–40 have been found, although PROX1 has not been detected. The most reliable marker for LECs is the double staining for CD31 and PROX1, which has not been performed yet. Methods We studied three term placentas and dissected them into three areas: i.) basal plate area, ii.) intermediate area, and iii.) chorionic plate area. We used immunofluorescence single and double staining with antibodies against CD31, PROX1, LYVE-1, VEGFR-3, D2–40/PDPN, CD34, CCBE-1, and vimentin, as well as nested PCR, qPCR, Western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results At TEM level we observed structures that have previously mistakenly been interpreted as lymphatics, however, we did not find any CD31/PROX1 double-positive cells in placenta. Absence of PROX1 was also noted by nested PCR, qPCR and Western blot. Also, LEC marker VEGFR-3 was expressed only in a small number of scattered leukocytes but was absent from vessels. The LEC marker D2–40/PDPN was expressed in most stromal cells, and the LEC marker LYVE-1 was found in a considerable number of stromal cells, but not in endothelial cells, which were positive for CD31, CD34, CCBE-1 and vimentin. Additionally, vimentin was found in stromal cells. Conclusions Our studies clearly show absence of lymphatics in term placenta. We also show that the functional area of the mother’s endometrium is not penetrated by lymphatics in term pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Becker
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gilles E Tchagou Tchangou
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmidt
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Zelent
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Kahl
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Deparment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Goettingen, UMG, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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27
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Gancz D, Perlmoter G, Yaniv K. Formation and Growth of Cardiac Lymphatics during Embryonic Development, Heart Regeneration, and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037176. [PMID: 31818858 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in regulating fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance, and lipid transport. As is in most of the body's organs, the heart possesses an extensive lymphatic network. Moreover, a robust lymphangiogenic response has been shown to take place following myocardial infarction, highlighting cardiac lymphatics as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Yet, the unique molecular properties and functions of the heart's lymphatic system have only recently begun to be addressed. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the formation and growth of cardiac lymphatics during embryonic development and describe their characteristics across species. We further summarize recent findings highlighting diverse cellular origins for cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells and how they integrate to form a single functional lymphatic network. Finally, we outline novel therapeutic avenues aimed at enhancing lymphatic vessel formation and integrity following cardiac injury, which hold great promise for promoting healing of the infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Gancz
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gal Perlmoter
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Asaoka M, Patnaik SK, Zhang F, Ishikawa T, Takabe K. Lymphovascular invasion in breast cancer is associated with gene expression signatures of cell proliferation but not lymphangiogenesis or immune response. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 181:309-322. [PMID: 32285241 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the prognostic relevance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in breast cancer is well known, its molecular biology is poorly understood. We hypothesized that pathologically determined LVI reflects molecular features of tumors and can be discerned from their genomic and transcriptomic profiles. METHODS LVI status and Nottingham histological scores of primary breast tumors of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project were assessed from pathology reports; other clinical and molecular data were obtained from TCGA data portals and publications. Two independent datasets (GSE5460 and GSE7849) were combined and used for validation. RESULTS LVI status was determinable for 639 and 196 cases of the TCGA and validation cohorts, among whom LVI incidence was 37.8% and 37.2%, respectively. LVI was associated with high tumor Ki67 expression, advanced pathologic stage, and high Nottingham scores. LVI-positive cases had worse overall and progression-free survival regardless of cancer subtype. Surprisingly, in both cohorts, LVI was not associated with lymphangiogenesis or lymphatic vessel density as estimated from tumor expression of lymphatic endothelium-associated genes. LVI-positive tumors had higher genome copy number aberrations, aneuploidy, and homologous recombination defects, but not single-nucleotide variations or intra-tumor genome heterogeneity. Tumor immune cell composition and cytolytic activity was not associated with LVI status. On the other hand, expression of cell proliferation-related genes was significantly increased in LVI-positive tumors. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that breast cancer with LVI is a highly proliferative cancer, and it does not correlate with gene expression markers for lymphangiogenesis or immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Breast Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Santosh K Patnaik
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Frank Zhang
- Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Breast Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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29
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Role of Endogenous Regulators of Hem- And Lymphangiogenesis in Corneal Transplantation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020479. [PMID: 32050484 PMCID: PMC7073692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the cornea, being the transparent “windscreen” of the eye, is free of both blood and lymphatic vessels. However, various diseases of the eye, like infections, can interfere with the balance between promoting and inhibiting factors, which leads to ingrowth of blood and lymphatic vessels. The newly formed lymphatic vessels increase the risk of graft rejection after subsequent corneal transplantation. Corneal transplantation is one of the most commonly performed transplantations worldwide, with more than 40,000 surgeries per year in Europe. To date, various anti-hem- and anti-lymphangiogenic treatment strategies have been developed specifically for the corneal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Currently, however, no treatment strategies are clinically available to specifically modulate lymphangiogenesis. In this review, we will give an overview about endogenous regulators of hem- and lymphangiogenesis and discuss potential new strategies for targeting pathological lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, we will review recently identified modulators and demonstrate that the cornea is a suitable model for the identification of novel endogenous modulators of lymphangiogenesis. The identification of novel modulators of lymphangiogenesis and a better understanding of the signaling pathways involved will contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of pathological lymphangiogenesis. This, in turn, will improve graft rejection, not only for the cornea.
