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Katsiamides A, Stürzenbaum SR. Cryptic speciation and blurred species boundaries of the earthworm: A challenge for soil-based toxicological risk assessments. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108880. [PMID: 32882414 PMCID: PMC7670304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The toxicological risk assessment of chemicals is largely based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. These internationally approved methodologies help shape policy and political strategy of environment and human health issues. Risk assessments which pertain to soil biota 'recruit' sentinel organisms, including the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Despite E. fetida being morphologically similar to Dendrobaena veneta, they are characterized by a several-fold difference in sensitivity to xenobiotics. Worms, sold as either as pure E. fetida stocks or E. fetida/D. veneta mixed cultures, were obtained from five commercial suppliers. The species identity of 25 earthworms was determined by sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COII). We revealed that only one of 25 worms was E. fetida, the remaining worms were all identified as D. veneta. This underlines the notion that E. fetida and D. veneta are easily mis-identified. The occurrence of cryptic speciation combined with the well-documented species-specific variation in toxicological responses highlights the pressing need to accurately classify earthworms to species level prior to any toxicological research. Only this will ensure the validity and reliability of risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Katsiamides
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R Stürzenbaum
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Ponsankar A, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Senthil-Nathan S, Thanigaivel A, Edwin ES, Selin-Rani S, Kalaivani K, Hunter WB, Alessandro RT, Abdel-Megeed A, Paik CH, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Target and non-target toxicity of botanical insecticide derived from Couroupita guianensis L. flower against generalist herbivore, Spodoptera litura Fab. and an earthworm, Eisenia foetida Savigny. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:260-270. [PMID: 27476000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides may provide alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling Spodoptera litura (F.) and they are target specific, biodegradable, and harmless to mammals. Eight natural chemical compounds with larvicidal activity were identified from fraction F6 of C. guianensis flower extract. Probit analysis of 95% confidence level exposed an LC50 of 223ppm against S. litura third instar larvae. The growth and development of S. litura was affected in sub-lethal concentrations of fraction F6 (50, 100, 150 and 200ppm) compared to controls. Similarly nutritional indices values decreased significantly compared to controls. Fraction F6 also damaged the gut epithelial layer and brush border membrane (BBM). This study also resolved the effects of toxicity to non-target earthworm treated with fraction F6 and chemical pesticides (monotrophos and cypermethrin) and the results showed that fraction F6 had no harmful effect on E. fetida. Further, fraction F6 was eluted and sub fractions F6c (50ppm) showed high mortality against S. litura third instar larvae. Octacosane from fraction F6c was established and confirmed using IR spectrum and HPLC. The time of retention of fraction F6c was confirmed with the octacosane standard. Fraction F6 of C. guianensis extract caused dose-dependent mortality towards S. litura. Octacosane in fraction F6c was establish to be the prominent chemical compound associated with causing mortality but other compounds present in the fraction F6 were shown to be associated with changes in development of S. litura at low dosages. S. litura at low dosage. Therefore, these findings suggest that octacosane may be one of the major insecticidal compounds affecting S. litura survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627802 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wayne B Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Rocco T Alessandro
- Treasure Coast Chemistry Consultants, LLC 107 Lakes End Drive, Apt. B Ft. Pierce, FL 34982, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21531, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Chae-Hoon Paik
- Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Crop Science, 181, Hyeoksin-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Horie Y, Watanabe H, Takanobu H, Yagi A, Yamagishi T, Iguchi T, Tatarazako N. Development of anin vivoanti-androgenic activity detection assay using fenitrothion in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:339-346. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Horie
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hitomi Takanobu
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ayano Yagi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamagishi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, and Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science; Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI); Okazaki Aichi Japan
- Nanobioscience; Yokohama City University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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Velki M, Hackenberger BK. Different sensitivities of biomarker responses in two epigeic earthworm species after exposure to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:498-509. [PMID: 23811990 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In many studies that investigate the toxic effects of pollutants on earthworms, experiments are performed using only one species of earthworms, most commonly the Eisenia species. However, the differences in sensitivities of different earthworm species could potentially lead to an underestimation of environmental aspects of pollutants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of biomarker responses of Eisenia andrei, an epigeic compost species commonly used in laboratory experiments, with those of Lumbricus rubellus, an epigeic species widely distributed in temperate regions. The earthworms were exposed to the three commonly used insecticides: organophosphates dimethoate (0.03, 0.3, and 3 mg kg(-1)) and pirimiphos-methyl (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg kg(-1)), as well as pyrethroid deltamethrin (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg kg(-1)), for 1 and 15 days using an artificial soil test. The effects of the pesticides were assessed by measuring the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) as well as the concentration of glutathione (GSH). The pesticides caused a significant inhibition of AChE and CES activities and significant changes in activities of CAT, GST, and GSH concentration in both earthworm species. A comparison of biomarker responses between E. andrei and L. rubellus showed significant differences; E. andrei proved to be less susceptible to pesticide exposure than L. rubellus. In addition, the results from the filter-paper contact test mortality experiments showed that lethal concentrations were lower for L. rubellus compared with the E. andrei, further showing a greater sensitivity of L. rubellus. The difference in sensitivities of these epigeic species should be taken into account when conducting toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Kreutzweiser DP, Good KP, Chartrand DT, Scarr TA, Thompson DG. Are leaves that fall from imidacloprid-treated maple trees to control Asian longhorned beetles toxic to non-target decomposer organisms? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:639-646. [PMID: 18396551 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The systemic insecticide imidacloprid may be applied to deciduous trees for control of the Asian longhorned beetle, an invasive wood-boring insect. Senescent leaves falling from systemically treated trees contain imidacloprid concentrations that could pose a risk to natural decomposer organisms. We examined the effects of foliar imidacloprid concentrations on decomposer organisms by adding leaves from imidacloprid-treated sugar maple trees to aquatic and terrestrial microcosms under controlled laboratory conditions. Imidacloprid in maple leaves at realistic field concentrations (3-11 mg kg(-1)) did not affect survival of aquatic leaf-shredding insects or litter-dwelling earthworms. However, adverse sublethal effects at these concentrations were detected. Feeding rates by aquatic insects and earthworms were reduced, leaf decomposition (mass loss) was decreased, measurable weight losses occurred among earthworms, and aquatic and terrestrial microbial decomposition activity was significantly inhibited. Results of this study suggest that sugar maple trees systemically treated with imidacloprid to control Asian longhorned beetles may yield senescent leaves with residue levels sufficient to reduce natural decomposition processes in aquatic and terrestrial environments through adverse effects on non-target decomposer organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Kreutzweiser
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada.
