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LeMaster DM, Bashir Q, Hernández G. Propagation of conformational instability in FK506-binding protein FKBP12. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2024; 1872:140990. [PMID: 38142946 PMCID: PMC10939819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
FKBP12 is the archetype of the FK506 binding domains that define the family of FKBP proteins which participate in the regulation of various distinct physiological signaling processes. As the drugs FK506 and rapamycin inhibit many of these FKBP proteins, there is need to develop therapeutics which exhibit selectivity within this family. The long β4-β5 loop of the FKBP domain is known to regulate transcriptional activity for the steroid hormone receptors and appears to participate in regulating calcium channel activity for the cardiac and skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors. The β4-β5 loop of FKBP12 has been shown to undergo extensive conformational dynamics, and here we report hydrogen exchange measurements for a series of mutational variants in that loop which indicate deviations from a two-state kinetics for those dynamics. In addition to a previously characterized local transition near the tip of this loop, evidence is presented for a second site of conformational dynamics in the stem of this loop. These mutation-dependent hydrogen exchange effects extend beyond the β4-β5 loop, primarily by disrupting the hydrogen bond between the Gly 58 amide and the Tyr 80 carbonyl oxygen which links the two halves of the structural rim that surrounds the active site cleft. Mutationally-induced opening of the cleft between Gly 58 and Tyr 80 not only modulates the global stability of the protein, it promotes a conformational transition in the distant β2-β3a hairpin that modulates the binding affinity for a FKBP51-selective inhibitor previously designed to exploit a localized conformational transition at the homologous site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M LeMaster
- Biggs Laboratory Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States of America
| | - Qamar Bashir
- Biggs Laboratory Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States of America
| | - Griselda Hernández
- Biggs Laboratory Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237, United States of America.
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Gregory HN, Guillemot-Legris O, Crouch D, Williams G, Phillips JB. Electrospun aligned tacrolimus-loaded polycaprolactone biomaterials for peripheral nerve repair. Regen Med 2024; 19:171-187. [PMID: 37818696 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Efficacious repair of peripheral nerve injury is an unmet clinical need. The implantation of biomaterials containing neurotrophic drugs at the injury site could promote nerve regeneration and improve outcomes for patients. Materials & methods: Random and aligned electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone scaffolds containing encapsulated tacrolimus were fabricated, and the gene expression profile of Schwann cells (SCs) cultured on the surface was elucidated. On aligned fibers, the morphology of SCs and primary rat neurons was investigated. Results: Both scaffold types exhibited sustained release of drug, and the gene expression of SCs was modulated by both nanofibrous topography and the presence of tacrolimus. Aligned fibers promoted the alignment of SCs and orientated outgrowth from neurons. Conclusion: Electrospun PCL scaffolds with tacrolimus hold promise for the repair of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N Gregory
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Daisy Crouch
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Gareth Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - James B Phillips
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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Wang L, Wang C, Wang X, Cao Y, Guo X, Ye Z. Hepatitis B virus-targeting sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide mediates HBV infection and damage in human renal podocytes. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0136523. [PMID: 38315030 PMCID: PMC10913464 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01365-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) may directly infect human podocytes (HPCs). However, the mechanism of direct infection is unclear. We found that HPCs express sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), a specific receptor for HBV entry into hepatocytes. Thus, we investigated whether NTCP mediates HBV infection and damage in HPCs and further clarified the specific mechanism. We constructed shRNA-NTCP1,2, shRNA-NC, WT-NTCP, and MUT-NTCP and transfected them into HPCs. HPCs were infected with HBV, and HBV infection markers were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The functional changes in HPCs were detected by Transwell migration and scratch assays, apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM), and podocytoskeletal proteins (nephrin, CD2AP, and synaptopodin) were determined by western blotting (WB). Compared with the control HPCs, HPCs infected with HBV showed increased levels of HBV infection markers and apoptosis along with decreased podocytoskeletal protein expressions, cell vitality, proliferation, and migration. Compared with the HPCs infected with HBV, the HPCs transfected with HBV + shRNA-NTCP, and HBV + MUT-NTCP showed decreased levels of HBV infection markers and apoptosis along with increased podocytoskeletal protein expressions, cell vitality, proliferation, and migration; the opposite effects were observed in the HPCs transfected with HBV + WT-NTCP. Overall, the changes to NTCP affected the susceptibility of HPCs to HBV and modulated HPC damage and repair. NTCP can mediate direct HBV infection and damage human podocytes, and the NTCP 157-165 locus is the main site of HBV entry. The findings provide a new target and theoretical basis for HBV-associated glomerulonephritis. IMPORTANCE This study identified for the first time that sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) can mediate HBV direct infection and damage to human podocytes, and the NTCP157-165 locus is the main HBV entry site. The findings provide theoretical support for the pathogenesis of direct infection of HBV with kidney tissue. The findings provide a new target and theoretical basis for the treatment of HBV-related glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN). Blocking NTCP is a new target for the treatment of HBV-GN. We found that tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor that blocks NTCP, can effectively treat HBV-GN. This study also provides a theoretical basis for the effective and safe treatment of immunosuppressant tacrolimus for HBV-GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yantao Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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徐 嘉, 李 静, 李 媛, 王 康, 曾 祥, 索 占. [Tacrolimus Induces Pain by Upregulating the Synaptic Expression of AMPA Receptors in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 55:132-138. [PMID: 38322530 PMCID: PMC10839491 DOI: 10.12182/20240160207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of long-term administration of tacrolimus (also known as FK506) on the pain-related behaviors in mice and to study the underlying mechanism of pain induced by FK506 via measuring the effect of FK506 on the synaptic expression and phosphorylation of alpha-amino-3-hyroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor in the spinal cord dorsal horn of mice. Methods 1) A total of 24 mice were evenly and randomly assigned to two groups, a FK506 group and a Saline group. The FK506 group was given daily intraperitoneal injection of FK506 and the Saline group received normal saline. Both groups received injection once a day for 7 days in a row. Some of the mice ( n=6 in each group) were monitored for the changes in the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), the paw withdrawal latency (PWL), and the spontaneous pain behaviors to establish the pain model. The other mice ( n=6 in each group) of each group underwent isolation of the dorsal horn when obvious pain symptoms were induced on day 7 of injection. Then, immunoblotting was performed to determine the synaptic expression and phosphorylation levels of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of AMPA receptors. 2) The mice were randomly divided into two groups, FK506+calcineurin (CaN) group and FK506+Saline group ( n=6 in each group). After the pain model was constructed, the mice were given intrathecal injection of recombinant CaN (also know as 33 U) or normal saline. Then, 60 minutes later, the PWT and the PWL of the mice were measured to investigate the role of CaN in FK506-induced pain. 3) Another18 mice were selected. The mice were randomly and evenly assigned to three groups, a control group (receiving intraperitoneal injection of normal saline followed by intrathecal injection of normal saline), FK506+Saline group (receiving intraperitoneal injection of FK506 followed by intrathecal injection of normal saline) and FK506+CaN group (receiving intraperitoneal injection of FK506 followed by intrathecal injection of CaN). Then, 60 minutes later, the spinal cords were isolated and subjected to immunoblotting assay to determine the role of CaN in FK506-induced AMPA receptor modification. Results 1) After 7 consecutive days of intraperitoneal injection of FK506, the PWT and PWL of mice dropped significantly, reaching on day 7 as low as 22.3%±0.05% and 66.6%±0.05% of the control group, respectively ( P<0.01). The FK506-treated mice displayed evident spontaneous pain behavior, presenting significantly increased licking activities ( P<0.01). These results indicated that FK506-induced pain model was successfully established. Immunoblotting assay showed that the total expressions of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits in the spinal dorsal horn of the FK506 group remained unchanged in comparison with those of the Saline group. However, FK506 specifically induced an increase in the synaptic expression of GluA1. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of GluA1 at Ser845 and Ser831 in FK506-treated mice were significantly increased in comparison with those of the control group ( P<0.05). 2) Compared with those of the mice in the FK506+Saline group, the PWT and the PWL of mice in the FK506+CaN group were significantly increased ( P<0.05). 3) Compared with those of the FK506+Saline group, the synaptic expression of GluA1 were decreased in FK506+CaN group ( P<0.01) and the phosphorylation levels of GluA1 at Ser845 and Ser831 were significantly downregulated ( P<0.001). Conclusion The hyper-expression and hyperphosphorylation of GluA1 subunit in the spinal cord dorsal horn resulting from CaN inhibition contributes to the FK506-induced pain syndrome. FK506 induces the synaptic hyper-expression and hyperphosphorylation of GluA1 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord through CaN inhibition, thereby inducing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- 嘉钰 徐
- 兰州大学药学院 分子药理研究所 (兰州 730000)Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 静 李
- 兰州大学药学院 分子药理研究所 (兰州 730000)Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 媛 李
- 兰州大学药学院 分子药理研究所 (兰州 730000)Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 康丽 王
- 兰州大学药学院 分子药理研究所 (兰州 730000)Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 祥茹 曾
- 兰州大学药学院 分子药理研究所 (兰州 730000)Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 占伟 索
- 兰州大学药学院 分子药理研究所 (兰州 730000)Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Glahn-Martínez B, Jurado-Sánchez B, Benito-Peña E, Escarpa A, Moreno-Bondi MC. Magnetic Janus micromotors for fluorescence biosensing of tacrolimus in oral fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 244:115796. [PMID: 37922810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506) is a macrolide lactone immunosuppressive drug that is commonly used in transplanted patients to avoid organ rejection. FK506 exhibits high inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic variability, making monitoring necessary for organ graft survival. This work describes the development of a novel bioassay for monitoring FK506. The bioassay is based on using polycaprolactone-based (PCL) magnetic Janus micromotors and a recombinant chimera receptor that incorporates the immunophilin tacrolimus binding protein 1A (FKBP1A) tagged with Emerald Green Fluorescent Protein (EmGFP). The approach relies on a fluorescence competitive bioassay between the drug and the micromotors decorated with a carboxylated FK506 toward the specific site of the fluorescent immunophilin. The proposed homogeneous assay could be performed in a single step without washing steps to separate the unbound receptor. The proposed approach fits the therapeutic requirements, showing a limit of detection of 0.8 ng/mL and a wide dynamic range of up to 90 ng/mL. Assay selectivity was evaluated by measuring the competitive inhibition curves with other immunosuppressive drugs usually co-administered with FK506. The magnetic propulsion mechanism allows for efficient operation in raw samples without damaging the biological binding receptor (FKBP1A-EmGFP). The enhanced target recognition and micromixing strategies hold considerable potential for FK506 monitoring in practical clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Glahn-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de las Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E28805, Spain.
