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Ouyang H, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Ma Y, Li R, Yang J, Wang X, Jin C. Deficiency of GPI Glycan Modification by Ethanolamine Phosphate Results in Increased Adhesion and Immune Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:780959. [PMID: 34956933 PMCID: PMC8695850 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.780959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins play important roles in maintaining the function of the cell wall and participating in pathogenic processes. The addition and removal of phosphoethanolamine (EtN-P) on the second mannose residue in the GPI anchor are vital for maturation and sorting of GPI-anchored proteins. Previously, we have shown that deletion of the gpi7, the gene that encodes an EtN-P transferase responsible for the addition of EtN-P to the second mannose residue of the GPI anchor, leads to the mislocalization of GPI-anchored proteins, abnormal polarity, reduced conidiation, and fast germination in Aspergillus fumigatus. In this report, the adherence and virulence of the A. fumigatus gpi7 deletion mutant were further investigated. The germinating conidia of the mutant exhibited an increased adhesion and a higher exposure of cell wall polysaccharides. Although the virulence was not affected, an increased adherence and a stronger inflammation response of the mutant were documented in an immunocompromised mouse model. An in vitro assay confirmed that the Δgpi7 mutant induced a stronger immune response and was more resistant to killing. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that in A. fumigatus, GPI anchoring is required for proper organization of the conidial cell wall. The lack of Gpi7 leads to fast germination, stronger immune response, and resistance to macrophage killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Sánchez C. Fungal potential for the degradation of petroleum-based polymers: An overview of macro- and microplastics biodegradation. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 40:107501. [PMID: 31870825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum-based plastic materials as pollutants raise concerns because of their impact on the global ecosystem and on animal and human health. There is an urgent need to remove plastic waste from the environment to overcome the environmental crisis of plastic pollution. This review describes the natural and unique ability of fungi to invade substrates by using enzymes that have the capacity to detoxify pollutants and are able to act on nonspecific substrates, the fungal ability to produce hydrophobins for surface coating to attach hyphae to hydrophobic substrates, and hyphal ability to penetrate three dimensional substrates. Fungal studies on macro- and microplastics biodegradation have shown that fungi are able to use these materials as the sole carbon and energy source. Further research is required on novel isolates from plastisphere ecosystems, on the use of molecular techniques to characterize plastic-degrading fungi and enhance enzymatic activity levels, and on the use of omics-based technologies to accelerate plastic waste biodegradation processes. The addition of pro-oxidants species (photosensitizers) and the reduction of biocides and antioxidant stabilizers used in the plastic manufacturing process should also be considered to promote biodegradation. Interdisciplinary research and innovative fungal strategies for plastic waste biodegradation, as well as ecofriendly manufacturing of petroleum-based plastics, may help to reduce the negative impacts of plastic waste pollution in the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sánchez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Centre for Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla, C.P. 90120 Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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3
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Fungal Hydrophobins and Their Self-Assembly into Functional Nanomaterials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1174:161-185. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9791-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Ball SR, Kwan AH, Sunde M. Hydrophobin Rodlets on the Fungal Cell Wall. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:29-51. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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6