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Kreutzweiser DP, Good KP, Chartrand DT, Scarr TA, Holmes SB, Thompson DG. Effects on litter-dwelling earthworms and microbial decomposition of soil-applied imidacloprid for control of wood-boring insects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:112-118. [PMID: 18069649 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imidacloprid is an effective, systemic insecticide for the control of wood-boring insect pests in trees. Systemic applications to trees are often made by soil injections or drenches, and the resulting imidacloprid concentrations in soil or litter may pose a risk of harm to natural decomposer organisms. The authors tested effects of imidacloprid on survival and weight gain or loss of the earthworms Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny), on leaf consumption rates and cocoon production by D. octaedra and on microbial decomposition activity in laboratory microcosms containing natural forest litter. RESULTS Dendrobaena octaedra was the most sensitive of the two earthworm species, with an LC(50) of 5.7 mg kg(-1), an LC(10) of about 2 mg kg(-1) and significant weight losses among survivors at 3 mg kg(-1). Weight losses resulted from a physiological effect rather than from feeding inhibition. There were no effects on cocoon production among survivors at 3 mg kg(-1). The LC(50) for E. fetida was 25 mg kg(-1), with significant weight losses at 14 mg kg(-1). There were no significant effects on microbial decomposition of leaf material at the maximum test concentration of 1400 mg kg(-1). CONCLUSION The results indicate that, when imidacloprid is applied as a systemic insecticide to the soil around trees, it is likely to cause adverse effects on litter-dwelling earthworms if concentrations in the litter reach or exceed about 3 mg kg(-1).
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Capowiez Y, Bérard A. Assessment of the effects of imidacloprid on the behavior of two earthworm species (Aporrectodea nocturna and Allolobophora icterica) using 2D terraria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 64:198-206. [PMID: 16406588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are "ecosystem engineers" and changes in their main activities (creation of burrows and burial of organic matter) due to pollutants can have important effects on soil functions and indirectly on other components of the soil ecosystem. Using 2D terraria, we studied the behavior of two earthworm species (the endogeic Allolobophora icterica and the anecic Aporrectodea nocturna) exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1) of dry soil) of imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide. A second experiment was carried out to determine whether such imidacloprid concentrations were avoided by the two earthworm species we studied. In polluted soils, significant weight loss was observed in both species. No significant avoidance of imidacloprid was detected, whereas several modifications of the behavior were observed directly (burrowing dynamics, number of oscillations in the burrow system) or indirectly in the resulting burrow system architecture (area, topology, sinuosity maximal depth) according to the species and concentration tested. When exposed to imidacloprid (0.5 or 1 mg kg(-1)), A. icterica almost stopped burrowing after 24 h, whereas A. nocturna burrowed continuously but with a significantly lower rate compared to the control. Moreover, in both species, the burrow systems were always shallower when worms were exposed to imidacloprid. Since this last endpoint is easy to measure and is linked to water transfer in soils, it could be used in ecotoxicological studies provided it could be validated for a wide range of pollutants and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Capowiez
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UMR Ecologie des Invertébrés INRA/UAPV, Domaine Saint Paul, 84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France.
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Rönnpagel K, Janssen E, Ahlf W. Asking for the indicator function of bioassays evaluating soil contamination: are bioassay results reasonable surrogates of effects on soil microflora? CHEMOSPHERE 1998; 36:1291-1304. [PMID: 9493327 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In evaluating the biological effect of solid materials like soil a bacterial contact assay often shows higher sensitivity than elutriate testing. Results of the Bacillus cereus contact assay for some environmental important toxicants are presented in this article. A comparison with another heterotrophic soil bacterium, Arthrobacter globiformis, shows comparable sensitivity. In a bioassay approach organisms at the level of individuals or populations are exposed to soil material to determine the significance of contaminants. An investigation that incorporates community level processes in comparison with toxicity test results provides a better understanding of the indicator function of bioassays. Comparison of soil bioassays (aqueous and solid phase) with ecological parameters demonstrates the problems in predicting ecological effects of soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rönnpagel
- TU Hamburg-Harburg, AB Umweltschutztechnik, Germany
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