1
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Hegeman KA, Marlatt VL. Reproductive and thyroid endocrine axis cross-talk in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 312:113855. [PMID: 34284022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize morphological and molecular effects in rainbow trout alevins after waterborne exposures to 17β-estradiol (E2; 0.0008 to 0.5 μg/L), triiodothyronine (T3; 0.52 to 65 μg/L), and various co-treatments for 21 to 23 days. Interestingly, there was no consistent evidence that E2 alone influenced growth, development or deformity rates, however, 65 μg/L T3 alone expedited development, and both 13 μg/L and 65 μg/L alone caused a unique opercular deformity not previously reported. In addition, some potentiation between E2 and T3 at lower concentrations suggests some cross-talk between these two hormonal pathways may also contribute to the development of this opercular deformity. Gene expression changes were observed, including induction of vtg in rainbow trout alevins at 0.02 μg/L concentration of E2, which is the lowest concentration reported to induce vtg in rainbow trout alevins. These data suggest low-level E2 does not negate abnormal growth and development caused by hyperthyroidism, and examining more time points is likely required to demonstrate a stronger response profile for individual hormones and endocrine axes cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Hegeman
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Vicki L Marlatt
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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2
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Rister AL, Dodds ED. Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Estradiol Glucuronide Isomers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2037-2040. [PMID: 31385258 PMCID: PMC6812596 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol is an estrogenic steroid that can undergo glucuronidation at two different sites, which results in two estradiol glucuronide regioisomers. These isomers can be produced by different enzymes and can have different biological activities before being eliminated from the body. Although there have been previous methods that can distinguish the two isomers, these methods often have long acquisition times or high cost per analysis. In this study, traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to separate estradiol glucuronides using alkali metal adduction in positive ion mode, where the sodiated dimer adduct provided adequate separation both in single-component standards and in two-component mixtures. Additionally, in negative ion mode, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to quantitatively determine the relative composition of the two isomers. This was possible due to differences in the energetic requirements for loss of the glucuronic acid, which was characterized by energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID). This work demonstrated that the intensity of the glucuronic acid neutral loss product as compared with the intensity of the intact precursor ion can be used to determine the percentage of each isomer present in a mixture. Overall, TWIMS successfully separated estradiol glucuronide isomers in positive ion mode and MS/MS via CID enables relative quantitation of each isomer in negative ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L Rister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 711 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Eric D Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 711 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA.
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3
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Marques da Cunha L, Uppal A, Seddon E, Nusbaumer D, Vermeirssen EL, Wedekind C. No additive genetic variance for tolerance to ethynylestradiol exposure in natural populations of brown trout ( Salmo trutta). Evol Appl 2019; 12:940-950. [PMID: 31080506 PMCID: PMC6503824 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common and potent pollutants of freshwater habitats is 17-alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic component of oral contraceptives that is not completely eliminated during sewage treatment and that threatens natural populations of fish. Previous studies found additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 in different salmonid fishes and concluded that rapid evolution to this type of pollution seems possible. However, these previous studies were done with fishes that are lake-dwelling and hence typically less exposed to EE2 than river-dwelling species. Here, we test whether there is additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 also in river-dwelling salmonid populations that have been exposed to various concentrations of EE2 over the last decades. We sampled 287 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) from seven populations that show much genetic diversity within populations, are genetically differentiated, and that vary in their exposure to sewage-treated effluent. In order to estimate their potential to evolve tolerance to EE2, we collected their gametes to produce 730 experimental families in blockwise full-factorial in vitro fertilizations. We then raised 7,302 embryos singly in 2-ml containers each and either exposed them to 1 ng/L EE2 (an ecologically relevant concentration, i.e., 2 pg per embryo added in a single spike to the water) or sham-treated them. Exposure to EE2 increased embryo mortality, delayed hatching time, and decreased hatchling length. We found no population differences and no additive genetic variance for tolerance to EE2. We conclude that EE2 has detrimental effects that may adversely affect population even at a very low concentration, but that our study populations lack the potential for rapid genetic adaptation to this type of pollution. One possible explanation for the latter is that continuous selection over the last decades has depleted genetic variance for tolerance to this synthetic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshu Uppal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Emily Seddon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - David Nusbaumer
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, BiophoreUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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4