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Lo VC, Ren Q, Pham CLL, Morris VK, Kwan AH, Sunde M. Fungal Hydrophobin Proteins Produce Self-Assembling Protein Films with Diverse Structure and Chemical Stability. NANOMATERIALS 2014; 4:827-843. [PMID: 28344251 PMCID: PMC5304692 DOI: 10.3390/nano4030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small proteins secreted by fungi and which spontaneously assemble into amphipathic layers at hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces. We have examined the self-assembly of the Class I hydrophobins EAS∆15 and DewA, the Class II hydrophobin NC2 and an engineered chimeric hydrophobin. These Class I hydrophobins form layers composed of laterally associated fibrils with an underlying amyloid structure. These two Class I hydrophobins, despite showing significant conformational differences in solution, self-assemble to form fibrillar layers with very similar structures and require a hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface to trigger self-assembly. Addition of additives that influence surface tension can be used to manipulate the fine structure of the protein films. The Class II hydrophobin NC2 forms a mesh-like protein network and the engineered chimeric hydrophobin displays two multimeric forms, depending on assembly conditions. When formed on a graphite surface, the fibrillar EAS∆15 layers are resistant to alcohol, acid and basic washes. In contrast, the NC2 Class II monolayers are dissociated by alcohol treatment but are relatively stable towards acid and base washes. The engineered chimeric Class I/II hydrophobin shows increased stability towards alcohol and acid and base washes. Self-assembled hydrophobin films may have extensive applications in biotechnology where biocompatible; amphipathic coatings facilitate the functionalization of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Lo
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Qin Ren
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Chi L L Pham
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Vanessa K Morris
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ann H Kwan
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Margaret Sunde
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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7
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Zykwinska A, Pihet M, Radji S, Bouchara JP, Cuenot S. Self-assembly of proteins into a three-dimensional multilayer system: investigation of the surface of the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1137-44. [PMID: 24631542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small surface active proteins that fulfil a wide spectrum of functions in fungal growth and development. The human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus expresses RodA hydrophobins that self-assemble on the outer conidial surface into tightly organized nanorods known as rodlets. AFM investigation of the conidial surface allows us to evidence that RodA hydrophobins self-assemble into rodlets through bilayers. Within bilayers, hydrophilic domains of hydrophobins point inward, thus making a hydrophilic core, while hydrophobic domains point outward. AFM measurements reveal that several rodlet bilayers are present on the conidial surface thus showing that proteins self-assemble into a complex three-dimensional multilayer system. The self-assembly of RodA hydrophobins into rodlets results from attractive interactions between stacked β-sheets, which conduct to a final linear cross-β spine structure. A Monte Carlo simulation shows that anisotropic interactions are the main driving forces leading the hydrophobins to self-assemble into parallel rodlets, which are further structured in nanodomains. Taken together, these findings allow us to propose a mechanism, which conducts RodA hydrophobins to a highly ordered rodlet structure. The mechanism of hydrophobin assembly into rodlets offers new prospects for the development of more efficient strategies leading to disruption of rodlet formation allowing a rapid detection of the fungus by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zykwinska
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Pihet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, France; UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES-EA 3142 Angers, France
| | - Sadia Radji
- IPREM Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, France; UNAM Université, Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, UPRES-EA 3142 Angers, France
| | - Stéphane Cuenot
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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8
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Zhang S, Xia YX, Kim B, Keyhani NO. Two hydrophobins are involved in fungal spore coat rodlet layer assembly and each play distinct roles in surface interactions, development and pathogenesis in the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:811-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Lacroix H, Whiteford JR, Spanu PD. Localization of Cladosporium fulvum hydrophobins reveals a role for HCf-6 in adhesion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 286:136-44. [PMID: 18958901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are amphipathic molecules which form part of fungal cell walls and extracellular matrices and perform a variety of roles in fungal growth and development. The tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum has six hydrophobin genes, HCf-1 to -6. We have devised an epitope tagging approach for establishing hydrophobin localization during growth in culture and in plants. In this paper we localize HCf-2, -3, -4 and -5 and compare the data to our previous observations for HCf-1 and -6. In culture, HCf-1, -2, -3 and 4 localize to conidia and also appear on aerial hyphae. HCf-4 is unique in that it appears on submerged hyphae. HCf-5 expression is tightly regulated and appears on aerial hyphae early on during growth. Only HCf-1, -3 and -6 were observed during infection; HCf-3 appears on both conidia and emerging germ tubes. We also show that HCf-6 is secreted and coats surfaces under and around growing hyphae and demonstrate the effect of deleting HCf-6 on the adhesion of germinating C. fulvum conidia to glass slides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lacroix
