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Arshed S, Cox MP, Beever RE, Parkes SL, Pearson MN, Bowen JK, Templeton MD. The Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 vegetative incompatibility genes in Botrytis cinerea encode proteins with domain architectures involved in allorecognition in other filamentous fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 169:103827. [PMID: 37640199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative incompatibility is a fungal allorecognition system characterised by the inability of genetically distinct conspecific fungal strains to form a viable heterokaryon and is controlled by multiple polymorphic loci termed vic (vegetative incompatibility) or het (heterokaryon incompatibility). We have genetically identified and characterised the first vic locus in the economically important, plant-pathogenic, necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. A bulked segregant approach coupled with whole genome Illumina sequencing of near-isogenic lines of B. cinerea was used to map a vic locus to a 60-kb region of the genome. Within that locus, we identified two adjacent, highly polymorphic open reading frames, Bcvic1 and Bcvic2, which encode predicted proteins that contain domain architectures implicated in vegetative incompatibility in other filamentous fungi. Bcvic1 encodes a predicted protein containing a putative serine esterase domain, a NACHT family of NTPases domain, and several Ankyrin repeats. Bcvic2 encodes a putative syntaxin protein containing a SNARE domain; such proteins typically function in vesicular transport. Deletion of Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 individually had no effect on vegetative incompatibility. However, deletion of the region containing both Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 resulted in mutant lines that were severely restricted in growth and showed loss of vegetative incompatibility. Complementation of these mutants by ectopic expression restored the growth and vegetative incompatibility phenotype, indicating that Bcvic1 and Bcvic2 are controlling vegetative incompatibility at this vic locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadiah Arshed
- Bioprotection, New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Bioprotection Aotearoa Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand
| | - Murray P Cox
- Bioprotection Aotearoa Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand; School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ross E Beever
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- Bioprotection, New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew D Templeton
- Bioprotection, New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Bioprotection Aotearoa Centre of Research Excellence, New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross E. Beever
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM. Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hosaka
- Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496
| | - Scott T. Bates
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Ross E. Beever
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael A. Castellano
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Wesley Colgan
- ADInstruments, 2205 Executive Circle, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80906
| | - Laura S. Domínguez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo R. Nouhra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - József Geml
- Institute of Arctic Biology, 311 Irving I Building, 902 N. Koyukuk Drive, University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000
| | - Admir J. Giachini
- SBW do Brasil Agrifloricultura Ltda., Rodovia SP 107, Km 32, Holambra, SP 13825-000, Brazil
| | - S. Ray Kenney
- National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nicholas B. Simpson
- Ackert Hall 421, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - James M. Trappe
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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Lebel T, Castellano MA, Beever RE. Cryptic diversity in the sequestrate genus Stephanospora (Stephanosporaceae: Agaricales) in Australasia. Fungal Biol 2014; 119:201-28. [PMID: 25813509 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Historically a single name, Stephanospora flava, was applied to all collections of Stephanospora in Australasia. We used morphological characters with molecular support to differentiate and describe nine novel cryptic species, and refine the circumscription of S. flava. Stephanospora flava is herein restricted to bispored collections from Tasmania, and the quadrisporic Stephanospora tetraspora is raised to species level. Six species (four new) are endemic to Australia, S. flava s.s, S. tetraspora comb. nov., Stephanospora sheoak, Stephanospora cribbae, Stephanospora hystrispora, and Stephanospora occidentiaustralis. Three species Stephanospora poropingao, Stephanospora pounamu, and Stephanospora kanuka are endemic to New Zealand; and one species, Stephanospora aorangi occurs in both Australia and New Zealand. Two other new species, Stephanospora novae-caledoniae and Stephanospora papua, are endemic to New Caledonia or Papua New Guinea, respectively. Analyses of three nuclear gene regions (ITS, ef-1, and LSU) are consistent with current classifications of the family Stephanosporaceae. Athelidium aurantiacum is an outlier, with a strongly supported core of Cristinia (Clade I), Lindtneria (Clade II), Stephanospora, Mayamontana, and Lindtneria trachyspora (Clade III), and a novel lineage of environmental and sporocarp sequences (Clade IV). Taxonomic and nomenclatural issues raised by the presence of both type species of Stephanospora (Stephanospora caroticolor) and Lindtneria (L. trachyspora) in the same clade are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lebel
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Private Bag 2000, Melbourne, Victoria 3141, Australia.