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Tsalafouta A, Sarropoulou E, Papandroulakis N, Pavlidis M. Characterization and Expression Dynamics of Key Genes Involved in the Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Cortisol Stress Response during Early Ontogeny. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:611-622. [PMID: 29948235 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study identified and characterized six key genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), a commercially important European aquaculture species. The key genes involved in the HPI axis for which gene structure and synteny analysis was carried out, comprised of two functional forms of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), as well as three forms of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) genes and one form of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene. To explore their functional roles during development but also in the stress response, the expression profiles of gr1, gr2, mr, pomc_aI, pomc_aII, and pomc_β were examined during early ontogeny and after an acute stress challenge. The acute stress challenge was applied at the stage of full formation of all fins, where whole body cortisol was also measured. Both the cortisol and the molecular data implied that sea bream larvae at the stage of the full formation of all fins at 45 dph are capable of a response to stress of a similar profile as observed in adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsalafouta
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 714 09, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - E Sarropoulou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - N Papandroulakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 714 09, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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5
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Pérez C, Araneda C, Estay F, Díaz NF, Vizziano-Cantonnet D. Sex hormone-binding globulin b expression in the rainbow trout ovary prior to sex differentiation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:165-175. [PMID: 29180105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonids have two sex hormone-binding globulin (Shbg) paralogs. Shbga is mainly expressed in the liver, while Shbgb is secreted by the granulosa cells of the rainbow trout ovary. Coexpression of shbgb and the gonadal aromatase cyp19a1a mRNAs been observed in granulosa cells, suggesting a physiological coordination between Shbgb expression and estrogen synthesis. As estrogens are essential for female sex determination in the fish ovary, we propose that Shbgb participates in early ovarian differentiation, either by binding with estrogen or through another mechanism that remains to be discovered. To elucidate this potential role, monosex populations of female trout were studied during the molecular ovarian differentiation period (28-56 dpf). shbgb mRNA expression was measured using qPCR and compared with expression of genes for other ovarian markers (cyp19a1a, foxl2, follistatin, and estrogen receptors). shbgb transcript expression was detected during the final stages of embryonic development (21-26 dpf) and during molecular ovarian differentiation (32-52 dpf) after hatching (which occurred at 31 dpf). In situ hybridization localized shbgb transcription to the undifferentiated ovary at 42 dpf, and shbgb and cyp19a1a mRNA showed similar expression patterns. These results suggest that Shbgb is involved in early ovarian differentiation, supporting an important role for the salmonid shbgb gene in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biotecnología en Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa #11315, Santiago de, Chile; Programa Cooperativo de Doctorado en Acuicultura, Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa #11315, Santiago de, Chile
| | - Cristian Araneda
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biotecnología en Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa #11315, Santiago de, Chile.
| | - Francisco Estay
- Piscicultura Huililco Ltda, Camino a Caburgua km 17, Pucón IX Región, Chile
| | - Nelson F Díaz
- Laboratorio de Genética y Biotecnología en Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa #11315, Santiago de, Chile
| | - Denise Vizziano-Cantonnet
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Reproducción y Ecología de Peces, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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6
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Gupta S, Moulik SR, Pal P, Majumder S, Das S, Guha P, Juin SK, Panigrahi AK, Mukherjee D. Estrogen-regulated expression of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b genes in swim-up fry of Labeo rohita. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:85-93. [PMID: 28694055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P450 aromatase is the terminal enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway and catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogens. The expression of cyp19a1 genes in brain and gonad of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita swim-up fry was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain-reaction. Results demonstrated that cyp19a1b and cyp19a1a predominate in brain and gonad respectively. Treatment of fry with an aromatase inhibitor fadrozole for 6days attenuated brain cyp19a1b expression, but not cyp19a1a of gonad. Fadrozole also attenuated brain aromatase activity. Treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) for 6days resulted in up-regulation of brain cyp19a1b transcripts in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but not cyp19a1a. Whole-body concentration of vitellogenin also increased in response to E2. Altogether, these results indicate L. rohita swim-up fry can be used to detect environmental estrogens either using vitellogenin induction or cyp19a1b gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Gupta
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujata Roy Moulik
- Department of Zoology, Chandernagore College, Chandannagar, Hooghly, West Bengal 712136, India
| | - Puja Pal
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India; Department of Zoology, Taki Government College, Taki, Hasnabad, West Bengal 743429, India
| | - Suravi Majumder
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumana Das
- Department of Zoology, Krishnagar Government College, Krishnanagar, Nadia, West Bengal 741101, India
| | - Payel Guha
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Subir Kumar Juin
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Panigrahi
- Ecotoxicology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Dilip Mukherjee
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India.