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de las Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E28805, Spain.
| | - María C Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de las Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Buntin K, Mrak P, Pivk Lukančič P, Wollbrett S, Drčar T, Krastel P, Thibaut C, Salcius M, Gao X, Wang S, Weber E, Koplan E, Regenass H. Generation of Bioactivity-Tailored FK506/FK520 Analogs by CRISPR Editing in Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302350. [PMID: 37855054 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
For a potential application of FK506 in the treatment of acute kidney failure only the FKBP12 binding capability of the compound is required, while the immunosuppressive activity via calcineurin binding is considered as a likely risk to the patients. The methoxy groups at C13 and C15 are thought to have significant influence on the immunosuppressive activity of the molecule. Consequently, FK506 analogs with different functionalities at C13 and C15 were generated by targeted CRISPR editing of the AT domains in module 7 and 8 of the biosynthetic assembly line in Streptomyces tsukubaensis. In addition, the corresponding FK520 (C21 ethyl derivative of FK506) analogs could be obtained by media adjustments. The compounds were tested for their bioactivity in regards to FKBP12 binding, BMP potentiation and calcineurin sparing. 15-desmethoxy FK506 was superior to the other tested analogs as it did not inhibit calcineurin but retained high potency towards FKBP12 binding and BMP potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Buntin
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Mrak
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Petra Pivk Lukančič
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Séverine Wollbrett
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tjasa Drčar
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Thibaut
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Salcius
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Inc. 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Inc. 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Inc. 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Weber
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Koplan
- Manufacturing Scienes & Technologies, Sandoz Technical Operations, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234, Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Hugo Regenass
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Mina E, Wyart E, Sartori R, Angelino E, Zaggia I, Rausch V, Maldotti M, Pagani A, Hsu MY, Friziero A, Sperti C, Menga A, Graziani A, Hirsch E, Oliviero S, Sandri M, Conti L, Kautz L, Silvestri L, Porporato PE. FK506 bypasses the effect of erythroferrone in cancer cachexia skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101306. [PMID: 38052214 PMCID: PMC10772350 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a hallmark of cachexia, a wasting condition typical of chronic pathologies, that still represents an unmet medical need. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad1/5/8 signaling alterations are emerging drivers of muscle catabolism, hence, characterizing these perturbations is pivotal to develop therapeutic approaches. We identified two promoters of "BMP resistance" in cancer cachexia, specifically the BMP scavenger erythroferrone (ERFE) and the intracellular inhibitor FKBP12. ERFE is upregulated in cachectic cancer patients' muscle biopsies and in murine cachexia models, where its expression is driven by STAT3. Moreover, the knock down of Erfe or Fkbp12 reduces muscle wasting in cachectic mice. To bypass the BMP resistance mediated by ERFE and release the brake on the signaling, we targeted FKBP12 with low-dose FK506. FK506 restores BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling, rescuing myotube atrophy by inducing protein synthesis. In cachectic tumor-bearing mice, FK506 prevents muscle and body weight loss and protects from neuromuscular junction alteration, suggesting therapeutic potential for targeting the ERFE-FKBP12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Mina
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; VIMM: Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Elia Angelino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ivan Zaggia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Rausch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Maldotti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Sp142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Myriam Y Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Cell Fate Dynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alberto Friziero
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; General Surgery 1, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- General Surgery 2, Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Sp142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; VIMM: Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Léon Kautz
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Xie Z, Dai X, Li Q, Lin S, Ye X. Tacrolimus reverses pemphigus vulgaris serum-induced depletion of desmoglein in HaCaT cells via inhibition of heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:43. [PMID: 37940861 PMCID: PMC10634089 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), but its serious side effects can be life-threatening for PV patients. Tacrolimus (FK506) has been reported to have an adjuvant treatment effect against PV. However, the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of FK506 on PV-IgG-induced acantholysis is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the effect of FK506 on desmoglein (Dsg) expression and cell adhesion in an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells) stimulated with PV sera. METHODS A cell culture model of PV was established by stimulating HaCaT cells with 5% PV sera with or without FK506 and clobetasol propionate (CP) treatment. The effects of PV sera on intercellular junctions and protein levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), and Dsg were assayed using western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and a keratinocyte dissociation assay. RESULTS PV sera-induced downregulation of Dsg3 was observed in HaCaT cells and was blocked by FK506 and/or CP. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that linear deposits of Dsg3 on the surface of HaCaT cells in the PV sera group disappeared and were replaced by granular and agglomerated fluorescent particles on the cell surface; however, this effect was reversed by FK506 and/or CP treatment. Furthermore, cell dissociation assays showed that FK506 alone or in combination with CP increased cell adhesion in HaCaT cells and ameliorated loss of cell adhesion induced by PV sera. Additionally, FK506 noticeably decreased the PV serum-induced phosphorylation of HSP 27, but had no effect on p38MAPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION FK506 reverses PV-IgG induced-Dsg depletion and desmosomal dissociation in HaCaT cells, and this effect may be obtained by inhibiting HSP27 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xie
- Department of Dermatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangnong Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingdong Ye
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Chen LJ, Xin Y, Yuan MX, Ji CY, Peng YM, Yin Q. CircFOXN2 alleviates glucocorticoid- and tacrolimus-induced dyslipidemia by reducing FASN mRNA stability by binding to PTBP1 during liver transplantation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C796-C806. [PMID: 37575056 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00462.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to examine impacts and functional mechanism of circular RNA forkhead box N2 (FOXN2) in tacrolimus (TAC)- and dexamethasone (Dex)-induced lipid metabolism disorders. RNA level and protein contents in TAC, Dex, or combined TAC- plus Dex-treated patients and Huh-7 cells were measured utilizing quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR and western blotting assays measured the formation of lipid droplet. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were determined using corresponding commercial kits and Oil red O staining. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down verified the binding relationship among circFOXN2, polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). Male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a dyslipidemia mouse model to validate the discoveries at the cellular level. Dex treatment significantly promoted TAC-mediated increase of TC and TG in serum samples and Huh-7 cells. Moreover, circFOXN2 was reduced but FASN was elevated in TAC-treated Huh-7 cells, and these expression trends were markedly enhanced by Dex cotreatment. Overexpression of circFOXN2 could reverse the accumulation of TC and TG and the upregulation of FASN and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP2) mediated by Dex and TAC cotreatment. Mechanistically, circFOXN2 reduced FASN mRNA stability by recruiting PTBP1. The protective roles of circFOXN2 overexpression on lipid metabolism disorders were weakened by FASN overexpression. In vivo finding also disclosed that circFOXN2 greatly alleviated the dysregulation of lipid metabolism triggered by TAC plus Dex. CircFOXN2 alleviated the dysregulation of lipid metabolism induced by the combination of TAC and Dex by modulating the PTBP1/FASN axis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Collectively, our experiments revealed for the first time that circFOXN2 alleviated the Dex- and TAC-induced dysregulation of lipid metabolism by regulating the PTBP1/FASN axis. These findings suggested that circFOXN2 and FASN might be candidate targets for the treatment of Dex- and TAC-induced metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Xian Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yi Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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10
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Chen HT, Zhang XY, Wu QB, Zhao QW, Chen XA, Li YQ. Production improvement of FK506 in Streptomyces tsukubaensis by metabolic engineering strategy. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad142. [PMID: 37429605 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Study of the effect of isoleucine on the biosynthesis of FK506 and modification of its producing strain to improve the production of FK506. METHODS AND RESULTS Metabolomics analysis was conducted to explore key changes in the metabolic processes of Streptomyces tsukubaensis Δ68 in medium with and without isoleucine. In-depth analysis revealed that the shikimate pathway, methylmalonyl-CoA, and pyruvate might be the rate-limiting factors in FK506 biosynthesis. Overexpression of involved gene PCCB1 in S. tsukubaensis Δ68, a high-yielding strain Δ68-PCCB1 was generated. Additionally, the amino acids supplement was further optimized to improve FK506 biosynthesis. Finally, FK506 production was increased to 929.6 mg L-1, which was 56.6% higher than that in the starter strain, when supplemented isoleucine and valine at 9 and 4 g L-1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Methylmalonyl-CoA might be the key rate-limiting factors in FK506 biosynthesis and overexpression of the gene PCCB1 and further addition of isoleucine and valine could increase the yield of FK506 by 56.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-Bin Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing-Wei Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Ai Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Guo L, Zhu Z, Shi C, Jia Y, Nurzat Y, Su W, Zhang Y, Xu H. Drug suspending during wound healing effectively weakens immunosuppression-related complications by preserving CD8 + T cell function. Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:489-499. [PMID: 37129099 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive medications, which interfere with the activation and proliferation of T and B cells, increase the risk of wound healing complications. To address it, this study aimed to validate the feasibility of drug suspending during wound healing, whilst exploring the mechanisms exerted by T cells, which are important in the wound healing process. For this, a mouse skin wound model was set up. Tacrolimus (FK506) and fingolimod (FTY720) were both administered intraperitoneally prior to wounding to inhibit the T cell activation and migration, respectively. Flow-cytometric analysis subsequently revealed the functional T cell subtypes detected during the healing process. A CD8a antibody was also administered to deplete CD8+ T cells in vivo to verify their specific function. It was found that FK506 or FTY720 administration delayed the early phase of wound healing by reducing collagen production, which was also supported by the downregulation of col1a1, col3a1 and tgfb1. However, there was no significant difference in the total healing period. Both spleen- and skin-derived CD8+ T cells were proliferated and activated after injury without intervention, whereas CD4+ T cells showed no significant changes. Furthermore, selectively depleting CD8+ T cells retarded the healing process by downregulating collagen production-associated genes (col1a1, col3a1, tgfβ1 and en1) and proteins (collagen type 1 and 3). In addition, the CD8a antibody decreased the expression of genes lta, tnfa, il13 and il13ra, and protein interleukin-13Rα. In conclusion, suspending immunosuppressive drugs during wound healing was shown to be feasible through restraining the migration of activated T cells. CD8+ T cells represented the primary functional subtype positively associated with wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiumei Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Shi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Jia