| | - Michael A Castellano
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forest Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ross E Beever
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Winks CJ, Andersen MT, Charles JG, Beever RE. Identification of Zeoliarus oppositus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) as a Vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense'. Plant Dis 2014; 98:10-15. [PMID: 30708617 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-13-0421-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is associated with a number of plant diseases in New Zealand. The only known vector of this pathogen was Zeoliarus atkinsoni, a planthopper considered to be monophagous on New Zealand flax (Phormium spp.). The work carried out shows that Z. oppositus, which is polyphagous, is able to vector 'Ca. P. australiense' to both Coprosma robusta (karamu) and Cordyline australis (New Zealand cabbage tree). Although transmission was achieved to both these species, the disease symptomatology was more evident in C. australis. Two approaches were taken to achieve transmission. First, insects were collected from areas around symptomatic Coprosma plants and caged directly on test plants. Second, insects were collected from grasses and sedges in areas where disease was less evident and were fed on known infected Coprosma plants prior to being caged on test plants. Transmission was achieved using both approaches, although transmission was far greater (30% compared with 4%) from insects that were directly applied. Phytoplasma DNA was detected in 12% of Z. oppositus individuals tested during all the trials. This work identifies a new vector for 'Ca. P. australiense' and contributes to our understanding of the ecology of Cordyline sudden decline and Coprosma lethal decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Winks
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - M T Andersen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - J G Charles
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - R E Beever
- Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
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Andersen MT, Liefting LW, Havukkala I, Beever RE. Comparison of the complete genome sequence of two closely related isolates of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' reveals genome plasticity. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:529. [PMID: 23915186 PMCID: PMC3750655 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is associated with at least nine diseases in Australia and New Zealand. The impact of this phytoplasma is considerable, both economically and environmentally. The genome of a NZ isolate was sequenced in an effort to understand its pathogenicity and ecology. Comparison with a closely related Australian isolate enabled us to examine mechanisms of genomic rearrangement. RESULTS The complete genome sequence of a strawberry lethal yellows (SLY) isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' was determined. It is a circular genome of 959,779 base pairs with 1126 predicted open reading frames. Despite being 80 kbp larger than another 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' isolate PAa, the variation between housekeeping genes was generally less than 1% at a nucleotide level. The difference in size between the two isolates was largely due to the number and size of potential mobile units (PMUs), which contributed to some changes in gene order. Comparison of the genomes of the two isolates revealed that the highly conserved 5' UTR of a putative DNA-directed RNA polymerase seems to be associated with insertion and rearrangement events. Two types of PMUs have been identified on the basis of the order of three to four conserved genes, with both PMUs appearing to have been present in the last common ancestor of 'Ca. Phytoplasma asteris' and 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense'. Comparison with other phytoplasma genomes showed that modification methylases were, in general, species-specific. A putative methylase (xorIIM) found in 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' appeared to have no analogue in any other firmicute, and we believe has been introduced by way of lateral gene transfer. A putative retrostransposon (ltrA) analogous to that found in OY-M was present in both isolates, although all examples in PAa appear to be fragments. Comparative analysis identified highly conserved 5' and 3' UTR regions of ltrA, which may indicate how the gene is excised and inserted. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of two assembled 'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense' genomes has shown they possess a high level of plasticity. This comparative analysis has yielded clues as to how rearrangements occur, and the identification of sets of genes that appear to be associated with these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Andersen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lia W Liefting
- AgriGenesis Biosciences Ltd, P.O. Box 50, Auckland, New Zealand
- Current address: Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, P.O. Box 2095, Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Ilkka Havukkala
- AgriGenesis Biosciences Ltd, P.O. Box 50, Auckland, New Zealand
- Current address: Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand, 205 Victoria Street, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ross E Beever
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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7
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Amselem J, Cuomo CA, van Kan JAL, Viaud M, Benito EP, Couloux A, Coutinho PM, de Vries RP, Dyer PS, Fillinger S, Fournier E, Gout L, Hahn M, Kohn L, Lapalu N, Plummer KM, Pradier JM, Quévillon E, Sharon A, Simon A, ten Have A, Tudzynski B, Tudzynski P, Wincker P, Andrew M, Anthouard V, Beever RE, Beffa R, Benoit I, Bouzid O, Brault B, Chen Z, Choquer M, Collémare J, Cotton P, Danchin EG, Da Silva C, Gautier A, Giraud C, Giraud T, Gonzalez C, Grossetete S, Güldener U, Henrissat B, Howlett BJ, Kodira C, Kretschmer M, Lappartient A, Leroch M, Levis C, Mauceli E, Neuvéglise C, Oeser B, Pearson M, Poulain J, Poussereau N, Quesneville H, Rascle C, Schumacher J, Ségurens B, Sexton A, Silva E, Sirven C, Soanes DM, Talbot NJ, Templeton M, Yandava C, Yarden O, Zeng Q, Rollins JA, Lebrun MH, Dickman M. Genomic analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002230. [PMID: 21876677 PMCID: PMC3158057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of S. sclerotiorum and two strains of B. cinerea. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38-39 Mb genomes include 11,860-14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the S. sclerotiorum assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the B. cinerea genomes. Seven percent of the S. sclerotiorum genome comprises transposable elements compared to <1% of B. cinerea. The arsenal of genes associated with necrotrophic processes is similar between the species, including genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and oxalic acid production. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed an expansion in number and diversity of B. cinerea-specific secondary metabolites relative to S. sclerotiorum. The potential diversity in secondary metabolism might be involved in adaptation to specific ecological niches. Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The organization of the mating-type loci differs, and their structures provide evidence for the evolution of heterothallism from homothallism. These data shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating. This resource should facilitate the functional studies designed to better understand what makes these fungi such successful and persistent pathogens of agronomic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Amselem
- Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, UR1164, INRA, Versailles, France
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Christina A. Cuomo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Viaud
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Ernesto P. Benito
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Pedro M. Coutinho
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR6098, CNRS – Université de la Méditerranée et Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul S. Dyer
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Fillinger
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Elisabeth Fournier
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
- Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, CIRAD – INRA – SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lilian Gout
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Faculty of Biology, Kaiserslautern University, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Linda Kohn