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Yu L, Zhang B, Szilvay GR, Sun R, Jänis J, Wang Z, Feng S, Xu H, Linder MB, Qiao M. Protein HGFI from the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa is a novel 8 kDa class I hydrophobin that forms rodlets in compressed monolayers. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1677-1685. [PMID: 18524922 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/015263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are a group of low-molecular-mass, cysteine-rich proteins that have unusual biophysical properties. They are highly surface-active and can self-assemble at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces, forming surface layers that are able to reverse the hydropathy of surfaces. Here we describe a novel hydrophobin from the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa, which was named HGFI and belongs to class I. The hydrophobin gene was identified during sequencing of random clones from a cDNA library, and the corresponding protein was isolated as a hot SDS-insoluble aggregate from the cell wall. The purified HGFI was found to have 83 amino acids. The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence had 107 amino acids, from which a 24 aa signal sequence had been cleaved off in the mature protein. This signal sequence was 5 aa longer than had been predicted on the basis of signal peptide analysis of the cDNA. Rodlet mosaic structures were imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) on mica surfaces after drying-down HGFI solutions. Using Langmuir films we were also able to take images of both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic sides of films formed at the air-water interface. No distinct structure was observed in films compressed once, but in films compressed several times rodlet structures could be seen. Most rodlets were aligned in the same direction, indicating that formation of rodlets may be promoted during compression of the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- VTT Biotechnology, Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Géza R Szilvay
- VTT Biotechnology, Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Ren Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Janne Jänis
- University of Joensuu, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Zefang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shuren Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Haijin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Markus B Linder
- VTT Biotechnology, Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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11
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Leng W, Liu T, Li R, Yang J, Wei C, Zhang W, Jin Q. Proteomic profile of dormant Trichophyton rubrum conidia. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:303. [PMID: 18578874 PMCID: PMC2443143 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichophyton rubrum is the most common dermatophyte causing fungal skin infections in humans. Asexual sporulation is an important means of propagation for T. rubrum, and conidia produced by this way are thought to be the primary cause of human infections. Despite their importance in pathogenesis, the conidia of T. rubrum remain understudied. We intend to intensively investigate the proteome of dormant T. rubrum conidia to characterize its molecular and cellular features and to enhance the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Results The proteome of T. rubrum conidia was analyzed by combining shotgun proteomics with sample prefractionation and multiple enzyme digestion. In total, 1026 proteins were identified. All identified proteins were compared to those in the NCBI non-redundant protein database, the eukaryotic orthologous groups database, and the gene ontology database to obtain functional annotation information. Functional classification revealed that the identified proteins covered nearly all major biological processes. Some proteins were spore specific and related to the survival and dispersal of T. rubrum conidia, and many proteins were important to conidial germination and response to environmental conditions. Conclusion Our results suggest that the proteome of T. rubrum conidia is considerably complex, and that the maintenance of conidial dormancy is an intricate and elaborate process. This data set provides the first global framework for the dormant T. rubrum conidia proteome and is a stepping stone on the way to further study of the molecular mechanisms of T. rubrum conidial germination and the maintenance of conidial dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Leng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China.