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7
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Marlatt VL, Sherrard R, Kennedy CJ, Elphick JR, Martyniuk CJ. Application of molecular endpoints in early life stage salmonid environmental biomonitoring. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 173:178-191. [PMID: 26874677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular endpoints can enhance existing whole animal bioassays by more fully characterizing the biological impacts of aquatic pollutants. Laboratory and field studies were used to examine the utility of adopting molecular endpoints for a well-developed in situ early life stage (eyed embryo to onset of swim-up fry) salmonid bioassay to improve diagnostic assessments of water quality in the field. Coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) were exposed in the laboratory to the model metal (zinc, 40μg/L) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pyrene, 100μg/L) in water to examine the resulting early life stage salmonid responses. In situ field exposures and bioassays were conducted in parallel to evaluate the water quality of three urban streams in British Columbia (two sites with anthropogenic inputs and one reference site). The endpoints measured in swim-up fry included survival, deformities, growth (weight and length), vitellogenin (vtg) and metallothionein (Mt) protein levels, and hepatic gene expression (e.g., metallothioneins [mta and mtb], endocrine biomarkers [vtg and estrogen receptors, esr] and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes [cytochrome P450 1A3, cyp1a3 and glutathione transferases, gstk]). No effects were observed in the zinc treatment, however exposure of swim-up fry to pyrene resulted in decreased survival, deformities and increased estrogen receptor alpha (er1) mRNA levels. In the field exposures, xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (cyp1a3, gstk) and zinc transporter (zntBigM103) mRNA were significantly increased in swim-up fry deployed at the sites with more anthropogenic inputs compared to the reference site. Cluster analysis revealed that gene expression profiles in individuals from the streams receiving anthropogenic inputs were more similar to each other than to the reference site. Collectively, the results obtained in this study suggest that molecular endpoints may be useful, and potentially more sensitive, indicators of site-specific contamination in real-world, complex exposure scenarios in addition to whole body morphometric and physiological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon, Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ryan Sherrard
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Chris J Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon, Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Imperial Square Lake City, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 4N71, Canada
| | - James R Elphick
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Imperial Square Lake City, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 4N71, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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8
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Morthorst JE, Korsgaard B, Bjerregaard P. Severe malformations of eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) fry are induced by maternal estrogenic exposure during early embryogenesis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 113:80-87. [PMID: 26613261 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant eelpout were exposed via the water to known endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) to clarify if EDCs could be causing the increased eelpout fry malformation frequencies observed in coastal areas receiving high anthropogenic input. The presence of a teratogenic window for estrogen-induced malformations was also investigated by starting the exposure at different times during eelpout pregnancy. Both 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (17.8 ng/L) and pyrene (0.5 μg/L) significantly increased fry malformation frequency whereas 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP) up to 14.3 μg/L did not. Vitellogenin was significantly induced by EE2 (5.7 and 17.8 ng/L) but not by 4-t-OP and pyrene. A critical period for estrogen-induced fry malformations was identified and closed between 14 and 22 days post fertilization (dpf). Exposure to 17β-estradiol (E2) between 0 and 14 dpf caused severe malformations and severity increased the closer exposure start was to fertilization, whereas malformations were absent by exposure starting later than 14 dpf. Data on ovarian fluid volume and larval length supported the suggested teratogenic window. Larval mortality also increased when exposure started right after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - Bodil Korsgaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark.
| | - Poul Bjerregaard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Denmark.
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9
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Transcripts involved in steroid biosynthesis and steroid receptor signaling are expressed early in development in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 182:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Marlatt VL, Sun J, Curran CA, Bailey HC, Kennedy CK, Elphick JR, Martyniuk CJ. Molecular responses to 17β-estradiol in early life stage salmonids. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 203:203-14. [PMID: 24698784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental estrogens (EE) are ubiquitous in many aquatic environments and biological responses to EEs in early developmental stages of salmonids are poorly understood compared to juvenile and adult stages. Using 17β-estradiol (E2) as a model estrogen, waterborne exposures were conducted on early life stage rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; egg, alevin, swim-up fry) and both molecular and physiological endpoints were measured to quantify the effects of E2. To investigate developmental stage-specific effects, laboratory exposures of 1 μg/L E2 were initiated pre-hatching as eyed embryos or post-hatching upon entering the alevin stage. High mortality (∼90%) was observed when E2 exposures were initiated at the eyed embryo stage compared to the alevin stage (∼35% mortality), demonstrating stage-specific sensitivity. Gene expression analyses revealed that vitellogenin was detectable in the liver of swim-up fry, and was highly inducible by 1 μg/L E2 (>200-fold higher levels compared to control animals). Experiments also confirmed the induction of vitellogenin protein levels in protein extracts isolated from head and tail regions of swim-up fry after E2 exposure. These findings suggest that induction of vitellogenin, a well-characterized biomarker for estrogenic exposure, can be informative measured at this early life stage. Several other genes of the reproductive endocrine axis (e.g. estrogen receptors and androgen receptors) exhibited decreased expression levels compared to control animals. In addition, chronic exposure to E2 during the eyed embryo and alevin stages resulted in suppressive effects on growth related genes (growth hormone receptors, insulin-like growth factor 1) as well as premature hatching, suggesting that the somatotropic axis is a key target for E2-mediated developmental and growth disruptions. Combining molecular biomarkers with morphological and physiological changes in early life stage salmonids holds considerable promise for further defining estrogen action during development, and for assessing the impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals in vivo in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Marlatt
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 4N71, Canada.
