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Yang Y, Steidele CE, Rössner C, Löffelhardt B, Kolb D, Leisen T, Zhang W, Ludwig C, Felix G, Seidl MF, Becker A, Nürnberger T, Hahn M, Gust B, Gross H, Hückelhoven R, Gust AA. Convergent evolution of plant pattern recognition receptors sensing cysteine-rich patterns from three microbial kingdoms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3621. [PMID: 37336953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana Receptor-Like Protein RLP30 contributes to immunity against the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Here we identify the RLP30-ligand as a small cysteine-rich protein (SCP) that occurs in many fungi and oomycetes and is also recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana RLP RE02. However, RLP30 and RE02 share little sequence similarity and respond to different parts of the native/folded protein. Moreover, some Brassicaceae other than Arabidopsis also respond to a linear SCP peptide instead of the folded protein, suggesting that SCP is an eminent immune target that led to the convergent evolution of distinct immune receptors in plants. Surprisingly, RLP30 shows a second ligand specificity for a SCP-nonhomologous protein secreted by bacterial Pseudomonads. RLP30 expression in N. tabacum results in quantitatively lower susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens, thus demonstrating that detection of immunogenic patterns by Arabidopsis RLP30 is involved in defense against pathogens from three microbial kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Yang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christina E Steidele
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Clemens Rössner
- Institute of Botany, Developmental Biology of Plants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leisen
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Developmental Biology of Plants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Bär D, Konetschny B, Kulik A, Xu H, Paccagnella D, Beller P, Ziemert N, Dickschat JS, Gust B. Origin of the 3-methylglutaryl moiety in caprazamycin biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:232. [PMID: 36335365 PMCID: PMC9636800 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caprazamycins are liponucleoside antibiotics showing bioactivity against Gram-positive bacteria including clinically relevant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by targeting the bacterial MraY-translocase. Their chemical structure contains a unique 3-methylglutaryl moiety which they only share with the closely related liposidomycins. Although the biosynthesis of caprazamycin is understood to some extent, the origin of 3-methylglutaryl-CoA for caprazamycin biosynthesis remains elusive. Results In this work, we demonstrate two pathways of the heterologous producer Streptomyces coelicolor M1154 capable of supplying 3-methylglutaryl-CoA: One is encoded by the caprazamycin gene cluster itself including the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase Cpz5. The second pathway is part of primary metabolism of the host cell and encodes for the leucine/isovalerate utilization pathway (Liu-pathway). We could identify the liu cluster in S. coelicolor M1154 and gene deletions showed that the intermediate 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA is used for 3-methylglutaryl-CoA biosynthesis. This is the first report of this intermediate being hijacked for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Furthermore, Cpz20 and Cpz25 from the caprazamycin gene cluster were found to be part of a common route after both individual pathways are merged together. Conclusions The unique 3-methylglutaryl moiety in caprazamycin originates both from the caprazamycin gene cluster and the leucine/isovalerate utilization pathway of the heterologous host. Our study enhanced the knowledge on the caprazamycin biosynthesis and points out the importance of primary metabolism of the host cell for biosynthesis of natural products. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01955-6.
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Yin Z, Baer D, Gust B, Dickschat J. The Substrate Scope of Dehydratases in Antibiotic Biosynthesis and their Application in Kinetic Resolutions. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9103-9107. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nine dehydratases involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in addition to FabZ from fatty acid biosynthesis were investigated for their substrate scope using a panel of N-acetylcysteamine (SNAC) thioesters....
