1
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Kheirollahi A, Sadeghi S, Orandi S, Moayedi K, Khajeh K, Khoobi M, Golestani A. Chondroitinase as a therapeutic enzyme: Prospects and challenges. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 172:110348. [PMID: 37898093 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The chondroitinases (Chase) are bacterial lyases that specifically digest chondroitin sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans via a β-elimination reaction and generate unsaturated disaccharides. In recent decades, these enzymes have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their potential applications in various aspects of medicine from the treatment of spinal cord injury to use as an analytical tool. In spite of this diverse spectrum, the application of Chase is faced with several limitations and challenges such as thermal instability and lack of a suitable delivery system. In the current review, we address potential therapeutic applications of Chase with emphasis on the challenges ahead. Then, we summarize the latest achievements to overcome the problems by considering the studies carried out in the field of enzyme engineering, drug delivery, and combination-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Orandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiana Moayedi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Golestani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Wang W, Mao H, Li S, Zhang L, Yang L, Yin R, Zhao J. Branched Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides Derived from the Sea Cucumber Acaudina molpadioides Stimulate Neurite Outgrowth. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100653. [PMID: 36286476 PMCID: PMC9605008 DOI: 10.3390/md20100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) from the sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides (FCSAm) is the first one that was reported to be branched by disaccharide GalNAc-(α1,2)-Fuc3S4S (15%) and sulfated Fuc (85%). Here, four size-homogenous fractions, and seven oligosaccharides, were separated from its β-eliminative depolymerized products. Detailed NMR spectroscopic and MS analyses revealed the oligomers as hexa-, hepta-, octa-, and nonasaccharide, which further confirmed the precise structure of native FCSAm: it was composed of the CS-E-like backbone with a full content of sulfation at O-4 and O-6 of GalNAc in the disaccharide repeating unit, and the branches consisting of sulfated fucose (Fuc4S and Fuc2S4S) and heterodisaccharide [GalNAc-(α1,2)-Fuc3S4S]. Pharmacologically, FCSAm and its depolymerized derivatives, including fractions and oligosaccharides, showed potent neurite outgrowth-promoting activity in a chain length-dependent manner. A comparison of analyses among oligosaccharides revealed that the sulfate pattern of the Fuc branches, instead of the heterodisaccharide, could affect the promotion intensity. Fuc2S4S and the saccharide length endowed the neurite outgrowth stimulation activity most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (J.Z.)
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3
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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4
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Abstract
Biopolymers are natural polymers sourced from plants and animals, which include a variety of polysaccharides and polypeptides. The inclusion of biopolymers into biomedical hydrogels is of great interest because of their inherent biochemical and biophysical properties, such as cellular adhesion, degradation, and viscoelasticity. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview of the design and development of biopolymer hydrogels for biomedical applications, with an emphasis on biopolymer chemical modifications and cross-linking methods. First, the fundamentals of biopolymers and chemical conjugation methods to introduce cross-linking groups are described. Cross-linking methods to form biopolymer networks are then discussed in detail, including (i) covalent cross-linking (e.g., free radical chain polymerization, click cross-linking, cross-linking due to oxidation of phenolic groups), (ii) dynamic covalent cross-linking (e.g., Schiff base formation, disulfide formation, reversible Diels-Alder reactions), and (iii) physical cross-linking (e.g., guest-host interactions, hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand coordination, grafted biopolymers). Finally, recent advances in the use of chemically modified biopolymer hydrogels for the biofabrication of tissue scaffolds, therapeutic delivery, tissue adhesives and sealants, as well as the formation of interpenetrating network biopolymer hydrogels, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Muir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Vlcek JR, Reynolds MM, Kipper MJ. Enzymatic Degradation of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycan-Mimetic Materials in Solution and on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3913-3925. [PMID: 34347454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) play many important roles in biology, contributing to the mechanical properties of tissues, helping to organize extracellular matrix components, and participating in signaling mechanisms related to mechanotransduction, cell differentiation, immune responses, and wound healing. Our lab has designed two different types of PG mimics: polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PCNs) and PG-mimetic graft copolymers (GCs), both of which are prepared using naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans. This work evaluates the enzymatic stability of these PG mimics using hyaluronidases (I-S, IV-S, and II), chondroitinase ABC, and lysozyme, for PG mimics suspended in solution and adsorbed onto surfaces. Hyaluronan (HA)- and chondroitin sulfate (CS)-containing PG mimics are degraded by the hyaluronidases. PCNs prepared with CS and GCs prepared with heparin are the only CS- and HA-containing PG mimics protected from chondroitinase ABC. None of the materials are measurably degraded by lysozyme. Adsorption to polyelectrolyte multilayer surfaces protects PG mimics from degradation, compared to when PG mimics are combined with enzymes in solution; all surfaces are still intact after 21 days of enzyme exposure. This work reveals how the stability of PG mimics is controlled by both the composition and macromolecular assembly of the PG mimic and also by the size and specificity of the enzyme. Understanding and tuning these degradation susceptibilities are essential for advancing their applications in cardiovascular materials, orthopedic materials, and growth factor delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi R Vlcek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Melissa M Reynolds
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Matt J Kipper
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Warren PM, Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. Substrate Specificity and Biochemical Characteristics of an Engineered Mammalian Chondroitinase ABC. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11223-11230. [PMID: 34056277 PMCID: PMC8153898 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inhibit regeneration, neuroprotection, and plasticity following spinal cord injury. The development of a second-generation chondroitinase ABC enzyme, capable of being secreted from mammalian cells (mChABC), has facilitated the functional recovery of animals following severe spinal trauma. The genetically modified enzyme has been shown to efficiently break down the inhibitory extracellular matrix surrounding cells at the site of injury, while facilitating cellular integration and axonal growth. However, the activity profile of the enzyme in relation to the original bacterial chondroitinase (bChABC) has not been determined. Here, we characterize the activity profile of mChABC and compare it to bChABC, both enzymes having been maintained under physiologically relevant conditions for the duration of the experiment. We show that this genetically modified enzyme can be secreted reliably and robustly in high yields from a mammalian cell line. The modifications made to the cDNA of the enzyme have not altered the functional activity of mChABC compared to bChABC, ensuring that it has optimal activity on chondroitin sulfate-A, with an optimal pH at 8.0 and temperature at 37 °C. However, mChABC shows superior thermostability compared to bChABC, ensuring that the recombinant enzyme operates with enhanced activity over a variety of physiologically relevant substrates and temperatures compared to the widely used bacterial alternative without substantially altering its kinetic output. The determination that mChABC can function with greater robustness under physiological conditions than bChABC is an important step in the further development of this auspicious treatment strategy toward a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M. Warren
- Department
of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, U.K.
- Wolfson
Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology
and Neuroscience, King’s College
London, Guy’s
Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K.