- Biology Department, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Nicolas Lapalu
- Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, UR1164, INRA, Versailles, France
| | - Kim M. Plummer
- Botany Department, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jean-Marc Pradier
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Emmanuel Quévillon
- Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, UR1164, INRA, Versailles, France
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adeline Simon
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Arjen ten Have
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas – CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Bettina Tudzynski
- Molekularbiologie und Biotechnologie der Pilze, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Molekularbiologie und Biotechnologie der Pilze, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Marion Andrew
- Biology Department, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada
| | | | | | - Rolland Beffa
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ourdia Bouzid
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baptiste Brault
- Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, UR1164, INRA, Versailles, France
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Zehua Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Jérome Collémare
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Cotton
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Etienne G. Danchin
- Interactions Biotiques et Santé Plantes, UMR5240, INRA – Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis – CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Angélique Gautier
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Corinne Giraud
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud – CNRS – AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Celedonio Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sandrine Grossetete
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR6098, CNRS – Université de la Méditerranée et Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | | | - Chinnappa Kodira
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Anne Lappartient
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Michaela Leroch
- Faculty of Biology, Kaiserslautern University, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Caroline Levis
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
| | - Evan Mauceli
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cécile Neuvéglise
- Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique Microbien, UMR1319, INRA – Micalis – AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Birgitt Oeser
- Molekularbiologie und Biotechnologie der Pilze, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew Pearson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie Poulain
- GENOSCOPE, Centre National de Séquençage, Evry, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Hadi Quesneville
- Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, UR1164, INRA, Versailles, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Molekularbiologie und Biotechnologie der Pilze, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Adrienne Sexton
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Evelyn Silva
- Fundacion Ciencia para la Vida and Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine Sirven
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Darren M. Soanes
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matt Templeton
- Plant and Food Research, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chandri Yandava
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Qiandong Zeng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, UR1164, INRA, Versailles, France
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture – Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UR1290, INRA, Grignon, France
- Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes de Plantes, UMR5240, Université de Lyon 1 – CNRS – BAYER S.A.S., Lyon, France
| | - Marty Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Borlaug Genomics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Abstract
Mycoviruses (fungal viruses) are reviewed with emphasis on plant pathogenic fungi. Based on the presence of virus-like particles and unencapsidated dsRNAs, mycoviruses are common in all major fungal groups. Over 80 mycovirus species have been officially recognized from ten virus families, but a paucity of nucleic acid sequence data makes assignment of many reported mycoviruses difficult. Although most of the particle types recognized to date are isometric, a variety of morphologies have been found and, additionally, many apparently unencapsidated dsRNAs have been reported. Until recently, most characterized mycoviruses have dsRNA genomes, but ssRNA mycoviruses now constitute about one-third of the total. Two hypotheses for the origin of mycoviruses of plant pathogens are discussed: the first that they are of unknown but ancient origin and have coevolved along with their hosts, the second that they have relatively recently moved from a fungal plant host into the fungus. Although mycoviruses are typically readily transmitted through asexual spores, transmission through sexual spores varies with the host fungus. Evidence for natural horizontal transmission has been found. Typically, mycoviruses are apparently symptomless (cryptic) but beneficial effects on the host fungus have been reported. Of more practical interest to plant pathologists are those viruses that confer a hypovirulent phenotype, and the scope for using such viruses as biocontrol agents is reviewed. New tools are being developed based on host genome studies that will help to address the intellectual challenge of understanding the fungal-virus interactions and the practical challenge of manipulating this relationship to develop novel biocontrol agents for important plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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9
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Sunde M, Kwan AHY, Templeton MD, Beever RE, Mackay JP. Structural analysis of hydrophobins. Micron 2007; 39:773-84. [PMID: 17875392 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobins are a remarkable class of small cysteine-rich proteins found exclusively in fungi. They self-assemble to form robust polymeric monolayers that are highly amphipathic and play numerous roles in fungal biology, such as in the formation and dispersal of aerial spores and in pathogenic and mutualistic interactions. The polymeric form can be reversibly disassembled and is able to reverse the wettability of a surface, leading to many proposals for nanotechnological applications over recent years. The surprising properties of hydrophobins and their potential for commercialization have led to substantial efforts to delineate their morphology and molecular structure. In this review, we summarize the progress that has been made using a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic approaches towards understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying hydrophobin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sunde
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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10
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Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W, Domínguez LS, Nouhra ER, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW, Trappe JM. Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders. Mycologia 2007; 98:949-59. [PMID: 17486971 DOI: 10.3852/mycologia.98.6.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic analyses for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi were conducted based on the five gene dataset with extensive taxon sampling. The monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was strongly supported, and four well supported major subclades were recognized. Three of the four subclades were represented entirely by gastroid taxa, and only Gomphales contained both gastroid and non-gastroid taxa. While the gastroid morphology is derived from epigeous, nongastroid taxa in Gomphales, the topology of Phallales indicated that truffle-like form is an ancestral morphology of the stinkhorn fruiting bodies. Although basidiospore maturation occurs within the enclosed fruiting bodies of the stinkhorn, the elevation of the mature spore-producing tissue represents an independent origin of the stipe among Basidiomycota. Comparisons are made between previous and new classification schemes, which are based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. Based on the results of these analyses, a new subclass Phallomycetidae, and two new orders, Hysterangiales and Geastrales, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hosaka
- Department of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA.