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30
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Cavallari C, Figliolini F, Tapparo M, Cedrino M, Trevisan A, Positello L, Rispoli P, Solini A, Migliaretti G, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. miR-130a and Tgfβ Content in Extracellular Vesicles Derived from the Serum of Subjects at High Cardiovascular Risk Predicts their In-Vivo Angiogenic Potential. Sci Rep 2020; 10:706. [PMID: 31959759 PMCID: PMC6971269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum-derived extracellular vesicles (sEV) from healthy donors display in-vivo pro-angiogenic properties. To identify patients that may benefit from autologous sEV administration for pro-angiogenic purposes, sEV angiogenic capability has been evaluated in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) subjects (D), in obese individuals with (OD) and without (O) T2DM, and in subjects with ischemic disease (IC) (9 patients/group). sEV display different angiogenic properties in such cluster of individuals. miRNomic profile and TGFβ content in sEV were evaluated. We found that miR-130a and TGFβ content correlates with sEV in-vitro and in-vivo angiogenic properties, particularly in T2DM patients. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified a number of genes as among the most significant miR-130a interactors. Gain-of-function experiments recognized homeoboxA5 (HOXA5) as a miR-130a specific target. Finally, ROC curve analyses revealed that sEV ineffectiveness could be predicted (Likelihood Ratio+ (LH+) = 3.3 IC 95% from 2.6 to 3.9) by comparing miR-130a and TGFβ content 'in Series'. We demonstrate that sEV from high cardiovascular risk patients have different angiogenic properties and that miR-130a and TGFβ sEV content predicts 'true ineffective sEVs'. These results provide the rationale for the use of these assays to identify patients that may benefit from autologous sEV administration to boost the angiogenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Cedrino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Pietro Rispoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliaretti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- 2i3T Scarl, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Maria Felice Brizzi
- 2i3T Scarl, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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31
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Marshall KM, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. Evolving applications of the egg: chorioallantoic membrane assay and ex vivo organotypic culture of materials for bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420942734. [PMID: 33194169 PMCID: PMC7594486 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420942734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chick chorioallantoic membrane model has been around for over a century, applied in angiogenic, oncology, dental and xenograft research. Despite its often perceived archaic, redolent history, the chorioallantoic membrane assay offers new and exciting opportunities for material and growth factor evaluation in bone tissue engineering. Currently, superior/improved experimental methodology for the chorioallantoic membrane assay are difficult to identify, given an absence of scientific consensus in defining experimental approaches, including timing of inoculation with materials and the analysis of results. In addition, critically, regulatory and welfare issues impact upon experimental designs. Given such disparate points, this review details recent research using the ex vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay and the ex vivo organotypic culture to advance the field of bone tissue engineering, and highlights potential areas of improvement for their application based on recent developments within our group and the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Marshall
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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32
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Hos D, Matthaei M, Bock F, Maruyama K, Notara M, Clahsen T, Hou Y, Le VNH, Salabarria AC, Horstmann J, Bachmann BO, Cursiefen C. Immune reactions after modern lamellar (DALK, DSAEK, DMEK) versus conventional penetrating corneal transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100768. [PMID: 31279005 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, novel lamellar keratoplasty techniques such as Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) for anterior keratoplasty and Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK)/Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for posterior keratoplasty have been developed. DALK eliminates the possibility of endothelial allograft rejection, which is the main reason for graft failure after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Compared to PK, the risk of endothelial graft rejection is significantly reduced after DSAEK/DMEK. Thus, with modern lamellar techniques, the clinical problem of endothelial graft rejection seems to be nearly solved in the low-risk situation. However, even with lamellar grafts there are epithelial, subepithelial and stromal immune reactions in DALK and endothelial immune reactions in DSAEK/DMEK, and not all keratoplasties can be performed in a lamellar fashion. Therefore, endothelial graft rejection in PK is still highly relevant, especially in the "high-risk" setting, where the cornea's (lymph)angiogenic and immune privilege is lost due to severe inflammation and pathological neovascularization. For these eyes, currently available treatment options are still unsatisfactory. In this review, we will describe currently used keratoplasty techniques, namely PK, DALK, DSAEK, and DMEK. We will summarize their indications, provide surgical descriptions, and comment on their complications and outcomes. Furthermore, we will give an overview on corneal transplant immunology. A specific focus will be placed on endothelial graft rejection and we will report on its incidence, clinical presentation, and current/future treatment and prevention options. Finally, we will speculate how the field of keratoplasty and prevention of corneal allograft rejection will develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Matthaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Clahsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanhong Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Viet Nhat Hung Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Hue College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Viet Nam