| | - Jinying Sun
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Cat A Curran
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 4N71, Canada
| | - Howard C Bailey
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 4N71, Canada
| | - Chris K Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James R Elphick
- Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 4N71, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
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11
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Plasma steroid hormone levels in female flounder Platichthys flesus and the influence of fluctuating hydrostatic pressure. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:272-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Conspecific presence affects the physiology and behaviour of developing trout. Physiol Behav 2010; 99:599-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Boyce-Derricott J, Nagler JJ, Cloud JG. The ontogeny of nuclear estrogen receptor isoform expression and the effect of 17beta-estradiol in embryonic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:277-81. [PMID: 19818378 PMCID: PMC2814938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ligand bound nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) acts as a transcription factor regulating the expression of estrogen dependent genes. There are four nuclear ER isoforms in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The objective of this study was to measure whole body mRNA levels of the two ERalpha isoforms (alpha1/alpha2) and the two ERbeta isoforms (beta1/beta2) in male and female embryos from 50 to 600 degree-days (DD; days post-fertilizationxwater temperature) and in embryos exposed to vehicle or 17beta-estradiol (E2) for 2h at 230, 240 and 250 DD. All four isoforms were detected at every time point in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism was rarely observed; at 50 DD the level of ERalpha2 mRNA was significantly greater in males than in females and at 100 DD the level of ERbeta1 mRNA was significantly greater in females than in males (p<0.05). Expression profiles of the two ERalpha isoforms were slightly different from one another, whereas the ERbeta isoforms exhibited similar expression patterns. The effect of E2 was not different between male and female embryos. The level of ERalpha1 mRNA increased significantly at 240 DD; a similar but not statistically significant trend was observed at 230 and 250 DD. Despite the critical role of estrogen during sex differentiation in rainbow trout, the receptivity to this hormone as measured by the response in mRNA levels of ER appears to be largely the same between males and females and ERalpha1 is the only E2 responsive isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Boyce-Derricott
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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14
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Guiguen Y, Fostier A, Piferrer F, Chang CF. Ovarian aromatase and estrogens: a pivotal role for gonadal sex differentiation and sex change in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:352-66. [PMID: 19289125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the roles of estrogens and aromatase (Cyp19a1a), the enzyme needed for their synthesis, in fish gonadal sex differentiation. Based on the recent literature, we extend the already well accepted hypothesis of an implication of estrogens and Cyp19a1a in ovarian differentiation to a broader hypothesis that would place estrogens and Cyp19a1a in a pivotal position to control not only ovarian, but also testicular differentiation, in both gonochoristic and hermaphrodite fish species. This working hypothesis states that cyp19a1a up-regulation is needed not only for triggering but also for maintaining ovarian differentiation and that cyp19a1a down-regulation is the only necessary step for inducing a testicular differentiation pathway. When considering arguments for and against, most of the information available for fish supports this hypothesis since either suppression of cyp19a1a gene expression, inhibition of Cyp19a1a enzymatic activity, or blockage of estrogen receptivity are invariably associated with masculinization. This is also consistent with reports on normal gonadal differentiation, and steroid-modulated masculinization with either androgens, aromatase inhibitors or estrogen receptor antagonists, temperature-induced masculinization and protogynous sex change in hermaphrodite species. Concerning the regulation of fish cyp19a1a during gonadal differentiation, the transcription factor foxl2 has been characterized as an ovarian specific upstream regulator of a cyp19a1a promoter that would co-activate cyp19a1a expression, along with some additional partners such as nr5a1 (sf1) or cAMP. In contrast, upstream factors potentially down-regulating cyp19a1a during testicular differentiation are still hypothetical, such as the dmrt1 gene, but their definitive characterization as testicular repressors of cyp19a1a would strongly strengthen the hypothesis that early testicular differentiation would need active repression of cyp19a1a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guiguen
- INRA, UR1037 SCRIBE, IFR140, Ouest-Genopole, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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15
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von Engelhardt N, Henriksen R, Groothuis TGG. Steroids in chicken egg yolk: metabolism and uptake during early embryonic development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 163:175-83. [PMID: 19362557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Effects of maternal hormones may adaptively adjust offspring development to prevailing conditions. However, Darwinian fitness of parents is maximized by investing in more than one offspring while each individual offspring benefits from receiving maximal investment. The control of mother and offspring over hormone-mediated maternal effects is thought to play a key role in the outcome of parent-offspring conflict, but these control mechanisms have hardly been studied. We investigated the potential embryonic control by analysing the changes in distribution and metabolism of steroid hormones in the egg during the first 6 days of incubation using injections of radiolabelled testosterone and corticosterone in freshly laid eggs. After 1 day of incubation the highest amount of radioactivity was concentrated in a small area at the top of the yolk. This challenges the use of hormones in oil as mimicking natural exposure. During incubation radioactivity spread within the egg with highest concentrations in yolk and yolk sac and lower concentrations in albumen, embryo, allantois, and amnion. Steroids were metabolised to other unconjugated and conjugated steroids, perhaps facilitating embryonic steroid uptake. Our study shows that the injected radiolabel is metabolised in the egg and taken up by the embryo, giving the embryo potential control over the effects of maternal hormones and thereby limiting maternal control over the outcome of hormone-mediated maternal effects.
