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Ning Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Wu S. Effect of genetic variants in the SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes promoter on growth and beef quality traits in cattle. Gene 2022; 819:146220. [PMID: 35093446 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes belong to mothers against decapentaplegic proteins family, which participate in the BMP pathway to control skeletal myogenesis and growth. In the present study, we analyzed the associations between polymorphisms of SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes promoter and important economical traits in Qinchuan cattle. Four SNPs in the SMAD1 gene promoter and three SNPs in the SMAD5 promoter were identified by sequencing of 448 Qinchuan cattles. Allelic and frequency analyses of these SNPs resulted in eight haplotypes both in the promoters of the two genes promoter and identified potential cis-regulatory transcription factor (TF) components. In addition, correlation analysis showed that cattle SMAD1 promoter activity of individuals with Hap4 (P < 0.01) was stronger than that of individuals with Hap2. while the transcriptional activity of individuals with Hap3 within SMAD5 gene promoter was significantly (P < 0.01) higher followed by H2. Uniformly, diplotypes H4-H6 of SMAD1 gene and H1-H3 of SMAD5 gene performed significant (P < 0.01) associations with body measurement and improved carcass quality traits. All these results have indicated that polymorphisms in SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes promoter could impact the transcriptional regulation and then affect muscle content in beef cattle. Moreover, both the SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes were expressed ubiquitously in 10 tissues and had higher expression in the longissimus thoracis tissue from 6-month-old and 12-month-old cattle than in cattle of other ages. We can conclude that SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes may play an important role in muscle growth and development, and the variants mapped within SMAD1 and SMAD5 genes can be utilized in molecular marker-assisted selection for cattle carcass quality and body measurement traits in breed improvement programs of Qinchuan cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ning
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute of Physical Education, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenbo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
| | - Sen Wu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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2
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Expression of the bovine KLF6 gene polymorphisms and their association with carcass and body measures in Qinchuan cattle (Bos Taurus). Genomics 2020; 112:423-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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3
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Wan ZH, Ma YH, Jiang TY, Lin YK, Shi YY, Tan YX, Dong LW, Wang HY. Six2 is negatively correlated with prognosis and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TGF-β/Smad signal pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2019; 18:525-531. [PMID: 31564506 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicates that Six2 contributes to tumorigenesis in various tumor including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to determine the role of Six2 in HCC and to elucidate the association of Six2 with clinical pathological characteristics. METHODS The expressions of Six2 in HCC tumor, para-tumor tissue and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) were detected by tissue microarray technique, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Chi-square and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to analyze the correlation between Six2 expression and prognosis of HCC patients. Lentivirus mediated Six2 knockdown, spheroid formation assay, proliferation assay and subcutaneous tumor implantation were performed to determine the function of Six2. RESULTS In 274 HCC samples, Six2 was strongly expressed. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high expression of Six2 was correlated with a shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Moreover, Six2 expression was associated with sex, alpha-fetoprotein, tumor size and portal vein invasion. Six2 was highly expressed in PVTT. Six2 knockdown inhibited HCC cell lines proliferation, migration, and self-renewal in vitro and in vivo. In addition, low-expression of Six2 weakened TGF-β induced Smad4 activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Elevated Six2 expression in HCC tumor patients was associated with negative prognosis. Upregulated Six2 promoted tumor growth and facilitated HCC metastasis via TGF-β/Smad signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Wan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China; No.971 Hospital of Peoples' Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yun-Han Ma
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Tian-Yi Jiang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Yun-Kai Lin
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Shi
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ye-Xiong Tan
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Li-Wei Dong
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.
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4
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Raza SHA, Khan R, Abdelnour SA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Taha A, Ohran H, Mei C, Schreurs NM, Zan L. Advances of Molecular Markers and Their Application for Body Variables and Carcass Traits in Qinchuan Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E717. [PMID: 31533236 PMCID: PMC6771018 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the unique characteristics of Chinese cattle and intramuscular fat content (IMF) as factors influencing meat quality, including tenderness, flavor, and juiciness of meat. Due to its nutritional qualities, meat contributes to a healthy and balanced diet. The intramuscular fat content and eating quality of beef are influenced by many factors, which can generally be divided into on-farm and pre-slaughter factors (breed, sex of cattle, age at slaughter, housing system, diet, and pre-slaughter handling) and postmortem factors (post-slaughter processing, chilling temperature, and packaging). Meat quality traits can also be influenced by the individual genetic background of the animal. Worldwide, the function of genes and genetic polymorphisms that have potential effects on fattening of cattle and beef quality have been investigated. The use of DNA markers is recognized as a powerful and efficient approach to achieve genetic gain for desirable phenotypic characteristics, which is helpful for economic growth. The polymorphisms of the SIRT4, SIRT6, SIRT7, CRTC3, ABHD5, KLF6, H-FABP, and ELOVL6 genes for body and growth characteristics of cattle, and also for beef quality, are considered with the aim of highlighting the significance of beef intramuscular fat content, and that growth, body, and meat quality characteristics are polygenically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajwali Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22578, Egypt.