- Department
of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, U.K.
| | - James W. Fawcett
- Department
of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, U.K.
- Centre
for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- Department
of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, U.K.
- Centre
for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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7
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Zhai J, Kim H, Han SB, Manire M, Yoo R, Pang S, Smith GM, Son YJ. Co-targeting myelin inhibitors and CSPGs markedly enhances regeneration of GDNF-stimulated, but not conditioning-lesioned, sensory axons into the spinal cord. eLife 2021; 10:63050. [PMID: 33942723 PMCID: PMC8139830 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to intraspinal regeneration after dorsal root (DR) injury is the DR entry zone (DREZ), the CNS/PNS interface. DR axons stop regenerating at the DREZ, even if regenerative capacity is increased by a nerve conditioning lesion. This potent blockade has long been attributed to myelin-associated inhibitors and (CSPGs), but incomplete lesions and conflicting reports have prevented conclusive agreement. Here, we evaluated DR regeneration in mice using novel strategies to facilitate complete lesions and analyses, selective tracing of proprioceptive and mechanoreceptive axons, and the first simultaneous targeting of Nogo/Reticulon-4, MAG, OMgp, CSPGs, and GDNF. Co-eliminating myelin inhibitors and CSPGs elicited regeneration of only a few conditioning-lesioned DR axons across the DREZ. Their absence, however, markedly and synergistically enhanced regeneration of GDNF-stimulated axons, highlighting the importance of sufficiently elevating intrinsic growth capacity. We also conclude that myelin inhibitors and CSPGs are not the primary mechanism stopping axons at the DREZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Zhai
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hyukmin Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Seung Baek Han
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Meredith Manire
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rachel Yoo
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Shuhuan Pang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States.,Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
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8
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Kampanis V, Tolou-Dabbaghian B, Zhou L, Roth W, Puttagunta R. Cyclic Stretch of Either PNS or CNS Located Nerves Can Stimulate Neurite Outgrowth. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010032. [PMID: 33379276 PMCID: PMC7824691 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) does not recover from traumatic axonal injury, but the peripheral nervous system (PNS) does. We hypothesize that this fundamental difference in regenerative capacity may be based upon the absence of stimulatory mechanical forces in the CNS due to the protective rigidity of the vertebral column and skull. We developed a bioreactor to apply low-strain cyclic axonal stretch to adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) connected to either the peripheral or central nerves in an explant model for inducing axonal growth. In response, larger diameter DRG neurons, mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors showed enhanced neurite outgrowth as well as increased Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Kampanis
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (V.K.); (B.T.-D.)
| | - Bahardokht Tolou-Dabbaghian
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (V.K.); (B.T.-D.)
| | - Luming Zhou
- Laboratory of NeuroRegeneration and Repair, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Roth
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (V.K.); (B.T.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Koizumi Y, Ito T, Mizutari K, Kakehata S. Regenerative Effect of a ROCK Inhibitor, Y-27632, on Excitotoxic Trauma in an Organotypic Culture of the Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:572434. [PMID: 33328888 PMCID: PMC7717995 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.572434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, most inner ear diseases were thought to start with the impairment of the sensory epithelium of the cochlea before subsequently progressing to secondary neural degeneration. However, recent studies show that loss of primary synapses accompanied by excitotoxic degeneration of peripheral axons is likely to be the underlying pathology in sensorineural hearing loss. Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition has been reported to have neuroprotective and regenerative effects on synaptic pathways. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of ROCK inhibition using Y-27632 in a model of peripheral axonal damage in the spiral ganglion neurons created using the glutamate agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid, to induce excitotoxic trauma in the explanted cochlea. The number of axons projecting to hair cells in the cochlea treated with Y-27632 was significantly greater than those in the cochlea treated only with NMDA + kainic acid. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in synapses between the spiral ganglion and the inner hair cells in the cochlea treated with Y-27632. The findings of this study suggest that ROCK inhibition could be a potential strategy for the regeneration of peripheral axons in the spiral ganglion and synapse formation in the inner hair cells of a cochlea that has sustained excitotoxic injury, which is one of the primary etiologies of inner ear disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koizumi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kunio Mizutari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiji Kakehata
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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10
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Hettiaratchi MH, O’Meara MJ, O’Meara TR, Pickering AJ, Letko-Khait N, Shoichet MS. Reengineering biocatalysts: Computational redesign of chondroitinase ABC improves efficacy and stability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc6378. [PMID: 32875119 PMCID: PMC7438101 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining biocatalyst stability and activity is a critical challenge. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) has shown promise in central nervous system (CNS) regeneration, yet its therapeutic utility is severely limited by instability. We computationally reengineered ChABC by introducing 37, 55, and 92 amino acid changes using consensus design and forcefield-based optimization. All mutants were more stable than wild-type ChABC with increased aggregation temperatures between 4° and 8°C. Only ChABC with 37 mutations (ChABC-37) was more active and had a 6.5 times greater half-life than wild-type ChABC, increasing to 106 hours (4.4 days) from only 16.8 hours. ChABC-37, expressed as a fusion protein with Src homology 3 (ChABC-37-SH3), was active for 7 days when released from a hydrogel modified with SH3-binding peptides. This study demonstrates the broad opportunity to improve biocatalysts through computational engineering and sets the stage for future testing of this substantially improved protein in the treatment of debilitating CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian H. Hettiaratchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Matthew J. O’Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Ave. #2017, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Teresa R. O’Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Pickering
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Nitzan Letko-Khait
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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11
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Warren PM, Andrews MR, Smith M, Bartus K, Bradbury EJ, Verhaagen J, Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. Secretion of a mammalian chondroitinase ABC aids glial integration at PNS/CNS boundaries. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11262. [PMID: 32647242 PMCID: PMC7347606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell grafts support axonal growth following spinal cord injury, but a boundary forms between the implanted cells and host astrocytes. Axons are reluctant to exit the graft tissue in large part due to the surrounding inhibitory environment containing chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). We use a lentiviral chondroitinase ABC, capable of being secreted from mammalian cells (mChABC), to examine the repercussions of CSPG digestion upon Schwann cell behaviour in vitro. We show that mChABC transduced Schwann cells robustly secrete substantial quantities of the enzyme causing large-scale CSPG digestion, facilitating the migration and adhesion of Schwann cells on inhibitory aggrecan and astrocytic substrates. Importantly, we show that secretion of the engineered enzyme can aid the intermingling of cells at the Schwann cell-astrocyte boundary, enabling growth of neurites over the putative graft/host interface. These data were echoed in vivo. This study demonstrates the profound effect of the enzyme on cellular motility, growth and migration. This provides a cellular mechanism for mChABC induced functional and behavioural recovery shown in in vivo studies. Importantly, we provide in vitro evidence that mChABC gene therapy is equally or more effective at producing these effects as a one-time application of commercially available ChABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Warren
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK. .,Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.
