1
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Eilenberg J, Keller S, Humber RA, Jensen AH, Jensen AB, Görg LM, Muskat LC, Kais B, Gross J, Patel AV. Pandora cacopsyllae Eilenberg, Keller & Humber (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), a new species infecting pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107954. [PMID: 37356706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The new species Pandora cacopsyllae Eilenberg, Keller & Humber (Entomophthorales) is described. The fungus was found on infected pear psyllids Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a pear orchard in Zealand, Denmark. Morphological structures (conidia, rhizoids, cystidia) were described on the designated type host C. pyri. In addition, conidia from an in vitro culture were described. Pandora cacopsyllae differs from other Pandora species by a) C. pyri is the natural host; b) conidia are different from other Pandora species infecting Psylloidea; c) ITS differs from other Pandora species infecting Hemiptera. The fungus has a high potential for future use in biological control of Cacopsylla pest species as well as other psyllids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | | - Richard A Humber
- USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annette H Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Annette B Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Louisa M Görg
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Linda C Muskat
- Geisenheim University, Department of Crop Protection, Von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Britta Kais
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Schwabenheimer Str. 101, D-69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Anant V Patel
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, WG Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Strongwellsea selandia and Strongwellsea gefion (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), two new species infecting adult flies from genus Helina (Diptera: Muscidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 193:107797. [PMID: 35810784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two new species from the genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) that infect adult flies from the genus Helina (Muscidae) are described: Strongwellsea selandia Eilenberg & Humber infecting adult Helina evecta (Harris), and Strongwellsea gefion Eilenberg & Humber infecting adult Helina reversio (Harris). The descriptions are based on pathobiological, phenotypical and genotypical characters. The new species differ from other described members from the genus Strongwellsea by a) pathobiology as revealed by natural host species, b) morphology of primary conidia, c) color of resting spores, and d) genotypical clustering based on analysis of ITS2. The two new species have only been documented from North Zealand, Denmark.
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3
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Cai Y, Nie Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Liu X, Huang B. Azygosporus gen. nov., a synapmorphic clade in the family Ancylistaceae. MycoKeys 2021; 85:161-172. [PMID: 35068985 PMCID: PMC8741705 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.85.73405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Conidiobolus sensu lato was delimited into four genera based on morphology and phylogeny. However, the taxonomic placement of C.parvus has not been determined until now. Here, we show that C.parvus belongs to a distinct lineage based on mitochondrial (mtSSU) and nuclear (TEF1 and nrLSU) phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses further revealed a new species as sister to C.parvus. We identified a synapomorphy uniting these lineages (azygospore production) that was not observed in other allied genera of the family Ancylistaceae, and erected a new genus Azygosporusgen. nov. for this monophyletic group, with a new combination, A.parvuscomb. nov. as the type species. Within Azygosporus, the novel species A.macropapillatussp. nov. was introduced from China based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence, which is characterized by its prominent basal papilla, in comparison to other closely related species, measuring 7.5–10.0×5.0–10.0 µm. Our study resolved the phylogenetic placement of C.parvus and improved the taxonomic system of the Ancylistaceae family.
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4
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Eilenberg J, Michelsen V, Jensen AB, Humber RA. Strongwellsea crypta (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), a new species infecting Botanophila fugax (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 186:107673. [PMID: 34626615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new species from the genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) is described: Strongwellsea crypta Eilenberg & Humber from adult Botanophila fugax (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). The description is based on pathobiological, phenotypical and genotypical characters. The abdominal holes in infected hosts develop rapidly and become strikingly large and edgy, almost rhomboid in shape. The new species S. crypta differs from S. castrans, the only described species infecting flies from Anthomyiidae, by: (a) naturally infecting another host species, (b) by having significantly longer primary conidia, and (c) by genotypical clustering separately from that species when sequencing ITS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | - Verner Michelsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Richard A Humber
- USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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5
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Nie Y, Wang ZM, Liu XY, Huang B. A morphological and molecular survey of Neoconidiobolus reveals a new species and two new combinations. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Goffre D, Jensen AB, Lopez Lastra CC, Humber RA, Folgarait PJ. Conidiobolus lunulus, a new entomophthoralean species isolated from leafcutter ants. Mycologia 2020; 113:56-64. [PMID: 33151805 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1816387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Entomophthoralean fungi with pathogenic abilities to infect social insects are rare. Here, we describe a fungus isolated from leafcutter ants. Morphologically, the fungus has spherical primary conidia and two types of microconidia: one with the same shape as the primary conidia and another with an elliptical to half-moon shape. The fungus also produces villose conidia known previously only from Conidiobolus coronatus. A multilocus phylogenetic analysis was performed with nuc rDNA sequences from three regions (28S, 18S, and internal transcribed spacer [ITS]). Our isolates are distinguished as a new species, described here as Conidiobolus lunulus, and is more closely related to C. brefeldianus than to C. coronatus, despite the greater morphological resemblance to the latter. Morphological differences, unique phylogenetic placement, and isolation from an altogether new host support this finding. This is the first record of an entomophthoralean species isolated from leafcutter ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goffre
- Ants Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University , CONICET, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A B Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Campus , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C C Lopez Lastra
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata, Argentina
| | - R A Humber
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health , Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - P J Folgarait
- Ants Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University , CONICET, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Nie Y, Cai Y, Gao Y, Yu DS, Wang ZM, Liu XY, Huang B. Three new species of Conidiobolus sensu stricto from plant debris in eastern China. MycoKeys 2020; 73:133-149. [PMID: 33117082 PMCID: PMC7561611 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.73.56905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Conidiobolus Bref. is widely distributed and the Conidiobolus sensu lato contained three other genera, Capillidium, Microconidiobolus and Neoconidiobolus. A molecular phylogeny based on the nuclear large subunit of rDNA (nucLSU), the mitochondrial small subunit of rDNA (mtSSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1) revealed three novel species within the clade of Conidiobolus s.s., i.e. C. bifurcatus sp. nov., C. taihushanensis sp. nov. and C. variabilis sp. nov. These three species were isolated from plant debris in eastern China. Morphologically, C. bifurcatus sp. nov. is characterised by its secondary conidiophores often branched at the tip to form two short stipes each bearing a secondary conidium. C. taihushanensis sp. nov. is different from the others in its straight apical mycelia and the production of 2-5 conidia. C. variabilis sp. nov. is distinctive because of its various shapes of primary conidia. All these three new taxa are illustrated herein with an update key to the species of the genus Conidiobolus s.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Nie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.,School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Bioengineering and Technological Research Centre for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - De-Shui Yu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zi-Min Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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8