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11
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Winefield RD, Hilario E, Beever RE, Haverkamp RG, Templeton MD. Hydrophobin genes and their expression in conidial and aconidial Neurospora species. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:250-7. [PMID: 17218129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Homologs of the gene encoding the hydrophobin EAS from Neurospora crassa have been identified both in the other conidial species of Neurospora (N. discreta, N. intermedia, N. sitophila, and N. tetrasperma) and selected aconidial species (N. africana, N. dodgei, N. lineolata, N. pannonica, and N. terricola). Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of a single gene in all species examined. EAS-like proteins were purified from the conidial species and each was shown to be the proteolytically processed gene-product of the corresponding eas homolog. While EAS-like proteins were not detected in the aconidial species, putative eas transcripts were detected in some isolates following RT-PCR and the aerial hyphae of these species were hydrophobic. DNA sequences of the coding region of the eas homologs were amplified by PCR and cloned and sequenced from all species except N. pannonica. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences produced two clusters, the first comprising the conidiating species N. crassa, N. intermedia, N. sitophila, and N. tetrasperma forming a closely related group with N. discreta more distant, and the second comprising the aconidial species N. africana, N. dodgei, N. lineolata forming another closely related group with N. terricola more distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Winefield
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Andersen MT, Newcomb RD, Liefting LW, Beever RE. Phylogenetic Analysis of "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" Reveals Distinct Populations in New Zealand. Phytopathology 2006; 96:838-845. [PMID: 18943748 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The phytoplasma "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" has been reported from New Zealand and Australia, where it has been associated with a range of host plants, especially since the 1970s. Partial tuf gene sequences of 36 New Zealand (NZ) isolates from four different host genera revealed nine different variants, which clustered into two distinct groups without any obvious correlation with host or geographic region. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences, together with those available from Australian isolates, revealed three distinct clades: one found solely in Australia, one found solely in NZ, and a third with representatives from both countries. These divisions are consistent with differences observed in the 16-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer region; therefore, we conclude that they represent three distinct subgroups: tuf 1, tuf 2, and tuf 3. We estimated a time of divergence for the three clades based on a synonymous substitution rate calculated by comparing the complete tuf gene sequence from the Loofah witches'-broom phytoplasma and "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense". Using a calibration date of 110 million years, the estimated time to a common ancestor for all clades (6 to 9 million years ago) suggests divergence during the Miocene, well after the geological separation of NZ and Australia.