| | - Melissa R Andrews
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Marc Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Katalin Bartus
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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12
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Luvisetto S. Botulinum Toxin and Neuronal Regeneration after Traumatic Injury of Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070434. [PMID: 32630737 PMCID: PMC7404966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridiumbotulinum, the causing agent for botulism, in different serotypes, seven of which (A–G) are well characterized, while others, such as H or FA, are still debated. BoNTs exert their action by blocking SNARE (soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors) complex formation and vesicle release from the neuronal terminal through the specific cleavage of SNARE proteins. The action of BoNTs at the neuromuscular junction has been extensively investigated and knowledge gained in this field has set the foundation for the use of these toxins in a variety of human pathologies characterized by excessive muscle contractions. In parallel, BoNTs became a cosmetic drug due to its power to ward off facial wrinkles following the activity of the mimic muscles. Successively, BoNTs became therapeutic agents that have proven to be successful in the treatment of different neurological disorders, with new indications emerging or being approved each year. In particular, BoNT/A became the treatment of excellence not only for muscle hyperactivity conditions, such as dystonia and spasticity, but also to reduce pain in a series of painful states, such as neuropathic pain, lumbar and myofascial pain, and to treat various dysfunctions of the urinary bladder. This review summarizes recent experimental findings on the potential efficacy of BoNTs in favoring nerve regeneration after traumatic injury in the peripheral nervous system, such as the injury of peripheral nerves, like sciatic nerve, and in the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siro Luvisetto
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bedell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Adam M. Navara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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14
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Rodemer W, Zhang G, Sinitsa I, Hu J, Jin LQ, Li S, Selzer ME. PTPσ Knockdown in Lampreys Impairs Reticulospinal Axon Regeneration and Neuronal Survival After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:61. [PMID: 32265663 PMCID: PMC7096546 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in persistent functional deficits due to the lack of axon regeneration within the mammalian CNS. After SCI, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) inhibit axon regrowth via putative interactions with the LAR-family protein tyrosine phosphatases, PTPσ and LAR, localized on the injured axon tips. Unlike mammals, the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, robustly recovers locomotion after complete spinal cord transection (TX). Behavioral recovery is accompanied by heterogeneous yet predictable anatomical regeneration of the lamprey's reticulospinal (RS) system. The identified RS neurons can be categorized as "good" or "bad" regenerators based on the likelihood that their axons will regenerate. Those neurons that fail to regenerate their axons undergo a delayed form of caspase-mediated cell death. Previously, this lab reported that lamprey PTPσ mRNA is selectively expressed in "bad regenerator" RS neurons, preceding SCI-induced caspase activation. Consequently, we hypothesized that PTPσ deletion would reduce retrograde cell death and promote axon regeneration. Using antisense morpholino oligomers (MOs), we knocked down PTPσ expression after TX and assessed the effects on axon regeneration, caspase activation, intracellular signaling, and behavioral recovery. Unexpectedly, PTPσ knockdown significantly impaired RS axon regeneration at 10 weeks post-TX, primarily due to reduced long-term neuron survival. Interestingly, cell loss was not preceded by an increase in caspase or p53 activation. Behavioral recovery was largely unaffected, although PTPσ knockdowns showed mild deficits in the recovery of swimming distance and latency to immobility during open field swim assays. Although the mechanism underlying the cell death following TX and PTPσ knockdown remains unknown, this study suggests that PTPσ is not a net negative regulator of long tract axon regeneration in lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Isabelle Sinitsa
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li-qing Jin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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15
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Hering TM, Beller JA, Calulot CM, Snow DM. Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020029. [PMID: 32059349 PMCID: PMC7168311 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Hering
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-288-1393
| | - Justin A. Beller
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Christopher M. Calulot
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Diane M. Snow
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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16
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Askaripour H, Vossoughi M, Khajeh K, Alemzadeh I. Examination of chondroitinase ABC I immobilization onto dextran-coated Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles and its in-vitro release. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:131-141. [PMID: 31935418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitinase ABC I (cABC I) has received notable attention in treatment of spinal cord injuries and its application as therapeutics has been limited due to low thermal stability at physiological temperature. In this study, cABC I enzyme was immobilized on the dextran-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles through physical adsorption to improve the thermal stability. The nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, SEM, VSM, and FTIR analyses. Response surface methodology and central composite design were employed to assess factors affecting the activity of immobilized cABC I. Experimental results showed that pH 6.3, temperature 24 °C, enzyme/support mass ratio 1.27, and incubation time 5.7 h were the optimal immobilization conditions. It was found that thermal stability of immobilized cABC I was significantly improved. In-vitro cABC I release was studied under pH 7.5 and temperature 37 °C and the results indicated that 70 % release occurred after 9 h and the release mechanism was first-order kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Askaripour
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manouchehr Vossoughi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Iran Alemzadeh
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Recent advances in the therapeutic uses of chondroitinase ABC. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113032. [PMID: 31398353 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies, using pre-clinical models of SCI, have demonstrated the efficacy of chondroitinase ABC as a treatment for spinal cord injury and this has been confirmed in laboratories worldwide and in several animal models. The aim of this review is report the current state of research in the field and to compare the relative efficacies of these new interventions to improve outcomes in both acute and chronic models of SCI. We also report new methods of chondroitinase delivery and the outcomes of two clinical trials using the enzyme to treat spinal cord injury in dogs and disc herniation in human patients. Recent studies have assessed the outcomes of combining chondroitinase with other strategies known to promote recovery following spinal cord injury and new approaches. Evidence is emerging that one of the most powerful combinations is that of chondroitinase with cell transplants. The particular benefits of each of the different cell types used for these transplant experiments are discussed. Combining chondroitinase with rehabilitation also improves outcomes. Gene therapy is an efficient method of enzyme delivery to the injured spinal cord and circumvents the issue of the enzyme's thermo-instability. Other methods of delivery, such as via nanoparticles or synthetic scaffolds, have shown promise; however, the outcomes from these experiments suggest that these methods of delivery require further optimization to achieve similar levels of efficacy to that obtained by a gene therapy approach. Pre-clinical models have also shown chondroitinase is efficacious in the treatment of other conditions, such as peripheral nerve injury, stroke, coronary reperfusion, Parkinson's disease and certain types of cancer. The wide range of conditions where the benefits of chondroitinase treatment have been demonstrated reflects the complex roles that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (its substrate) play in health and disease and warrants the enzyme's further development as a therapy.