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16
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Tyler CR, Jobling S. Roach, Sex, and Gender-Bending Chemicals: The Feminization of Wild Fish in English Rivers. Bioscience 2008. [DOI: 10.1641/b581108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Di Bella ML, Vazzana M, Vizzini A, Parrinello N. Glucocorticoid receptor (DlGR1) is expressed in pre-larval and larval stages of the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 333:39-47. [PMID: 18463897 PMCID: PMC2441495 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormone receptors (GR), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, are ligand-dependent transcription factors expressed in various tissues by binding to specific DNA sequences. Since glucocorticoids have a role in maintaining the homeostatic status in fish, we previously cloned and sequenced a GR (DlGR1) of adult Dicentrarchus labrax; we also showed mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) and tissue immunohistochemical localization of DlGR1 in several organs. This work has now been extended to the examination of the expression, tissue distribution, and cytolocalization of DlGR1 in larval developmental stages by similar methods to those used for the adult organs. The riboprobe included the DlGR1 cDNA transcriptional activation domain (1.0–1,300 nucleotide sequence) showing no significant similarity with a known second GR cDNA sequence of sea bass. The antibody was specific for an opportunely selected peptide sequence of the DlGR1 transcriptional domain. In histological sections of brain, head kidney, gills, liver, anterior intestine, and spleen cells, the riboprobe was mainly located in the cell nucleus. The antibody identified DlGR1 in the head kidney, gills, liver, and anterior intestine, mainly located in the cytosol. These results are in agreement with the receptor location in adult tissues. The greater presence of both the transcript and protein of DlGR1 in the late developmental stages suggests an increasing expression of this receptor. The cytolocalization (nuclear-cytosolic) and presumptive roles of DlGR1-containing tissues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Di Bella
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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18
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Bjerregaard LB, Lindholst C, Korsgaard B, Bjerregaard P. Sex hormone concentrations and gonad histology in brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to 17beta-estradiol and bisphenol A. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:252-263. [PMID: 18320304 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The impact of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA) on steroid hormone levels and gonad development in brown trout (Salmo trutta) was determined. Exposure took place from 0 to 63 days post-fertilisation (dpf) and gonad development was followed till 400 dpf. The onset of xenoestrogen metabolism was examined by measurements of whole body concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and its conjugation product bisphenol A glucuronic acid (BPAGA). Exposure to 500 ng E2/l led to an increase in E2 levels in the embryos and fry while 10 ng E2/l did not. Metabolic conversion of BPA to BPAGA began during the first weeks of embryonic development. Few consistent effects were found on the sex differentiation of the brown trout. Only one intersex fish (4.5%) was found among male fish at 400 dpf exposed to 500 ng E2/l. Females with male germ cells among the normally developing oocytes were observed in all groups (in up to 50% of the female fish, independently of exposure regime). The fact that exposure to 500 ng E2/l only caused subtle effects in a small number of individuals indicates that exposure during early life stages results in little to no induction of endocrine disruption in brown trout.
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Rougeot C, Krim A, Mandiki SNM, Kestemont P, Mélard C. Sex steroid dynamics during embryogenesis and sexual differentiation in Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis. Theriogenology 2007; 67:1046-52. [PMID: 17270265 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that sex steroid hormones play an important and a specific role during the process of sex differentiation in fish. In order to describe the role of the three main sex steroid hormones (testosterone--T, 17beta-estradiol--E2 and 11keto-testosterone--11KT) during embryogenesis and sex differentiation in Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis, eggs, larvae and juveniles originating from two mixed-sex and two all-female progenies were regularly sampled from fertilization to hatching (D0) and from hatching to day 70 post-hatching (D70). Just after spawning, a significant amount of sex steroids [T (1634.2pgg(-1)), E2 (554.4pgg(-1)) and 11KT (1513.2pgg(-1))] was measured in non-fertilised eggs suggesting a maternal transmission of these steroids. From D2 to D70 post-hatching, E2 levels were significantly higher in mixed-sex progenies (median: 725.7pgg(-1)) than in all-female progenies (156.2pgg(-1)) and significantly increased after the onset of the histological differentiation of the gonad in both progenies (D35). Levels of 11KT were significantly higher in mixed-sex (median: 431.5pgg(-1)) than in all-female progenies (below the limit of assay detection) and significantly increased at D35 in all-female progenies (median value: 343.2pgg(-1)). Mean 11KT to E2 ratio was six-fold higher in mixed-sex progenies (1.35) than in all-female progenies (0.24). The data suggest that the 11-oxygenated androgen (11KT) plays a major role in the male differentiation process, and that sex differentiation in Eurasian perch is probably determined by the 11KT to E2 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rougeot
- Aquaculture Research and Education Center (CEFRA), The University of Liège, Chemin de la Justice 10, B-4500 Tihange, Belgium.