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13
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Liefting LW, Andersen MT, Lough TJ, Beever RE. Comparative analysis of the plasmids from two isolates of "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense". Plasmid 2006; 56:138-44. [PMID: 16620976 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two plasmids from the plant-pathogenic mollicute "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" were completely sequenced from two isolates derived from different plant hosts. Plasmid pPAPh2 (3607bp) was obtained from Phormium showing Phormium yellow leaf symptoms and pPASb11 (3635bp) from strawberry showing strawberry lethal yellows symptoms. The plasmids varied in their copy number and nucleotide sequence yet contained the same four open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acid sequence derived from ORF1 shares similarity with hypothetical proteins encoded on the plasmids from onion yellows and beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent phytoplasmas. The deduced amino acid sequences of both ORF2 and ORF3 share similarity with functionally unknown proteins on the chromosome of onion yellows phytoplasma. An ORF with a similar sequence to ORF2 is also present on the chromosome of "Ca. P. australiense." The deduced amino acid sequence derived from ORF4 is most similar to replication proteins encoded by other phytoplasma plasmids and by geminiviruses, the only protein on the plasmids for which a putative function can be assigned. The identities of the deduced amino acid sequences of ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, and ORF4 between pPAPh2 and pPASb11 were 89, 68, 91, and 68%, respectively; the differences being consistent with the subgroup status of the parental phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia W Liefting
- AgriGenesis Biosciences Ltd, P.O. Box 50, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Howitt RLJ, Beever RE, Pearson MN, Forster RLS. Genome characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, Botrytis virus X, reveals high amino acid identity to genes from plant 'potex-like' viruses. Arch Virol 2005; 151:563-79. [PMID: 16172841 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the molecular characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, Botrytis virus X (BVX), infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. BVX contains a ssRNA genome of 6966 nucleotides, and a poly(A) tract at or very near the 3' terminus. Computer analysis of the genomic cDNA sequence of BVX revealed five potential open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 showed significant amino acid sequence identity to the replicase proteins of plant 'potex-like' viruses, including 73% identity to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of the allexivirus, garlic virus A (GarV-A). The C-terminal region of ORF3 shared amino acid homology with plant 'potex-like' coat proteins. The remaining ORFs did not reveal significant homology with known protein sequences. BVX differs substantially from Botrytis virus F (BVF), another flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus characterized from the same B. Cinerea isolate. It is proposed that the mycovirus BVX belongs to a new, as yet unassigned genus in the plant 'potex-like' virus group, distinct from BVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L J Howitt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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15
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Abstract
DsRNAs were detected in 36 of 49 Monilinia fructicola isolates from stone fruit orchards in New Zealand. The dsRNA profiles were highly variable, even between isolates from a single tree. Comparison of pathogenicity on detached fruit, in vitro growth rate, and sporulation of 14 isolates showed no obvious correlation with presence of dsRNAs. Partially purified extracts from four isolates were examined for the presence of virus-like particles by transmission electron microscopy. One isolate contained 45 nm isometric particles similar in appearance to totiviruses and partitiviruses. A second isolate contained 200-250 x 25 nm rigid rods similar in appearance to the plant pathogenic tobraviruses and furoviruses. This is the first report of the presence of viral-like agents in the brown rot fungus Monilinia fructicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Fang Tsai
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Moyersoen B, Beever RE. Abundance and characteristics of Pisolithus ectomycorrhizas in New Zealand geothermal areas. Mycologia 2004; 96:1225-1232. [PMID: 21148945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pisolithus is restricted in New Zealand to geothermal areas where it associates with Kunzea ericoides var. microflora (prostrate kanuka) and occasionally Leptospermum scoparium. Here we describe for the first time the ectomycorrhizal morphotypes of three New Zealand Pisolithus species and report the frequency and abundance of these morphotypes against other mycorrhizal fungi associated with these hosts in New Zealand geothermal areas. The three Pisolithus species form typical ectomycorrhizal associations with Kunzea ericoides var. microflora, and one also was observed forming typical ectomycorrhizal associations with Leptospermum scoparium. Although the morphotypes from the three Pisolithus species share many morphological and anatomical characteristics, they vary with regard to the abundance of rhizomorphs. The common occurrence of Pisolithus fruiting bodies at the geothermal sites was matched by frequent and abundant Pisolithus ectomycorrhizas. Pisolithus ectomycorrhizas were frequent (100% of soil cores) and abundant (between 55 and 88% of ectomycorrhizal tips) associates of prostrate kanuka in hot (50 C at 8 cm depth), highly acidic and N depleted soils. The levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of prostrate kanuka were lower than on K. ericoides and L. scoparium on cooler soils. The stressful conditions where prostrate kanuka dominates probably favor Pisolithus over the mycorrhizal fungi occurring in cooler geothermal areas. Questions about how several genetically similar Pisolithus species co-occur on prostrate kanuka in geothermal areas without mutual competitive exclusion are discussed.
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17
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18
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Cui W, Beever RE, Parkes SL, Templeton MD. Evolution of an Osmosensing Histidine Kinase in Field Strains of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) in Response to Dicarboximide Fungicide Usage. Phytopathology 2004; 94:1129-1135. [PMID: 18943802 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.10.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT DNA sequence polymorphisms in the putative two-component histidine protein kinase encoded by the Daf1 gene have been identified within a sample of 5 sensitive and 27 dicarboximide-resistant field strains of Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph Botrytis cinerea). The gene of 3948 bp is predicted to encode a 1315-amino acid protein comprising an N-terminal region, an amino acid repeat region, which has been hypothesized to be the binding site for dicarboximide fungicide, and a C-terminal region encompassing kinase and response regulator domains. Two amino acid variants were distinguished among the sensitive strains characterized by alanine (group 1), or threonine (group 2), at position 1259 in the C-terminal region. All resistant strains could be classified into either group 1 or group 2 but, in addition, all showed changes in the second amino acid repeat region. On the basis of the differences in this repeat region, four classes of resistant strains were recognized; class 1 characterized by an isoleucine to serine mutation, class 2 by an isoleucine to asparagine mutation, class 3 by an isoleucine to arginine mutation (all at position 365), and class 4 by an isoleucine to serine mutation (position 365) as well as a glutamine to proline mutation (position 369). All classes showed similar low levels of resistance to iprodione and to vinclozolin, except for class 3 and class 4 strains, which show low resistance to iprodione but moderate (class 3) or high (class 4) resistance to vinclozolin. The classes as a group did not differ from sensitive strains in osmotic sensitivity measured as mycelial growth response, but some class 1 strains showed an abnormal morphology on osmotically amended medium. The evolution of the amino acid differences is discussed in relation to field observations. It is proposed that class 1 and class 2 strains arose by single mutations within the sensitive population, whereas classes 3 and 4 arose by single mutations within a resistant population.