| | - Husein Ohran
- Department of Physiology, University of Sarajevo, Veterinary Faculty, Zmaja od Bosne Sarajevo 9071000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Chugang Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Nicola M Schreurs
- Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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5
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Yang Y, Workman S, Wilson M. The molecular pathways underlying early gonadal development. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-17-0314. [PMID: 30042122 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The body of knowledge surrounding reproductive development spans the fields of genetics, anatomy, physiology and biomedicine, to build a comprehensive understanding of the later stages of reproductive development in humans and animal models. Despite this, there remains much to learn about the bi-potential progenitor structure that the ovary and testis arise from, known as the genital ridge (GR). This tissue forms relatively late in embryonic development and has the potential to form either the ovary or testis, which in turn produce hormones required for development of the rest of the reproductive tract. It is imperative that we understand the genetic networks underpinning GR development if we are to begin to understand abnormalities in the adult. This is particularly relevant in the contexts of disorders of sex development (DSDs) and infertility, two conditions that many individuals struggle with worldwide, with often no answers as to their aetiology. Here, we review what is known about the genetics of GR development. Investigating the genetic networks required for GR formation will not only contribute to our understanding of the genetic regulation of reproductive development, it may in turn open new avenues of investigation into reproductive abnormalities and later fertility issues in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Yang
- Y Yang, Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Megan Wilson
- M Wilson , Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Wei D, Raza SHA, Zhang J, Gui L, Rahman SU, Khan R, Hosseini SM, Kaleri HA, Zan L. Polymorphism in promoter of SIX4 gene shows association with its transcription and body measurement traits in Qinchuan cattle. Gene 2018; 656:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Wei DW, Ma XY, Zhang S, Hong JY, Gui LS, Mei CG, Guo HF, Wang L, Ning Y, Zan LS. Characterization of the promoter region of the bovine SIX1 gene: Roles of MyoD, PAX7, CREB and MyoG. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12599. [PMID: 28974698 PMCID: PMC5626756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SIX1 gene belongs to the family of six homeodomain transcription factors (TFs), that regulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway and mediate skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Previous studies have demonstrated that SIX1 is positively correlated with body measurement traits (BMTs). However, the transcriptional regulation of SIX1 remains unclear. In the present study, we determined that bovine SIX1 was highly expressed in the longissimus thoracis. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in bovine SIX1 regulation, 2-kb of the 5' regulatory region were obtained. Sequence analysis identified neither a consensus TATA box nor a CCAAT box in the 5' flanking region of bovine SIX1. However, a CpG island was predicted in the region -235 to +658 relative to the transcriptional start site (TSS). An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay in combination with serial deletion constructs of the 5' flanking region, site-directed mutation and siRNA interference demonstrated that MyoD, PAX7 and CREB binding occur in region -689/-40 and play important roles in bovine SIX1 transcription. In addition, MyoG drives SIX1 transcription indirectly via the MEF3 motif. Taken together these interactions suggest a key functional role for SIX1 in mediating skeletal muscle growth in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yao Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Song- Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yun Hong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sheng Gui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Modern Cattle Biotechnology and Application of National-Local Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Gang Mei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Modern Cattle Biotechnology and Application of National-Local Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li- Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue- Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Wei DW, Gui LS, Raza SHA, Zhang S, Khan R, Wang L, Guo HF, Zan LS. NRF1 and ZSCAN10 bind to the promoter region of the SIX1 gene and their effects body measurements in Qinchuan cattle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7867. [PMID: 28801681 PMCID: PMC5554236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SIX1 homeobox gene belongs to the six homeodomain family and is widely thought to play a principal role in mediating of skeletal muscle development. In the present study, we determined that the bovine SIX1 gene was highly expressed in the longissimus thoracis and physiologically immature individuals. DNA sequencing of 428 individual Qinchuan cattle identified nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of the SIX1 gene. Using a series of 5′ deletion promoter plasmid luciferase reporter assays and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA end analysis (RACE), two of these SNPs were found to be located in the proximal minimal promoter region −216/−28 relative to the transcriptional start site (TSS). Correlation analysis showed the combined haplotypes H1-H2 (-GG-GA-) was significantly greater in the body measurement traits (BMTs) than the others, which was consistent with the results showing that the transcriptional activity of Hap2 was higher than the others in Qinchuan cattle myoblast cells. Furthermore, the electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) demonstrated that NRF1 and ZSCAN10 binding occurred in the promoter region of diplotypes H1-H2 to regulate SIX1 transcriptional activity. This information may be useful for molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in cattle breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sheng Gui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rajwali Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Beef Cattle Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Sen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Modern Cattle Biotechnology and Application of National-Local Engineering Research Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Cai B, Li Z, Ma M, Wang Z, Han P, Abdalla BA, Nie Q, Zhang X. LncRNA-Six1 Encodes a Micropeptide to Activate Six1 in Cis and Is Involved in Cell Proliferation and Muscle Growth. Front Physiol 2017; 8:230. [PMID: 28473774 PMCID: PMC5397475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in epigenetic regulation of skeletal muscle development. In our previous RNA-seq study (accession number GSE58755), we found that lncRNA-Six1 is an lncRNA that is differentially expressed between White Recessive Rock (WRR) and Xinghua (XH) chicken. In this study, we have further demonstrated that lncRNA-Six1 is located 432 bp upstream of the gene encoding the protein Six homeobox 1 (Six1). A dual-luciferase reporter assay identified that lncRNA-Six1 overlaps the Six1 proximal promoter. In lncRNA-Six1, a micropeptide of about 7.26 kDa was found to play an important role in the lncRNA-Six1 in cis activity. Overexpression of lncRNA-Six1 promoted the mRNA and protein expression level of the Six1 gene, while knockdown of lncRNA-Six1 inhibited Six1 expression. Moreover, tissue expression profiles showed that both the lncRNA-Six1 and the Six1 mRNA were highly expressed in chicken breast tissue. LncRNA-Six1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and induced cell division. Conversely, its loss of function inhibited cell proliferation and reduced cell viability. Similar effects were observed after overexpression or knockdown of the Six1 gene. In addition, overexpression or knockdown of Six1 promoted or inhibited, respectively, the expression levels of muscle-growth-related genes, such as MYOG, MYHC, MYOD, IGF1R, and INSR. Taken together, these data demonstrate that lncRNA-Six1 carries out cis-acting regulation of the protein-encoding Six1 gene, and encodes a micropeptide to activate Six1 gene, thus promoting cell proliferation and being involved in muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Cai
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhui Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Manting Ma
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Peigong Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Bahareldin A Abdalla