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeltai Nurzat
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Su
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Akintade DD, Chaudhuri B. FK506-binding protein 2 (FKBP13) inhibit Bax-induced apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:719-728. [PMID: 34342774 PMCID: PMC10406727 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FK506-binding protein 2 (FKBP13) is a part of the immunophilin protein family involved in immunoregulation. It is also believed to operate as a factor in membrane cytoskeletal framework and as an ER chaperone. FKBP2 (FKBP13) and FKBP1 (FKBP12), known as immunophilins, are binding proteins for rapamycin and FK506, which are immunosuppressive drugs. It was suggested that immunophilin-like and immunophilin proteins play significant roles in regulating intracellular calcium and protein folding/sorting, acting as molecular chaperones. Within the 15 mammalian FKBPs known, FKBP1 is merely the only one proven to form complexes with rapamycin and FK506 in the cytosol and facilitate their T cells immunosuppressive effects, FKBP2 is a luminal protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is reported to take part in protein folding in the ER. However, little is known about FKBP2 link with apoptosis (either as a pro or anti-apoptotic protein). In this study, FKPB2 protein was co-expressed with the pro-apoptotic protein Bax after a yeast-based human hippocampal cDNA library screening. The yeast strain carrying the Bax gene was transformed with an episomal 2-micron plasmid that encodes the HA-tagged FKBP2 gene. The resultant strain would allow co-expression of Bax and FKBP2 in yeast cells. The results presented here show that a protein involved in protein folding can play a role in protecting yeast cell from Bax-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damilare D Akintade
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
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13
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Park K, Sonn SK, Seo S, Kim J, Hur KY, Oh GT, Lee MS. Impaired TFEB activation and mitophagy as a cause of PPP3/calcineurin inhibitor-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Autophagy 2023; 19:1444-1458. [PMID: 36217215 PMCID: PMC10240995 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2132686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy or mitophagy plays crucial roles in the maintenance of pancreatic β-cell function. PPP3/calcineurin can modulate the activity of TFEB, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy gene expression, through dephosphorylation. We studied whether PPP3/calcineurin inhibitors can affect the mitophagy of pancreatic β-cells and pancreatic β-cell function employing FK506, an immunosuppressive drug against graft rejection. FK506 suppressed rotenone- or oligomycin+antimycin-A-induced mitophagy measured by Mito-Keima localization in acidic lysosomes or RFP-LC3 puncta colocalized with TOMM20 in INS-1 insulinoma cells. FK506 diminished nuclear translocation of TFEB after treatment with rotenone or oligomycin+antimycin A. Forced TFEB nuclear translocation by a constitutively active TFEB mutant transfection restored impaired mitophagy by FK506, suggesting the role of decreased TFEB nuclear translocation in FK506-mediated mitophagy impairment. Probably due to reduced mitophagy, recovery of mitochondrial potential or quenching of mitochondrial ROS after removal of rotenone or oligomycin+antimycin A was delayed by FK506. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was reduced by FK506, indicating reduced mitochondrial function by FK506. Likely due to mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin release from INS-1 cells was reduced by FK506 in vitro. FK506 treatment also reduced insulin release and impaired glucose tolerance in vivo, which was associated with decreased mitophagy and mitochondrial COX activity in pancreatic islets. FK506-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and glucose intolerance were ameliorated by an autophagy enhancer activating TFEB. These results suggest that diminished mitophagy and consequent mitochondrial dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells contribute to FK506-induced β-cell dysfunction or glucose intolerance, and autophagy enhancement could be a therapeutic modality against post-transplantation diabetes mellitus caused by PPP3/calcineurin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyoun Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Keun Sonn
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungwoon Seo
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Yalcin G, Kim J, Seo D, Lee CK. FPR1 is essential for rapamycin-induced lifespan extension in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:76-82. [PMID: 36857903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
FK506-sensitive proline rotamase 1 protein (Fpr1p), which is a homologue of the mammalian prolyl isomerase FK506-binding protein of 12 kDa (FKBP12), is known to play important roles in protein folding and prevention of protein aggregation. Although rapamycin is known to bind to Fpr1p to inhibit Tor1p mediated-mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) activity, the physiological functions of Fpr1p on lifespan remain unclear. In this study, we used the eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae to demonstrate that deletion of FPR1 reduced yeast chronological lifespan (CLS), and there was no benefit on lifespan upon rapamycin treatment, indicating that lifespan extension mechanism of rapamycin in yeast is exclusively dependent on FPR1. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in CLS of fpr1Δ cells during caloric restriction (CR), suggesting that rapamycin affects lifespan in a different way compared to CR. This study highlights the importance of FPR1 for rapamycin-induced lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulperi Yalcin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Juri Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseong Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Koo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Nagy I, Baráth BR, Mangó K, Shemirani AH, Monostory K, Nemes B. The Prognostic Role of CYP Enzyme in Kidney Transplantation: A Single Centre Experience. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:2584-2588. [PMID: 36396462 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main goal of immunosuppressive agents is to reach a balance of preserving allograft function while minimizing adverse effects. The purpose of our research is to corroborate the role of CYP3A enzyme in developing individual medication therapy via measuring medicine levels in patients' blood samples. METHODS This retrospective analysis studies 15 kidney transplant recipients. We carried out genotyping (CYP3A5, CYP3A4) after isolating DNA and RNA in patient and donor blood samples; we also determined CYP3A4 messenger RNA expression in case of recipients. Tacrolimus blood levels, dosage, and tacrolimus concentration normalized by dose and the body weight (C0/D ratio) were evaluated. RESULTS In this research, recipients were divided into 2 groups based on their CYP3A5 genotype. Those who carry CYP3A5*1 allele (*1/*1 or *1/*3) are CYP3A5 expressors, whereas those who are homozygous for the nonfunctional CYP3A5*3 allele are CYP3A5 nonexpressors. There were 3 patients with functioning CYP3A5 enzyme (patients with CYP3A5*1/*3 genotype) where increased tacrolimus metabolism was expected. Our data show that C0/D ratio of CYP3A5 nonexpressors was around 3 times higher than of CYP3A5 expressors. Looking at CYP3A4 enzyme, we found 1 patient carried CYP3A4*22/*22 genotype where we expected decreased CYP3A4 expression. It is clear that this patient had adequate therapy medication levels (9.50 μg/L) despite having received very low dosage of tacrolimus (0.03 mg/weight/d). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the importance of determining CYP status of recipients after a transplant because individual differences were observed in tacrolimus treatment that were partly influenced by CYP status of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Nagy
- Department of Transplantation, Institute of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Benjámin Regő Baráth
- Department of Transplantation, Institute of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Mangó
- Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Amir-Houshang Shemirani
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Monostory
- Metabolic Drug Interactions Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Nemes
- Department of Transplantation, Institute of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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Singh AK, Saharan K, Baral S, Vasudevan D. The plant nucleoplasmin AtFKBP43 needs its extended arms for histone interaction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2022; 1865:194872. [PMID: 36058470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoplasmin family of histone chaperones is a key player in governing the dynamic architecture of chromatin, thereby regulating various DNA-templated processes. The crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of Arabidopsis thaliana FKBP43 (AtFKBP43), an FK506-binding immunophilin protein, revealed a characteristic nucleoplasmin fold, thus confirming it to be a member of the FKBP nucleoplasmin class. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analyses confirmed its pentameric nature in solution, and additional studies confirmed the nucleoplasmin fold to be highly stable. Unlike its homolog AtFKBP53, the AtFKBP43 nucleoplasmin core domain could not interact with histones and required the acidic arms, C-terminal to the core, for histone association. However, SAXS generated low-resolution envelope structure, ITC, and AUC results revealed that an AtFKBP43 pentamer with C-terminal extensions interacts with H2A/H2B dimer and H3/H4 tetramer in an equimolar ratio, like AtFKBP53. Put together, AtFKBP43 belongs to a hitherto unreported subclass of FKBP nucleoplasmins that requires the C-terminal acidic stretches emanating from the core domain for histone interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketul Saharan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India; Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Somanath Baral
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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Rajan S, Yoon HS. Structural insights into Plasmodium PPIases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:931635. [PMID: 36118020 PMCID: PMC9478106 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.931635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases posing a serious challenge over the years, mainly owing to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, sparking a need to explore and identify novel protein targets. It is a well-known practice to adopt a chemo-genomics approach towards identifying targets for known drugs, which can unravel a novel mechanism of action to aid in better drug targeting proficiency. Immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A, FK506 and rapamycin, were demonstrated to inhibit the growth of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases), comprising cylcophilins and FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), the specific target of these drugs, were identified in the Plasmodium parasite and proposed as an antimalarial drug target. We previously attempted to decipher the structure of these proteins and target them with non-immunosuppressive drugs, predominantly on FKBP35. This review summarizes the structural insights on Plasmodium PPIases, their inhibitor complexes and perspectives on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Rajan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ho Sup Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si, South Korea
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ho Sup Yoon,
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18
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Voll AM, Meyners C, Taubert MC, Bajaj T, Heymann T, Merz S, Charalampidou A, Kolos J, Purder PL, Geiger TM, Wessig P, Gassen NC, Bracher A, Hausch F. Macrocyclic FKBP51 Ligands Define a Transient Binding Mode with Enhanced Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13257-13263. [PMID: 33843131 PMCID: PMC8252719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Subtype selectivity represents a challenge in many drug discovery campaigns. A typical example is the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51), which has emerged as an attractive drug target. The most advanced FKBP51 ligands of the SAFit class are highly selective vs. FKBP52 but poorly discriminate against the homologs and off-targets FKBP12 and FKBP12.6. During a macrocyclization pilot study, we observed that many of these macrocyclic analogs have unanticipated and unprecedented preference for FKBP51 over FKBP12 and FKBP12.6. Structural studies revealed that these macrocycles bind with a new binding mode featuring a transient conformation, which is disfavored for the small FKBPs. Using a conformation-sensitive assay we show that this binding mode occurs in solution and is characteristic for this new class of compounds. The discovered macrocycles are non-immunosuppressive, engage FKBP51 in cells, and block the cellular effect of FKBP51 on IKKα. Our findings provide a new chemical scaffold for improved FKBP51 ligands and the structural basis for enhanced selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Voll
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Martha C. Taubert
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Thomas Bajaj