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Moyersoen B, Beever RE, Martin F. Genetic diversity of Pisolithus in New Zealand indicates multiple long-distance dispersal from Australia. New Phytol 2003; 160:569-579. [PMID: 33873652 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
• Pisolithus is a common ectomycorrhizal (EcM) associate of prostrate kanuka Kunzea ericoides var. microflora (Myrtaceae) in New Zealand geothermal areas. Here, we report the genetic diversity and phylogeny of Pisolithus and interpret the results in relation to the origin of this fungus in New Zealand. • We determined the genetic variation of Pisolithus on the basis of ITS gene sequences and spore morphology. • We identified three Pisolithus species in New Zealand, each matching Australian species associated with eucalypts and acacias. All three species co-occurred locally in thermal areas, with two species sometimes colonizing root tips in the same soil volume, indicating co-occurrence of species on a smaller scale. • We propose that Pisolithus fungi were introduced to New Zealand from Australia by trans-Tasman airflow during recent geological times. The success of this long-distance dispersal of EcM fungi may be related to the capacity of kanuka to act as a 'nurse plant' for wind-blown spores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross E Beever
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR INRA/UHP 1136 1aM, Centre INRA de Nancy, F-54280, France
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20
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Cui W, Beever RE, Parkes SL, Weeds PL, Templeton MD. An osmosensing histidine kinase mediates dicarboximide fungicide resistance in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). Fungal Genet Biol 2002; 36:187-98. [PMID: 12135574 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(02)00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A two-component histidine protein kinase gene, homologous to os-1 from Neurospora crassa, was cloned and sequenced from a single ascospore isolate of Botryotinia fuckeliana. A series of nine spontaneous mutants resistant to dicarboximide fungicides was selected from this strain and characterized with respect to fungicide resistance and osmotic sensitivity. Genetic crosses of the mutants with an authentic Daf1 strain showed that the phenotypes mapped to this locus. Single point mutations (seven transitions, one transversion, and one short deletion) were detected in the alleles of the nine mutants sequenced. The mutational changes were shown to cosegregate with the dicarboximide resistance and osmotic sensitivity phenotypes in progeny obtained from crossing selected resistant strains with a sensitive strain. All mutations detected are predicted to result in amino acid changes in the coiled-coil region of the putative Daf1 histidine kinase, and it is proposed that dicarboximide fungicides target this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Plant Health and Development Group, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Andersen MT, Beever RE, Sutherland PW, Forster RLS. Association of "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" with Sudden Decline of Cabbage Tree in New Zealand. Plant Dis 2001; 85:462-469. [PMID: 30823120 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sudden decline of the New Zealand cabbage tree (Cordyline australis) results in the rapid death of affected plants within months of first external symptoms becoming apparent. Symptoms, which have been observed in saplings and mature trees, include vascular discoloration and leaf yellowing followed by leaf desiccation and eventual plant collapse. Previous work failed to link the disease with any causal agent. A phytoplasma has now been detected in all symptomatic saplings and some symptomatic trees tested, using one-step and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify portions of the 16S rRNA gene. This phytoplasma was not detected in nonsymptomatic plants. Phytoplasma DNA was found in shoot and rhizome apices, leaves and wood tissue of saplings, and in the rhizome apex and trunk tissues of adult trees. Sequencing of the PCR products from selected samples indicated that the phytoplasma is "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense." Phytoplasma cells were detected by transmission electron microscopy in phloem sieve tubes of the rhizomes of affected saplings. One sapling with early symptoms recovered after injection with tetracycline antibiotic, but two saplings with advanced symptoms did not recover. It is concluded that "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense" is present in symptomatic plants and is the cause of sudden decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Andersen
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ross E Beever
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Sutherland
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L S Forster
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Howitt RLJ, Beever RE, Pearson MN, Forster RLS. Genome characterization of Botrytis virus F, a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus resembling plant 'potex-like' viruses. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:67-78. [PMID: 11125160 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the first sequence of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus and also the first molecular characterization of a virus that infects the plant-pathogenic fungus BOTRYTIS: cinerea. The mycovirus BOTRYTIS: virus F (BVF) contains an ssRNA genome of 6827 nucleotides and a poly(A) tract at or very near the 3' terminus. Computer analysis of the genomic cDNA sequence of BVF revealed two potential open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins of 212 kDa (ORF1) and 32 kDa (ORF2). ORF1 showed significant sequence identity to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)-containing proteins of plant 'tymo-' and 'potex-like' viruses. However, the ORF1 protein contained an opal putative readthrough codon between the helicase and RdRp regions, a feature not seen in this position in 'tymo-' and 'potex-like' replicases sequenced to date. ORF2 shared amino acid similarity with coat proteins of plant 'potex-like' viruses. Three untranslated regions were present in the genome, comprising a region of 63 nucleotides preceding the initiation codon of ORF1, a 93 nucleotide stretch between ORFs 1 and 2 and a 3'-terminal region of 70 nucleotides preceding the poly(A) tract. The nucleotide sequence of a putative defective RNA (D-RNA) of 829 nucleotides was also determined. The D-RNA contained one potential ORF comprising the N-terminal region of the replicase fused in-frame to the C-terminal region of the coat protein. It is proposed that the mycovirus BVF belongs to a new, as yet unassigned genus in the plant 'potex-like' virus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L J Howitt