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock BreedingGuangzhou, China
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10
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Emadi-Baygi M, Nikpour P, Emadi-Andani E. SIX1 overexpression in diffuse-type and grade III gastric tumors: Features that are associated with poor prognosis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:139. [PMID: 26322287 PMCID: PMC4544127 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. In Iran, the incidence of gastric cancer is well above the world average, and is the first common cancer in Iranian men and the third one in women. Located at chromosome 14q23, SIX1 is a homolog of the Drosophila ‘sine oculis’ (so) gene and is highly conserved in numerous species. In addition to the role of SIX1 in the development, its expression is frequently dysregulated in multiple cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features of the expression of SIX1 gene in gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Thirty pairs of gastric tissue samples from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were evaluated for SIX1 gene expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A paired t-test or one-way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparisons were used to analyze the differences between groups. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ 0.05. Results: SIX1 expression was decreased in tumoral samples. However, its expression increased significantly in diffuse-type gastric cancer. Furthermore, there was a trend toward statistical significance in increasing SIX1 gene expression with higher grades. Of note, the difference was significant between grades I and III. Conclusions: The results suggest that SIX1 gene expression might be used in the future as a potential biomarker to predict the outcome of the disease as diffuse-type and grade III of gastric tumors are associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Emadi-Andani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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11
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Wu W, Huang R, Wu Q, Li P, Chen J, Li B, Liu H. The role of Six1 in the genesis of muscle cell and skeletal muscle development. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:983-9. [PMID: 25210496 PMCID: PMC4159689 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor. In the past two decades, much research has indicated that Six1 is a powerful regulator participating in skeletal muscle development. In this review, we summarized the discovery and structural characteristics of Six1 gene, and discussed the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of Six1 in myogenesis and in the formation of skeletal muscle fibers. Finally, we proposed areas of future interest for understanding Six1 gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; ; 2. Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; ; 2. Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- 3. College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, China. ; 4. Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pinghua Li
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; ; 2. Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Jie Chen
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bojiang Li
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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12
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Wu W, Ren Z, Li P, Yu D, Chen J, Huang R, Liu H. Six1: A critical transcription factor in tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1245-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
- Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University; Huaian Jiangsu China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture; Key Lab of Agriculture Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Debing Yu
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics; Breeding and Reproduction; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
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13
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Iglesias AI, Springelkamp H, van der Linde H, Severijnen LA, Amin N, Oostra B, Kockx CEM, van den Hout MCGN, van IJcken WFJ, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Verdijk RM, Klaver CCW, Willemsen R, van Duijn CM. Exome sequencing and functional analyses suggest that SIX6 is a gene involved in an altered proliferation–differentiation balance early in life and optic nerve degeneration at old age. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1320-32. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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14
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Core promoter analysis of porcine Six1 gene and its regulation of the promoter activity by CpG methylation. Gene 2013; 529:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Maina JN. Comparative molecular developmental aspects of the mammalian- and the avian lungs, and the insectan tracheal system by branching morphogenesis: recent advances and future directions. Front Zool 2012; 9:16. [PMID: 22871018 PMCID: PMC3502106 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas exchangers fundamentally form by branching morphogenesis (BM), a mechanistically profoundly complex process which derives from coherent expression and regulation of multiple genes that direct cell-to-cell interactions, differentiation, and movements by signaling of various molecular morphogenetic cues at specific times and particular places in the developing organ. Coordinated expression of growth-instructing factors determines sizes and sites where bifurcation occurs, by how much a part elongates before it divides, and the angle at which branching occurs. BM is essentially induced by dualities of factors where through feedback- or feed forward loops agonists/antagonists are activated or repressed. The intricate transactions between the development orchestrating molecular factors determine the ultimate phenotype. From the primeval time when the transformation of unicellular organisms to multicellular ones occurred by systematic accretion of cells, BM has been perpetually conserved. Canonical signalling, transcriptional pathways, and other instructive molecular factors are commonly employed within and across species, tissues, and stages of development. While much still remain to be elucidated and some of what has been reported corroborated and reconciled with rest of existing data, notable progress has in recent times been made in understanding the mechanism of BM. By identifying and characterizing the morphogenetic drivers, and markers and their regulatory dynamics, the elemental underpinnings of BM have been more precisely explained. Broadening these insights will allow more effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of developmental abnormalities and pathologies in pre- and postnatal lungs. Conservation of the molecular factors which are involved in the development of the lung (and other branched organs) is a classic example of nature's astuteness in economically utilizing finite resources. Once purposefully formed, well-tested and tried ways and means are adopted, preserved, and widely used to engineer the most optimal phenotypes. The material and time costs of developing utterly new instruments and routines with every drastic biological change (e.g. adaptation and speciation) are circumvented. This should assure the best possible structures and therefore functions, ensuring survival and evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, P,O, Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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16
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Ker EDF, Nain AS, Weiss LE, Wang J, Suhan J, Amon CH, Campbell PG. Bioprinting of growth factors onto aligned sub-micron fibrous scaffolds for simultaneous control of cell differentiation and alignment. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8097-107. [PMID: 21820736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The capability to spatially control stem cell orientation and differentiation simultaneously using a combination of geometric cues that mimic structural aspects of native extracellular matrix (ECM) and biochemical cues such as ECM-bound growth factors (GFs) is important for understanding the organization and function of musculoskeletal tissues. Herein, oriented sub-micron fibers, which are morphologically similar to musculoskeletal ECM, were spatially patterned with GFs using an inkjet-based bioprinter to create geometric and biochemical cues that direct musculoskeletal cell alignment and differentiation in vitro in registration with fiber orientation and printed patterns, respectively. Sub-micron polystyrene fibers (diameter ~ 655 nm) were fabricated using a Spinneret-based Tunable Engineered Parameters (STEP) technique and coated with serum or fibrin. The fibers were subsequently patterned with tendon-promoting fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) or bone-promoting bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) prior to seeding with mouse C2C12 myoblasts or C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal fibroblasts. Unprinted regions of STEP fibers showed myocyte differentiation while printed FGF-2 and BMP-2 patterns promoted tenocyte and osteoblast fates, respectively, and inhibited myocyte differentiation. Additionally, cells aligned along the fiber length. Functionalizing oriented sub-micron fibers with printed GFs provides instructive cues to spatially control cell fate and alignment to mimic native tissue organization and may have applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer D F Ker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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17