- Research Group NeurohomeostasisDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BonnVenusberg Campus 153127BonnGermany
| | - Tim Heymann
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Stephanie Merz
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Anna Charalampidou
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Jürgen Kolos
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Patrick L. Purder
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Thomas M. Geiger
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Universität PotsdamInstitut für ChemieKarl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24–2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Nils C. Gassen
- Research Group NeurohomeostasisDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BonnVenusberg Campus 153127BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Bracher
- Max-Planck-Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department Chemistry and BiochemistryClemens-Schöpf-InstituteTechnical University DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss Strasse 464287DarmstadtGermany
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Ko Y, Shin S, Mun S, Kim DH, Lim SJ, Jung CH, Kwon H, Jung JH, Kim YH, Han DJ. Lack of Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity After Pancreas Transplantation in Recipients With a High Level of Calcineurin Inhibitors. Pancreas 2021; 50:587-594. [PMID: 33939673 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess posttransplant changes in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function of pancreas transplant recipients according to the type of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the pretransplant insulin sensitivity measured by the Matsuda Index (MI). METHODS We analyzed 60 patients who underwent pancreas transplantation and oral glucose tolerance test pretransplant and at 1 month posttransplant. RESULTS At 1 month posttransplant, insulin sensitivity did not show significant improvement; particularly, the MI was significantly lower after transplant in recipients with type 1 DM (T1DM) and those with pretransplant MI of 5 or greater. β-cell function was significantly improved after transplant in all recipients regardless of the type of DM and pretransplant MI values. Glucose control was significantly improved in recipients with T1DM and in all recipients regardless of the pretransplant MI values. Additional oral glucose tolerance test at 1 year posttransplant revealed that insulin sensitivity remained unimproved and β-cell function was higher compared with pretransplant. Glucose control had partially reverted to pretransplant levels in recipients with T1DM and those with pretransplant MI of 5 or greater. CONCLUSIONS Unlike β-cell function and glucose control, insulin sensitivity did not significantly improve until posttransplant 1 year after pancreas transplantation regardless of the type of DM or the degree of pretransplant insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Ko
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Sung Shin
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Seonghwan Mun
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Seong Jun Lim
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Chang Hee Jung
- Asan Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwook Kwon
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Joo Hee Jung
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
| | - Duck Jong Han
- From the Division of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery
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20
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Daneri-Becerra C, Patiño-Gaillez MG, Galigniana MD. Proof that the high molecular weight immunophilin FKBP52 mediates the in vivo neuroregenerative effect of the macrolide FK506. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114204. [PMID: 32828804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressant drug FK506 (or tacrolimus) is a macrolide that binds selectively to immunophilins belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) subfamily, which are abundantly expressed proteins in neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Interestingly, it has been reported that FK506 increases neurite outgrowth in cell cultures, implying a potential impact in putative treatments of neurodegenerative disorders and injuries of the nervous system. Nonetheless, the mechanism of action of this compound is poorly understood and remains to be elucidated, with the only certainty that its neurotrophic effect is independent of its primary immunosuppressant activity. In this study it is demonstrated that FK506 shows efficient neurotrophic action in vitro and profound effects on the recovery of locomotor activity, behavioural features, and erectile function of mice that underwent surgical spinal cord injury. The recovery of the locomotor activity was studied in knock-out mice for either immunophilin, FKBP51 or FKBP52. The experimental evidence demonstrates that the neurotrophic actions of FK506 are the consequence of its binding to FKBP52, whereas FK506 interaction with the close-related partner immunophilin FKBP51 antagonises the function of FKBP52. Importantly, our study also demonstrates that other immunophilins do not replace FKBP52. It is concluded that the final biological response is the resulting outcome of the drug binding to both immunophilins, FKBP51 and FKBP52, the latter being the one that commands the dominant neurotrophic action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario D Galigniana
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Yu Z, Lv H, Wu Y, Wei T, Yang S, Ju D, Chen S. Enhancement of FK520 production in Streptomyces hygroscopicus by combining traditional mutagenesis with metabolic engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9593-9606. [PMID: 31713669 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FK520 (ascomycin), a 23-membered macrolide with immunosuppressive activity, is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The problem of low yield and high impurities (mainly FK523) limits the industrialized production of FK520. In this study, the FK520 yield was significantly improved by strain mutagenesis and genetic engineering. First, a FK520 high-producing strain SFK-6-33 (2432.2 mg/L) was obtained from SFK-36 (1588.4 mg/L) through ultraviolet radiation mutation coupled with streptomycin resistance screening. The endogenous crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase (FkbS) was found to play an important role in FK520 biosynthesis, identified with CRISPR/dCas9 inhibition system. FkbS was overexpressed in SFK-6-33 to obtain the engineered strain SFK-OfkbS, which produced 2817.0 mg/L of FK520 resulting from an increase in intracellular ethylmalonyl-CoA levels. In addition, the FK520 levels could be further increased with supplementation of crotonic acid in SFK-OfkbS. Overexpression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), used for the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, was also investigated in SFK-6-33, which improved the FK520 yield to 3320.1 mg/L but showed no significant inhibition in FK523 production. To further enhance FK520 production, FkbS and ACCase combinatorial overexpression strain SFK-OASN was constructed; the FK520 production increased by 44.4% to 3511.4 mg/L, and the FK523/FK520 ratio was reduced from 9.6 to 5.6% compared with that in SFK-6-33. Finally, a fed-batch culture was carried out in a 5-L fermenter, and the FK520 yield reached 3913.9 mg/L at 168 h by feeding glycerol, representing the highest FK520 yield reported thus far. These results demonstrated that traditional mutagenesis combined with metabolic engineering was an effective strategy to improve FK520 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhituo Yu
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuanjie Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tengyun Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Songbai Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shaoxin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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22
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Juvvadi PR, Fox D, Bobay BG, Hoy MJ, Gobeil SMC, Venters RA, Chang Z, Lin JJ, Averette AF, Cole DC, Barrington BC, Wheaton JD, Ciofani M, Trzoss M, Li X, Lee SC, Chen YL, Mutz M, Spicer LD, Schumacher MA, Heitman J, Steinbach WJ. Harnessing calcineurin-FK506-FKBP12 crystal structures from invasive fungal pathogens to develop antifungal agents. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4275. [PMID: 31537789 PMCID: PMC6753081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is important for fungal virulence and a potential antifungal target, but compounds targeting calcineurin, such as FK506, are immunosuppressive. Here we report the crystal structures of calcineurin catalytic (CnA) and regulatory (CnB) subunits complexed with FK506 and the FK506-binding protein (FKBP12) from human fungal pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis). Fungal calcineurin complexes are similar to the mammalian complex, but comparison of fungal and human FKBP12 (hFKBP12) reveals conformational differences in the 40s and 80s loops. NMR analysis, molecular dynamic simulations, and mutations of the A. fumigatus CnA/CnB-FK506-FKBP12-complex identify a Phe88 residue, not conserved in hFKBP12, as critical for binding and inhibition of fungal calcineurin. These differences enable us to develop a less immunosuppressive FK506 analog, APX879, with an acetohydrazine substitution of the C22-carbonyl of FK506. APX879 exhibits reduced immunosuppressive activity and retains broad-spectrum antifungal activity and efficacy in a murine model of invasive fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen R Juvvadi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - David Fox
- Beryllium Discovery Corp., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA, 98110, USA
- UCB Pharma., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA, 98110, USA
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bobay
- Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael J Hoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sophie M C Gobeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ronald A Venters
- Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Zanetta Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jackie J Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anna Floyd Averette
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - D Christopher Cole
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Blake C Barrington
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Joshua D Wheaton
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael Trzoss
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Forge Therapeutics, Inc., 10578 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Soo Chan Lee
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mitchell Mutz
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Spicer
- Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - William J Steinbach
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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23
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Beom JY, Jung JA, Lee KT, Hwangbo A, Song MC, Lee Y, Lee SJ, Oh JH, Ha SJ, Nam SJ, Cheong E, Bahn YS, Yoon YJ. Biosynthesis of Nonimmunosuppressive FK506 Analogues with Antifungal Activity. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:2078-2086. [PMID: 31321978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in the strong immunosuppressive activity of FK506 (1) is essential for developing this compound as an antifungal agent. Seven new FK506 analogues modified at both the FK506-binding protein 12- and the calcineurin-binding regions were biosynthesized. 9-DeoxoFK520 (7) exhibited a >900-fold reduction in the in vitro immunosuppressive activity but maintained significant antifungal activity, indicating that the C-9 and C-21 positions are critical for separation of immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. 7 exhibited robust synergistic antifungal activity with fluconazole. FK506 (1) is a 23-membered macrolide produced by several Streptomyces species and is used as an immunosuppressive drug to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. FK506 has also exhibited antifungal, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative activities. In humans, FK506 binds to FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 12, and the resulting FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with a Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin (CaN). Inactivation of CaN by forming the FKBP12-FK506-CaN ternary complex prevents the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), inhibiting the production of interleukin-2 and subsequent T-cell proliferation. This CaN signaling pathway also plays a critical role in the growth and pathogenesis of major fungal pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Therefore, the synthesis of FK506 analogues that can discriminate human FKBP12/CaN from its fungal counterparts may separate antifungal activity from the immunosuppressive activity, thereby allowing the development of a novel antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Beom
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Hwangbo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseon Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
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24