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18
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Sarhane KA, Tuffaha SH, Ibrahim Z, Cashman CR, Krick K, Martin R, Broyles JM, Cooney DS, Lee WPA, Mi R, Mao HQ, Höke A, Brandacher G. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Chondroitinase Promote Axonal Regeneration in a Chronic Denervation Animal Model. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1283-1295. [PMID: 31148054 PMCID: PMC6985423 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional recovery following nerve injury declines when target re-innervation is delayed. Currently, no intervention exists to improve outcomes after prolonged denervation. We explored the neuroregenerative effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and chondroitinase (CDN) in a chronic denervation animal model. A fibrin-based sustained delivery method for growth factors was optimized in vitro and in vivo, and then tested in our animal model. GDNF, CDN, and GDNF+CDN were injected into the denervated stump at the time of nerve repair. Histomorphometry and retrograde labeling were used to assess axonal regeneration. The mechanisms promoting such regeneration were explored with immunofluorescence. Five weeks after repair, the GDNF+CDN group had the highest number and maturity of axons. GDNF was noted to preferentially promote axonal maturity, whereas CDN predominantly increased the number of axons. GDNF favored motor neuron regeneration, and upregulated Ki67 in Schwann cells. CDN did not favor motor versus sensory regeneration and was noted to cleave inhibitory endoneurial proteoglycans. Early measures of nerve regeneration after delayed repair are improved by activating Schwann cells and breaking down the inhibitory proteoglycans in the distal nerve segment, suggesting a role for GDNF+CDN to be translated for human nerve repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Sarhane
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building/Suite 749D, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sami H Tuffaha
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building/Suite 749D, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Zuhaib Ibrahim
- Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher R Cashman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kellin Krick
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Martin
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin M Broyles
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building/Suite 749D, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Damon S Cooney
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building/Suite 749D, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - W P Andrew Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building/Suite 749D, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Ruifa Mi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Ross Research Building/Suite 749D, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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19
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Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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20
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R, Shu B, Liu X, Zhou J, Huang H, Wang J, Sun X, Qin C, An Y. Polypyrrole/polylactic acid nanofibrous scaffold cotransplanted with bone marrow stromal cells promotes the functional recovery of spinal cord injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:951-964. [PMID: 31486601 PMCID: PMC6698972 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of polypyrrole/polylactic acid (PPy/PLA) nanofibrous scaffold cotransplanted with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in promoting the functional recovery in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 18/group): control group, PPy/PLA group, and PPy/PLA/BMSCs group. The SCI was induced in all rats. Consequently, rats in PPy/PLA/BMSCs group were transplanted with 1 × 105 BMSCs after implantation of PPy/PLA, while those in the PPy/PLA group were implanted with PPy/PLA only; no implantation was performed in the control group. Six weeks after surgery, immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscope, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were performed to assess the changes in the injured spinal cord tissues. RESULTS Electrophysiology and locomotor function testing suggested that PPy/PLA nanofibrous scaffold cotransplanted with BMSCs could promote the functional recovery of the spinal cord. Six weeks after the operation, lower amount of scar tissue was found in the PPy/PLA group compared with the control group. Abundant neurofilament (NF) and neuron-specific marker (NeuN) positive staining, and myelin formations were detected in the injured area. In addition, the transplantation of BMSCs not only improved the efficacy of PPy/PLA but also managed to survive well and was differentiated into neural and neuroglial cells. CONCLUSIONS The implantation of PPy/PLA nanofibrous scaffold and BMSCs has a great potential to restore the electrical conduction and to promote functional recovery by inhibiting the scar tissue formation, promoting axon regeneration, and bridging the gap lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynald
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
- Department of Functional NeurosurgeryThe Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Bing Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xue‐Bin Liu
- Department of Functional NeurosurgeryThe Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jun‐Feng Zhou
- A State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hua Huang
- Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing‐Yun Wang
- A State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Dan Sun
- A State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical College (PUMC)BeijingChina
| | - Yi‐Hua An
- Department of Functional NeurosurgeryThe Third Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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21
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Menezes R, Hashemi S, Vincent R, Collins G, Meyer J, Foston M, Arinzeh TL. Investigation of glycosaminoglycan mimetic scaffolds for neurite growth. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:169-178. [PMID: 30878449 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can lead to severe dysfunction as a result of limited nerve regeneration that is due to an inhibitory environment created at the site of injury. Neural tissue engineering using materials that closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) during neural development could enhance neural regeneration. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are sulfated polysaccharides, have been shown to modulate axonal outgrowth in neural tissue depending upon the position and degree of sulfation. Cellulose sulfate (CelS), which is a GAG mimetic, was evaluated for its use in promoting neurite extension. Aligned fibrous scaffolds containing gelatin blended with 0.25% partially sulfated cellulose sulfate (pCelS), having sulfate predominantly at the 6-carbon position of the glucose monomer unit, and fully sulfated cellulose sulfate (fCelS), which is sulfated at the 2-, 3-, and 6-carbon positions of the glucose monomer unit, were fabricated using the electrospinning method. Comparisons were made with scaffolds containing native GAGs, chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate-C (CS-C), which were obtained from commercial sources. CS-A and CS-C are present in neural tissue ECM. The degree of sulfation and position of sulfate groups was determined using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman microspectroscopy, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In vitro studies examined both nerve growth factor (NGF) binding on scaffolds and neurite extension by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. NGF binding was highest on scaffolds containing pCelS and fCelS. Neurite extension was greatest for scaffolds containing fCelS followed by pCelS, with the lowest outgrowth on the CS-A containing scaffolds, suggesting that the degree and position of sulfation of CelS was permissible for neurite outgrowth. This study demonstrated that cellulose sulfate, as a GAG mimetic, could be used for future neural tissue regeneration application. STATEMENT OF SIGNFICANCE: Scaffolds that closely mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) during development may be a promising approach to enhance neural regeneration. Here, we reported a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) mimetic derived from cellulose that promotes neurite extension over native GAGs, chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate-C (CS-C), which are present in neural ECM. Depending upon the degree and position of sulfation, the GAG mimetic can impact nerve growth factor binding and permissive neurite outgrowth.