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand2
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand1
| | - Ross E Beever
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand2
| | - Michael N Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand1
| | - Richard L S Forster
- Genesis Research & Development Corporation Ltd, PO Box 50, Auckland, New Zealand4
- HortResearch, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand3
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Liefting LW, Andersen MT, Beever RE, Gardner RC, Forster RL. Sequence heterogeneity in the two 16S rRNA genes of Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3133-9. [PMID: 8795200 PMCID: PMC168106 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.9.3133-3139.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phormium yellow leaf (PYL) phytoplasma causes a lethal disease of the monocotyledon, New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax). The 16S rRNA genes of PYL phytoplasma were amplified from infected flax by PCR and cloned, and the nucleotide sequences were determined. DNA sequencing and Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA indicated the presence of two copies of the 16S rRNA gene. The two 16S rRNA genes exhibited sequence heterogeneity in 4 nucleotide positions and could be distinguished by the restriction enzymes BpmI and BsrI. This is the first record in which sequence heterogeneity in the 16S rRNA genes of a phytoplasma has been determined by sequence analysis. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that PYL phytoplasma is most closely related to the stolbur and German grapevine yellows phytoplasmas, which form the stolbur subgroup of the aster yellows group. This phylogenetic position of PYL phytoplasma was supported by 16S/23S spacer region sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Liefting
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Templeton MD, Greenwood DR, Beever RE. Solubilization of neurospora crassa rodlet proteins and identification of the predominant protein as the proteolytically processed eas (ccg-2) gene product. Mycology 1995; 19:166-9. [PMID: 7614378 DOI: 10.1006/emyc.1995.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins from conidial rodlet preparations of Neurospora crassa were solubilized in trifluoroacetic acid. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized rodlets revealed a predominant protein of approximately 7 kDa. This protein was absent from preparations of N. crassa cultures carrying the eas mutation. The protein was purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein was found to be identical to an internal portion of the deduced amino acid sequence of eas. Comparison of the sequences indicates a 29-amino-acid leader which is cleaved to generate the mature protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Templeton
- Molecular Genetics Group, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand
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25
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Redgwell RJ, Beever RE, Bieleski RL, Laracy EP, Been MH. Isolation and characterisation of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)but-2-enyl β-d-allopyranoside, the major soluble carbohydrate in leaves of the fern Cardiomanes reniforme. Carbohydr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Aspergillus nidulans was shown to be xerotolerant, with optimal radial growth on basal medium amended with 0.5 M NaCl (osmotic potential [psi s] of medium, -3 MPa), 50% optimal growth on medium amended with 1.6 M NaCl (psi s of medium, -8.7 MPa), and little growth on medium amended with 3.4 M NaCl (psi s of medium, -21 MPa). The intracellular content of soluble carbohydrates and of selected cations was measured after growth on basal medium, on this medium osmotically amended with NaCl, KCl, glucose, or glycerol, and also after hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic transfer. The results implicate glycerol and erythritol as the major osmoregulatory solutes. They both accumulated during growth on osmotically amended media, as well as after hyperosmotic transfer, except on glycerol-amended media, in which erythritol did not accumulate. Furthermore, they both decreased in amount after hypoosmotic transfer. With the exception of glycerol, the extracellular osmotic solute did not accumulate intracellularly when mycelium was grown in osmotically amended media, but it accumulated after hyperosmotic transfer. It was concluded that the extracellular solute usually plays only a transient role in osmotic adaptation. The intracellular content of soluble carbohydrates and cations measured could reasonably account for the intracellular osmotic potential of mycelium growing on osmotically amended media.
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Abstract
Neurospora crassa macroconidia possess a regularly arranged layer of small fibers (rodlets) near the spore surface. The structure and location of this layer were studied by making surface replicas, by negative staining, by freeze-fracturing and deep-etching, and by thin sectioning. When conidia were shaken vigorously in water, the layer fragmented and became separated from the surface in sheets. Negative staining of such sheets showed that the individual rodlets have a hollow central core. When conidia were shaken gently in water or fixative, large fragments of the rodlet layer often remained on the conidial surface. The fragments tended to fold back on each other such that multiple layers were sometimes seen in thin sections. It is concluded that in dry conidia the rodlets are located on the extreme outside of the spore where they form a monolayer with only occasional regions of overlap.