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Ma D, Wang C, Chen H, Wen J. Manipulating the expression of SARP family regulator BulZ and its target gene product to increase tacrolimus production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4887-4900. [PMID: 29666890 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506), an effective immunosuppressant, is widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we identified that BulZ, a Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein (SARP) family regulator, acted as a positive regulator for spore differentiation and tacrolimus production. A knockout of bulZ resulted in a 47.5% decrease of tacrolimus production and a delay of spore differentiation. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), it was found that BulZ directly activated the transcriptions of bulZ and bulS2, a putative γ-butyrolactone (GBL) synthetase, and bulS2 was shown to play a positive role in tacrolimus biosynthesis. Meanwhile, BulZ was able to indirectly regulate the transcriptions of the cluster-linked activator genes tcs7 and fkbN, as well as the GBL receptor gene bulR1. STSU_RS22595, which encoded a WhiB family transcriptional regulator, was found to be a previously unknown potential target gene of BulZ based on a whole-genome search of the conserved sequence (5'-TSVAVVVNVNBTSRAGNN-3') of the SARP-binding motifs. Although overexpression of STSU_RS22595 did not result in an obvious enhancement of tacrolimus yield, STSU_RS22595 might have important effects on the spore differentiation process. Finally, co-overexpression of bulZ and its target gene bulS2 improved tacrolimus production by 36% compared to the control strain, reaching 324 mg/L. The insights obtained in this study will help further elucidate the regulatory mechanism of tacrolimus biosynthesis and provide new avenues for further improvement of tacrolimus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Bolourian A, Mojtahedi Z. Immunosuppressants produced by Streptomyces: evolution, hygiene hypothesis, tumour rapalog resistance and probiotics. Environ Microbiol Rep 2018; 10:123-126. [PMID: 29377607 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to a drug and the suppression of inflammatory disorders with immunosuppressive drugs might have happened upon exposure to natural compounds during evolution. Streptomycetes are soil bacteria, but they produce therapeutic drugs. They have been reported to be the low-abundant members of mucosal microbiomes with a higher prevalence in nonhumans ingesting soil compared with humans. Their lower abundance in the human microbiome might be the representations of our current hygienic lifestyle. We suggest that the Streptomyces bacteria producing antiproliferative/immunosuppressive compounds (e.g., rapamycin and tacrolimus) contribute to the rapalog resistance of certain mucosal tumours (e.g., colon cancer) and the 'hygiene hypothesis'. If so, the shortage of exposure to these compounds in the current lifestyle might be an underlying reason for the increase of inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). An investigation on adding certain Streptomycetes (e.g., S. hygroscopicus and S. tubercidicus) to the list of probiotics against inflammatory diseases would be an interesting research area in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Bolourian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Zahra Mojtahedi
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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26
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Tararina M, Wu HQ, Neale SA, Weisz F, Salt TE, Schwarcz R. Xanthurenic Acid Formation from 3-Hydroxykynurenine in the Mammalian Brain: Neurochemical Characterization and Physiological Effects. Neuroscience 2017; 367:85-97. [PMID: 29031603 PMCID: PMC5819007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthurenic acid (XA), formed from 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, may modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the vesicular glutamate transporter and/or activating Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Here we examined the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which 3-HK controls the neosynthesis of XA in rat, mouse and human brain, and compared the physiological actions of 3-HK and XA in the rat brain. In tissue homogenates, XA formation from 3-HK was observed in all three species and traced to a major role of kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II). Transamination of 3-HK to XA was also demonstrated using human recombinant KAT II. Neosynthesis of XA was significantly increased in the quinolinate-lesioned rat striatum, indicating a non-neuronal localization of the process. Studies using rat cortical slices revealed that newly produced XA is rapidly released into the extracellular compartment, and that XA biosynthesis can be manipulated experimentally in the same way as the production of kynurenic acid from kynurenine (omission of Na+ or glucose, depolarizing conditions, or addition of 2-oxoacids). The synthesis of XA from 3-HK was confirmed in vivo by striatal microdialysis. In slices from the rat hippocampus, both 3-HK and XA reduced the slopes of dentate gyrus field EPSPs. The effect of 3-HK was reduced in the presence of the KAT inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, both 3-HK and XA reduced the power of gamma-oscillatory activity recorded from the hippocampal CA3 region. Endogenous XA, newly formed from 3-HK, may therefore play a physiological role in attentional and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - M Tararina
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - H-Q Wu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - S A Neale
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Neurexpert Ltd., London, UK
| | - F Weisz
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - T E Salt
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Neurexpert Ltd., London, UK
| | - R Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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27
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Ruiz S, Chandakkar P, Zhao H, Papoin J, Chatterjee PK, Christen E, Metz CN, Blanc L, Campagne F, Marambaud P. Tacrolimus rescues the signaling and gene expression signature of endothelial ALK1 loss-of-function and improves HHT vascular pathology. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4786-4798. [PMID: 28973643 PMCID: PMC5886173 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a highly debilitating and life-threatening genetic vascular disorder arising from endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and hypervascularization, for which no cure exists. Because HHT is caused by loss-of-function mutations in bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9)-ALK1-Smad1/5/8 signaling, interventions aimed at activating this pathway are of therapeutic value. We interrogated the whole-transcriptome in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and found that ALK1 signaling inhibition was associated with a specific pro-angiogenic gene expression signature, which included a significant elevation of DLL4 expression. By screening the NIH clinical collections of FDA-approved drugs, we identified tacrolimus (FK-506) as the most potent activator of ALK1 signaling in BMP9-challenged C2C12 reporter cells. In HUVECs, tacrolimus activated Smad1/5/8 and opposed the pro-angiogenic gene expression signature associated with ALK1 loss-of-function, by notably reducing Dll4 expression. In these cells, tacrolimus also inhibited Akt and p38 stimulation by vascular endothelial growth factor, a major driver of angiogenesis. In the BMP9/10-immunodepleted postnatal retina-a mouse model of HHT vascular pathology-tacrolimus activated endothelial Smad1/5/8 and prevented the Dll4 overexpression and hypervascularization associated with this model. Finally, tacrolimus stimulated Smad1/5/8 signaling in C2C12 cells expressing BMP9-unresponsive ALK1 HHT mutants and in HHT patient blood outgrowth ECs. Tacrolimus repurposing has therefore therapeutic potential in HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ruiz
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease
| | | | - Haitian Zhao
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease
| | | | - Prodyot K Chatterjee
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Erica Christen
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease
| | - Christine N Metz
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Lionel Blanc
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Fabien Campagne
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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Liao JH, Li CC, Wu SH, Fan JW, Gu HT, Wang ZW. Gene Variations of Sixth Complement Component Affecting Tacrolimus Metabolism in Patients with Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:1670-1676. [PMID: 28685716 PMCID: PMC5520553 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.209886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) improves the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Moreover, the complement system is a powerful immune effector that can affect liver function and process of liver cirrhosis. However, studies correlating the complement system with tacrolimus metabolism after OLT are scarce. In this study, the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the sixth complement component (C6) in tacrolimus metabolism was investigated during the early stages of liver transplantation. METHODS The study enrolled 135 adult patients treated with OLT for HCC between August 2011 and October 2013. Ten SNPs in C6 gene and rs776746 in cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) gene were investigated. The tacrolimus levels were monitored daily during 4 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS Both donor and recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A were correlated with decreased concentration/dose (C/D) ratios. Recipient C6 rs9200 allele G and donor C6 rs10052999 homozygotes were correlated with lower C/D ratios. Recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A (yielded median tacrolimus C/D ratios of 225.90 at week 1 and 123.61 at week 2), C6 rs9200 allele G (exhibited median tacrolimus C/D ratios of 211.31 at week 1, 110.23 at week 2, and 99.88 at week 3), and donor CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A (exhibited median C/D ratios of 210.82 at week 1, 111.06 at week 2, 77.49 at week 3, and 85.60 at week 4) and C6 rs10052999 homozygote (exhibited median C/D ratios of 167.59 at week 2, 157.99 at week 3, and 155.36 at week 4) were associated with rapid tacrolimus metabolism. With increasing number of these alleles, patients were found to have lower tacrolimus C/D ratios at various time points during the 4 weeks after transplantation. In multiple linear regression analysis, recipient C6 rs9200 group (AA vs. GG/GA) was found to be related to tacrolimus metabolism at weeks 1, 2, and 3 (P = 0.005, P = 0.045, and P = 0.033, respectively), whereas donor C6 rs10052999 group (CC/TT vs. TC) was demonstrated to be correlated with tacrolimus metabolism only at week 4 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Recipient C6 gene rs9200 polymorphism and donor C6 gene rs10052999 polymorphism are new genetic loci that affect tacrolimus metabolism in patients with HCC after OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Chang-Can Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shao-Han Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun-Wei Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hai-Tao Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Ordóñez-Robles M, Rodríguez-García A, Martín JF. Target genes of the Streptomyces tsukubaensis FkbN regulator include most of the tacrolimus biosynthesis genes, a phosphopantetheinyl transferase and other PKS genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8091-103. [PMID: 27357227 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506) is a 23-membered macrolide immunosuppressant used in current clinics. Understanding how the tacrolimus biosynthetic gene cluster is regulated is important to increase its industrial production. Here, we analysed the effect of the disruption of fkbN (encoding a LAL-type positive transcriptional regulator) on the whole transcriptome of the tacrolimus producer Streptomyces tsukubaensis using microarray technology. Transcription of fkbN in the wild type strain increases from 70 h of cultivation reaching a maximum at 89 h, prior to the onset of tacrolimus biosynthesis. Disruption of fkbN in S. tsukubaensis does not affect growth but prevents tacrolimus biosynthesis. Inactivation of fkbN reduces the transcription of most of the fkb cluster genes, including some all (for allylmalonyl-CoA biosynthesis) genes but does not affect expression of allMNPOS or fkbR (encoding a LysR-type regulator). Disruption of fkbN does not suppress transcription of the cistron tcs6-fkbQ-fkbN; thus, FkbN self-regulates only weakly its own expression. Interestingly, inactivation of FkbN downregulates the transcription of a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase coding gene, which product is involved in tacrolimus biosynthesis, and upregulates the transcription of a gene cluster containing a cpkA orthologous gene, which encodes a PKS involved in coelimycin P1 biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. We propose an information theory-based model for FkbN binding sequences. The consensus FkbN binding sequence consists of 14 nucleotides with dyad symmetry containing two conserved inverted repeats of 7 nt each. This FkbN target sequence is present in the promoters of FkbN-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ordóñez-Robles
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, 24071, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Avda. Real no. 1, León, 24006, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, 24071, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Avda. Real no. 1, León, 24006, Spain
| | - Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, 24071, Spain.