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22
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Tsai ELS, Ortin-Martinez A, Gurdita A, Comanita L, Yan N, Smiley S, Delplace V, Shoichet MS, Nickerson PEB, Wallace VA. Modeling of Photoreceptor Donor-Host Interaction Following Transplantation Reveals a Role for Crx, Müller Glia, and Rho/ROCK Signaling in Neurite Outgrowth. Stem Cells 2019; 37:529-541. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- En L. S. Tsai
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Arturo Ortin-Martinez
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Akshay Gurdita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lacrimioara Comanita
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Yan
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sheila Smiley
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vianney Delplace
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Molly S. Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Philip E. B. Nickerson
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Valerie A. Wallace
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Wang H, Wang G, Zhu LD, Xu X, Diao B, Zhang HY. Subnetwork identification and chemical modulation for neural regeneration: A study combining network guided forest and heat diffusion model. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-018-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Ishihara T. Layer-specific expression of extracellular matrix molecules in the mouse somatosensory and piriform cortices. IBRO Rep 2018; 6:1-17. [PMID: 30582064 PMCID: PMC6293036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system (CNS), extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules have regulating roles such as in brain development, neural-circuit maturation, and synaptic-function control. However, excluding the perineuronal net (PNN) area, the distribution, constituent elements, and expression level of granular ECM molecules (diffuse ECM) present in the mature CNS remain unclear. Diffuse ECM molecules in the CNS share the components of PNNs and are likely functional. As cortical functions are greatly region-dependent, we hypothesized that ECM molecules would differ in distribution, expression level, and components in a region- and layer-dependent manner. We examined the layer-specific expression of several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (aggrecan, neurocan, and brevican), tenascin-R, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-positive molecules, hyaluronic acid, and link protein in the somatosensory and piriform cortices of mature mice. Furthermore, we investigated expression changes in WFA-positive molecules due to aging. In the somatosensory cortex, PNN density was particularly high at layer 4 (L4), but not all diffuse ECM molecules were highly expressed at L4 compared to the other layers. There was almost no change in tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid in any somatosensory-cortex layer. Neurocan showed high expression in L1 of the somatosensory cortex. In the piriform cortex, many ECM molecules showed higher expression in L1 than in the other layers. However, hyaluronic acid showed high expression in deep layers. Here, we clarified that ECM molecules differ in constituent elements and expression in a region- and layer-dependent manner. Region-specific expression of ECM molecules is possibly related to functions such as region-specific plasticity and vulnerability.
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Key Words
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- ChABC, chondroitinase ABC
- ECM, extracellular cellular matrix
- Extracellular matrix
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HABP, hyaluronic acid binding protein
- Hapln1, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1
- PNN, perineuronal ntes
- Perineuronal nets
- Piriform cortex
- Proteoglycans
- Somatosensory cortex
- WFA, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin
- Wisteria floribunda
- a.u., arbitrary units
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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Investigating the role of loop 131–140 in activity and thermal stability of chondroitinase ABC I. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:811-816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Raspa A, Bolla E, Cuscona C, Gelain F. Feasible stabilization of chondroitinase abc enables reduced astrogliosis in a chronic model of spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:86-100. [PMID: 29855151 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Usually, spinal cord injury (SCI) develops into a glial scar containing extracellular matrix molecules including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), from Proteus vulgaris degrading the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of CSPGs, offers the opportunity to improve the final outcome of SCI. However, ChABC usage is limited by its thermal instability, requiring protein structure modifications, consecutive injections at the lesion site, or implantation of infusion pumps. METHODS Aiming at more feasible strategy to preserve ChABC catalytic activity, we assessed various stabilizing agents in different solutions and demonstrated, via a spectrophotometric protocol, that the 2.5 mol/L Sucrose solution best stabilized ChABC as far as 14 days in vitro. RESULTS ChABC activity was improved in both stabilizing and diluted solutions at +37°C, that is, mimicking their usage in vivo. We also verified the safety of the proposed aqueous sucrose solution in terms of viability/cytotoxicity of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) in both proliferating and differentiating conditions in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that a single intraspinal treatment with ChABC and sucrose reduced reactive gliosis at the injury site in chronic contusive SCI in rats and slightly enhanced their locomotor recovery. CONCLUSION Usage of aqueous sucrose solutions may be a feasible strategy, in combination with rehabilitation, to ameliorate ChABC-based treatments to promote the regeneration of central nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Raspa
- Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Edoardo Bolla
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cuscona
- Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gelain
- Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.,Center for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering (CNTE), A.O. Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Zhu D, Tapadia MD, Palispis W, Luu M, Wang W, Gupta R. Attenuation of Robust Glial Scar Formation Facilitates Functional Recovery in Animal Models of Chronic Nerve Compression Injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99:e132. [PMID: 29257018 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late surgery for chronic nerve compression injuries usually improves sensation but rarely reverses motor atrophy. We hypothesized that a persistent glial scar after chronic nerve compression injury might account for poor motor recovery and that degradation of the glial scar as an adjunct to surgical decompression would improve functional recovery. METHODS A previously described model of chronic nerve compression injury was created in C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, and the nerves were harvested early or late after electrophysiological confirmation of the injury. Western blot, polymerase chain reaction, and quantitative immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and extracellular matrix molecules. Subsets of mice were treated either with surgical decompression alone or with decompression coupled with intraepineurial injection of a low dose (0.1 μgμL) or a high dose (0.2 μg/μL) of chondroitinase ABC at 6 weeks after injury. RESULTS Aggrecan showed the greatest change in mRNA and protein levels at the early and late time points following creation of the chronic nerve compression injury. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis revealed early aggrecan upregulation localized primarily to the endoneurium and late upregulation localized to the perineurium and epineurium (p < 0.0105). Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for collagen IV, laminin-α2, and fibronectin also showed early upregulation with perineurial scarring. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis and Western blot analysis for aggrecan demonstrated a marked increase in the endoneurium at the early time points and upregulation of expression in the epineurium and perineurium at the late time points. Decompression along with intraepineurial injection of high-dose chondroitinase ABC at 6 weeks after creation of the compression injury resulted in marked attenuation of decorin and aggrecan expression with functional improvement in nerve conduction velocity. CONCLUSIONS Significant upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and other extracellular matrix components contributes to the pathogenesis of compression neuropathies in murine models. The administration of chondroitinase ABC degrades these chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and improves functional recovery after chronic nerve compression injury; thus, it can be considered as a possible therapeutic adjunct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zhu
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Minal D Tapadia
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Winnie Palispis
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Michele Luu
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Weiping Wang