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Eilenberg J, Michelsen V, Humber RA. Strongwellsea tigrinae and Strongwellsea acerosa (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), two new species infecting dipteran hosts from the genus Coenosia (Muscidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 175:107444. [PMID: 32707095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new species from the genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) are described: Strongwellsea tigrinae from adult Coenosia tigrina (Diptera: Muscidae) and Strongwellsea acerosa from adult Coenosia testacea. The descriptions are based on pathobiological, phenotypical and genotypical characters. Further, the circumscription of the genus Strongwellsea is emended. Our findings suggest that Strongwellsea harbors a high number of species, of which now only five have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | - Verner Michelsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Richard A Humber
- USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Eilenberg J, Lovett B, Humber RA. Secondary conidia types in the insect pathogenic fungal genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthoromycotina: Entomophthorales) infecting adult Diptera. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 174:107399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Menolli N, Sánchez-García M. Brazilian fungal diversity represented by DNA markers generated over 20 years. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:729-749. [PMID: 31828716 PMCID: PMC7203393 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular techniques using fungal DNA barcoding (ITS) and other markers have been key to identifying the biodiversity of different geographic areas, mainly in megadiverse countries. Here, we provide an overview of the fungal diversity in Brazil based on DNA markers of phylogenetic importance generated since 1996. We retrieved fungal sequences of ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, β-tubulin, rpb1, rpb2, actin, chitin synthase, and ATP6 from GenBank using different field keywords that indicated their origin in Brazil. A total of 19,440 sequences were recovered. ITS is the most representative marker (11,209 sequences), with 70.1% belonging to Ascomycota, 18.6% Basidiomycota, 10.2% unidentified, 1.1% Mucoromycota, two sequences of Olpidium bornovanus (Fungi incertae sedis), one sequence of Blastocladiomycota (Allomyces arbusculus), and one sequence of Chytridiomycota (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). Considering the sequences of all selected markers, only the phyla Cryptomycota and Entorrhizomycota were not represented. Based on ITS, using a cutoff of 98%, all sequences comprise 3047 OTUs, with the majority being Ascomycota (2088 OTUs) and Basidiomycota (681 OTUs). Previous numbers based mainly on morphological and bibliographical data revealed 5264 fungal species from Brazil, with a predominance of Basidiomycota (2741 spp.) and Ascomycota (1881 spp.). The unidentified ITS sequences not assigned to a higher taxonomic level represent 1.61% of all ITS sequences sampled and correspond to 38 unknown class-level lineages (75% cutoff). A maximum likelihood phylogeny based on LSU illustrates the fungal classes occurring in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Menolli
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza e Matemática (DCM), Subárea de Biologia (SAB), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), Câmpus São Paulo, Rua Pedro Vicente 625, São Paulo, SP, 01109-010, Brazil.
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Stefano 3687, Água Funda, São Paulo, SP, 04301-012, Brazil.
| | - Marisol Sánchez-García
- Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
- Uppsala Biocentre, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75005, Sweden
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11
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Wang Y, Nie Y, Yu D, Xie X, Qin L, Yang Y, Huang B. Genome-wide study of saprotrophy-related genes in the basal fungus Conidiobolus heterosporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6261-6272. [PMID: 32445001 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Conidiobolus spp. are important saprophytic basal fungi. However, to date, no genomic-level data for decaying plant materials in the genus Conidiobolus has been reported. Here, we report that the 33.4-Mb genome of Conidiobolus heterosporus encodes 10,857 predicted genes. Conidiobolus heterosporus harbors 394 CAZyme-encoding genes belonging to 4 major modules but does not encode a polysaccharide lyase (PL). Many carbohydrate esterases (CEs) belonging to the family CE12 play crucial roles as pectin acetylesterases, and 14 genes were upregulated in the IM (fungus grown on inducing medium) among 17 expressed CE12 family genes. In addition, most of the genes in the GH132 CAZyme family showed a greater than 5-fold increase in expression in the IM compared with that in the wild type. Furthermore, 122 P450-encoding genes grouped into 11 families were detected in the fungal genome, most of which belonged to the CYP547 family (36 genes) followed by CYP548 (27 genes) and CYP5856 (25 genes). Interestingly, members of the families CYP5014 and CYP5136 were identified, the first time such enzymes have been described in a fungus. Our findings provide new insights into the genomics and genomic features of the saprophytic basal fungus C. heterosporus.Key Points• Genome of the saprobiotic basal fungus C. heterosporus was sequenced and analyzed.• 394 CAZymes but no PL family genes were found and expression levels were determined.• CE12 and GH132 proteins may play roles in the pectin and plant material degradation.• A large number of P450s but few P450 families existed in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yong Nie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, 243002, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiangyun Xie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li Qin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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12
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Nie Y, Yu DS, Wang CF, Liu XY, Huang B. A taxonomic revision of the genus Conidiobolus (Ancylistaceae, Entomophthorales): four clades including three new genera. MycoKeys 2020; 66:55-81. [PMID: 32273794 PMCID: PMC7136305 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.66.46575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Conidiobolus is an important group in entomophthoroid fungi and is considered to be polyphyletic in recent molecular phylogenies. To re-evaluate and delimit this genus, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were performed using the large and small subunits of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nucLSU and nucSSU), the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α). The results indicated that the Conidiobolus is not monophyletic, being grouped into a paraphyletic grade with four clades. Consequently, the well-known Conidiobolus is revised and three new genera Capillidium, Microconidiobolus and Neoconidiobolus are proposed along with one new record and 22 new combinations. In addition, the genus Basidiobolus is found to be basal to the other entomophthoroid taxa and the genus Batkoa locates in the Entomophthoraceae clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Nie
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243002, ChinaAnhui University of TechnologyMa’anshanChina
| | - De-Shui Yu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Cheng-Fang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Xiao-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
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13
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O'Donnell K, Lutzoni FM, Ward TJ, Benny GL. Evolutionary relationships among mucoralean fungi (Zygomycota): Evidence for family polyphyly on a large scale. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2001.12063160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry O'Donnell
- Microbial Properties Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois, USA 61604-3999
| | - François M. Lutzoni
- Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, USA 60605-2496
| | - Todd J. Ward
- Microbial Properties Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois, USA 61604-3999
| | - Gerald L. Benny
- Department of Plant Pathology, 1453 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 32611-0680
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14