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12
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Winefield RD, Hilario E, Beever RE, Haverkamp RG, Templeton MD. Hydrophobin genes and their expression in conidial and aconidial Neurospora species. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:250-7. [PMID: 17218129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Homologs of the gene encoding the hydrophobin EAS from Neurospora crassa have been identified both in the other conidial species of Neurospora (N. discreta, N. intermedia, N. sitophila, and N. tetrasperma) and selected aconidial species (N. africana, N. dodgei, N. lineolata, N. pannonica, and N. terricola). Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of a single gene in all species examined. EAS-like proteins were purified from the conidial species and each was shown to be the proteolytically processed gene-product of the corresponding eas homolog. While EAS-like proteins were not detected in the aconidial species, putative eas transcripts were detected in some isolates following RT-PCR and the aerial hyphae of these species were hydrophobic. DNA sequences of the coding region of the eas homologs were amplified by PCR and cloned and sequenced from all species except N. pannonica. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences produced two clusters, the first comprising the conidiating species N. crassa, N. intermedia, N. sitophila, and N. tetrasperma forming a closely related group with N. discreta more distant, and the second comprising the aconidial species N. africana, N. dodgei, N. lineolata forming another closely related group with N. terricola more distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Winefield
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Vargovic P, Pokorný R, Hölker U, Hofer M, Varecka L. Light accelerates the splicing of srh1 homologue gene transcripts in aerial mycelia of Trichoderma viride. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 254:240-4. [PMID: 16445751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Tvsrh1 gene encoding conidial hydrophobin was investigated during the development of surface-cultivated Trichoderma viride mycelia under different illumination regimes. Three transcripts of the whole gene amplified from the total mRNA were found with lengths of 400, 323 and 272 bp. The 400-bp transcript was slowly converted to the shorter forms in the dark. Light-pulse dramatically increased the rate of conversion, and a permanent illumination of mycelia was most efficient in this process. The sequencing of transcripts revealed that the 400 bp transcript contains two introns, whereas the intermediate one contains only one intron located distally from the 5'-end. The shortest transcript was without introns. The sum of all transcripts remained almost unchanged in the dark and increased upon the light pulse but decreased during development under permanent illumination. The appearance of conidia coincided with the complete conversion of the transcripts. The results showed that the splicing of the two introns was not random but sequential, and that it did not follow the cotranscriptional mechanism. Furthermore, they suggested that mRNA processing could represent another regulation level of gene expression by light during the photo-induced conidiation in T. viride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vargovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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14
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Kwan AHY, Winefield RD, Sunde M, Matthews JM, Haverkamp RG, Templeton MD, Mackay JP. Structural basis for rodlet assembly in fungal hydrophobins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3621-6. [PMID: 16537446 PMCID: PMC1533775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505704103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I hydrophobins are a unique family of fungal proteins that form a polymeric, water-repellent monolayer on the surface of structures such as spores and fruiting bodies. Similar monolayers are being discovered on an increasing range of important microorganisms. Hydrophobin monolayers are amphipathic and particularly robust, and they reverse the wettability of the surface on which they are formed. There are also significant similarities between these polymers and amyloid-like fibrils. However, structural information on these proteins and the rodlets they form has been elusive. Here, we describe the three-dimensional structure of the monomeric form of the class I hydrophobin EAS. EAS forms a beta-barrel structure punctuated by several disordered regions and displays a complete segregation of charged and hydrophobic residues on its surface. This structure is consistent with its ability to form an amphipathic polymer. By using this structure, together with data from mutagenesis and previous biophysical studies, we have been able to propose a model for the polymeric rodlet structure adopted by these proteins. X-ray fiber diffraction data from EAS rodlets are consistent with our model. Our data provide molecular insight into the nature of hydrophobin rodlet films and extend our understanding of the fibrillar beta-structures that continue to be discovered in the protein world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Y. Kwan
- *School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - R. D. Winefield
- Horticultural and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M. Sunde
- *School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - J. M. Matthews
- *School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - R. G. Haverkamp
- Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M. D. Templeton
- Horticultural and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Bioprotection Group, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail:
| | - J. P. Mackay
- *School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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Paris S, Debeaupuis JP, Crameri R, Carey M, Charlès F, Prévost MC, Schmitt C, Philippe B, Latgé JP. Conidial hydrophobins of Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1581-8. [PMID: 12620846 PMCID: PMC150101 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.3.1581-1588.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2002] [Accepted: 11/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, the first structure recognized by the host immune system, is covered by rodlets. We report that this outer cell wall layer contains two hydrophobins, RodAp and RodBp, which are found as highly insoluble complexes. The RODA gene was previously characterized, and DeltarodA conidia do not display a rodlet layer (N. Thau, M. Monod, B. Crestani, C. Rolland, G. Tronchin, J. P. Latgé, and S. Paris, Infect. Immun. 62:4380-4388, 1994). The RODB gene was cloned and disrupted. RodBp was highly homologous to RodAp and different from DewAp of A. nidulans. DeltarodB conidia had a rodlet layer similar to that of the wild-type conidia. Therefore, unlike RodAp, RodBp is not required for rodlet formation. The surface of DeltarodA conidia is granular; in contrast, an amorphous layer is present at the surface of the conidia of the DeltarodA DeltarodB double mutant. These data show that RodBp plays a role in the structure of the conidial cell wall. Moreover, rodletless mutants are more sensitive to killing by alveolar macrophages, suggesting that RodAp or the rodlet structure is involved in the resistance to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paris
- Unité des Aspergillus, Département Structure et Dynamique des génomes, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France.