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Christophorou NAD, Bailey AP, Hanson S, Streit A. Activation of Six1 target genes is required for sensory placode formation. Dev Biol 2009; 336:327-36. [PMID: 19781543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, cranial placodes form crucial parts of the sensory nervous system in the head. All cranial placodes arise from a common territory, the preplacodal region, and are identified by the expression of Six1/4 and Eya1/2 genes, which control different aspects of sensory development in invertebrates as well as vertebrates. While So and Eya can induce ectopic eyes in Drosophila, the ability of their vertebrate homologues to induce placodes in non-placodal ectoderm has not been explored. Here we show that Six1 and Eya2 are involved in ectodermal patterning and cooperate to induce preplacodal gene expression, while repressing neural plate and neural crest fates. However, they are not sufficient to induce ectopic sensory placodes in future epidermis. Activation of Six1 target genes is required for expression of preplacodal genes, for normal placode morphology and for placode-specific Pax protein expression. These findings suggest that unlike in the fly where the Pax6 homologue Eyeless acts upstream of Six and Eya, the regulatory relationships between these genes are reversed in early vertebrate placode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A D Christophorou
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Tower Wing Floor 27, London SE1 8RT, UK
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18
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Kumar JP. The sine oculis homeobox (SIX) family of transcription factors as regulators of development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:565-83. [PMID: 18989625 PMCID: PMC2716997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The sine oculis homeobox (SIX) protein family is a group of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are found in diverse organisms that range from flatworms to humans. These factors are expressed within, and play pivotal developmental roles in, cell populations that give rise to the head, retina, ear, nose, brain, kidney, muscle and gonads. Mutations within the fly and mammalian versions of these genes have adverse consequences on the development of these organs/tissues. Several SIX proteins have been shown to directly influence the cell cycle and are present at elevated levels during tumorigenesis and within several cancers. This review aims to highlight aspects of (1) the evolutionary history of the SIX family; (2) the structural differences and similarities amongst the different SIX proteins; (3) the role that these genes play in retinal development; and (4) the influence that these proteins have on cell proliferation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, USA.
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19
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Li Z, Stonehuerner J, Devlin RB, Huang YCT. Discrimination of vanadium from zinc using gene profiling in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1747-54. [PMID: 16330358 PMCID: PMC1314916 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that gene expression profiling may discriminate vanadium from zinc in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). RNA from HBECs exposed to vehicle, V (50 microM), or Zn (50 microM) for 4 hr (n = 4 paired experiments) was hybridized to Affymetrix Hu133A chips. Using one-class t-test with p < 0.01, we identified 140 and 76 genes with treatment:control ratios > or = 2.0 or < or = 0.5 for V and Zn, respectively. We then categorized these genes into functional pathways and compared the number of genes in each pathway between V and Zn using Fisher's exact test. Three pathways regulating gene transcription, inflammatory response, and cell proliferation distinguished V from Zn. When genes in these three pathways were matched with the 163 genes flagged by the same statistical filtration for V:Zn ratios, 12 genes were identified. The hierarchical clustering analysis showed that these 12 genes discriminated V from Zn and consisted of two clusters. Cluster 1 genes (ZBTB1, PML, ZNF44, SIX1, BCL6, ZNF450) were down-regulated by V and involved in gene transcription, whereas cluster 2 genes (IL8, IL1A, PTGS2, DTR, TNFAIP3, CXCL3) were up-regulated and linked to inflammatory response and cell proliferation. Also, metallothionein 1 genes (MT1F, MT1G, MT1K) were up-regulated by Zn only. Thus, using microarray analysis, we identified a small set of genes that may be used as biomarkers for discriminating V from Zn. The novel genes and pathways identified by the microarray may help us understand the pathogenesis of health effects caused by environmental V and Zn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Li
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Brugmann SA, Moody SA. Induction and specification of the vertebrate ectodermal placodes: precursors of the cranial sensory organs. Biol Cell 2005; 97:303-19. [PMID: 15836430 DOI: 10.1042/bc20040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sensory organs of the vertebrate head derive from two embryological structures, the neural crest and the ectodermal placodes. Although quite a lot is known about the secreted and transcription factors that regulate neural crest development, until recently little was known about the molecular pathways that regulate placode development. Herein we review recent findings on the induction and specification of the pre-placodal ectoderm, and the transcription factors that are involved in regulating placode fate and initial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Brugmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Genetics Program, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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21
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Grifone R, Demignon J, Houbron C, Souil E, Niro C, Seller MJ, Hamard G, Maire P. Six1 and Six4 homeoproteins are required for Pax3 and Mrf expression during myogenesis in the mouse embryo. Development 2005; 132:2235-49. [PMID: 15788460 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, Six5, Six4 and Six1 genes are co-expressed during mouse myogenesis. Six4 and Six5 single knockout (KO)mice have no developmental defects, while Six1 KO mice die at birth and show multiple organ developmental defects. We have generated Six1Six4 double KO mice and show an aggravation of the phenotype previously reported for the single Six1 KO. Six1Six4 double KO mice are characterized by severe craniofacial and rib defects, and general muscle hypoplasia. At the limb bud level, Six1 and Six4homeogenes control early steps of myogenic cell delamination and migration from the somite through the control of Pax3 gene expression. Impaired in their migratory pathway, cells of the somitic ventrolateral dermomyotome are rerouted, lose their identity and die by apoptosis. At the interlimb level, epaxial Met expression is abolished, while it is preserved in Pax3-deficient embryos. Within the myotome, absence of Six1and Six4 impairs the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors myogenin and Myod1, and Mrf4 expression becomes undetectable. Myf5 expression is correctly initiated but becomes restricted to the caudal region of each somite. Early syndetomal expression of scleraxis is reduced in the Six1Six4 embryo, while the myotomal expression of Fgfr4 and Fgf8 but not Fgf4 and Fgf6 is maintained. These results highlight the different roles played by Six proteins during skeletal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaelle Grifone
- Département Génétique, Développement et Pathologie Moléculaire, Institut Cochin--INSERM 567, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris V, 24 Rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques 75014 Paris, France