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Zhang P, Cui S, Ren X, Kang S, Wei F, Ma S, Liu B. Discriminatory Power Evaluation of Nuclear Ribosomal RNA Barcoding Sequences Through Ophiocordyceps sinensis Related Samples. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2498. [PMID: 30405561 PMCID: PMC6206270 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cost of Ophiocordyceps sinensis has increased dramatically and the counterfeits may have adverse effect to health, a rapid and precise species-level DNA barcoding identification system could be a potent approach and significantly enhance the regulatory capacity. The discrimination power of three subunits sequences from nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster were determined by Simpson’s index of discrimination using 43 wild O. sinensis fruiting bodies, pure cultures, commercial mycelium fermented powder and counterfeits. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences showed the highest variance and discrimination power among 43 samples, as determined by Simpson’s index of discrimination (D = 0.972), followed by large subunit (LSU; D = 0.963) and small subunit (SSU; D = 0.921). ITS-2 sequences showed the highest discrimination power for 43 samples among ITS-1, ITS-2, and 5.8S region of ITS sequences. All O. sinensis samples were grouped into a unique ITS sequence cluster under 95% similarity and two O. sinensis samples and six non-O. sinensis samples showed false claims. Our data showed that the ITS region could provide accurate species identification for O. sinensis samples, especially when macroscopic and microscopic method could not be applied in the highly processed commercial products. Since the authentication of O. sinensis related products is essential to ensure its safety and efficacy, identification of O. sinensis through ITS sequence comparison or unique PCR amplification of the species specific target, such as the ITS region, should be considered in the next revision of Chinese pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China.,Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Ren
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Kang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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15
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Abstract
The pathogenic entomophthoralean fungi cause infection in insects and mammalian hosts. Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus species can be found in soil and insect, reptile, and amphibian droppings in tropical and subtropical areas. The life cycles of these fungi occur in these environments where infecting sticky conidia are developed. The infection is acquired by insect bite or contact with contaminated environments through open skin. Conidiobolus coronatus typically causes chronic rhinofacial disease in immunocompetent hosts, whereas some Conidiobolus species can be found in immunocompromised patients. Basidiobolus ranarum infection is restricted to subcutaneous tissues but may be involved in intestinal and disseminated infections. Its early diagnosis remains challenging due to clinical similarities to other intestinal diseases. Infected tissues characteristically display eosinophilic granulomas with the Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon. However, in immunocompromised patients, the above-mentioned inflammatory reaction is absent. Laboratory diagnosis includes wet mount, culture serological assays, and molecular methodologies. The management of entomophthoralean fungi relies on traditional antifungal therapies, such as potassium iodide (KI), amphotericin B, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, and surgery. These species are intrinsically resistant to some antifungals, prompting physicians to experiment with combinations of therapies. Research is needed to investigate the immunology of entomophthoralean fungi in infected hosts. The absence of an animal model and lack of funding severely limit research on these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Nie Y, Qin L, Yu DS, Liu XY, Huang B. Two new species of Conidiobolus occurring in Anhui, China. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Strong host specialization in fungus genus Strongwellsea (Entomophthorales). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:112-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Chambers JG, Holznagel WE. Phylogenetic relationships amongRhizophydiumisolates from North America and Australia. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wallace E. Holznagel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
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White MM, James TY, O’Donnell K, Cafaro MJ, Tanabe Y, Sugiyama J. Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merlin M. White
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7534
| | - Timothy Y. James
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | | | - Matías J. Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681
| | - Yuuhiko Tanabe
- Laboratory of Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Junta Sugiyama
- Tokyo Office, TechnoSuruga Co. Ltd., 1-8-3, Kanda Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan
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Utilizing Genomics to Study Entomopathogenicity in the Fungal Phylum Entomophthoromycota. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:41-65. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Mendoza L, Vilela R, Voelz K, Ibrahim AS, Voigt K, Lee SC. Human Fungal Pathogens of Mucorales and Entomophthorales. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a019562. [PMID: 25377138 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we have seen an increase in the number of immunocompromised cohorts as a result of infections and/or medical conditions, which has resulted in an increased incidence of fungal infections. Although rare, the incidence of infections caused by fungi belonging to basal fungal lineages is also continuously increasing. Basal fungal lineages diverged at an early point during the evolution of the fungal lineage, in which, in a simplified four-phylum fungal kingdom, Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota belong to the basal fungi, distinguishing them from Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Currently there are no known human infections caused by fungi in Chytridiomycota; only Zygomycotan fungi are known to infect humans. Hence, infections caused by zygomycetes have been called zygomycosis, and the term "zygomycosis" is often used as a synonym for "mucormycosis." In the four-phylum fungal kingdom system, Zygomycota is classified mainly based on morphology, including the ability to form coenocytic (aseptated) hyphae and zygospores (sexual spores). In the Zygomycota, there are 10 known orders, two of which, the Mucorales and Entomophthorales, contain species that can infect humans, and the infection has historically been known as zygomycosis. However, recent multilocus sequence typing analyses (the fungal tree of life [AFTOL] project) revealed that the Zygomycota forms not a monophyletic clade but instead a polyphyletic clade, whereas Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are monophyletic. Thus, the term "zygomycosis" needed to be further specified, resulting in the terms "mucormycosis" and "entomophthoramycosis." This review covers these two different types of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Mendoza
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48424-1031 Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48424-1031
| | - Raquel Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48424-1031 Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, CEP33400000 Belo Horizonte, Brazil Belo Horizonte Brazil; Superior Institute of Medicine (ISMD), Minas Gerais, CEP33400000 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection & School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom The National Institute of Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom B15 2WB
| | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502 David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology and University of Jena, Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Microbiology, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Montalva C, Arismendi N, Barta M, Rojas E. Molecular differentiation of recently described Neozygites osornensis (Neozygitales: Neozygitaceae) from two morphologically similar species. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 115:92-4. [PMID: 24513031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neozygites osornensis is a recently described aphid pathogen characterized by morphological criteria and compared with two morphologically close taxa, Neozygites cinarae and Neozygites turbinata. Neozygites species are traditionally classified based on morphological characteristics and molecular data that would confirm these taxa and permit investigation of their phylogenetic relationships are scarce. In this study, we successfully evaluated a genetic variation within partial 18S rDNA sequences among the three Neozygites species and supported the recent erection of N. osornensis as a new species. A phylogenic analysis was also included to support our results.