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20
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Socorro S, Martins RS, Deloffre L, Mylonas CC, Canario AVM. A cDNA for European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) 11beta-hydroxylase: gene expression during the thermosensitive period and gonadogenesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 150:164-73. [PMID: 16962121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Steroid P450 11beta-hydroxylase, encoded by the CYP11B gene, is a key mitochondrial enzyme for the production of 11-oxygenated androgens, which have been shown to be potent masculinising steroids in several fish species. In this study we have isolated a CYP11B cDNA of 1903 base pairs from the testis of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) encoding a predicted protein of 552 amino acids. The amino acid identities to other vertebrate 11beta-hydroxylase proteins ranged from 66% to 72% to other fish; 45% to amphibian and 35-39% to mammalian. Southern blot indicated that a single CYP11B gene is present. Northern blot analysis detected two transcripts in testis and head kidney, one of the same size of the isolated clone and the other of 3.9 kb. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed abundant mRNA expression only in testis and head kidney, being residual in a range of other tissues. Expression of CYP11B and CYP19A (which encodes for ovarian aromatase) was detected from at least 4 days post-hatching and did not appear to be affected by rearing temperature (15 and 20 degrees C) during the first 60 days, a period in which high temperatures promote masculinisation in European sea bass. Throughout, gonadogenesis (60-300 dph), a highly dimorphic pattern of CYP11B expression was consistent with a role of this gene in testicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Socorro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Marquês d'Avila e Bolama, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal
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21
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Ozaki Y, Fukada H, Tanaka H, Kagawa H, Ohta H, Adachi S, Hara A, Yamauchi K. Expression of growth hormone family and growth hormone receptor during early development in the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 145:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Kuiper RV, van den Brandhof EJ, Leonards PEG, van der Ven LTM, Wester PW, Vos JG. Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:1-9. [PMID: 16738895 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 microM was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 microM showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 microM and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 microg/g lipid with a lower 5% confidence limit of 3.9 microg/g lipid for 50% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 microM. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 microM. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 microM TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 microM; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Kuiper
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, PO Box 80158, 3508 TD Utrecht NL, The Netherlands.
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Petkam R, Renaud RL, Leatherland JF. The role of CYP 1A1 in the in vitro metabolism of pregnenolone by the liver of rainbow trout embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135C:277-84. [PMID: 12927902 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of pregnenolone (P5) was investigated using whole liver preparations taken from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos sampled between 55 and 61 days post-fertilization. The intent of the study was to use HPLC techniques to separate and identify the metabolites of hepatic P5 metabolism and identify the enzyme(s) involved. The major metabolite of [3H]P5 catabolism was [3H]7alpha-hydroxypregnenolone ([3H]7alphaOHP5), and the enzyme involved was hypothesized to be a cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozyme. To test that hypothesis, whole liver preparations from embryos were pre-treated with selected CYP inhibitors prior to incubation with [3H]P5 and post-mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) fractions of embryo livers were pre-treated with specific antibodies raised against rainbow trout CYP 1A1 prior to incubation with radiolabelled steroid precursor. Three of the four inhibitors used (Miconazole, Clotimazole, Ketokonazole) and the CYP 1A1 antibodies totally blocked the conversion of [3H]P(5) to [3H]7alphaOHP5, and the fourth, Metyrapone, partially blocked the conversion. These results suggest that CYP 1A1 is the major enzyme involved in hepatic catabolism of P5 by rainbow trout embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Petkam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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24
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Petkam R, Renaud RL, Freitas AMMS, Canario AVM, Raeside JI, Kime DE, Leatherland JF. In vitro metabolism of pregnenolone to 7alpha-hydroxypregnenolone by rainbow trout embryos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003; 131:241-9. [PMID: 12714005 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-6480(02)00641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissues taken from rainbow trout embryos at several developmental stages, were incubated in the presence of radioactively-labelled pregnenolone in order to determine the capability of salmonid embryos to metabolize steroids, such as pregnenolone, that are incorporated into the oocyte during gonadal growth and maturation. High performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the steroid products, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied for the chemical identification of the product. 7alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone, previously known to be produced only by ovarian tissues, was found to be the sole metabolite of pregnenolone metabolism by rainbow trout embryos. Sulfate and glucuronide conjugated forms of 7alpha-hydroxypregnenolone were also produced. We hypothesize that this metabolite provides a pathway for excretion of pregnenolone, enabling the embryo to maintain its own steroid milieu, although the possibility of 7alpha-hydroxypregnenolone also playing a physiological role cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Petkam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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25
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Abstract
The adrenal homolog of teleosts is not a compact organ as the adrenal glands of most vertebrates but is composed by aminergic chromaffin and interrenal steroidogenic cells located mostly inside the head kidney that, in this taxon, generally has a hematopoietic function. The two tissues can be mixed, adjacent, or completely separated and line the endothelium of the venous vessels or are located in close proximity. The chromaffin cells in some species are also present in the posterior kidney. Histological and ultrastructural work revealed cytological peculiarities of both types of cells as compared to those of other vertebrate species. In particular, the interrenal ones can show some variations in ultrastructure depending on sex, time of the year, and relation to stress events. A periodic renewal of the whole gland tissue is also sustained by some studies. Research regarding development is scanty as compared to mammals and most studies go back to the early years of the past century. The adrenal homolog of teleosts is under hormonal and neuronal control. Moreover, local paracrine interactions may play an important role in modulating a system involved in stress response and osmoregulation. Most previous studies involved a few species with the object of intensive rearing for commercial purposes; in fact cortisol, the main hormone secreted by the interrenal cells, can also influence reproduction and growth. This review summarizes data from morphocytological work and refers to other excellent reviews regarding physiology. Some of the results are compared to data available from other fishes and vertebrate classes with the aim of including them in an evolutionary and environmental framework.