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22
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Grifone R, Laclef C, Spitz F, Lopez S, Demignon J, Guidotti JE, Kawakami K, Xu PX, Kelly R, Petrof BJ, Daegelen D, Concordet JP, Maire P. Six1 and Eya1 expression can reprogram adult muscle from the slow-twitch phenotype into the fast-twitch phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6253-67. [PMID: 15226428 PMCID: PMC434262 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.14.6253-6267.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fibers show great differences in their contractile and metabolic properties. This diversity enables skeletal muscles to fulfill and adapt to different tasks. In this report, we show that the Six/Eya pathway is implicated in the establishment and maintenance of the fast-twitch skeletal muscle phenotype. We demonstrate that the MEF3/Six DNA binding element present in the aldolase A pM promoter mediates the high level of activation of this promoter in fast-twitch glycolytic (but not in slow-twitch) muscle fibers. We also show that among the Six and Eya gene products expressed in mouse skeletal muscle, Six1 and Eya1 proteins accumulate preferentially in the nuclei of fast-twitch muscles. The forced expression of Six1 and Eya1 together in the slow-twitch soleus muscle induced a fiber-type transition characterized by the replacement of myosin heavy chain I and IIA isoforms by the faster IIB and/or IIX isoforms, the activation of fast-twitch fiber-specific genes, and a switch toward glycolytic metabolism. Collectively, these data identify Six1 and Eya1 as the first transcriptional complex that is able to reprogram adult slow-twitch oxidative fibers toward a fast-twitch glycolytic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaelle Grifone
- Departement Génétique, Développement et Pathologie Moléculaire, Institut Cochin-INSERM 567, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris V, France
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23
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Bebenek IG, Gates RD, Morris J, Hartenstein V, Jacobs DK. sine oculis in basal Metazoa. Dev Genes Evol 2004; 214:342-51. [PMID: 15221378 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-004-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the recovery of homologs of Six1/2/sine oculis (so), a homeodomain-containing member of the Six-gene family, from a diverse set of basal Metazoa, including representatives of the poriferan classes Demospongia, Calcarea and Hexactinellida, the cnidarian classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa, as well as a ctenophore. so sequences were also recovered from a platyhelminth, an echiurid and two bivalve molluscs, members of the super-phyletic group Lophotrochozoa. In the case of the platyhelminth, multiple distinct so sequences were recovered, as well as a member of the related group Six4/5/D-Six4. Extended sequences of the so gene were recovered from the demosponge, Haliclona sp., and the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita via PCR, and 3' RACE. The affinities of all recovered sequences were assessed using a parsimony analysis based on both nucleic and amino acid sequence and using successive character weighting. Our results indicate that so is highly conserved across the animal kingdom. Preliminary expression data for Aurelia reveal that transcripts of the so homolog are present in the manubrium as well as in the rhopalia, which contain the statocyst and eyes, in the free-swimming ephyra and juvenile stages of these jellyfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona G Bebenek
- Department of Organismic Biology Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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24
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Ozaki H, Watanabe Y, Takahashi K, Kitamura K, Tanaka A, Urase K, Momoi T, Sudo K, Sakagami J, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Kawakami K. Six4, a putative myogenin gene regulator, is not essential for mouse embryonal development. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:3343-50. [PMID: 11313460 PMCID: PMC100256 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.10.3343-3350.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six4 is a member of the Six family genes, homologues of Drosophila melanogaster sine oculis. The gene is thought to be involved in neurogenesis, myogenesis, and development of other organs, based on its specific expression in certain neuronal cells of the developing embryo and in adult skeletal muscles. To elucidate the biological roles of Six4, we generated Six4-deficient mice by replacing the Six homologous region and homeobox by the beta-galactosidase gene. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside staining of the heterozygous mutant embryos revealed expression of Six4 in cranial and dorsal root ganglia, somites, otic and nasal placodes, branchial arches, Rathke's pouch, apical ectodermal ridges of limb buds, and mesonephros. The expression pattern was similar to that of Six1 except at the early stage of embryonic day 8.5. Six4-deficient mice were born according to the Mendelian rule with normal gross appearance and were fertile. No hearing defects were detected. Six4-deficient embryos showed no morphological abnormalities, and the expression patterns of several molecular markers, e.g., myogenin and NeuroD3 (neurogenin1), were normal. Our results indicate that Six4 is not essential for mouse embryogenesis and suggest that other members of the Six family seem to compensate for the loss of Six4.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ozaki
- Departments of Biology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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25
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Kobayashi M, Nishikawa K, Suzuki T, Yamamoto M. The homeobox protein Six3 interacts with the Groucho corepressor and acts as a transcriptional repressor in eye and forebrain formation. Dev Biol 2001; 232:315-26. [PMID: 11401394 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six3 is a vertebrate homeobox gene that is expressed in the anterior neural plate and eye anlage. We overexpressed a dominant transcriptional activator or repressor form of Six3 in zebrafish embryos to analyze their effect on eye and forebrain formation. RNA injection of the activator form of Six3 into zebrafish embryos caused reduction of the expression domains for rx2, pax2, and emx1 in the anterior neural plate, resulting in eye and forebrain hypoplasia. On the other hand, overexpression of the repressor form of Six3 or wild-type Six3 showed phenotypes opposite to those of the activator form. We found that Six3 has eh1-related motifs, motifs crucial for transcriptional repression function of Drosophila engrailed which plays a role in tethering the Groucho corepressor to the promoters. We isolated one of the zebrafish Groucho family genes, grg3, and demonstrated an interaction between Six3 and Grg3 using yeast two-hybrid analysis. Point-mutations in the eh1-related motifs in Six3 reduced both its eye and forebrain enlarging activities and its interaction with Grg3. These results strongly argue that Six3 functions as a Groucho-dependent repressor in eye and forebrain formation. Furthermore, zebrafish Six2 and Six4 also interacted with Grg3, implying a conserved function among the Six family proteins as transcriptional repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kobayashi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
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26
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Kobayashi M, Osanai H, Kawakami K, Yamamoto M. Expression of three zebrafish Six4 genes in the cranial sensory placodes and the developing somites. Mech Dev 2000; 98:151-5. [PMID: 11044620 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox gene Six4/AREC3 is a member of the vertebrate Six family of transcription factor genes. In this study we describe the cloning and expression of three zebrafish homologues of Six4/AREC3, six4.1, six4.2 and six4.3. These zebrafish Six4 proteins show high homology to the mammalian Six4/AREC3 proteins in the most C-terminal region in addition to the Six domain and homeodomain. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that six4.1 is expressed in the presumptive cranial placodal precursor cells, and later in the olfactory, otic and lateral line placodes. six4.2 is expressed in the presomitic mesoderm, somites and pectoral fin bud. six4.3 appears to be a unique member of the Six4 proteins and is expressed ubiquitously at gastrulation and later in the tectum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kobayashi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan.