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Gryganskyi A, Humber R, Smith M, Hodge K, Huang B, Voigt K, Vilgalys R. Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota. PERSOONIA 2013; 30:94-105. [PMID: 24027349 PMCID: PMC3734969 DOI: 10.3767/003158513x666330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Entomophthoromycota is one of six major phylogenetic lineages among the former phylum Zygomycota. These early terrestrial fungi share evolutionarily ancestral characters such as coenocytic mycelium and gametangiogamy as a sexual process resulting in zygospore formation. Previous molecular studies have shown the monophyly of Entomophthoromycota, thus justifying raising the taxonomic status of these fungi to a phylum. Multi-gene phylogenies have identified five major lineages of Entomophthoromycota. In this review we provide a detailed discussion about the biology and taxonomy of these lineages: I) Basidiobolus (Basidiobolomycetes: Basidiobolaceae; primarily saprobic); II) Conidiobolus (Entomophthoromycetes, Ancylistaceae; several clades of saprobes and invertebrate pathogens), as well as three rapidly evolving entomopathogenic lineages in the family Entomophthoraceae centering around; III) Batkoa; IV) Entomophthora and allied genera; and V) the subfamily Erynioideae which includes Zoophthora and allied genera. Molecular phylogenic analysis has recently determined the relationships of several taxa that were previously unresolved based on morphology alone: Eryniopsis, Macrobiotophthora, Massospora, Strongwellsea and two as yet undescribed genera of Basidiobolaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Gryganskyi
- Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC 27708-90338, USA
| | - R.A. Humber
- USDA-ARS BioIPM Research, RW Holley Center for Agriculture & Health, 538 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - M.E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - K. Hodge
- Department of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - B. Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - K. Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology and University of Jena, 11a Beutenbergstr., Jena 07745, Germany
| | - R. Vilgalys
- Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, NC 27708-90338, USA
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Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME, Miadlikowska J, Miadlikovska J, Wu S, Voigt K, Walther G, Anishchenko IM, Vilgalys R. Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:682-94. [PMID: 22877646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Entomophthoromycota is a ubiquitous group of fungi best known as pathogens of a wide variety of economically important insect pests, and other soil invertebrates. This group of fungi also includes a small number of parasites of reptiles, vertebrates (including humans), macromycetes, fern gametophytes, and desmid algae, as well as some saprobic species. Here we report on recent studies to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the Entomophthoromycota and to reliably place this group among other basal fungal lineages. Bayesian Interference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses of three genes (nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, mitochondrial 16S, and the protein-coding RPB2) as well as non-molecular data consistently and unambiguously identify 31 taxa of Entomophthoromycota as a monophyletic group distinct from other Zygomycota and flagellated fungi. Using the constraints of our multi-gene dataset we constructed the most comprehensive rDNA phylogeny yet available for Entomophthoromycota. The taxa studied here belong to five distinct, well-supported lineages. The Basidiobolus clade is the earliest diverging lineage, comprised of saprobe species of Basidiobolus and the undescribed snake parasite Schizangiella serpentis nom. prov. The Conidiobolus lineage is represented by a paraphyletic grade of trophically diverse species that include saprobes, insect pathogens, and facultative human pathogens. Three well supported and exclusively entomopathogenic lineages in the Entomophthoraceae center around the genera Batkoa, Entomophthora and Zoophthora, although several genera within this crown clade are resolved as non-monophyletic. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of all Entomophthoromycota was morphologically similar to species of Conidiobolus. Analyses using strict, relaxed, and local molecular clock models documented highly variable DNA substitution rates among lineages of Entomophthoromycota. Despite the complications caused by different rates of molecular evolution among lineages, our dating analysis indicates that the Entomophthoromycota originated 405±90 million years ago. We suggest that entomopathogenic lineages in Entomophthoraceae probably evolved from saprobic or facultatively pathogenic ancestors during or shortly after the evolutionary radiation of the arthropods.