| | | | - Jens Horstmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bjoern O Bachmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Aşula MF, Onur IU, Yigit FU. Efficacy of fumagillin bicyclohexylamine on experimental corneal neovascularization in rat model. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 39:1553-1558. [PMID: 30006905 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-0964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fumagillin has been previously used to treat corneal microsporidial keratitis and also identified as an angiogenesis inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of fumagillin bicyclohexylamine on the rat model of corneal neovascularization induced by silver nitrate cauterization. METHODS Twenty-four Albino Wistar rats (n = 24) were divided into three groups. Following silver nitrate-induced corneal injury, eyes in Group 1 received one drop of 5 mg/mL topical fumagillin bicyclohexylamine four times daily for 10 days. Group 2 received subconjunctival injection of 0.1 mL fumagillin bicyclohexylamine (2.5 mg/mL) on day 1 and day 5. Group 3 received artificial tears and lubricants four times daily for 10 days as control. On day 10, animals were sacrificed. Corneal specimens were obtained and prepared to assess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) levels and corneal angiogenic microvessel density. RESULTS There was no significant difference in VEGF-C levels between the groups (P = 0.994). Assessment of angiogenic microvessel density for peripheral corneal zone also did not reveal significant difference between the groups (P = 0.113). However, mean vascular density in Group 1 and Group 2 was significantly higher for both midperipheral and central corneal zones in comparison with Group 3 (P = 0.003, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Previously proved to be effective for treatment of microsporidial keratitis in humans, topical and subconjunctival concentration or dosing of fumagillin bicyclohexylamine failed to reduce corneal neovascularization induced by silver nitrate in this study. Further studies comparing different concentrations and dosing may detect inhibitory effects of fumagillin on corneal neovascularization without inducing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fatih Aşula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Tevfik Saglam Caddesi No: 11 Zuhuratbaba, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - I Umut Onur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Tevfik Saglam Caddesi No: 11 Zuhuratbaba, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - F Ulviye Yigit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Tevfik Saglam Caddesi No: 11 Zuhuratbaba, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
The ability to generate new microvessels in desired numbers and at desired locations has been a long-sought goal in vascular medicine, engineering, and biology. Historically, the need to revascularize ischemic tissues nonsurgically (so-called therapeutic vascularization) served as the main driving force for the development of new methods of vascular growth. More recently, vascularization of engineered tissues and the generation of vascularized microphysiological systems have provided additional targets for these methods, and have required adaptation of therapeutic vascularization to biomaterial scaffolds and to microscale devices. Three complementary strategies have been investigated to engineer microvasculature: angiogenesis (the sprouting of existing vessels), vasculogenesis (the coalescence of adult or progenitor cells into vessels), and microfluidics (the vascularization of scaffolds that possess the open geometry of microvascular networks). Over the past several decades, vascularization techniques have grown tremendously in sophistication, from the crude implantation of arteries into myocardial tunnels by Vineberg in the 1940s, to the current use of micropatterning techniques to control the exact shape and placement of vessels within a scaffold. This review provides a broad historical view of methods to engineer the microvasculature, and offers a common framework for organizing and analyzing the numerous studies in this area of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1155-1212, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA
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Qi S, Yang C, Zhu M, Chen H. Effect of oral mucosal transplantation on the expression of EGF and VEGF-C during skin wound repair. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:320-325. [PMID: 31258668 PMCID: PMC6566044 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of oral mucosal transplantation on epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) in skin wound repair. Sixty-four rats were randomly separated into group A, B, C and D (16 rats in each group). The right abdomen skin was excised 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after injury, respectively. Oral mucosa of the rat tongue was transplanted to the right abdomen skin. Fourteen days after the healing of the oral mucosa graft, the rat skin full-thickness model was prepared at the transplant site (the study group) and the contralateral site (the control group). Rats in each group were anesthetized and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after injury. Expression of EGF and VEGF-C in skin tissue was detected by RT-qPCR and ELISA. At 3 days, expression levels of EGF and VEGF-C mRNA and protein in skin tissue were significantly higher than those at 1 day (P<0.05). At 5 days, expression levels of EGF and VEGF-C mRNA and protein in skin tissue were significantly higher than those at 3 days (P<0.05). At 7 days, expression levels of EGF mRNA and protein in skin tissue were significantly lower than those at 5 days (P<0.05), while VEGF-C levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). Expression levels of EGF and VEGF-C mRNA and protein in the skin tissue of the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at all days (P<0.05). EGF and VEGF-C may be involved in scar formation, and play an important role in the process of skin wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Changxi Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Zibo Mining Group Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255120, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhen Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
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Petrillo A, Laterza MM, Tirino G, Pompella L, Pappalardo A, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Auricchio A, Orditura M, Ciardiello F, Galizia G, De Vita F. Increased circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor C can predict outcome in resectable gastric cancer patients. J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 10:314-323. [PMID: 31032100 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2018.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neoangiogenesis has proven to be a relevant pathogenetic mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) and lymphatic spread represents an important well-known prognostic factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays a key role in lymphangiogenesis and its blood levels in GC patients are easily measurable. This analysis aimed to investigate the prognostic role of preoperative VEGF-C blood levels. Methods VEGF-C serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) in 186 patients observed at our institution from January 2004 until December 2009 and 82 healthy subjects. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21.0. Results VEGF-C levels were significantly higher in GC patients (median: 287.4 pg/mL; range, 76.2-865.2 pg/mL) than in the control group (median VEGF-C: 31 pg/mL; range, 12-97 pg/mL). A significant correlation between VEGF-C levels, T, N and tumor stage has been described. The median overall survival (OS) was statistically significantly higher in pts with low serum VEGF-C levels [median: not reached (NR) vs. 26 months; P<0.0001]. Higher preoperative VEGF-C levels correlated also with earlier disease relapse and poor disease-free survival (DFS) (median NR in each subgroup, P=0.005). Furthermore, high VEGF-C levels [hazard ratio (HR) =2.7; P=0.018] and tumor grading (HR =0.44; P=0.007) were independent prognostic factors for OS at multivariate analysis. Conclusions Our study showed that increased VEGF-C levels are significantly associated with advanced regional lymph node involvement and poor OS and DFS in pts with resected GC paving the way to a possible application as prognostic factor in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Petrillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Laterza
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tirino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Pompella
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pappalardo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Jole Ventriglia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Savastano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Auricchio
- Division of GI Tract Surgical Oncology, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Orditura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Galizia
- Division of GI Tract Surgical Oncology, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando De Vita
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Lymphoedema is an oedematous condition with a specific and complex tissue biology. In the clinical context of cancer, the pathogenesis of lymphoedema ensues most typically from the modalities employed to stage and treat the cancer (in particular, surgery and radiotherapy). Despite advances in cancer treatment, lifelong lymphoedema (limb swelling and the accompanying chronic inflammatory processes) affects approximately one in seven individuals treated for cancer, although estimates of lymphoedema prevalence following cancer treatment vary widely depending upon the diagnostic criteria used and the duration of follow-up. The natural history of cancer-associated lymphoedema is defined by increasing limb girth, fibrosis, inflammation, abnormal fat deposition and eventual marked cutaneous pathology, which also increases the risk of recurrent skin infections. Lymphoedema can substantially affect the daily quality of life of patients, as, in addition to aesthetic concerns, it can cause discomfort and affect the ability to carry out daily tasks. Clinical diagnosis is dependent on comparison of the affected region with the equivalent region on the unaffected side and, if available, with pre-surgical measurements. Surveillance is indicated in this high-risk population to facilitate disease detection at the early stages, when therapeutic interventions are most effective. Treatment modalities include conservative physical strategies that feature complex decongestive therapy (including compression garments) and intermittent pneumatic compression, as well as an emerging spectrum of surgical interventions, including liposuction for late-stage disease. The future application of pharmacological and microsurgical therapeutics for cancer-associated lymphoedema holds great promise.