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Calonje M, Bernardo D, Novaes-Ledieu M, García Mendoza C. Properties of a hydrophobin isolated from the mycoparasitic fungus Verticillium fungicola. Can J Microbiol 2002; 48:1030-4. [PMID: 12556130 DOI: 10.1139/w02-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium fungicola, isolated from Agaricus bisporus (commercial mushroom), produced significant extracellular hydrophobin when grown for 7 days in a static liquid culture of synthetic minimal medium. The hydrophobin was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate (80% saturation), Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The purified protein yielded a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native conditions, with an apparent molecular mass of 70 +/- 4 kDa, and also another single band in SDS-PAGE, with a molecular mass of 7 +/- 3 kDa. Molecular mass determined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) resulted in 7563.9 m/z. The same protein was extracted from the V. fungicola mycelium. Analysis of the amino acid composition revealed the presence of about 50% hydrophobic residues, detecting at least six cysteines, evaluated as cystines, and no free sulfhydryl groups. The protein did not show any glycosylation. On the basis of similarities in hydropathy patterns and solubility characteristics, V. fungicola hydrophobin can be included as a new member of Class II hydrophobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Calonje
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Mackay JP, Matthews JM, Winefield RD, Mackay LG, Haverkamp RG, Templeton MD. The hydrophobin EAS is largely unstructured in solution and functions by forming amyloid-like structures. Structure 2001; 9:83-91. [PMID: 11250193 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal hydrophobin proteins have the remarkable ability to self-assemble into polymeric, amphipathic monolayers on the surface of aerial structures such as spores and fruiting bodies. These monolayers are extremely resistant to degradation and as such offer the possibility of a range of biotechnological applications involving the reversal of surface polarity. The molecular details underlying the formation of these monolayers, however, have been elusive. We have studied EAS, the hydrophobin from the ascomycete Neurospora crassa, in an effort to understand the structural aspects of hydrophobin polymerization. RESULTS We have purified both wild-type and uniformly 15N-labeled EAS from N. crassa conidia, and used a range of physical methods including multidimensional NMR spectroscopy to provide the first high resolution structural information on a member of the hydrophobin family. We have found that EAS is monomeric but mostly unstructured in solution, except for a small region of antiparallel beta sheet that is probably stabilized by four intramolecular disulfide bonds. Polymerised EAS appears to contain substantially higher amounts of beta sheet structure, and shares many properties with amyloid fibers, including a characteristic gold-green birefringence under polarized light in the presence of the dye Congo Red. CONCLUSIONS EAS joins an increasing number of proteins that undergo a disorder-->order transition in carrying out their normal function. This report is one of the few examples where an amyloid-like state represents the wild-type functional form. Thus the mechanism of amyloid formation, now thought to be a general property of polypeptide chains, has actually been applied in nature to form these remarkable structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia.