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26
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Grell MN, Jensen AB, Olsen PB, Eilenberg J, Lange L. Secretome of fungus-infected aphids documents high pathogen activity and weak host response. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:343-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jensen AB, Eilenberg J, López Lastra C. Differential divergences of obligately insect-pathogenic Entomophthora species from fly and aphid hosts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 300:180-7. [PMID: 19796134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Three DNA regions (ITS 1, LSU rRNA and GPD) of isolates from the insect-pathogenic fungus genus Entomophthora originating from different fly (Diptera) and aphid (Hemiptera) host taxa were sequenced. The results documented a large genetic diversity among the fly-pathogenic Entomophthora and only minor differences among aphid-pathogenic Entomophthora. The evolutionary time of divergence of the fly and the aphid host taxa included cannot account for this difference. The host-driven divergence of Entomophthora, therefore, has been much greater in flies than in aphids. Host-range differences or a recent host shift to aphid are possible explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Bruun Jensen
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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28
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Evolution of entomopathogenicity in fungi. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:262-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Manning RJ, Waters SD, Callaghan AA. Saprotrophy of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus in leaf litter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 111:1437-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD. Loss of the flagellum happened only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of kingdom Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes. BMC Evol Biol 2006; 6:74. [PMID: 17010206 PMCID: PMC1599754 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-6-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, there is not a widely accepted consensus view regarding the phylogenetic structure of kingdom Fungi although two major phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, are clearly delineated. Regarding the lower fungi, Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota, a variety of proposals have been advanced. Microsporidia may or may not be fungi; the Glomales (vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) may or may not constitute a fifth fungal phylum, and the loss of the flagellum may have occurred either once or multiple times during fungal evolution. All of these issues are capable of being resolved by a molecular phylogenetic analysis which achieves strong statistical support for major branches. To date, no fungal phylogeny based upon molecular characters has satisfied this criterion. Results Using the translated amino acid sequences of the RPB1 and RPB2 genes, we have inferred a fungal phylogeny that consists largely of well-supported monophyletic phyla. Our major results, each with significant statistical support, are: (1) Microsporidia are sister to kingdom Fungi and are not members of Zygomycota; that is, Microsporidia and fungi originated from a common ancestor. (2) Chytridiomycota, the only fungal phylum having a developmental stage with a flagellum, is paraphyletic and is the basal lineage. (3) Zygomycota is monophyletic based upon sampling of Trichomycetes, Zygomycetes, and Glomales. (4) Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota form a monophyletic group separate from Chytridiomycota. (5) Basidiomycota and Ascomycota are monophyletic sister groups. Conclusion In general, this paper highlights the evolutionary position and significance of the lower fungi (Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota). Our results suggest that loss of the flagellum happened only once during early stages of fungal evolution; consequently, the majority of fungi, unlike plants and animals, are nonflagellated. The phylogeny we infer from gene sequences is the first one that is congruent with the widely accepted morphology-based classification of Fungi. We find that, contrary to what has been published elsewhere, the four morphologically defined phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota) do not overlap with one another. Microsporidia are not included within kingdom Fungi; rather they are a sister-group to the Fungi. Our study demonstrates the applicability of protein sequences from large, slowly-evolving genes to the derivation of well-resolved and highly supported phylogenies across long evolutionary distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan J Liu
- Departments of Biology and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew C Hodson
- Departments of Biology and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hall
- Departments of Biology and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Value of host range, morphological, and genetic characteristics within the Entomophthora muscae species complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kwaśna H, Ward E, Bateman GL. Phylogenetic relationships among Zygomycetes from soil based on ITS1/2 rDNA sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:501-10. [PMID: 16769506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New information was obtained on the phylogeny of Zygomycetes. PCR-RFLP analysis showed ITS1/2 rDNA to provide appropriate markers for genetic studies on Zygomycetes at the population and species levels. The use of several restriction enzymes allowed discrimination between genera and species of Mortierellales and Mucorales. ITS1/2 sequence analysis clearly indicated a deep, ancient and distinct dichotomy of Mortierellales and Mucorales. The data do not fully support the current concept of Mucorales, which recently included the family Umbelopsidaceae, but support the distinctiveness of the Umbelopsis group, which includes Mortierella turficola. The data support the hypothesis of polyphyly of Absidia and are consistent with the hypothesis of polyphyly of Mucor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kwaśna
- Department of Forest Pathology, Agriculture University, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
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Abstract
Recent molecular studies suggest that Opisthokonta, the eukaryotic supergroup including animals and fungi, should be expanded to include a diverse collection of primitively single-celled eukaryotes previously classified as Protozoa. These taxa include corallochytreans, nucleariids, ministeriids, choanoflagellates, and ichthyosporeans. Assignment of many of these taxa to Opisthokonta remains uncorroborated as it is based solely on small subunit ribosomal RNA trees lacking resolution and significant bootstrap support for critical nodes. Therefore, important details of the phylogenetic relationships of these putative opisthokonts with each other and with animals and fungi remain unclear. We have sequenced elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1alpha), actin, beta-tubulin, and HSP70, and/or alpha-tubulin from representatives of each of the proposed protistan opisthokont lineages, constituting the first protein-coding gene data for some of them. Our results show that members of all opisthokont protist groups encode a approximately 12-amino acid insertion in EF-1alpha, previously found exclusively in animals and fungi. Phylogenetic analyses of combined multigene data sets including a diverse set of opisthokont and nonopisthokont taxa place all of the proposed opisthokont protists unequivocally in an exclusive clade with animals and fungi. Within this clade, the nucleariid appears as the closest sister taxon to fungi, while the corallochytrean and ichthyosporean form a group which, together with the ministeriid and choanoflagellates, form two to three separate sister lineages to animals. These results further establish Opisthokonta as a bona fide taxonomic group and suggest that any further testing of the legitimacy of this taxon should, at the least, include data from opisthokont protists. Our results also underline the critical position of these "animal-fungal allies" with respect to the origin and early evolution of animals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Different types of molecular markers are available for use in evolutionary and population studies of microscopic fungi. These approaches have proved their merits and have been successfully applied to a wide range of fungal species belonging in the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Species in the class Zygomycetes have been rather neglected from this aspect. This review discusses the information available from investigations of the genotypic variability in this group of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, P.O. Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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John BV, Chamilos G, Kontoyiannis DP. Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunctive treatment for zygomycosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:515-7. [PMID: 15966968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zygomycosis is a rare but emerging mycosis. Because of the sub-optimal efficacy of the standard antifungal treatment for this disease, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been used occasionally as an adjunctive therapeutic modality. A review of 28 published cases of zygomycosis indicates that adjunctive HBO may be beneficial in diabetic patients (94% survival), whereas its benefit in the small group of patients with haematological malignancies or bone marrow transplants is doubtful (33% survival; p 0.02). Prolonged courses of HBO were associated with a higher survival (100% survival; p 0.003). Additional studies are required to assess the optimal timing and dose for HBO treatment.