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Rowell CB, Watts SA, Wibbels T, Hines GA, Mair G. Androgen and estrogen metabolism during sex differentiation in mono-sex populations of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002; 125:151-62. [PMID: 11884061 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2001.7691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgen and estrogen metabolism were examined in the period of steroid sensitivity during sex differentiation in mono-sex populations of Oreochromis niloticus. Fry (XX, XY, and YY genotypes) were maintained at 28 degrees and were sampled at 8, 10, 11, and 13 days postfertilization. Subsamples (n = 2-4) of pooled fry from each maternally distinct family were homogenized and incubated with either [(3)H]androstenedione or [(3)H]estradiol. Metabolites present in organic extracts were identified by thin-layer chromatography, microchemical reactions, and recrystallization to constant specific activity. Androstenedione was metabolized into at least seven readily identifiable compounds by all genotypes. In the XY genotype, 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol synthesis decreased rapidly from 8 to 13 days postfertilization, with a concomitant increase in testosterone synthesis. Testosterone synthesis did not increase in the XX genotype. Testosterone synthesis in the YY genotype was intermediate to that of the XY and XX genotypes. Estrogens were not synthesized by any genotype. We hypothesize that 5beta-reduction (or further hydroxylation) is a mechanism important in regulating testosterone production and subsequent sex differentiation. Results of incubations with estradiol show an age-dependent increase in metabolism which did not vary among genotypes. Metabolites synthesized included estrone and up to five unidentified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Rowell
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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27
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Baroiller JF, Guiguen Y. Endocrine and environmental aspects of sex differentiation in gonochoristic fish. EXS 2001:177-201. [PMID: 11301598 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7781-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews current knowledge concerning the endocrine and environmental regulation of gonadal sex differentiation in gonochoristic fish. In gonochoristic fish, although potentially active around this period, the hypothalamo-pituitary axis is probably not involved in triggering sex differentiation. Although steroids and steroidogenic enzymes are probably not the initial triggers of sex differentiation, new data, including molecular approaches, have confirmed that they are key physiological steps in the regulation of this process. Environmental factors can strongly influence sex differentiation in gonochoristic fish. The most important environmental determinant of sex would appear to be temperature. Interactions between environmental factors and genotype have been suggested for gonochoristic fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Baroiller
- CIRAD-EMVT (Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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von Hofsten J, Jones I, Karlsson J, Olsson PE. Developmental expression patterns of FTZ-F1 homologues in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 121:146-55. [PMID: 11178880 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2000.7582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The fushi tarazu factor 1 (FTZ-F1) gene family constitutes a subgroup of orphan nuclear receptors which can be divided into two groups (LRH/FTF- and SF-1/Ad4BP-like) based on sequence homology, function, and tissue distribution. Analysis of zebrafish FTZ-F1 homologues (zFF1 and ff1b) during embryogenesis indicated distinct expression patterns for both genes. Besides the previously observed expression in pituitary/hypothalamus and mandibular arch, zFF1 transcripts were also detected in domains corresponding to the pronephric duct, somites, liver, and hindbrain. Additionally, ff1b transcripts were detected at other developmental stages than earlier documented. Comparative sequence analysis showed that zFF1 exhibited higher sequence similarity to the LRH/FTF group than the SF-1/Ad4BP group, whereas ff1b was indistinguishable between the groups. These observations, coupled with obtained expression patterns, indicate that zebrafish FTZ-F1 homologues exhibit characteristics that are indicative of both LRH/FTF- and SF-1/Ad4BP-like genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J von Hofsten
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
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Tagawa M, Suzuki K, Specker JL. Incorporation and metabolism of cortisol in oocytes of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2000; 287:485-92. [PMID: 11110162 DOI: 10.1002/1097-010x(20001201)287:7<485::aid-jez4>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The entry and metabolism of 3H-cortisol in oocytes were investigated using isolated follicles of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in order to examine the mechanisms of incorporation of maternal hormones into oocytes. The composition of 3H-labeled steroids in the oocyte was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. A significant amount of cortisol was converted to cortisone and an unidentified molecule by the follicular layer. The contents of 3H-cortisol and 3H-cortisone in the oocyte reached an equilibrium level within 12 hr, whereas the content of the unidentified metabolite continued to increase for 36 hr. The total content of the incorporated cortisol and its metabolites was proportional to cortisol in the medium over the concentration range of 5 ng/ml to 5 microg/ml. The amounts of cortisone and the unidentified molecule increased proportionally when the concentration of cortisol in the medium was lower than 500 ng/ml, whereas they reached a plateau when the concentration of cortisol exceeded 500 ng/ml. Cortisol entry was reversible, because 90% of cortisol and cortisone in the oocyte was lost within 18 hr when the medium was changed to that without 3H-cortisol. On the other hand, 50% of the unidentified molecule was preserved at the end of the incubation. In conclusion, the entry of cortisol into the oocyte was considered to be nonspecific and due probably to simple diffusion. However, a considerable amount of cortisol (50-70%) was specifically converted to cortisone and another unidentified molecule during passage through the follicular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tagawa
- Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA.