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27
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Fan X, Brass LF, Poncz M, Spitz F, Maire P, Manning DR. The alpha subunits of Gz and Gi interact with the eyes absent transcription cofactor Eya2, preventing its interaction with the six class of homeodomain-containing proteins. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:32129-34. [PMID: 10906137 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004577200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast two-hybrid techniques were used to identify possible effectors for the heterotrimeric G protein G(z) in human bone marrow cells. Eya2, a human homologue of the Drosophila Eya transcription co-activator, was identified. Eya2 interacts with activated Galpha(z) and at least one other member of the Galpha(i) family, Galpha(i2). Interactions were confirmed in mammalian two-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase fusion protein pull-down assays. Regions of Eya2-mediating interaction were mapped to the C-terminal Eya consensus domain. Eya2 is an intrinsically cytosolic protein that is translocated to the nucleus by members of the Six homeodomain-containing family of proteins. Activated Galpha(z) and Galpha(i2) prevent Eya2 translocation and inhibit Six/Eya2-mediated activation of a reporter gene controlled through the MEF3/TATA promoter. Although G proteins are known to regulate the activity of numerous transcription factors, this regulation is normally achieved indirectly via one or more intermediates. We show here a novel functional regulation of a co-activator directly by G protein subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Medicine and Pathology, and Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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28
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Pandur PD, Moody SA. Xenopus Six1 gene is expressed in neurogenic cranial placodes and maintained in the differentiating lateral lines. Mech Dev 2000; 96:253-7. [PMID: 10960794 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Six genes are homeobox-containing transcription factors, many of which are expressed in head structures. We isolated a full-length cDNA of a previously unknown Xenopus member of this family. It shares a high sequence homology with mouse and human Six1, which during development are expressed in mesoderm and muscle. In contrast, XSix1 is prominently expressed in all neurogenic cephalic placodes and lateral line primordia from neurula to tadpole stages. The neurons derived from these placodes do not express XSix1, but the lateral line mechanoreceptors maintain expression. XSix1 is weakly expressed in muscle later in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Pandur
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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29
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Kawakami K, Sato S, Ozaki H, Ikeda K. Six family genes--structure and function as transcription factors and their roles in development. Bioessays 2000; 22:616-26. [PMID: 10878574 DOI: 10.1002/1521-1878(200007)22:7<616::aid-bies4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The members of the Six gene family were identified as homologues of Drosophila sine oculis which is essential for compound-eye formation. The Six proteins are characterized by the Six domain and the Six-type homeodomain, both of which are essential for specific DNA binding and for cooperative interactions with Eya proteins. Mammals possess six Six genes which can be subdivided into three subclasses, and mutations of Six genes have been identified in human genetic disorders. Characterization of Six genes from various animal phyla revealed the antiquity of this gene family and roles of its members in several different developmental contexts. Some members retain conserved roles as components of the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach regulatory network, which may have been established in the common ancestor of all bilaterians as a toolbox controlling cell proliferation and cell movement during embryogenesis. Gene duplications and cis-regulatory changes may have provided a basis for diverse functions of Six genes in different animal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Department of Biology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
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Seimiya M, Gehring WJ. The Drosophila homeobox gene optix is capable of inducing ectopic eyes by an eyeless-independent mechanism. Development 2000; 127:1879-86. [PMID: 10751176 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.9.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
optix is a new member of the Six/so gene family from Drosophila that contains both a six domain and a homeodomain. Because of its high amino acid sequence similarity with the mouse Six3 gene, optix is considered to be the orthologous gene from Drosophila rather than sine oculis, as previously believed. optix expression was detected in the eye, wing and haltere imaginal discs. Ectopic expression of optix leads to the formation of ectopic eyes suggesting that optix has important functions in eye development. Although optix and sine oculis belong to the same gene family (Six/so) and share a high degree of amino acid sequence identity, there are a number of factors which suggest that their developmental roles are different: (1) the expression patterns of optix and sine oculis are clearly distinct; (2) sine oculis acts downstream of eyeless, whereas optix is expressed independently of eyeless; (3) sine oculis functions synergistically with eyes absent in eye development whereas optix does not; (4) ectopic expression of optix alone, but not of sine oculis can induce ectopic eyes in the antennal disc. These results suggest that optix is involved in eye morphogenesis by an eyeless-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seimiya
- Biozentrum University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Boucher CA, Winchester CL, Hamilton GM, Winter AD, Johnson KJ, Bailey ME. Structure, mapping and expression of the human gene encoding the homeodomain protein, SIX2. Gene 2000; 247:145-51. [PMID: 10773454 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate genes with sequence similarity to the Drosophila homeobox gene, sine oculis (so), constitute the SIX family. There is notable expression of members of this family in anterior neural structures, and several SIX genes have been shown to play roles in vertebrate and insect development, or have been implicated in maintenance of the differentiated state of tissues. Mutations in three of these genes in man (SIX5, SIX6 and SIX3) are associated with severe phenotypes, and therefore, the cloning of other human genes from this family is of interest. We have cloned and characterised the gene that encodes human SIX2, elucidated its gene structure and conducted expression studies in a range of tissues. SIX2 is widely expressed in the late first-trimester fetus, but has a limited range of expression sites in the adult. The expression pattern of SIX2 and its localisation to chromosome 2p15-p16 will be of use in assessing its candidacy in human developmental disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Boucher