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Kim HY, Lee JJ, Kim N, Heo WD, Kim HS. Tracking protein-protein interaction and localization in living cells using a high-affinity molecular binder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:857-63. [PMID: 26820537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Probing protein-protein interactions in living cells is crucial for understanding the protein functions and developing drugs. Small-sized protein binders are considered effective and useful for such analysis. Here we describe the development and use of a repebody, which is a protein binder composed of LRR (Leucine-rich repeat) modules, for tracking protein-protein interaction and localization in real-time through live-cell imaging. A repebody with high affinity for a red fluorescent protein was selected through a phage display, fused with a green fluorescent protein, and applied for tracing a red fluorescent protein-fused target protein in mammalian cells. The potential and utility of our approach was demonstrated by tracking the rapamycin-mediated interaction between FKBP12-rapamycin binding (FRB) domain and a FK506-binding protein (FKBP) and their localization by live-cell imaging. The present approach can be widely used for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and an understanding of complex biological processes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Joong-jae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Nury Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea.
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Blažič M, Kosec G, Baebler Š, Gruden K, Petković H. Roles of the crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase homologues in acetate assimilation and biosynthesis of immunosuppressant FK506 in Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:164. [PMID: 26466669 PMCID: PMC4606968 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In microorganisms lacking a functional glyoxylate cycle, acetate can be assimilated by alternative pathways of carbon metabolism such as the ethylmalonyl-CoA (EMC) pathway. Among the enzymes converting CoA-esters of the EMC pathway, there is a unique carboxylase that reductively carboxylates crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase (Ccr). In addition to the EMC pathway, gene homologues of ccr can be found in secondary metabolite gene clusters that are involved in the provision of structurally diverse extender units used in the biosynthesis of polyketide natural products. The roles of multiple ccr homologues in the same genome and their potential interactions in primary and secondary metabolic pathways are poorly understood. RESULTS In the genome of S. tsukubaensis we have identified two ccr homologues; ccr1 is located in the putative ethylmalonyl-CoA (emc) operon and allR is located on the left fringe of the FK506 cluster. AllR provides an unusual extender unit allylmalonyl-CoA (ALL) for the biosynthesis of FK506 and potentially also ethylmalonyl-CoA for the related compound FK520. We have demonstrated that in S. tsukubaensis the ccr1 gene does not have a significant role in the biosynthesis of FK506 or FK520 when cultivated on carbohydrate-based media. However, when overexpressed under the control of a strong constitutive promoter, ccr1 can take part in the biosynthesis of ethylmalonyl-CoA and thereby FK520, but not FK506. In contrast, if ccr1 is inactivated, allR is not able to sustain a functional ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway (EMC) and cannot support growth on acetate as the sole carbon source, even when constitutively expressed in the chimeric emc operon. This is somewhat surprising considering that the same chimeric emc operon results in production of FK506 as well as FK520, consistent with the previously proposed relaxed specificity of AllR for C4 and C5 substrates. CONCLUSIONS Different regulation of the expression of both ccr genes, ccr1 and allR, and their corresponding pathways EMC and ALL, respectively, in combination with the different enzymatic properties of the Ccr1 and AllR enzymes, determine an almost exclusive role of ccr1 in the EMC pathway in S. tsukubaensis, and an exclusive role of allR in the biosynthesis of FK506/FK520, thus separating the functional roles of these two genes between the primary and secondary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Blažič
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Acies Bio, d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Kosec
- Acies Bio, d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Hrvoje Petković
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Acies Bio, d.o.o., Tehnološki park 21, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Falloon K, Juvvadi PR, Richards AD, Vargas-Muñiz JM, Renshaw H, Steinbach WJ. Characterization of the FKBP12-Encoding Genes in Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137869. [PMID: 26366742 PMCID: PMC4569257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis, largely caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, is responsible for a growing number of deaths among immunosuppressed patients. Immunosuppressants such as FK506 (tacrolimus) that target calcineurin have shown promise for antifungal drug development. FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) form a complex with calcineurin in the presence of FK506 (FKBP12-FK506) and inhibit calcineurin activity. Research on FKBPs in fungi is limited, and none of the FKBPs have been previously characterized in A. fumigatus. We identified four orthologous genes of FKBP12, the human FK506 binding partner, in A. fumigatus and designated them fkbp12-1, fkbp12-2, fkbp12-3, and fkbp12-4. Deletional analysis of the four genes revealed that the Δfkbp12-1 strain was resistant to FK506, indicating FKBP12-1 as the key mediator of FK506-binding to calcineurin. The endogenously expressed FKBP12-1-EGFP fusion protein localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei under normal growth conditions but also to the hyphal septa following FK506 treatment, revealing its interaction with calcineurin. The FKBP12-1-EGFP fusion protein didn’t localize at the septa in the presence of FK506 in the cnaA deletion background, confirming its interaction with calcineurin. Testing of all deletion strains in the Galleria mellonella model of aspergillosis suggested that these proteins don’t play an important role in virulence. While the Δfkbp12-2 and Δfkbp12-3 strains didn’t show any discernable phenotype, the Δfkbp12-4 strain displayed slight growth defect under normal growth conditions and inhibition of the caspofungin-mediated “paradoxical growth effect” at higher concentrations of the antifungal caspofungin. Together, these results indicate that while only FKBP12-1 is the bona fide binding partner of FK506, leading to the inhibition of calcineurin in A. fumigatus, FKBP12-4 may play a role in basal growth and the caspofungin-mediated paradoxical growth response. Exploitation of differences between A. fumigatus FKBP12-1 and human FKBP12 will be critical for the generation of fungal-specific FK506 analogs to inhibit fungal calcineurin and treat invasive fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Falloon
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Praveen R. Juvvadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Amber D. Richards
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - José M. Vargas-Muñiz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Hilary Renshaw
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - William J. Steinbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mabuchi M, Shimizu T, Ueda M, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Tanaka A. Improvement of solid material for affinity resins by application of long PEG spacers to capture the whole target complex of FK506. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2788-92. [PMID: 26025877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Solid materials for affinity resins bearing long PEG spacers between a functional group used for immobilization of a bio-active compound and the solid surface were synthesized to capture not only small target proteins but also large and/or complex target proteins. Solid materials with PEG1000 or PEG2000 as spacers, which bear a benzenesulfonamide derivative, exhibited excellent selectivity between the specific binding protein carbonic anhydrase type II (CAII) and non-specific ones. These materials also exhibited efficacy in capturing a particular target at a maximal amount. Affinity resins using solid materials with PEG1000 or PEG2000 spacers, bear a FK506 derivative, successfully captured the whole target complex of specific binding proteins at the silver staining level, while all previously known affinity resins with solid materials failed to achieve this objective. These novel affinity resins captured other specific binding proteins such as dynamin and neurocalcin δ as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Mabuchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan; KOBE Chemical Genetics., Inc. 2-2-2 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ikegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Akito Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan; KOBE Chemical Genetics., Inc. 2-2-2 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan.