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Li J, Qi Z, Hu YP, Wang YX. Possible biomarkers for predicting lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:544-556. [PMID: 30616477 PMCID: PMC6381495 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518819606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common form of cancer worldwide, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major type of esophageal cancer that arises from epithelial cells of the esophagus. Local lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a typical sign of failure for ESCC clinical treatments, and a link has been established between LNM and the aberrant expression of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize what is known about nine factors significantly associated with LNM in ESCC patients: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mucin 1, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8), Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein, stathmin (STMN1), metastasis-associated protein 1, caveolin-1, and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3. The function of these nine proteins involves four major mechanisms: tumor cell proliferation, tumor cell migration and invasion, epithelium–mesenchymal transition, and chemosensitivity. The roles of PTEN, STMN1, and TNFAIP8 involve at least two of these mechanisms, and we suggest that they are possible biomarkers for predicting LNM in ESCC. However, further retrospective research into PTEN, STMN1, and TNFAIP8 is needed to test their possibilities as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Qi
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Ping Hu
- 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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Schito L. Hypoxia-Dependent Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1136:71-85. [PMID: 31201717 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12734-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia (low O2) is a ubiquitous feature of solid cancers, arising as a mismatch between cellular O2 supply and consumption. Hypoxia is associated to metastatic disease and mortality owing to its ability to stimulate the formation of blood (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis), thereby allowing cancer cells to escape the unfavorable tumor microenvironment and disseminate into secondary sites. This review outlines molecular mechanisms by which intratumoral hypoxia regulates the expression of motogenic and mitogenic factors that induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, whilst discussing their implications for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Schito
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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40
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Złotkowska A, Adamczyk S, Andronowska A. Presence of trophoblast in the uterine lumen affects VEGF-C expression in porcine endometrium. Theriogenology 2018; 125:216-223. [PMID: 30471615 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Early pregnancy is associated with morphological and functional changes within the uterus, accompanied by angiogenesis, increased vascular permeability and activation of immune tolerance. Intensive angiogenesis leads to accelerated vascular leakage and accumulation of interstitial fluid in endometrium. To protect the trophoblast from the harmful effect of extracellular fluid, process known as lymphangiogenesis is crucial. These studies are focused on VEGF-C, factor responsible of lymphatic vessels creating, and its receptors: Flk1 (VEGFR2) and Flt4 (VEGFR3) during the time of implantation as well as the effect of trophoblast signals (IFNG and E2) on VEGF-C production. Endometrial samples were collected from mature gilts from days 8, 10, 12, 14 of estrous cycle and pregnancy. Real-Time PCR analysis revealed increased mRNA expression of VEGF-C on days 10, 12, 14 of pregnancy compared to corresponding days of estrous cycle. The highest VEGF-C mRNA expression was observed on 14 day of pregnancy (p < 0.05). Increased mRNA expression of Flk1 and Flt4 was noticed on day 14 of pregnancy in comparison to day 10. Enhanced Flk1 mRNA expression during 14 day of pregnancy was observed compared to corresponding day of estrous cycle (p < 0.05). No significant difference on the protein level was revealed. VEGF-C and its receptors were localized mainly in luminal and glandular epithelial cells, but their presence were confirmed also in endothelial cells of blood and lymphatic vessels and 14 d trophoblasts. In vitro studies revealed positive effect of IFNG on VEGF-C mRNA expression in stromal cells and protein content in medium after stromal cells culture (p < 0.05). Our studies demonstrated the presence of VEGF-C system in porcine endometrium and indicated its possible important role during the time of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Złotkowska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - S Adamczyk
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Andronowska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Zheng X, Liu Q, Yi M, Qin S, Wu K. The regulation of cytokine signaling by retinal determination gene network pathway in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6479-6487. [PMID: 30323623 PMCID: PMC6177397 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor environment plays a pivotal role in determining cancer biology characteristics. Cytokine factors, as a critical component in tumor milieu, execute distinct functions in the process of tumorigenesis and progression via the autocrine or paracrine manner. The retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which mainly comprised DACH, SIX, and EYA family members, is required for the organ development in mammalian species. While the aberrant expression of RDGN is involved in the proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumors via interacting with different cytokine-related signals, such as CXCL8, IL-6, TGF-β, FGF, and VEGF, in a cell- or tissue-dependent manner. Thus, joint detection of this pathway might be used as a potential biomarker for the stratification of target therapy and for the precision prediction of the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000, China.,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Shuang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,