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Khan J, Bittner ML, Saal LH, Teichmann U, Azorsa DO, Gooden GC, Pavan WJ, Trent JM, Meltzer PS. cDNA microarrays detect activation of a myogenic transcription program by the PAX3-FKHR fusion oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:13264-9. [PMID: 10557309 PMCID: PMC23936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive pediatric cancer of striated muscle characterized in 60% of cases by a t(2;13)(q35;q14). This results in the fusion of PAX3, a developmental transcription factor required for limb myogenesis, with FKHR, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors. The resultant PAX3-FKHR gene possesses transforming properties; however, the effects of this chimeric oncogene on gene expression are largely unknown. To investigate the actions of these transcription factors, both Pax3 and PAX3-FKHR were introduced into NIH 3T3 cells, and the resultant gene expression changes were analyzed with a murine cDNA microarray containing 2,225 elements. We found that PAX3-FKHR but not PAX3 activated a myogenic transcription program including the induction of transcription factors MyoD, Myogenin, Six1, and Slug as well as a battery of genes involved in several aspects of muscle function. Notable among this group were the growth factor gene Igf2 and its binding protein Igfbp5. Relevance of this model was suggested by verification that three of these genes (IGFBP5, HSIX1, and Slug) were also expressed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. This study utilizes cDNA microarrays to elucidate the pattern of gene expression induced by an oncogenic transcription factor and demonstrates the profound myogenic properties of PAX3-FKHR in NIH 3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Khan
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gallardo ME, Lopez-Rios J, Fernaud-Espinosa I, Granadino B, Sanz R, Ramos C, Ayuso C, Seller MJ, Brunner HG, Bovolenta P, Rodríguez de Córdoba S. Genomic cloning and characterization of the human homeobox gene SIX6 reveals a cluster of SIX genes in chromosome 14 and associates SIX6 hemizygosity with bilateral anophthalmia and pituitary anomalies. Genomics 1999; 61:82-91. [PMID: 10512683 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila gene sine oculis (so), a nuclear homeoprotein that is required for eye development, has several homologues in vertebrates (the SIX gene family). Among them, SIX3 is considered to be the functional orthologue of so because it is strongly expressed in the developing eye. However, embryonic SIX3 expression is not limited to the eye field, and SIX3 has been found to be mutated in some patients with holoprosencephaly type 2 (HPE2), suggesting that SIX3 has wide implications in head development. We report here the cloning and characterization of SIX6, a novel human SIX gene that is the homologue of the chick Six6(Optx2) gene. SIX6 is closely related to SIX3 and is expressed in the developing and adult human retina. Data from chick and mouse suggest that the human SIX6 gene is also expressed in the hypothalamic and the pituitary regions. SIX6 spans 2567 bp of genomic DNA and is split in two exons that are transcribed into a 1393-nucleotide-long mRNA. Chromosomal mapping of SIX6 revealed that it is closely linked to SIX1 and SIX4 in human chromosome 14q22.3-q23, which provides clues about the origin and evolution of the vertebrate SIX family. Recently three independent reports have associated interstitial deletions at 14q22.3-q23 with bilateral anophthalmia and pituitary anomalies. Genomic analyses of one of these cases demonstrated SIX6 hemizygosity, strongly suggesting that SIX6 haploinsufficiency is responsible for these developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Velázquez 144, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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Niimi T, Seimiya M, Kloter U, Flister S, Gehring WJ. Direct regulatory interaction of the eyeless protein with an eye-specific enhancer in the sine oculis gene during eye induction in Drosophila. Development 1999; 126:2253-60. [PMID: 10207149 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.10.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Pax-6 gene encodes a transcription factor with two DNA-binding domains, a paired and a homeodomain, and is expressed during eye morphogenesis and development of the nervous system. Pax-6 homologs have been isolated from a wide variety of organisms ranging from flatworms to humans. Since loss-of-function mutants in insects and mammals lead to an eyeless phenotype and Pax-6 orthologs from distantly related species are capable of inducing ectopic eyes in Drosophila, we have proposed that Pax-6 is a universal master control gene for eye morphogenesis. To determine the extent of evolutionary conservation of the eye morphogenetic pathway, we have begun to identify subordinate target genes of Pax-6. Previously we have shown that expression of two genes, sine oculis (so) and eyes absent (eya), is induced by eyeless (ey), the Pax-6 homolog of Drosophila. Here we present evidence from ectopic expression studies in transgenic flies, from transcription activation studies in yeast, and from gel shift assays in vitro that the EY protein activates transcription of sine oculis by direct interaction with an eye-specific enhancer in the long intron of the so gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Niimi
- Biozentrum University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Seo HC, Curtiss J, Mlodzik M, Fjose A. Six class homeobox genes in drosophila belong to three distinct families and are involved in head development. Mech Dev 1999; 83:127-39. [PMID: 10381573 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Six genes are homologues of the Drosophila homeobox gene sine oculis (so), which is essential for development of the entire visual system. Here we describe two new Six genes in Drosophila, D-Six3 and D-Six4, which encode proteins with strongest similarity to vertebrate Six3 and Six4, respectively. In addition, we report the partial sequences of 12 Six gene homologues from several lower vertebrates and show that the class of Six proteins can be subdivided into three major families, each including one Drosophila member. Similar to so, both D-Six3 and D-Six4 are initially expressed at the blastoderm stage in narrow regions of the prospective head and during later stages in specific groups of head midline neurectodermal cells. D-Six3 may also be essential for development of the clypeolabrum and several head sensory organs. Thus, the major function of the ancestral Six gene probably involved specification of neural structures in the cephalic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Seo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB-Biobuilding, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