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Kheirollahi A, Khajeh K, Golestani A. Rigidifying flexible sites: An approach to improve stability of chondroitinase ABC I. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:270-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chawla RS, Züchner M, Mastrangelopoulou M, Lambert FM, Glover JC, Boulland JL. Cellular reactions and compensatory tissue re-organization during spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury in neonatal mice. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:928-946. [PMID: 28033684 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Following incomplete spinal cord injuries, neonatal mammals display a remarkable degree of behavioral recovery. Previously, we have demonstrated in neonatal mice a wholesale re-establishment and reorganization of synaptic connections from some descending axon tracts (Boulland et al.: PLoS One 8 (2013)). To assess the potential cellular mechanisms contributing to this recovery, we have here characterized a variety of cellular sequelae following thoracic compression injuries, focusing particularly on cell loss and proliferation, inflammation and reactive gliosis, and the dynamics of specific types of synaptic terminals. Early during the period of recovery, regressive events dominated. Tissue loss near the injury was severe, with about 80% loss of neurons and a similar loss of axons that later make up the white matter. There was no sign of neurogenesis, no substantial astroglial or microglial proliferation, no change in the ratio of M1 and M2 microglia and no appreciable generation of the terminal complement peptide C5a. One day after injury the number of synaptic terminals on lumbar motoneurons had dropped by a factor of 2, but normalized by 6 days. The ratio of VGLUT1/2+ to VGAT+ terminals remained similar in injured and uninjured spinal cords during this period. By 24 days after injury, when functional recovery is nearly complete, the density of 5-HT+ fibers below the injury site had increased by a factor of 2.5. Altogether this study shows that cellular reactions are diverse and dynamic. Pronounced recovery of both excitatory and inhibitory terminals and an increase in serotonergic innervation below the injury, coupled with a general lack of inflammation and reactive gliosis, are likely to contribute to the recovery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 928-946, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab S Chawla
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Mark Züchner
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Maria Mastrangelopoulou
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - François M Lambert
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,INCIA CNRS UMR 5287 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joel C Glover
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Jean-Luc Boulland
- Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital
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Hong S, Remacle AG, Shiryaev SA, Choi W, Hullugundi SK, Dolkas J, Angert M, Nishihara T, Yaksh TL, Strongin AY, Shubayev VI. Reciprocal relationship between membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase and the algesic peptides of myelin basic protein contributes to chronic neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:282-292. [PMID: 27833045 PMCID: PMC5214638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an auto-antigen able to induce intractable pain from innocuous mechanical stimulation (mechanical allodynia). The mechanisms provoking this algesic MBP activity remain obscure. Our present study demonstrates that membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP/MMP-14) releases the algesic MBP peptides from the damaged myelin, which then reciprocally enhance the expression of MT1-MMP in nerve to sustain a state of allodynia. Specifically, MT1-MMP expression and activity in rat sciatic nerve gradually increased starting at day 3 after chronic constriction injury (CCI). Inhibition of the MT1-MMP activity by intraneural injection of the function-blocking human DX2400 monoclonal antibody at day 3 post-CCI reduced mechanical allodynia and neuropathological signs of Wallerian degeneration, including axon demyelination, degeneration, edema and formation of myelin ovoids. Consistent with its role in allodynia, the MT1-MMP proteolysis of MBP generated the MBP69-86-containing epitope sequences in vitro. In agreement, the DX2400 therapy reduced the release of the MBP69-86 epitope in CCI nerve. Finally, intraneural injection of the algesic MBP69-86 and control MBP2-18 peptides differentially induced MT1-MMP and MMP-2 expression in the nerve. With these data we offer a novel, self-sustaining mechanism of persistent allodynia via the positive feedback loop between MT1-MMP and the algesic MBP peptides. Accordingly, short-term inhibition of MT1-MMP activity presents a feasible pharmacological approach to intervene in this molecular circuit and the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Albert G Remacle
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sergei A Shiryaev
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wonjun Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Swathi K Hullugundi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mila Angert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tasuku Nishihara
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Lemarchant S, Wojciechowski S, Vivien D, Koistinaho J. ADAMTS-4 in central nervous system pathologies. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1703-1711. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. BOX 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. BOX 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S 919, “Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit”; University of Caen Basse-Normandie; GIP Cyceron, Bd H. Becquerel, BP 5229 14074 Caen Cedex France
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. BOX 1627 70211 Kuopio Finland
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Abu-Rub MT, Newland B, Naughton M, Wang W, McMahon S, Pandit A. Non-viral xylosyltransferase-1 siRNA delivery as an effective alternative to chondroitinase in an in vitro model of reactive astrocytes. Neuroscience 2016; 339:267-275. [PMID: 27743984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytosis and the subsequent glial scar is ubiquitous to injuries of the central nervous system, especially spinal cord injury (SCI) and primarily serves to protect against further damage, but is also a prominent inhibitor of regeneration. Manipulating the glial scar by targeting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) has been the focus of much study as a means to improve axon regeneration and subsequently functional recovery. In this study we investigate the ability of small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered by a non-viral polymer vector to silence the rate-limiting enzyme involved in CSPG synthesis. Gene expression of this enzyme, xylosyltransferase-1, was silenced by 65% in Neu7 astrocytes which conferred a reduced expression of CSPGs. Furthermore, conditioned medium taken from treated Neu7s, or co-culture experiments with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed that siRNA treatment resulted in a more permissive environment for DRG neurite outgrowth than treatment with chondroitinase ABC alone. These results indicate that there is a role for targeted siRNA therapy using polymeric vectors to facilitate regeneration of injured axons following central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Abu-Rub
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ben Newland
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Naughton
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhan McMahon
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Wheeler NA, Fuss B. Extracellular cues influencing oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:512-30. [PMID: 27016069 PMCID: PMC5010977 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing number of neurologic disorders found to be associated with loss and/or dysfunction of the CNS myelin sheath, ranging from the classic demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, through CNS injury, to neuropsychiatric diseases. The disabling burden of these diseases has sparked a growing interest in gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the differentiation of the myelinating cells of the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLGs), and the process of (re)myelination. In this context, the importance of the extracellular milieu is becoming increasingly recognized. Under pathological conditions, changes in inhibitory as well as permissive/promotional cues are thought to lead to an overall extracellular environment that is obstructive for the regeneration of the myelin sheath. Given the general view that remyelination is, even though limited in human, a natural response to demyelination, targeting pathologically 'dysregulated' extracellular cues and their downstream pathways is regarded as a promising approach toward the enhancement of remyelination by endogenous (or if necessary transplanted) OLG progenitor cells. In this review, we will introduce the extracellular cues that have been implicated in the modulation of (re)myelination. These cues can be soluble, part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) or mediators of cell-cell interactions. Their inhibitory and permissive/promotional roles with regard to remyelination as well as their potential for therapeutic intervention will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Wheeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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Conditional Sox9 ablation improves locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury by increasing reactive sprouting. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chondroitinase administration and pcDNA3.1-BDNF-BMSC transplantation promote motor functional recovery associated with NGF expression in spinal cord-transected rat. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:1088-1095. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lemarchant S, Dunghana H, Pomeshchik Y, Leinonen H, Kolosowska N, Korhonen P, Kanninen KM, García-Berrocoso T, Montaner J, Malm T, Koistinaho J. Anti-inflammatory effects of ADAMTS-4 in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Glia 2016; 64:1492-507. [PMID: 27301579 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs type 4) is a metalloprotease capable to degrade chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans leading to cartilage destruction during arthritis or to neuroplasticity during spinal cord injury (SCI). Although ADAMTS-4 is an inflammatory-regulated enzyme, its role during inflammation has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ADAMTS-4 in neuroinflammation. First, we evidenced an increase of ADAMTS-4 expression in the ischemic brain hemisphere of mouse and human patients suffering from ischemic stroke. Then, we described that ADAMTS-4 has predominantly an anti-inflammatory effect in the CNS. Treatment of primary microglia or astrocyte cultures with low doses of a human recombinant ADAMTS-4 prior to LPS exposure decreased NO production and the synthesis/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including NOS2, CCL2, TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-9. Accordingly, when cell cultures were transfected with silencing siRNA targeting ADAMTS-4 prior to LPS exposure, the production of NO and the synthesis/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased. Finally, the feasibility of ADAMTS-4 to modulate neuroinflammation was investigated in vivo after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Although ADAMTS-4 treatment did not influence the lesion volume, it decreased astrogliosis and macrophage infiltration, and increased the number of microglia expressing arginase-1, a marker of alternatively activated cells with inflammation inhibiting functions. Additionally, ADAMTS-4 increased the production of IL-10 and IL-6 in the peri-ischemic area. By having anti-inflammatory and neuroregenerative roles, ADAMTS-4 may represent an interesting target to treat acute CNS injuries, such as ischemic stroke, SCI or traumatic brain injury. GLIA 2016;64:1492-1507.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Hiramani Dunghana
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Yuriy Pomeshchik
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Henri Leinonen
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Natalia Kolosowska
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Teresa García-Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall D'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, a. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, Finland
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Rao SNR, Pearse DD. Regulating Axonal Responses to Injury: The Intersection between Signaling Pathways Involved in Axon Myelination and The Inhibition of Axon Regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:33. [PMID: 27375427 PMCID: PMC4896923 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors adversely affect the gene programs that govern the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and the production of a diversity of extracellular matrix molecules (ECM). Insufficient RAG expression in the injured neuron and the presence of inhibitory ECM at the lesion, leads to structural alterations in the axon that perturb the growth machinery, or form an extraneous barrier to axonal regeneration, respectively. Here, the role of myelin, both intact and debris, in antagonizing axon regeneration has been the focus of numerous investigations. These studies have employed antagonizing antibodies and knockout animals to examine how the growth cone of the re-growing axon responds to the presence of myelin and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) within the lesion environment and caudal spinal cord. However, less attention has been placed on how the myelination of the axon after SCI, whether by endogenous glia or exogenously implanted glia, may alter axon regeneration. Here, we examine the intersection between intracellular signaling pathways in neurons and glia that are involved in axon myelination and axon growth, to provide greater insight into how interrogating this complex network of molecular interactions may lead to new therapeutics targeting SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMiami, FL, USA
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Gordon T. Nerve Regeneration: Understanding Biology and Its Influence on Return of Function After Nerve Transfers. Hand Clin 2016; 32:103-17. [PMID: 27094884 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Poor functional outcomes are frequent after peripheral nerve injuries despite the regenerative support of Schwann cells. Motoneurons and, to a lesser extent, sensory neurons survive the injuries but outgrowth of axons across the injury site is slow. The neuronal regenerative capacity and the support of regenerating axons by the chronically denervated Schwann cells progressively declines with time and distance of the injury from the denervated targets. Strategies, including brief low-frequency electrical stimulation that accelerates target reinnervation and functional recovery, and the insertion of cross-bridges between a donor nerve and a recipient denervated nerve stump, are effective in promoting functional outcomes after complete and incomplete injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 06.9706 Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Rost S, Akyüz N, Martinovic T, Huckhagel T, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Germline ablation of dermatan-4O-sulfotransferase1 reduces regeneration after mouse spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2016; 312:74-85. [PMID: 26586562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs/DSPGs) are major components of the extracellular matrix. Their expression is generally upregulated after injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, which is known for its low ability to restore function after injury. Several studies support the view that CSPGs inhibit regeneration after injury, whereas the functions of DSPGs in injury paradigms are less certain. To characterize the functions of DSPGs in the presence of CSPGs, we studied young adult dermatan-4O-sulfotransferase1-deficient (Chst14(-/-)) mice, which express chondroitin sulfates (CSs), but not dermatan sulfates (DSs), to characterize the functional outcome after severe compression injury of the spinal cord. In comparison to their wild-type (Chst14(+/+)) littermates, regeneration was reduced in Chst14(-/-) mice. No differences between genotypes were seen in the size of spinal cords, numbers of microglia and astrocytes neither in intact nor injured spinal cords after injury. Monoaminergic innervation and re-innervation of the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site as well as expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were similar in both genotypes, independent of whether they were injured and examined 6weeks after injury or not injured. These results suggest that, in contrast to CSPGs, DSPGs, being the products of Chst14 enzymatic activity, promote regeneration after injury of the adult mouse central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rost
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Akyüz
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Martinovic
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Višegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Huckhagel
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Jakovcevski
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, D-50931 Köln, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, D-53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - M Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany; Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, PR China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Wilems TS, Pardieck J, Iyer N, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Combination therapy of stem cell derived neural progenitors and drug delivery of anti-inhibitory molecules for spinal cord injury. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:23-32. [PMID: 26384702 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of lost synaptic connections following spinal cord injury (SCI) is limited by local ischemia, cell death, and an excitotoxic environment, which leads to the development of an inhibitory glial scar surrounding a cystic cavity. While a variety of single therapy interventions provide incremental improvements to functional recovery after SCI, they are limited; a multifactorial approach that combines several single therapies may provide a better chance of overcoming the multitude of obstacles to recovery. To this end, fibrin scaffolds were modified to provide sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors and anti-inhibitory molecules, as well as encapsulation of embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor motor neurons (pMNs). In vitro characterization of this combination scaffold confirmed that pMN viability was unaffected by culture alongside sustained delivery systems. When transplanted into a rat sub-acute SCI model, fibrin scaffolds containing growth factors (GFs), anti-inhibitory molecules without pMNs, or pMNs with GFs had lower chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan levels compared to scaffolds containing anti-inhibitory molecules with pMNs. Scaffolds containing pMNs, but not anti-inhibitory molecules, showed survival, differentiation into neuronal cell types, axonal extension in the transplant area, and the ability to integrate into host tissue. However, the combination of pMNs with sustained-delivery of anti-inhibitory molecules led to reduced cell survival and increased macrophage infiltration. While combination therapies retain potential for effective treatment of SCI, further work is needed to improve cell survival and to limit inflammation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) creates a highly complex inhibitory environment with a multitude of obstacles that limit recovery. Many therapeutic options have been developed to overcome single obstacles, but single therapies typically only lead to limited functional improvement. Therefore combination therapies may improve recovery by targeting several inhibitory obstacles simultaneously. The present study used biomaterial scaffolds to combine the sustained release of anti-inhibitory molecules and growth factors with cell transplantation of highly purified progenitor motor neurons. This expands upon previously established biomaterial scaffolds by supporting surviving cells, limiting inhibition from the extracellular environment, and replenishing lost cell populations. We show that while promising, certain combinations may exacerbate negative side-effects instead of augmenting positive features.