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42
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Jiang L, Liu M, Cai X, Xie L, She F, Chen Y. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor-C levels predict lymph node metastasis and prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6065-6070. [PMID: 30344750 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is the primary site of metastasis for patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC). Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) has been implicated in the control of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in various malignant tumors. However, the function of circulating VEGF-C is unclear and it is often difficult to evaluate lymph node metastasis and provide a prognosis for GBC. In the present study, ELISA was used to measure the preoperative serum VEGF-C (sVEGF-C) levels of 51 patients with GBC, 15 patients with chronic cholecystitis and 10 healthy volunteers. The results revealed a significantly increased sVEGF-C level in patients with GBC compared with the healthy donors, however no statistically significant difference was identified between patients with GBC and chronic cholecystitis. sVEGF-C levels were associated with lymph node metastasis in GBC and presented a positive correlation with VEGF-C expression and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in patients with GBC. The mean survival time with high sVEGF-C was significantly reduced compared with low sVEGF-C. A similar result was also observed for VEGF-C expression and LVD. In summary, sVEGF-C levels may predict lymph node metastasis and the prognosis of patients with GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Minchao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Xie
- Department of Ultrasonic Image, The First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Feifei She
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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43
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Ribatti D. Historical overview of lymphangiogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:161-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Blesinger H, Kaulfuß S, Aung T, Schwoch S, Prantl L, Rößler J, Wilting J, Becker J. PIK3CA mutations are specifically localized to lymphatic endothelial cells of lymphatic malformations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200343. [PMID: 29985963 PMCID: PMC6037383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformations (LM) are characterized by the overgrowth of lymphatic vessels during pre- and postnatal development. Macrocystic, microcystic and combined forms of LM are known. The cysts are lined by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Resection and sclerotherapy are the most common treatment methods. Recent studies performed on LM specimens in the United States of America have identified activating mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene in LM. However, whole tissue but not isolated cell types were studied. Here, we studied LM tissues resected at the University Hospitals Freiburg and Regensburg, Germany. We isolated LECs and fibroblasts separately, and sequenced the commonly affected exons 8, 10, and 21 of the PIK3CA gene. We confirm typical monoallelic mutations in 4 out of 6 LM-derived LEC lines, and describe two new mutations i.) in exon 10 (c.1636C>A; p.Gln546Lys), and ii.) a 3bp in-frame deletion of GAA (Glu109del). LM-derived fibroblasts did not possess such mutations, showing cell-type specificity of the gene defect. High activity of the PIK3CA—AKT- mTOR pathway was demonstrated by hyperphosphorylation of AKT-Ser473 in all LM-derived LECs (including the ones with newly identified mutations), as compared to normal LECs. Additionally, hyperphosphorylation of ERK was seen in all LM-derived LECs, except for the one with Glu109del. In vitro, the small molecule kinase inhibitors Buparlisib/BKM-120, Wortmannin, and Ly294002, (all inhibitors of PIK3CA), CAL-101 (inhibitor of PIK3CD), MK-2206 (AKT inhibitor), Sorafenib (multiple kinases inhibitor), and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) significantly blocked proliferation of LM-derived LECs in a concentration-dependent manner, but also blocked proliferation of normal LECs. However, MK-2206 appeared to be more specific for mutated LECs, except in case of Glu109 deletion. In sum, children that are, or will be, treated with kinase inhibitors must be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Blesinger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thiha Aung
- Center of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Schwoch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Center of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Rößler