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Botas A, Eitel M, Schwarz PN, Buchmann A, Costales P, Núñez LE, Cortés J, Morís F, Krawiec M, Wolański M, Gust B, Rodriguez M, Fischer W, Jandeleit B, Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska J, Wohlleben W, Stegmann E, Koch P, Méndez C, Gross H. Genetic Engineering in Combination with Semi‐Synthesis Leads to a New Route for Gram‐Scale Production of the Immunosuppressive Natural Product Brasilicardin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Botas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias Universidad de Oviedo and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Asturias (ISPA) c/ Julián Clavería s/n. 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Paul N. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Anina Buchmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Paula Costales
- EntreChem S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud c/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Luz Elena Núñez
- EntreChem S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud c/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Jesús Cortés
- EntreChem S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud c/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Francisco Morís
- EntreChem S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud c/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - Michał Krawiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology Faculty of Biotechnology University of Wrocław ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14A 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Wolański
- Department of Molecular Microbiology Faculty of Biotechnology University of Wrocław ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14A 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Mirna Rodriguez
- Quadriga BioSciences, Inc. 339 S. San Antonio Road, Suite 2A Los Altos CA 94022 USA
| | - Wolf‐Nicolas Fischer
- Quadriga BioSciences, Inc. 339 S. San Antonio Road, Suite 2A Los Altos CA 94022 USA
| | - Bernd Jandeleit
- Quadriga BioSciences, Inc. 339 S. San Antonio Road, Suite 2A Los Altos CA 94022 USA
| | - Jolanta Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology Faculty of Biotechnology University of Wrocław ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14A 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Evi Stegmann
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias Universidad de Oviedo and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Asturias (ISPA) c/ Julián Clavería s/n. 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Botas A, Eitel M, Schwarz PN, Buchmann A, Costales P, Núñez LE, Cortés J, Morís F, Krawiec M, Wolański M, Gust B, Rodriguez M, Fischer W, Jandeleit B, Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska J, Wohlleben W, Stegmann E, Koch P, Méndez C, Gross H. Genetic Engineering in Combination with Semi-Synthesis Leads to a New Route for Gram-Scale Production of the Immunosuppressive Natural Product Brasilicardin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13536-13541. [PMID: 33768597 PMCID: PMC8251711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brasilicardin A (1) consists of an unusual anti/syn/anti-perhydrophenanthrene skeleton with a carbohydrate side chain and an amino acid moiety. It exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity, yet its mode of action differs from standard drugs that are currently in use. Further pre-clinical evaluation of this promising, biologically active natural product is hampered by restricted access to the ready material, as its synthesis requires both a low-yielding fermentation process using a pathogenic organism and an elaborate, multi-step total synthesis. Our semi-synthetic approach included a) the heterologous expression of the brasilicardin A gene cluster in different non-pathogenic bacterial strains producing brasilicardin A aglycone (5) in excellent yield and b) the chemical transformation of the aglycone 5 into the trifluoroacetic acid salt of brasilicardin A (1 a) via a short and straightforward five-steps synthetic route. Additionally, we report the first preclinical data for brasilicardin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Botas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de AsturiasUniversidad de Oviedo and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Asturias (ISPA)c/ Julián Clavería s/n.33006OviedoSpain
| | - Michael Eitel
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Paul N. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyInterfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection MedicineUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 2872076TübingenGermany
| | - Anina Buchmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiologyInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Paula Costales
- EntreChem S.L.Vivero Ciencias de la Saludc/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n33011OviedoSpain
| | - Luz Elena Núñez
- EntreChem S.L.Vivero Ciencias de la Saludc/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n33011OviedoSpain
| | - Jesús Cortés
- EntreChem S.L.Vivero Ciencias de la Saludc/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n33011OviedoSpain
| | - Francisco Morís
- EntreChem S.L.Vivero Ciencias de la Saludc/ Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán, s/n33011OviedoSpain
| | - Michał Krawiec
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyFaculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of Wrocławul. F. Joliot-Curie 14A50-383WrocławPoland
| | - Marcin Wolański
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyFaculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of Wrocławul. F. Joliot-Curie 14A50-383WrocławPoland
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiologyInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Mirna Rodriguez
- Quadriga BioSciences, Inc.339 S. San Antonio Road, Suite 2ALos AltosCA94022USA
| | | | - Bernd Jandeleit
- Quadriga BioSciences, Inc.339 S. San Antonio Road, Suite 2ALos AltosCA94022USA
| | - Jolanta Zakrzewska‐Czerwińska
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyFaculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of Wrocławul. F. Joliot-Curie 14A50-383WrocławPoland
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyInterfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection MedicineUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 2872076TübingenGermany
| | - Evi Stegmann