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36
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Granadino B, Gallardo ME, López-Ríos J, Sanz R, Ramos C, Ayuso C, Bovolenta P, Rodríguez de Córdoba S. Genomic cloning, structure, expression pattern, and chromosomal location of the human SIX3 gene. Genomics 1999; 55:100-5. [PMID: 9889003 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila gene sine oculis (so) is a nuclear homeoprotein that is required for eye development. Homologous genes to so, denoted SIX genes, have been found in vertebrates. Among the SIX genes, SIX3 is considered to be the functional homologue of so. To provide insight into the potential implications of SIX3 in human ocular malformations, we have cloned and characterized the human SIX3 gene. In human eye, SIX3 produces a 3-kb transcript that codes for a 332-amino-acid polypeptide that is virtually identical to its mouse and chick homologues. Expression of SIX3 was detected in human embryos as early as 5-7 weeks of gestation and found to be maintained in the eye throughout the entire period of fetal development. At 20 weeks of gestation, expression of SIX3 in the human retina was detected in the ganglion cells and in cells of the inner nuclear layer. The human SIX3 gene spans 4.4 kb of genomic DNA and is split in two exons separated by a 1659-bp intron. SIX3 was mapped to human chromosome 2p16-p21, between the genetic markers D2S119 and D2S288. Interestingly, the map position of human SIX3 overlaps the locations of two dominant disorders with ocular phenotypes that have been assigned to this chromosomal region, holoprosencephaly type 2 and Malattia Leventinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Granadino
- Departamento de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Velázquez 144, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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Spitz F, Demignon J, Porteu A, Kahn A, Concordet JP, Daegelen D, Maire P. Expression of myogenin during embryogenesis is controlled by Six/sine oculis homeoproteins through a conserved MEF3 binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14220-5. [PMID: 9826681 PMCID: PMC24354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenin, one of the MyoD family of proteins, is expressed early during somitogenesis and is required for myoblast fusion in vivo. Previous studies in transgenic mice have shown that a 184-bp myogenin promoter fragment is sufficient to correctly drive expression of a beta-galactosidase transgene during embryogenesis. We show here that mutation of one of the DNA motifs present in this region, the MEF3 motif, abolished correct expression of this beta-galactosidase transgene. We have found that the proteins that bind to the MEF3 site are homeoproteins of the Six/sine oculis family. Antibodies directed specifically against Six1 or Six4 proteins reveal that each of these proteins is present in the embryo when myogenin is activated and constitutes a muscle-specific MEF3-binding activity in adult muscle nuclear extracts. Both of these proteins accumulate in the nucleus of C2C12 myogenic cells, and transient transfection experiments confirm that Six1 and Six4 are able to transactivate a reporter gene containing MEF3 sites. Altogether these results establish Six homeoproteins as a family of transcription factors controlling muscle formation through activation of one of its key regulators, myogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Spitz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U129, Institut Cochin de Genetique Moleculaire, Université René Descartes Paris V, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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Ford HL, Kabingu EN, Bump EA, Mutter GL, Pardee AB. Abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint associated with overexpression of HSIX1: a possible mechanism of breast carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:12608-13. [PMID: 9770533 PMCID: PMC22878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While conducting a search for cell cycle-regulated genes in human mammary carcinoma cells, we identified HSIX1, a recently discovered member of a new homeobox gene subfamily. HSIX1 expression was absent at the onset of and increased toward the end of S phase. Since its expression pattern is suggestive of a role after S phase, we investigated the effect of HSIX1 in the G2 cell cycle checkpoint. Overexpression of HSIX1 in MCF7 cells abrogated the G2 cell cycle checkpoint in response to x-ray irradiation. HSIX1 expression was absent or very low in normal mammary tissue, but was high in 44% of primary breast cancers and 90% of metastatic lesions. In addition, HSIX1 was expressed in a variety of cancer cell lines, suggesting an important function in multiple tumor types. These data support the role for homeobox genes in tumorigenesis/tumor progression, possibly through a cell cycle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Ford
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Seo HC, Drivenes, Ellingsen S, Fjose A. Expression of two zebrafish homologues of the murine Six3 gene demarcates the initial eye primordia. Mech Dev 1998; 73:45-57. [PMID: 9545529 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(98)00028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The murine homeobox gene Six3 and its Drosophila homologue sine oculis both have regulatory functions in eye development. We report the isolation and characterization of two zebrafish genes, six3 and six6, that are closely related to the murine Six3 gene. Zebrafish six3 may be the structural orthologue, while the six6 gene is more similar with respect to embryonic expression. Transcripts of both zebrafish six genes are first detected in involuting axial mesendoderm and, subsequently, in the overlying anterior neural plate from which the optic vesicles and the forebrain will develop. Direct correspondence between six3/six6 expression boundaries and the optic vesicles indicate essential roles in defining the eye primordia. During later stages only the six6 gene displays similar features of expression in the eyes and rostral brain as reported previously for murine Six3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Seo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB-Biobuilding, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
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Ford HL, Pardee AB. The S phase: Beginning, middle, and end: A perspective. J Cell Biochem 1998; 72 Suppl 30-31:1-7. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(1998)72:30/31+<1::aid-jcb2>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/1998] [Accepted: 09/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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