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Chen TY. Identification of Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis by PCR-single-stranded conformation polymorphism and phylogenetic relationship. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3963-8. [PMID: 15884824 DOI: 10.1021/jf0482562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the Cordyceps species have long been used as food and herbal medicines in Asia and are especially popular as commercially available powdered supplements. Despite this acceptance and use, little is known of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. Presently, the neighbor-joining method based on the ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 regions was used to construct a phylogenetic tree of 17 Cordyceps isolates. Five major groups were evident. Cordyceps sinensis was less closely related to 15 Cordyceps species but shared a closer relationship with Cordyceps agriota. PCR-single-stranded conformational polymorphism was applied to differentiate seven Cordyceps isolates: five were different from those used to construct the phylogenetic tree, based on differences in the internal spacer 2 (ITS2). The length of ITS2, amplified by primers 5.8SR and ITS4, vary between 334 and 400 bp. This segment could be used for intraspecies classification or detection of mutations and represents potential novel means of identification of this fungal genus in herbal medicines and in quality control applications in the fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Che Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Jensen AB, Dromph KM. The causal agents of ‘entomophthoramycosis’ belong to two different orders: a suggestion for modification of the clinical nomenclature. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:249-50. [PMID: 15715729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tymon AM, Pell JK. ISSR, ERIC and RAPD techniques to detect genetic diversity in the aphid pathogen Pandora neoaphidis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 109:285-93. [PMID: 15912945 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204001807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis is an important natural enemy of aphids. ISSR, ERIC (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus) and RAPD PCR-based DNA fingerprint analyses were undertaken to study intra-specific variation amongst 30 isolates of P. neoaphidis worldwide, together with six closely related species of Entomophthorales. All methods yielded scorable binary characters, and distance matrices were constructed from both individual and combined data sets. Neighbour-joining was used to construct consensus phylogenetic trees which showed that although P. neoaphidis isolates were highly polymorphic they separated into a monophyletic group compared with the other Entomophthorales tested. Three distinct subclades were found, with UK isolates occupying two of these. No specific correlation with aphid host species was established for any of the isolates apart from those in one cluster which contained isolates obtained from nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum. ERIC, ISSR and RAPD analysis allowed the rapid genetic characterisation and differentiation of isolates with the generation of potential isolate- and cluster specific-diagnostic DNA markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Tymon
- Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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40
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Hu G, Leger RJS. A phylogenomic approach to reconstructing the diversification of serine proteases in fungi. J Evol Biol 2005; 17:1204-14. [PMID: 15525405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using a phylogenomic approach with 10 fungi of very different virulence and habitat, we determined that there was substantial diversification of subtilase-type proteases early in ascomycete history (with subsequent loss in many lineages) but with no comparable diversification of trypsins. Patterns of intron loss and the degree of divergence between paralogues demonstrated that the proliferation of proteinase K subtilases and subtilisin type subtilases seen in pathogenic ascomycetes (Metarhizium anisopliae, Magnaporthe grisea, Fusarium graminearum) occurred after the basidiomycete/ascomycete split but predated radiation of ascomycete lineages. This suggests that the early ascomycetes had a lifestyle that selected for multiple proteases, whereas the current disparity in gene numbers between ascomycete lineages results from retention of genes in at least some pathogens that have been lost in other lineages (yeasts, Aspergillus nidulans, Neurospora crassa). A similar prevailing trend towards lineage specific gene loss of trypsins in saprophytes and some pathogens suggests that their phylogenetic breadth will have been much wider in early fungi than currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hu
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4454, USA.