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30
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Hines GA, Boots LR, Wibbels T, Watts SA. Steroid levels and steroid metabolism in relation to early gonadal development in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: cyprinoidei). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 114:235-48. [PMID: 10208772 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid levels and steroid metabolism were investigated in relation to early gonadal development in a mixed sex population of the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Androstenedione (AD), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (KT), and estradiol (E2) were quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of whole body extracts. Androstenedione metabolism was assessed by incubations in vitro with 3H-AD and metabolites were identified by thin-layer chromatography coupled with radioisotope image analysis. Histology revealed the presence of gonadal structures at 15 days postfertilization (dpf) and ovaries at 36 dpf, with other individuals exhibiting undifferentiated gonads containing germinal cells, presumably eventual testes. Androgen levels were initially high in eggs then decreased severalfold prior to the emergence of gonads. A transient increase in the levels of T and KT occurred at 22 dpf. Levels of E2 were either low or undetectable except for a transient increase (43 dpf) after ovaries were present. Levels of T approached bimodality from 57 to 64 dpf. Steroid metabolism generally increased throughout development. Metabolites were generally similar, consisting of T predominantly as well as 5beta-reduced androgen derivatives and 11-oyxgenated derivatives. Estriol was tentatively identified. Conjugated steroids were not formed. Two types of steroid metabolic profiles occurred at 50 dpf. These results demonstrate that changes in the steroidogenic profile occur during early transitions of gonadal development. Notably, (1) steroid biosynthetic capacity preceeds gonadal differentiation, (2) evidence for estrogens occurs after ovarian development has begun, and (3) bimodality of levels of T and differential steroid metabolism later in development may reflect the onset of sexual divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Hines
- Departments of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35233-7333, USA
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Grassi Milano E, Basari F, Chimenti C. Adrenocortical and adrenomedullary homologs in eight species of adult and developing teleosts: morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997; 108:483-96. [PMID: 9405124 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1997.7005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphology, histology, and immunohistochemistry of the adrenocortical and adrenomedullary homologs (adrenal glands) of the following developing and adult teleosts were examined: Salmoniformes-Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), Salmo trutta fario (brown trout), Coregonus lavaretus (white fish); Cyprinodontiformes-Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish). Perciformes-Dicentrarchus labrax (sea bass), Sparus aurata (sea bream), Diplodus sargus (white bream), Oblada melanura (saddled bream). The anatomical relationships of the gland with the renal system and venous vessels were also noted. In adults of all species steroidogenic and catecholaminergic chromaffin cells were found in the head kidney, which is pronephric in origin and subsequently transformed into a hematopoietic lymphatic organ. In Perciformes, chromaffin cells are distributed around the anterior and posterior cardinal veins and ducts of Cuvier; in Salmoniformes, around the posterior cardinal veins and in the hematopoietic tissue; and in G. affinis, around the ducts of Cuvier and posterior cardinal veins, while a few are visible also around the sinus venosus. In Perciformes and Salmoniformes, numerous chromaffin cells are also present in the posterior kidney, derived from the opisthonephros, in contact with the caudal vein. Steroidogenic cells are always confined to the head kidney. During development chromaffin and steroidogenic cells appear early after hatching in the pronephric kidney, at the level of the ducts of Cuvier and of the cephalic part of the posterior cardinal veins. Later, chromaffin cells in Perciformes reach the anterior cardinal veins, and subsequently, in both Perciformes and Salmoniformes, they reach the developing posterior kidney. Their localization along the posterior kidney is still in progress about 4 months after hatching and is completed about a year after hatching. These findings support the concept that the structure of the adrenal gland in teleosts is intermediate between that of the other actinopterygians and that of tetrapods. The development differs from that of tetrapods in that it occurs mainly in the pronephros and only later do chromaffin cells reach the opisthonephric kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grassi Milano
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Universitá di Roma La Sapienza, Viale dell'Università 32, Rome, 00185, Italy
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Tagawa M, Hagiwara H, Takemura A, Hirose S, Hirano T. Partial cloning of the hormone-binding domain of the cortisol receptor in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, and changes in the mRNA level during embryonic development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1997; 108:132-40. [PMID: 9378267 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1997.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is one of the central hormones in osmoregulation in fish, especially in seawater adaptation. A cDNA of 453 bp was cloned from liver mRNA of freshwater-reared tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers designed for the hormone-binding domain of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in mammals and rainbow trout. The sequence of PCR product has 83% homology to the trout GR at the nucleotide level and 92% at the amino acid level. The PCR product of tilapia showed highest homology (74% at the amino acid level) to GR among human steroid hormone receptors, including mineralocorticoid receptor. The length of the receptor mRNA of tilapia was about 6.5 kb as determined by Northern blot hybridization. The mRNA concentration in the gills was relatively higher among various organs, the highest concentration being observed in blood cells. Signal intensity of the receptor message in the gills was stronger in fish reared in freshwater than in those reared in seawater or in concentrated (160%) seawater. During early development of tilapia, the highest concentration of receptor mRNA in the total RNA extracted from the whole egg was found just after fertilization, and its concentration decreased steadily toward hatching. The absolute amount of receptor mRNA per egg increased gradually before the initiation of cortisol production by the embryo. When embryos were transferred from fresh water to seawater 2 days before hatching, no difference was observed in the signal intensity of the receptor mRNA among embryos after 1, 2 (the day of hatching), 4, and 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tagawa
- Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo, 164, Japan
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