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Abstract
The rodlet layer of Neurospora crassa macroconidia has been purified and chemically characterized. Sheets of rodlets were released from the conidial surface by vigorously shaking conidia in water. Conidia were removed by filtration and low-speed centrifugation, and the rodlets were recovered from the supernatant by high-speed centrifugation. The rodlet pellet comprised 1.9% of the initial dry weight. Chemical analysis was hampered by the insolubility of the rodlets. They were not solubilized by heating in various protein-denaturing buffers and were only partially dissolved by heating in 1 M NaOH at 100 degrees C for 5 min. Nevertheless, they were found to be largely composed of protein (91%, based on total nitrogen). The major amino acids in acid hydrolysates were aspartic acid, glycine, serine, alanine, half-cystine, and valine. Glucosamine was not detected in acid hydrolysates. The sulfur content was 2.5%, and this could be accounted for in half-cystine and methionine. Carbohydrate comprised just over 2%. The phosphorus content was 0.21%, of which less than one-third was accounted for in phospholipid. The total fatty acid content was 1.0%, most of which could be accounted for by the fatty acids of the phospholipids.
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Abstract
The development of the high-affinity and low-affinity phosphate uptake systems of Neurospora crassa has been followed during germination and early growth. The ratio between the activities of the two systems became constant by the time exponential growth began, although the value of this ratio depended on the external phosphate concentration. The regulatory mechanisms controlling the systems were investigated by following the changes that resulted when exponentially growing germlings adapted to one phosphate concentration were shifted to a different concentration. The high-affinity system was derepressed under conditions of phosphate starvation, and inhibited irreversibly by feedback inhibition under conditions of over-supply. The low-affinity system was also derepressed and subject to feedback inhibition under comparable conditions, but, in contrast, inhibition of this system was reversible. A detailed description is given of the interplay between the systems during adaptation to changes in phosphate supply. Changes that occurred in the internal phosphate pool support the hypothesis that this metabolite is responsible for controlling the activities of the systems, either by triggering derepression of new uptake system synthesis or by inhibiting the existing system by feedback.
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Abstract
Addition of cycloheximide to Neurospora crassa germlings growing in liquid medium caused an exponential loss of phosphate uptake activity (half-life, ca. 2 h). No loss of activity resulted when germlings were resuspended, at the time of cycloheximide addition, in medium of a substantially lower phosphate concentration. It is concluded that the phosphate uptake systems are not subject to rapid turnover.
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Abstract
The phosphate uptake rate of Neurospora crassa germlings growing exponentially in media containing phosphate at concentrations between 10 mM and 50 micronM was virtually constant. The uptake characteristics of these germlings were studied in detail assuming the simultaneous operation of two uptake systems, one of low affinity and one of high affinity. The Km of the low-affinity system was constant after growth at phosphate concentrations greater than 1 mM but became progressively lower as the concentration was reduced below 1 mM. In contrast, the Km of the high-affinity system was independent of the phosphate concentration of the growth medium. The Vmax of each system was highest after growth at low phosphate concentrations. As the phosphate concentration was increased to a maximum of 100 mM, the Vmax of the low-affinity system fell gradually, whereas that of the high-affinity system at first fell rapidly but then reached a constant minimum value at concentrations of 2.5 mM and higher. The differences in the kinetic parameters fully account for the constancy of uptake rate shown by the germlings.
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Abstract
The kinetics of phosphate uptake by exponentially growing Neurospora crassa were studied to determine the nature of the differences in uptake activity associated with growth at different external phosphate concentrations. Conidia, grown in liquid medium containing either 10 mM or 50 micronM phosphate, were harvested, and their phosphate uptake ability was measured. Initial experiments, where uptake was examined over a narrow concentration range near that of the growth medium, indicated the presence of a low-affintiy (high Km) system in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate. Uptake by each system was energy dependent and sensitive to inhibitors of membrane function. No efflux of phosphate or phosphorus-containing compounds could be detected. When examined over a wide concentration range, uptake was consistent with the simultaneous operation of low- and high-affinity systems in both types of germlings. The Vmax estimates for the two systems were higher in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate than for the corresponding systems in germlings from 10 mM phosphate. The Km of the high-affinity system was the same in both types of germlings, whereas the Km of the low-affinity system in germlings from 10 mM phosphate was about three three times that of the system in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate.
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Beever RE. Regulation of 2-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and isocitrate lyase syntheses in Neurospora crassa. J Gen Microbiol 1975; 86:197-200. [PMID: 123004 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-86-1-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Beever RE, Fincham JR. Acetate-nonutilizing mutants of Neurospora crassa: acu-6, the structural gene for PEP carboxykinase and inter-allelic complementation at the acu-6 locus. Mol Gen Genet 1973; 126:217-26. [PMID: 4274061 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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