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Siebert JR, Eade AM, Osterhout DJ. Biomaterial Approaches to Enhancing Neurorestoration after Spinal Cord Injury: Strategies for Overcoming Inherent Biological Obstacles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:752572. [PMID: 26491685 PMCID: PMC4600545 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While advances in technology and medicine have improved both longevity and quality of life in patients living with a spinal cord injury, restoration of full motor function is not often achieved. This is due to the failure of repair and regeneration of neuronal connections in the spinal cord after injury. In this review, the complicated nature of spinal cord injury is described, noting the numerous cellular and molecular events that occur in the central nervous system following a traumatic lesion. In short, postinjury tissue changes create a complex and dynamic environment that is highly inhibitory to the process of neural regeneration. Strategies for repair are outlined with a particular focus on the important role of biomaterials in designing a therapeutic treatment that can overcome this inhibitory environment. The importance of considering the inherent biological response of the central nervous system to both injury and subsequent therapeutic interventions is highlighted as a key consideration for all attempts at improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Siebert
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Amber M. Eade
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Donna J. Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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46
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DeFrancesco-Lisowitz A, Lindborg JA, Niemi JP, Zigmond RE. The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 2015; 302:174-203. [PMID: 25242643 PMCID: PMC4366367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves regenerate following injury due to the effective activation of the intrinsic growth capacity of the neurons and the formation of a permissive pathway for outgrowth due to Wallerian degeneration (WD). WD and subsequent regeneration are significantly influenced by various immune cells and the cytokines they secrete. Although macrophages have long been known to play a vital role in the degenerative process, recent work has pointed to their importance in influencing the regenerative capacity of peripheral neurons. In this review, we focus on the various immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines that make regeneration possible in the peripheral nervous system, with specific attention placed on the role macrophages play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J A Lindborg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106-4975
| | - J P Niemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106-4975
| | - R E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106-4975
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47
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Kuffler DP. Platelet-Rich Plasma Promotes Axon Regeneration, Wound Healing, and Pain Reduction: Fact or Fiction. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:990-1014. [PMID: 26048672 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been tested in vitro, in animal models, and clinically for its efficacy in enhancing the rate of wound healing, reducing pain associated with injuries, and promoting axon regeneration. Although extensive data indicate that PRP-released factors induce these effects, the claims are often weakened because many studies were not rigorous or controlled, the data were limited, and other studies yielded contrary results. Critical to assessing whether PRP is effective are the large number of variables in these studies, including the method of PRP preparation, which influences the composition of PRP; type of application; type of wounds; target tissues; and diverse animal models and clinical studies. All these variables raise the question of whether one can anticipate consistent influences and raise the possibility that most of the results are correct under the circumstances where PRP was tested. This review examines evidence on the potential influences of PRP and whether PRP-released factors could induce the reported influences and concludes that the preponderance of evidence suggests that PRP has the capacity to induce all the claimed influences, although this position cannot be definitively argued. Well-defined and rigorously controlled studies of the potential influences of PRP are required in which PRP is isolated and applied using consistent techniques, protocols, and models. Finally, it is concluded that, because of the purported benefits of PRP administration and the lack of adverse events, further animal and clinical studies should be performed to explore the potential influences of PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, 201 Blvd. Del Valle, San Juan, 00901, Puerto Rico,
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48
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Lynam DA, Shahriari D, Wolf KJ, Angart PA, Koffler J, Tuszynski MH, Chan C, Walton P, Sakamoto J. Brain derived neurotrophic factor release from layer-by-layer coated agarose nerve guidance scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:128-31. [PMID: 25712385 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Agarose nerve guidance scaffolds (NGS) seeded with cells expressing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have demonstrated robust nerve regeneration in the rat central nervous system. The purpose of this work was to explore whether agarose NGS coated with hydrogen-bonded layer-by-layer (HLbL) could provide an acellular method of delivering prolonged and consistent dosages of active BDNF. Our results show that HLbL-coated agarose NGS could release BDNF over 10days in consistent dosages averaging 80.5±12.5(SD)ng/mL. Moreover, the BDNF released from HLbL was confirmed active by in vitro cell proliferation assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that HLbL assembled onto a hydrogel can provide consistent, prolonged release of active BDNF in clinically relevant dosages.
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49
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Khankan RR, Wanner IB, Phelps PE. Olfactory ensheathing cell-neurite alignment enhances neurite outgrowth in scar-like cultures. Exp Neurol 2015; 269:93-101. [PMID: 25863021 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of adult CNS neurons after injury is strongly inhibited by the spinal cord lesion site environment that is composed primarily of the reactive astroglial scar and invading meningeal fibroblasts. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation facilitates neuronal survival and functional recovery after a complete spinal cord transection, yet the mechanisms by which this recovery occurs remain unclear. We used a unique multicellular scar-like culture model to test if OECs promote neurite outgrowth in growth-inhibitory areas. Astrocytes were mechanically injured and challenged by meningeal fibroblasts to produce key inhibitory elements of a spinal cord lesion. Neurite outgrowth of postnatal cerebral cortical neurons was assessed on three substrates: quiescent astrocyte control cultures, reactive astrocyte scar-like cultures, and scar-like cultures with OECs. Initial results showed that OECs enhanced total neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons in a scar-like environment by 60%. We then asked if the neurite growth-promoting properties of OECs depended on direct alignment between neuronal and OEC processes. Neurites that aligned with OECs were nearly three times longer when they grew on inhibitory meningeal fibroblast areas and twice as long on reactive astrocyte zones compared to neurites not associated with OECs. Our results show that OECs can independently enhance neurite elongation and that direct OEC-neurite cell contact can provide a permissive substrate that overcomes the inhibitory nature of the reactive astrocyte scar border and the fibroblast-rich spinal cord lesion core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana R Khankan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ina B Wanner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Patricia E Phelps
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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50
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Thompson DM, Koppes AN, Hardy JG, Schmidt CE. Electrical stimuli in the central nervous system microenvironment. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 16:397-430. [PMID: 25014787 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-121813-120655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation to manipulate the central nervous system (CNS) has been applied as early as the 1750s to produce visual sensations of light. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), cochlear implants, visual prosthetics, and functional electrical stimulation (FES) are being applied in the clinic to treat a wide array of neurological diseases, disorders, and injuries. This review describes the history of electrical stimulation of the CNS microenvironment; recent advances in electrical stimulation of the CNS, including DBS to treat essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and depression; FES for the treatment of spinal cord injuries; and alternative electrical devices to restore vision and hearing via neuroprosthetics (retinal and cochlear implants). It also discusses the role of electrical cues during development and following injury and, importantly, manipulation of these endogenous cues to support regeneration of neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180;
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