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Tagu D, De Bellis R, Balestrini R, De Vries OMH, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Bonfante P, Martin F. Immunolocalization of hydrophobin HYDPt-1 from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Pisolithus tinctorius during colonization of Eucalyptus globulus roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2001; 149:127-135. [PMID: 33853243 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• The immunolocalization of one of the hydrophobins of Pisolithustinctorius (HYDPt-1) is reported. Hydrophobin proteins play key roles in adhesion and aggregation of fungal hyphae, and it is already known that formation of ectomycorrhizas on eucalypt roots enhances the accumulation of hydrophobin mRNAs in the mycelium of Pisolithus tinctorius. • Purification of SDS-insoluble proteins from the mycelium of P. tinctorius showed the presence of a 13 kDa polypeptide with properties of class I hydrophobin. • Polyconal antibodies were raised against a recombinant HYDPt-1 polypeptide, and these were used for immunofluorescence-coupled transmission electron microscopy. • HYDPt-1 is a cell wall protein located at the surface of the hyphae with no preferential accumulation in the fungal cells of the different tissues of the ectomycorrhiza (i.e. extraradical hyphae, mantle or Hartig net).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tagu
- I.N.R.A.-Nancy, Microbiologie Forestière, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - R De Bellis
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica 'Giorgio Fornaini', Università degli Studi di Urbino, via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino (PS), Italy
| | - R Balestrini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino and CMST - CNR, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - O M H De Vries
- Molecular Plant Biology Laboratory, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - G Piccoli
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica 'Giorgio Fornaini', Università degli Studi di Urbino, via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino (PS), Italy
| | - V Stocchi
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica 'Giorgio Fornaini', Università degli Studi di Urbino, via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino (PS), Italy
| | - P Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino and CMST - CNR, viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F Martin
- I.N.R.A.-Nancy, Microbiologie Forestière, 54280 Champenoux, France
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Kershaw MJ, Wakley G, Talbot NJ. Complementation of the mpg1 mutant phenotype in Magnaporthe grisea reveals functional relationships between fungal hydrophobins. EMBO J 1998; 17:3838-49. [PMID: 9670001 PMCID: PMC1170719 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.14.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional relationship between fungal hydrophobins was studied by complementation analysis of an mpg1(-) gene disruption mutant in Magnaporthe grisea. MPG1 encodes a hydrophobin required for full pathogenicity of the fungus, efficient elaboration of its infection structures and conidial rodlet protein production. Seven heterologous hydrophobin genes were selected which play distinct roles in conidiogenesis, fruit body development, aerial hyphae formation and infection structure elaboration in diverse fungal species. Each hydrophobin was introduced into an mpg1(-) mutant by transformation. Only one hydrophobin gene, SC1 from Schizophyllum commune, was able partially to complement mpg1(-) mutant phenotypes when regulated by its own promoter. In contrast, six of the transformants expressing hydrophobin genes controlled by the MPG1 promoter (SC1 and SC4 from S.commune, rodA and dewA from Aspergillus nidulans, EAS from Neurospora crassa and ssgA from Metarhizium anisopliae) could partially complement each of the diverse functions of MPG1. Complementation was always associated with partial restoration of a rodlet protein layer, characteristic of the particular hydrophobin being expressed, and with hydrophobin surface assembly during infection structure formation. This provides the first genetic evidence that diverse hydrophobin-encoding genes encode functionally related proteins and suggests that, although very diverse in amino acid sequence, the hydrophobins constitute a closely related group of morphogenetic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kershaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ. Hydrophobins and repellents: proteins with fundamental roles in fungal morphogenesis. Fungal Genet Biol 1998; 23:18-33. [PMID: 9501475 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1997.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal hydrophobins are secreted proteins which react to interfaces between fungal cell walls and the air or between fungal cell walls and solid surfaces. They have been shown to be important in many morphogenetic processes, including sporulation, fruit body development, and infection structure formation. Hydrophobins form hydrophobic surface layers by self-assembly of secreted protein monomers in response to the environment. This process results in amphipathic polymers of interwoven rodlets on surfaces of fungal aerial structures and hyphal aggregations. Hydrophobin self-assembly is also involved in attachment of hyphae to hydrophobic surfaces and this may act as a conformational cue for certain developmental processes. Although hydrophobins appear to be ubiquitous among fungal taxa, a second class of fungal protein with very different biochemical characteristics could fulfill a similar role. These proteins, called repellents, have been identified in only one fungal species so far, but clearly help to make aerial hyphae hydrophobic. The functional similarities between hydrophobins and repellents highlight the importance of aerial development to the fungal lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kershaw
- Washington Singer Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Wessels
- Department of Plant Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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