- Clinics for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Doh SJ, Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Montana M, Guo K, Sauer JR, Curran N, Han KY, Yu C, Ema M, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Fluorescent reporter transgenic mice for in vivo live imaging of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:677-698. [PMID: 29971641 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of lymphangiogenesis is an emerging science that has revealed the lymphatic system as a central player in many pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and organ graft rejection. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic growth will play a key role in the development of therapeutic strategies against these conditions. Despite the known potential of this field, the study of lymphatics has historically lagged behind that of hemangiogenesis. Until recently, significant strides in lymphatic studies were impeded by a lack of lymphatic-specific markers and suitable experimental models compared to those of the more immediately visible blood vasculature. Lymphangiogenesis has also been shown to be a key phenomenon in developmental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication, making lymphatic-specific visualization techniques highly desirable and desperately needed. Imaging modalities including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are limited by the need to sacrifice animal models for tissue harvesting at every experimental time point. Moreover, the processes of mounting and staining harvested tissues may introduce artifacts that can confound results. These traditional methods for investigating lymphatic and blood vasculature are associated with several problems including animal variability (e.g., between mice) when replicating lymphatic growth environments and the cost concerns of prolonged, labor-intensive studies, all of which complicate the study of dynamic lymphatic processes. With the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers, researchers have been able to develop several lymphatic and blood vessel-specific, promoter-driven, fluorescent-reporter transgenic mice for visualization of lymphatics in vivo and in vitro. For instance, GFP, mOrange, tdTomato, and other fluorescent proteins can be expressed under control of a lymphatic-specific marker like Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), which is a highly conserved transcription factor for determining embryonic organogenesis in vertebrates that is implicated in lymphangiogenesis as well as several human cancers. Importantly, Prox1-null mouse embryos develop without lymphatic vessels. In human adults, Prox1 maintains lymphatic endothelial cells and upregulates proteins associated with lymphangiogenesis (e.g., VEGFR-3) and downregulates angiogenesis-associated gene expression (e.g., STAT6). To visualize lymphatic development in the context of angiogenesis, dual fluorescent-transgenic reporters, like Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed mice, have been bred to characterize lymphatic and blood vessels simultaneously in vivo. In this review, we discuss the trends in lymphatic visualization and the potential usage of transgenic breeds in hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis research to understand spatial and temporal correlations between vascular development and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Doh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph R Sauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Curran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Vaidya ADB. Urine therapy in Ayurveda: Ancient insights to modern discoveries for cancer regression. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 9:221-224. [PMID: 30100235 PMCID: PMC6148057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of spontaneous regressions (SR) of cancer may explain host mechanisms of control by anticancer substance (A.C.S.). Documented human SR, of bladder cancer after uretero-sigmoidostomy and of uterine leiomyosarcoma after irreparable vesico-vaginal fistula, suggested the presence of A.C.S. in human urine. Animal experiments with urine in rat alveolar carcinoma and in mouse melanoma point to A.C.S. Urine therapy, as cited in Bhrigu-Samhita and used in some cases, needs to be followed up by systematic Reverse Pharmacology and analytical identification of A.C.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok D B Vaidya
- Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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Jha SK, Rauniyar K, Jeltsch M. Key molecules in lymphatic development, function, and identification. Ann Anat 2018; 219:25-34. [PMID: 29842991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While both blood and lymphatic vessels transport fluids and thus share many similarities, they also show functional and structural differences, which can be used to differentiate them. Specific visualization of lymphatic vessels has historically been and still is a pivot point in lymphatic research. Many of the proteins that are investigated by molecular biologists in lymphatic research have been defined as marker molecules, i.e. to visualize and distinguish lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from other cell types, most notably from blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Among the factors that drive the developmental differentiation of lymphatic structures from venous endothelium, Prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1) is the master transcriptional regulator. PROX1 maintains lymphatic identity also in the adult organism and thus is a universal LEC marker. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) is the major tyrosine kinase receptor that drives LEC proliferation and migration. The major activator for VEGFR-3 is vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). However, before VEGF-C can signal, it needs to be proteolytically activated by an extracellular protein complex comprised of Collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) protein and the protease A disintegrin and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 3 (ADAMTS3). This minireview attempts to give an overview of these and a few other central proteins that scientific inquiry has linked specifically to the lymphatic vasculature. It is limited in scope to a brief description of their main functions, properties and developmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khushbu Rauniyar
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland.