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Abstract
One of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of insoluble extracellular amyloid plaques. These plaques are mainly constituted of amyloid beta peptide (A beta), a proteolytic product of amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP processing also generates the APP intracellular domain (AICD). We have previously demonstrated that AICD interacts with FKBP12, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) ubiquitous in nerve systems. This interaction was interfered by FK506, a clinically used immunosuppressant that has recently been reported to be neuroprotective. To elucidate the roles of FKBP12 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the effect of FKBP12 overexpression on APP processing was evaluated. Our results revealed that APP processing was shifted towards the amyloidogenic pathway, accompanied by a change in the subcellular localization of APP, upon FKBP12 overexpression. This FKBP12-overexpression-induced effect was reverted by FK506. These findings support our hypothesis that FKBP12 may participate in the regulation of APP processing. FKBP12 overexpression may lead to the stabilization of a certain isomer (presumably the cis form) of the Thr668-Pro669 peptide bond in AICD, therefore change its affinity to flotillin-1 or other raft-associated proteins, and eventually change the localization pattern and cause a shift in the proteolytic processing of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Lun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Dessilly G, Elens L, Panin N, Capron A, Decottignies A, Demoulin JB, Haufroid V. ABCB1 1199G>A genetic polymorphism (Rs2229109) influences the intracellular accumulation of tacrolimus in HEK293 and K562 recombinant cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91555. [PMID: 24621983 PMCID: PMC3951418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 (ABCB1) transporter, or P-glycoprotein, is an efflux protein implicated in the absorption and the distribution of various compounds, including tacrolimus and cyclosporine A. In vivo studies suggest an association between the ABCB1 1199G>A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and tacrolimus intracellular accumulation. The aim of the present experimental study was to clarify in vitro the impact of the coding ABCB1 1199G>A SNP on ABCB1 transport activity towards both immunosuppressive drugs. METHOD Two recombinant cell lines, i.e. Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) and Human Myelogenous Leukemia (K562) cells, overexpressing ABCB1 carrying either the wild-type allele (1199G) or its mutated counterpart (1199A), were generated. The impact of the 1199G>A SNP on ABCB1 activity towards rhodamine (Rh123), doxorubicin, vinblastine, tacrolimus and cyclosporine A was assessed by accumulation, cytotoxicity and/or kinetic experiments. RESULTS Tacrolimus accumulation was strongly decreased in cells overexpressing the wild-type protein (1199G) compared to control cells, confirming the ability of ABCB1 to transport tacrolimus. By contrast, overexpression of the variant protein (1199A) had nearly no effect on tacrolimus intracellular accumulation whatever the model used and the concentration tested. Unlike tacrolimus, our results also indicate that cyclosporine A, Rh123 and doxorubicin are transported in a similar extent by the wild-type and variant ABCB1 proteins while the variant protein seems to be more efficient for the transport of vinblastine. CONCLUSION ABCB1 encoded by the 1199G wild-type allele transports more efficiently tacrolimus in comparison to the 1199A variant protein. This observation indicates that the amino-acid substitution (Ser400Asn) encoded by the 1199A allele drastically decreases the ability of ABCB1 to drive the efflux of tacrolimus in a substrate-specific manner, in agreement with our previously published clinical data. Our study emphasizes the importance of the ABCB1 1199G>A polymorphism for ABCB1 activity and its potential to explain differences in drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Dessilly
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Elens
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadtha Panin
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Capron
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Li CJ, Li L, Lin L, Jiang HX, Zhong ZY, Li WM, Zhang YJ, Zheng P, Tan XH, Zhou L. Impact of the CYP3A5, CYP3A4, COMT, IL-10 and POR genetic polymorphisms on tacrolimus metabolism in Chinese renal transplant recipients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86206. [PMID: 24465960 PMCID: PMC3897654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus is a widely used immunosuppressive drug for preventing the rejection of solid organ transplants. The efficacy of tacrolimus shows considerable variability, which might be related to genetic variation among recipients. We conducted a retrospective study of 240 Chinese renal transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus as immunosuppressive drug. The retrospective data of all patients were collected for 40 days after transplantation. Seventeen SNPs of CYP3A5, CYP3A4, COMT, IL-10 and POR were identified by the SNaPshot assay. Tacrolimus blood concentrations were obtained on days 1-3, days 6-8 and days 12-14 after transplantation, as well as during the period of the predefined therapeutic concentration range. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the effect of genetic variation on the tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio (C 0/D) at different time points. Chi-square test was used to compare the proportions of patients who achieved the target C 0 range in the different genotypic groups at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 after transplantation. After correction for multiple testing, there was a significant association of C 0/D with CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A4 rs4646437 T>C at different time points after transplantation. The proportion of patients in the IL-10 rs1800871-TT group who achieved the target C 0 range was greater (p = 0.004) compared to the IL-10 rs1800871-CT and IL-10 rs1800871-CC groups at week 3 after transplantation. CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4 *1G, CYP3A4 rs4646437 T>C and IL-10 rs1800871 C>T might be potential polymorphisms affecting the interindividual variability in tacrolimus metabolism among Chinese renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Jiang Li
- Department of Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hai-Xia Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ze-Yan Zhong
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei-Mo Li
- Department of Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xu-Hui Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Abstract
Argonaute2 (Ago2) protein and associated microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) for target messenger RNA cleavage and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Although Ago2 is essential for RISC activity, the mechanism of RISC assembly is not well understood, and factors controlling Ago2 protein expression are largely unknown. A role for the Hsc70/Hsp90 chaperone complex in loading small RNA duplexes into the RISC has been demonstrated in cell extracts, and unloaded Ago2 is unstable and degraded by the lysosome in mammalian cells. Here we identify the co-chaperones Fkbp4 and Fkbp5 as Ago2-associated proteins in mouse embryonic stem cells. Pharmacological inhibition of this interaction using FK506 or siRNA-mediated Fkbp4/5 depletion leads to decreased Ago2 protein levels. We find FK506 treatment inhibits, whereas Fkbp4/5 overexpression promotes, miRNA-mediated stabilization of Ago2 expression. Simultaneous treatment with a lysosome inhibitor revealed the accumulation of unloaded Ago2 complexes in FK506-treated cells. We find that, consistent with unloaded miRNAs being unstable, FK506 treatment also affects miRNA abundance, particularly nascent miRNAs. Our results support a role for Fkbp4/5 in RISC assembly.
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Chen D, Fan J, Guo F, Qin S, Wang Z, Peng Z. Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin 6 affect tacrolimus metabolism in liver transplant patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73405. [PMID: 23991193 PMCID: PMC3753270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus is the first-line immunosuppressant after organ transplantation. It is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A (CYP3A) enzymes, but there are large individual differences in metabolism. Interleukin 6 (IL6) has been shown to cause a pan-suppression of mRNA levels of ten major CYP enzymes in human hepatocyte cultures. IL6 has been shown to provide hepatoprotection in various models of liver injury. Rs1800796 is a locus in the IL6 gene promoter region which regulates cytokine production. We speculated that IL6 rs1800796 polymorphisms may lead to individual differences in tacrolimus metabolism by affecting CYP3A enzymes levels and liver function after liver transplantation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Ninety-six liver transplant patients receiving tacrolimus were enrolled in the study. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), CYP3A5 rs776746 and IL6 rs1800796, were genotyped in both donors and recipients. The effects of SNPs on tacrolimus concentration/dose (C/D ratio) at four weeks after transplantation were studied, as well as the effects of donor IL6 rs1800796 polymorphisms on liver function. Both donor and recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A showed association with lower C/D ratios, while donor IL6 rs1800796 allele G showed an association with higher C/D ratios. Donor CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A, IL6 rs1800796 allele C, and recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 allele A were associated with fast tacrolimus metabolism. With increasing numbers of these alleles, patients were found to have increasingly lower tacrolimus C/D ratios at time points after transplantation. Donor IL6 rs1800796 allele G carriers showed an association with higher glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels. CONCLUSIONS Combined analysis of donor CYP3A5 rs776746, IL6 rs1800796, and recipient CYP3A5 rs776746 polymorphisms may distinguish tacrolimus metabolism better than CYP3A5 rs776746 alone. IL6 may lead to individual differences in tacrolimus metabolism mainly by affecting liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengying Qin
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bio-X Institutes, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Genomepilot Institutes for Genomics and Human Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaowen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (ZP)
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (ZP)
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Jones AC, Gust B, Kulik A, Heide L, Buttner MJ, Bibb MJ. Phage p1-derived artificial chromosomes facilitate heterologous expression of the FK506 gene cluster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69319. [PMID: 23874942 PMCID: PMC3708917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a procedure for the conjugative transfer of phage P1-derived Artificial Chromosome (PAC) library clones containing large natural product gene clusters (≥70 kilobases) to Streptomyces coelicolor strains that have been engineered for improved heterologous production of natural products. This approach is demonstrated using the gene cluster for FK506 (tacrolimus), a clinically important immunosuppressant of high commercial value. The entire 83.5 kb FK506 gene cluster from Streptomyces tsukubaensis NRRL 18488 present in one 130 kb PAC clone was introduced into four different S. coelicolor derivatives and all produced FK506 and smaller amounts of the related compound FK520. FK506 yields were increased by approximately five-fold (from 1.2 mg L-1 to 5.5 mg L-1) in S. coelicolor M1146 containing the FK506 PAC upon over-expression of the FK506 LuxR regulatory gene fkbN. The PAC-based gene cluster conjugation methodology described here provides a tractable means to evaluate and manipulate FK506 biosynthesis and is readily applicable to other large gene clusters encoding natural products of interest to medicine, agriculture and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark J. Buttner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (M. Buttner); (M. Bibb)
| | - Mervyn J. Bibb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (M. Buttner); (M. Bibb)
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Ban YH, Shinde PB, Hwang JY, Song MC, Kim DH, Lim SK, Sohng JK, Yoon YJ. Characterization of FK506 biosynthetic intermediates involved in post-PKS elaboration. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:1091-1098. [PMID: 23706030 DOI: 10.1021/np4001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The post-PKS modification steps of FK506 biosynthesis include C9-oxidation and 31-O-methylation, but the sequence of these reactions and the exact route have remained unclear. This study details the post-PKS modification pathways in FK506 biosynthesis through the identification of all intermediates and in vitro enzymatic reactions of the cytochrome P450 hydroxylase FkbD and the methyltransferase FkbM. These results complete our understanding of post-PKS modification steps to FK506 showing the substrate flexibility of two enzymes involved and the existence of two parallel biosynthetic routes to FK506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Torio A, Auyanet I, Montes-Ares O, Guerra RM, Fernandez EJ, Perez MA, Ramirez A, Checa MD. Effect of CYP3A51/3 polymorphism on blood pressure in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2013; 44:2596-8. [PMID: 23146466 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) enzyme has been implicated to determine blood pressure (BP) in humans. Different results have been reported concerning CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms and posttransplantation hypertension in kidney recipients. Our objective was to investigate whether CYP3A5 1/3 polymorphism was associated with ambulatory BP among a population of renal transplant recipients receiving the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus for immunosuppression. METHODS Sixty primary kidney transplant recipients undergoing treatment with tacrolimus were genotyped for the CYP3A5 1/3 polymorphism. We analysed the association of the CYP3A5 alleles with ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP measured at 6 and 24 months posttransplantation. RESULTS We observed that 23.3% of the patients were CYP3A5 1 carriers and 76.7% were homozygous for CYP3A5 3. CYP3A5 1 carriers showed higher adjusted systolic BP and diastolic BP at 6 and 24 months posttransplantation, and they were prescribed more antihypertensive drugs compared with non CYP3A5 1 carrier patients, albeit not significant. No significant differences were found comparing the distribution of the hypertension classes. CONCLUSION We did not observe a significant association of CYP3A5 1/3 polymorphism with posttransplantation hypertension, although there were some differences in BP associated with the presence of the CYP3A5 1 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Torio
- Unidad Inmunología, C.H.U. Insular Materno Infantil, Las Palmas, Spain.