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41
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Tanabe Y, Watanabe MM, Sugiyama J. Evolutionary relationships among basal fungi (Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota): Insights from molecular phylogenetics. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2005; 51:267-76. [PMID: 16314681 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.51.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships of the two basal fungal phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota are reviewed in light of recent molecular phylogenetic investigation based on rDNA (nSSU, nLSU rDNA), entire mitochondrial genomes, and nuclear protein coding gene sequences (e.g., EF-1alpha, RPB1). Accumulated molecular evidence strongly suggests that the two basal fungal phyla are not monophyletic. For example, the chytridiomycete order Blastocladiales appears to be closely related to the zygomycete order Entomophthorales. Within the Zygomycota, a monophyletic clade, consisting of the Dimargaritales, Harpellales, and Kickxellales, which is characterized by a shared unique septal ultrastructure, was identified. Moreover, evidence for the exclusion of zygomycete orders Amoebidiales and Eccrinales from the Fungi, and their placement at the Animal-Fungi boundary has been clearly documented. Microsporidia, a group of amitochondriate organisms currently under intensive study, is not supported as derived within the Fungi, but a fungal affinity cannot be ruled out. Taking these molecular phylogenetic studies into account, we proposed a hypothetical evolutionary framework of basal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuhiko Tanabe
- Laboratory of Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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42
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Molecular diagnosis, epidemiology and taxonomy of emerging medically important filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00013542-200410000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox CJ, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett M, Shoemaker R, Sung GH, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, O'Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Lim YW, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R, Vilgalys R. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2004; 91:1446-1480. [PMID: 21652303 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on an overview of progress in molecular systematics of the true fungi (Fungi/Eumycota) since 1990, little overlap was found among single-locus data matrices, which explains why no large-scale multilocus phylogenetic analysis had been undertaken to reveal deep relationships among fungi. As part of the project "Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life" (AFTOL), results of four Bayesian analyses are reported with complementary bootstrap assessment of phylogenetic confidence based on (1) a combined two-locus data set (nucSSU and nucLSU rDNA) with 558 species representing all traditionally recognized fungal phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota) and the Glomeromycota, (2) a combined three-locus data set (nucSSU, nucLSU, and mitSSU rDNA) with 236 species, (3) a combined three-locus data set (nucSSU, nucLSU rDNA, and RPB2) with 157 species, and (4) a combined four-locus data set (nucSSU, nucLSU, mitSSU rDNA, and RPB2) with 103 species. Because of the lack of complementarity among single-locus data sets, the last three analyses included only members of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The four-locus analysis resolved multiple deep relationships within the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota that were not revealed previously or that received only weak support in previous studies. The impact of this newly discovered phylogenetic structure on supraordinal classifications is discussed. Based on these results and reanalysis of subcellular data, current knowledge of the evolution of septal features of fungal hyphae is synthesized, and a preliminary reassessment of ascomal evolution is presented. Based on previously unpublished data and sequences from GenBank, this study provides a phylogenetic synthesis for the Fungi and a framework for future phylogenetic studies on fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338 USA
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Tanabe Y, Saikawa M, Watanabe MM, Sugiyama J. Molecular phylogeny of Zygomycota based on EF-1alpha and RPB1 sequences: limitations and utility of alternative markers to rDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 30:438-49. [PMID: 14715234 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Earlier molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nSSU rDNA) suggest that the Zygomycota are polyphyletic within the Chytridiomycota. However, these analyses failed to resolve almost all interordinal relationships among basal fungi (Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota), due to lack of sufficient characters within the nSSU rDNA. To further elucidate the higher-level phylogeny of Zygomycota, we have sequenced partial RPB1 (DNA dependent RNA polymerase II largest subunit) and EF-1alpha (translation elongation factor 1 alpha) genes from 10 and 3 zygomycete fungi, respectively. Independent molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed based on each sequence by distance and maximum likelihood methods. Although deep phylogenetic relationships among basal fungi still remain poorly resolved using either gene, the RPB1-based phylogeny identified a novel monophyletic clade consisting of the Dimargaritales, Harpellales, and Kickxellales. This result suggests that regularly formed septa (cross walls that divide hyphae into segments) with a lenticular cavity are plesiomorphic for this clade, and indicates the importance of septal pore ultrastructure in zygomycete phylogeny. In addition, a peculiar mucoralean genus Mortierella, which was considered to be distantly related to the other Mucorales based on previous nSSU rDNA analyses, was resolved as the basal most divergence within the Mucorales, consistent with traditional phenotypic-based taxonomy. Although the taxa included in our analysis are restricted, the monophyly of each order suggested by nSSU rDNA phylogeny is supported by the present RPB1-based analysis. These results support the potential use of RPB1 as an alternative marker for fungal phylogenetic studies. Conversely, the overall fungal phylogeny based on EF-1alpha sequence is poorly resolved. A comparison of numbers of observed substitutions versus inferred substitutions within EF-1alpha indicates that this gene is much more saturated than RPB1. This result suggests that the EF-1alpha gene is unsuitable for resolving higher-level phylogenetic relationships within the Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuhiko Tanabe
- Environmental Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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Tymon AM, Shah PA, Pell JK. PCR-based molecular discrimination of Pandora neoaphidis isolates from related entomopathogenic fungi and development of species-specific diagnostic primers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 108:419-33. [PMID: 15209282 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756204009694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies were performed to assess the genetic variation amongst isolates of the aphid-pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis (syn. Erynia neoaphidis). 37 isolates were examined, from a range of pest and non-pest aphid species, as well as 21 from eight other entomophthoralean species. Universal primers were used to amplify the ITS rDNA regions and all of the species tested produced discrete ITS groups, with the exception of Conidiobolus spp. Neighbour-joining analysis of the ITS2 regions from P. neoaphidis, P. kondoiensis and Zoophthora radicans demonstrated that these three species formed distinct groups with sequence identities of 58-82% between the groups. An ITS size of ca 1,100 bp was diagnostic for P. neoaphidis, while ca 1,450 bp was characteristic of P. kondoiensis. ITS-RFLP analysis failed to yield intraspecific polymorphisms in any of the P. neoaphidis isolates screened, although it was useful in distinguishing between different entomophthoralean species. Some intraspecific variation in the ITS region was detected in a number of isolates of Z. radicans and Conidiobolus spp. We propose that two isolates previously identified as P. neoaphidis based on conidia morphology, are actually P. kondoiensis based on molecular studies. Sequencing analysis of the complete ITS region from P. neoaphidis and P. kondoiensis allowed species-specific primers to be developed for P. neoaphidis and P. kondoiensis. These were used to screen aphids infected in laboratory bioassays and from field-collected samples, without prior isolation of the fungus. The primers are useful tools for quantifying the epizootiology of P. neoaphidis in aphid populations, as well as assessing competitive interactions between these two species.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aphids/microbiology