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Rauniyar K, Jha SK, Jeltsch M. Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in the Morphogenesis of Lymphatic Vessels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:7. [PMID: 29484295 PMCID: PMC5816233 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Because virtually all tissues contain blood vessels, the importance of hemevascularization has been long recognized in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the lymphatic vasculature has only recently become a subject of interest. Central to the task of growing a lymphatic network are lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which constitute the innermost layer of all lymphatic vessels. The central molecule that directs proliferation and migration of LECs during embryogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C is therefore an important ingredient for LEC culture and attempts to (re)generate lymphatic vessels and networks. During its biosynthesis VEGF-C undergoes a stepwise proteolytic processing, during which its properties and affinities for its interaction partners change. Many of these fundamental aspects of VEGF-C biosynthesis have only recently been uncovered. So far, most—if not all—applications of VEGF-C do not discriminate between different forms of VEGF-C. However, for lymphatic regeneration and engineering purposes, it appears mandatory to understand these differences, since they relate, e.g., to important aspects such as biodistribution and receptor activation potential. In this review, we discuss the molecular biology of VEGF-C as it relates to the growth of LECs and lymphatic vessels. However, the properties of VEGF-C are similarly relevant for the cardiovascular system, since both old and recent data show that VEGF-C can have a profound effect on the blood vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1615-1634. [PMID: 28947496 PMCID: PMC5647933 DOI: 10.1101/gad.303776.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review by Vaahtomeri et al. discusses the mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges. It describes how the lymphatic vasculature network is controlled by an intricate balance of growth factors and biomechanical cues. Lymphatic vessels are important for tissue fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune cell trafficking and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. The mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature network is formed, remodeled, and adapted to physiological and pathological challenges are controlled by an intricate balance of growth factor and biomechanical cues. These transduce signals for the readjustment of gene expression and lymphatic endothelial migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we describe several of these cues and how they are integrated for the generation of functional lymphatic vessel networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vaahtomeri
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Retrograde Lymph Flow Leads to Chylothorax in Transgenic Mice with Lymphatic Malformations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1984-1997. [PMID: 28683257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chylous pleural effusion (chylothorax) frequently accompanies lymphatic vessel malformations and other conditions with lymphatic defects. Although retrograde flow of chyle from the thoracic duct is considered a potential mechanism underlying chylothorax in patients and mouse models, the path chyle takes to reach the thoracic cavity is unclear. Herein, we use a novel transgenic mouse model, where doxycycline-induced overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C was driven by the adipocyte-specific promoter adiponectin (ADN), to determine how chylothorax forms. Surprisingly, 100% of adult ADN-VEGF-C mice developed chylothorax within 7 days. Rapid, consistent appearance of chylothorax enabled us to examine the step-by-step development in otherwise normal adult mice. Dynamic imaging with a fluorescent tracer revealed that lymph in the thoracic duct of these mice could enter the thoracic cavity by retrograde flow into enlarged paravertebral lymphatics and subpleural lymphatic plexuses that had incompetent lymphatic valves. Pleural mesothelium overlying the lymphatic plexuses underwent exfoliation that increased during doxycycline exposure. Together, the findings indicate that chylothorax in ADN-VEGF-C mice results from retrograde flow of chyle from the thoracic duct into lymphatic tributaries with defective valves. Chyle extravasates from these plexuses and enters the thoracic cavity through exfoliated regions of the pleural mesothelium.
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