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Brzezińska B, Junik R, Kamińska A, Włodarczyk Z, Adamowicz A. Factors associated with glucose metabolism disorders after kidney transplantation. Endokrynol Pol 2013; 64:21-25. [PMID: 23450443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), pre-diabetes-impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are frequent complications after organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of PTDM, IFG and IGT in a group of renal transplant recipients, to compare the frequency of glucose metabolism disorders in subjects treated with tacrolimus and with cyclosporine, and to establish the influence of different risk factors on the development of glucose metabolism disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 206 non-diabetic kidney allograft recipients (age 46.4 ± 12.3 years, time since transplantation 45.5 ± ± 33.6 months, BMI 26.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2). Glucose metabolism disorders were diagnosed using an oral glucose tolerance test. Logistic regression was used to assess the influence of each risk factor (age, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, the presence of cardiovascular disease, positive family history of diabetes, cholesterol and triglycerides concentration) on the development of glucose metabolism disorders. RESULTS In 103 patients (50%), we diagnosed glucose metabolism disorders. 19% of patients had PTDM, 14% IFG, and 17% IGT. We did not find any differences in the frequency of glucose metabolism disorders between patients treated with tacrolimus and with cyclosporine. Multivariate analysis identified BMI and a family history of diabetes as independent risk factors of glucose metabolism disorders. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders in the examined group. This suggests that kidney transplant recipients should be screened for these disturbances. Patients with higher BMI and with first-degree relatives with diabetes had an increased risk of glucose metabolism disorders after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brzezińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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Hopper JTS, Rawlings A, Afonso JP, Channing D, Layfield R, Oldham NJ. Evidence for the preservation of native inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds in the desolvated FK-binding protein·FK506 complex produced by electrospray ionization. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2012; 23:1757-1767. [PMID: 22797884 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that electrospray ionization (ESI) is capable of introducing noncovalent protein assemblies into a desolvated environment, thereby allowing their analysis by mass spectrometry. The degree to which native interactions from the solution phase are preserved in this environment is less clear. Site-directed mutagenesis of FK506-binding protein (FKBP) has been employed to probe specific intra- and inter-molecular interactions within the complex between FKBP and its ligand FK506. Collisional activation of wild-type and mutant-FKBP•FK506 ions, generated by ESI, demonstrated that removal of native protein-ligand interactions formed between residues Asp37, Tyr82, and FK506 significantly destabilized the complex. Mutation of Arg42 to Ala42, or Tyr26 to Phe26 also resulted in lower energy dissociation of the FKBP·FK506 complex. Although these residues do not form direct H-bonds to FK506, they interact with Asp37, ensuring its correct orientation to associate with the ligand. Comparison with solution-based affinity measurements of these mutants has been discussed, including the stabilization afforded by ordered water molecules. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been employed to provide gas-phase structural information on the unfolding of the complexes. The [M + 6H](6+) complexes of the wild-type and mutants have been shown to resist unfolding and retain compact conformations. However, removal of the basic Arg42 residue was found to induce significant structural weakening of the [M + 7H](7+) complex when raised to dissociation-level energies. Overall, destabilization of the FKBP·FK506 complex, resulting from targeted removal of specific H-bonds, provides evidence for the preservation of these interactions in the desolvated wild-type complex.
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Elmachad M, Elkabbaj D, Elkerch F, Laarabi FZ, Barkat A, Oualim Z, Sefiani A. Frequencies of CYP3A5*1/*3 variants in a Moroccan population and effect on tacrolimus daily dose requirements in renal transplant patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:644-7. [PMID: 22304537 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 are a superfamily of oxidative enzymes, which are implicated in the metabolism of a large number of endogenous substances as well as exogenous chemicals. The cytochrome P450 (CYP3A5) appears to play an important role in drug metabolism activity. The most frequent mutation in the CYP3A5 gene, affecting its activity, consists of a G6986A transition within intron 3. In this study, we determined the allelic frequency of CYP3A5*3 in a Moroccan population, consisting of 108 individuals including 10 renal transplant patients. About 8.33% (9/108) of the subjects were homozygous wild-type (CYP3A5*1/*1), 37.04% (40/108) were heterozygous (CYP3A5*1/*3), and 54.63% (59/108) were homozygous (CYP3A5*3/*3). Therefore, CYP3A5*3 variant was the most frequent allele detected at 73.15%. In the second part of this work, we assessed the influence of the CYP3A5 polymorphism on tacrolimus doses required for 10 renal transplant patients who are receiving tacrolimus as immunosuppressive therapy. Our results showed that, during the first 3 months after kidney transplantation, the tacrolimus daily requirements for heterozygous patients (CYP3A5*3/*1) were higher compared with homozygous patients (CYP3A5*3/*3) (0.133 ± 0.026 vs. 0.21 ± 0.037 mg/kg/day). After the third month the difference was also observed, whereby the mean of tacrolimus daily requirements for patients with CYP3A5*3/*3 and CYP3A5*1/*3 was 0.053 ± 0.013 and 0.08 ± 0.014 mg/kg/day, respectively. This first study in Morocco provides genetic data related to the frequency of genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and opens the perspective to develop other pharmacogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Elmachad
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco.
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Abstract
Tacrolimus is a well-known potent immunosuppressant agent, which has various drug-drug or food-drug interactions. Previously, we found a renal transplant recipient who increased tacrolimus blood concentrations after ingestion of pomelo as a rare case. So, we investigated the effect of pomelo after its administration for one day or 3 consecutive days on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in rats. We also confirmed the effects of grapefruit, turmeric, and ginger. The tacrolimus blood concentrations of the rats pre-treated with 100% pomelo juice were significantly higher than those pre-treated with water. On the other hand, the tacrolimus blood concentrations of the rats pre-treated with 50% pomelo juice were not significantly different from those pre-treated with water. The pomelo-tacrolimus interaction showed concentration dependency. Even low concentration of pomelo juice could enhance the blood concentrations of tacrolimus by repeated administration. The inhibitory effect of 100% pomelo juice disappeared 3 days after intake. The AUC values of tacrolimus in the rats pre-treated with grapefruit juice, ginger juice, and turmeric juice were significantly larger than those pre-treated with water. We could confirm the pomelo-tacrolimus interaction, which we discovered in a case study, quantitatively. We newly found the influence of turmeric and ginger on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics, comparable to pomelo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Egashira
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki
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Pople PV, Singh KK. Development and evaluation of colloidal modified nanolipid carrier: application to topical delivery of tacrolimus. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:82-94. [PMID: 21447390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Low solubility of tacrolimus in carrier matrix and subsequent poor in vivo bioavailability was overcome by constructing modified nanolipid carrier (MNLC) as a novel approach. The aim of this study was to develop MNLC with enhanced drug solubility in carrier lipid matrix using lipophilic solubilizers for topical delivery. Comprehensive characterization of tacrolimus-loaded MNLC (T-MNLC) was carried out for particle size, morphology, and rheology. Lipid modification resulted in the formation of less perfect crystals offering space to accommodate the dissolved drug leading to high entrapment efficiency of 96.66%. Compatibility and mixing behavior of carrier constituents was evaluated using DSC, FT-IR, and (1)H NMR. T-MNLC displayed sufficient stability that could be attributed to possibility to reduce total lipid concentration in carrier. T-MNLC-enriched gels showed significantly higher in vitro drug release, skin permeation, and in vivo bioavailability with dermatopharmacokinetic approach in guinea pigs compared to commercial ointment, Protopic® as reference. Penetration-enhancing effect was confirmed using gamma scintigraphy in vivo in rats. Radioactivity remained localized in skin at the application site avoiding unnecessary biodisposition to other organs with prospective minimization of toxic effects. Skin irritation studies showed T-MNLC to be significantly less irritating than reference. Research work could be concluded as successful development of novel T-MNLC using lipophilic solubilizers to increase the encapsulation efficiency of colloidal lipid carriers with advantage of improved performance in terms of stability and skin localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi V Pople
- C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Mumbai, India
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Larriba J, Imperiali N, Groppa R, Giordani C, Algranatti S, Redal MA. Pharmacogenetics of immunosuppressant polymorphism of CYP3A5 in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:257-9. [PMID: 20172323 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The tacrolimus is metabolized primarily by CYP3A5, a member of the single nucleotide polymorphism family. It shows cytochrome P450 (SNP) in intron 3, which consists of a change of base, G for A, producing a stop codon. The result is a nonfunctional protein (allele *3). Allele *1 is the wild type. The patients that show the allelic variant *3 in homozygosis (G/G) are slow metabolizers of the immunosuppressant, increasing its concentration in blood. In contrast, heterozygote A/G alleles *1/*3 are intermediate metabolizers, whereas those of allele *1 in homozygosis (A/A) are normal metabolizers. The aim of this study was to determine CYP 3A5 polymorphism among adult renal transplant recipients and the general Argentinean population. We analyzed 21 recipients and 36 healthy controls. All subjects gave written informed consent approved by the local committee. To determine the polymorphism, we extracted DNA from peripheral blood and used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify intron 3 of the CYP 3A5. The presence of variant was confirmed by direct sequencing. Among the controls the CYP3A5 genotype *3/*3 (G/G) was detected in 32 individuals, 4 showed *1/*3 (A/G), and none had *1/*1 (A/A); among the recipients, the results were as follows: 18, 2, and 1, respectively. The frequencies of polymorphism in both groups were similar, although they differed from those published for other populations. These results are the basis for the development of a pharmacogenomic program applied to organ transplantation. The genetic polymorphisms can determine responses to drugs. The molecular diagnosis must be transferred to clinical practice so as to guide selection of medicine and drug doses to be optimal for each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Larriba
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Experimental, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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[Interaction between turmeric and tacrolimus possible]. Lakartidningen 2010; 107:1238. [PMID: 20521597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Feily A, Khalesi M, Namazi MR. Topical imidazole-calcineurin inhibitor combination as an economical and efficacious treatment for dermatologic diseases. Dermatitis 2010; 21:178. [PMID: 20487667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Alag R, Shin J, Yoon HS. NMR assignments of the FK506-binding domain of FK506-binding protein 35 from Plasmodium vivax. Biomol NMR Assign 2009; 3:243-245. [PMID: 19774494 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-009-9185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PvFKBP35 is a member of the FK506 binding protein family (FKBP) from Plasmodium vivax. The FK506-binding domain of PvFKBP35 shows a canonical peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. To understand the role of PvFKBP35 in the parasite, we have performed NMR studies. Here, we report the assignment of the FK506-binding domain of PvFKBP35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Alag
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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