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Entomophthorales/genetics
- Entomophthorales/isolation & purification
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- RNA, Mitochondrial
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Tymon
- Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
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46
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Freimoser FM, Screen S, Hu G, St Leger R. EST analysis of genes expressed by the zygomycete pathogen Conidiobolus coronatus during growth on insect cuticle. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1893-1900. [PMID: 12855740 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conidiobolus coronatus (Zygomycota) is a facultative saprobe that is a pathogen of many insect species. Almost 2000 expressed sequence tag (EST) cDNA clones were sequenced to analyse gene expression during growth on insect cuticle. Sixty percent of the ESTs that could be clustered into functional groups (E<or=10(-5)) had their best BLAST hits among fungal sequences. These included chitinases and multiple subtilisins, trypsin, metalloprotease and aspartyl protease activities with the potential to degrade host tissues and disable anti-microbial peptides. Otherwise, compared to the ascomycete entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae, Con. coronatus produced many fewer types of hydrolases (e.g. no phospholipases), antimicrobial agents, toxic secondary metabolites and no ESTs with putative roles in the generation of antibiotics. Instead, Con. coronatus produced a much higher proportion of ESTs encoding ribosomal proteins and enzymes of intermediate metabolism that facilitate its rapid growth. These results are consistent with Con. coronatus having adapted a modification of the saprophytic ruderal-selected strategy, using rapid growth to overwhelm the host and exploit the cadaver before competitors overrun it. This strategy does not preclude specialization to pathogenicity, as Con. coronatus produces the greatest complexity of proteases on insect cuticle, indicating an ability to respond to conditions in the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Freimoser
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Steven Screen
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Raymond St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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47
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Bullerwell CE, Forget L, Lang BF. Evolution of monoblepharidalean fungi based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:1614-23. [PMID: 12626702 PMCID: PMC152866 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of three chytridiomycete fungi, Monoblepharella15, Harpochytrium94 and Harpochytrium105. Our phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences confirms the placement of Mono blepharella15 together with Harpochytrium spp. and Hyaloraphidium curvatum within the taxonomic order Monoblepharidales, with overwhelming support. These four mtDNA sequences encode the standard fungal mitochondrial gene complement and, like certain other chytridiomycete fungi, encode a reduced complement of 7-9 tRNAs, some of which require 5'-tRNA editing to be functional. Highly conserved sequence elements were identified upstream of almost all protein-coding genes in the mtDNAs of Monoblepharella15 and both Harpochytrium species. Finally, a guanosine residue is conserved upstream of the predicted ATG or GTG start codons of almost every protein-coding gene in these genomes. The appearance of this G residue correlates with the presence of a non-canonical cytosine residue at position 37 in the anticodon loop of the mitochondrial initiator tRNAs. Based on the unorthodox features in these four genomes, we propose that a 4 bp interaction between the CAUC anticodon of these tRNAs and GAUG/GGUG codons is involved in translation initiation in monoblepharidalean mitochondria. Intriguingly, a similar interaction may also be involved in mitochondrial translation initiation in the sea anemone Metridium senile.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Bullerwell
- Program in Evolutionary Biology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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48
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Evolution of the Fungi and their Mitochondrial Genomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(03)80010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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49
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Forget L, Ustinova J, Wang Z, Huss VAR, Lang BF. Hyaloraphidium curvatum: a linear mitochondrial genome, tRNA editing, and an evolutionary link to lower fungi. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:310-9. [PMID: 11861890 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Hyaloraphidium curvatum, an organism previously classified as a colorless green alga but now recognized as a lower fungus based on molecular data. The 29.97-kbp mitochondrial chromosome is maintained as a monomeric, linear molecule with identical, inverted repeats (1.43 kbp) at both ends, a rare genome architecture in mitochondria. The genome encodes only 14 known mitochondrial proteins, 7 tRNAs, the large subunit rRNA and small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA), and 3 ORFs. The SSU rRNA is encoded in two gene pieces that are located 8 kbp apart on the mtDNA. Scrambled and fragmented mitochondrial rRNAs are well known from green algae and alveolate protists but are unprecedented in fungi. Protein genes code for apocytochrome b; cytochrome oxidase 1, 2, and 3, NADH dehydrogenase 1, 2, 3, 4, 4L, 5, and 6, and ATP synthase 6, 8, and 9 subunits, and several of these genes are organized in operon-like clusters. The set of seven mitochondrially encoded tRNAs is insufficient to recognize all codons that occur in the mitochondrial protein genes. When taking into account the pronounced codon bias, at least 16 nuclear-encoded tRNAs are assumed to be imported into the mitochondria. Three of the seven predicted mitochondria-encoded tRNA sequences carry mispairings in the first three positions of the acceptor stem. This strongly suggests that these tRNAs are edited by a mechanism similar to the one seen in the fungus Spizellomyces punctatus and the rhizopod amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Our phylogenetic analysis confirms with overwhelming support that H. curvatum is a member of the chytridiomycete fungi, specifically related to the Monoblepharidales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Forget
- Program in Evolutionary Biology, Département de Biochimie, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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50
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Freimoser FM, Jensen AB, Tuor U, Aebi M, Eilenberg J. Isolation and in vitro cultivation of the aphid pathogenic fungus Entomophthora planchoniana. Can J Microbiol 2001; 47:1082-7. [PMID: 11822833 DOI: 10.1139/w01-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Entomophthora planchoniana is an important fungal pathogen of aphids. Although Entomophthora chromaphidis has been considered a synonym for E. planchoniana, the two species are now separated, and E. planchoniana is reported not to grow in vitro. In this paper, we describe for the first time the isolation and cultivation of this species. Entomophthora planchoniana was isolated from a population of Ovatus crataegarius (Homoptera, Aphididae), which was infected by E. planchoniana only. The isolates did not sporulate, but the sequence of the small subunit rDNA and the restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the first part of the large subunit rDNA and the ITS II region confirm that the isolates were E. planchoniana. The isolated fungus grew in a medium consisting of Grace's insect cell culture medium supplemented with lactalbumin hydrolysate, yeastolate, and 10% fetal bovine serum or in GLEN medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. Vegetative cells of E. planchoniana were long and club-shaped and did not stain with Calcofluor, thus suggesting that they were protoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Freimoser
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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