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyInterfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection MedicineUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 2872076TübingenGermany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de AsturiasUniversidad de Oviedo and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Asturias (ISPA)c/ Julián Clavería s/n.33006OviedoSpain
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiologyInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
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Cartmell C, Abou Fayad A, Lynch R, Sharma SV, Hauck N, Gust B, Goss RJM. SynBio-SynChem Approaches to Diversifying the Pacidamycins through the Exploitation of an Observed Pictet-Spengler Reaction. Chembiochem 2021; 22:712-716. [PMID: 33058439 PMCID: PMC7898326 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A nonenzymatic Pictet-Spengler reaction has been postulated to give rise to a subset of naturally occurring uridyl peptide antibiotics (UPAs). Here, using a combination of strain engineering and synthetic chemistry, we demonstrate that Pictet-Spengler chemistry may be employed to generate even greater diversity in the UPAs. We use an engineered strain to afford access to meta-tyrosine containing pacidamycin 4. Pictet-Spengler diversification of this compound using a small series of aryl-aldehydes was achieved with some derivatives affording remarkable diastereomeric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cartmell
- School of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFife, KY16 9STUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Prince Edward Island CharlottetownPrince Edward IslandC1A 4P3Canada
| | - Antoine Abou Fayad
- School of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFife, KY16 9STUK
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Medicine. Center of Infectious Disease Research (CIDR) WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial PathogensAmerican University of BeirutRiad El-Solh/Beirut1107 2020Lebanon
| | - Rosemary Lynch
- School of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFife, KY16 9STUK
| | - Sunil V. Sharma
- School of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFife, KY16 9STUK
| | - Nils Hauck
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches InstitutEberhard-Karls-UniversitätAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches InstitutEberhard-Karls-UniversitätAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Rebecca J. M. Goss
- School of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsFife, KY16 9STUK
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McErlean M, Liu X, Cui Z, Gust B, Van Lanen SG. Identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1362-1407. [PMID: 33404015 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2020 Hundreds of nucleoside-based natural products have been isolated from various microorganisms, several of which have been utilized in agriculture as pesticides and herbicides, in medicine as therapeutics for cancer and infectious disease, and as molecular probes to study biological processes. Natural products consisting of structural modifications of each of the canonical nucleosides have been discovered, ranging from simple modifications such as single-step alkylations or acylations to highly elaborate modifications that dramatically alter the nucleoside scaffold and require multiple enzyme-catalyzed reactions. A vast amount of genomic information has been uncovered the past two decades, which has subsequently allowed the first opportunity to interrogate the chemically intriguing enzymatic transformations for the latter type of modifications. This review highlights (i) the discovery and potential applications of structurally complex pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics for which genetic information is known, (ii) the established reactions that convert the canonical pyrimidine into a new nucleoside scaffold, and (iii) the important tailoring reactions that impart further structural complexity to these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McErlean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - X Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - Z Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, USA.
| | - B Gust
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - S G Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, USA.
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Wiker F, Konnerth M, Helmle I, Kulik A, Kaysser L, Gross H, Gust B. Identification of Novel α-Pyrones from Conexibacter woesei Serving as Sulfate Shuttles. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1972-1980. [PMID: 31419109 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrones comprise a structurally diverse class of compounds. Although they are widespread in nature, their specific physiological functions remain unknown in most cases. We recently described that triketide pyrones mediate the sulfotransfer in caprazamycin biosynthesis. Herein, we report the identification of conexipyrones A-C, three previously unrecognized tetra-substituted α-pyrones, from the soil actinobacterium Conexibacter woesei. Insights into their biosynthesis via a type III polyketide synthase were obtained by feeding studies using isotope-enriched precursors. In vitro assays employing the genetically associated 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)-dependent sulfotransferase CwoeST revealed conexipyrones as the enzymes' genuine sulfate acceptor substrates. Furthermore, conexipyrones were determined to function as sulfate shuttles in a two-enzyme assay, because their sulfated derivatives were accepted as donor molecules by the PAPS-independent arylsulfate sulfotransferase (ASST) Cpz4 to yield sulfated caprazamycin intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wiker
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Konnerth
- Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irina Helmle
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonard Kaysser
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Wiker F, Hauck N, Grond S, Gust B. Caprazamycins: Biosynthesis and structure activity relationship studies. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:319-324. [PMID: 31138496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis represents a valid target for antibacterial action but only a limited number of chemical structure classes selectively interact with specific enzymes or protein structures like transporters of the cell envelope. The integral membrane protein MraY translocase is essential for peptidoglycan biosynthesis catalysing the transfer of the peptidoglycan precursor phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide to the lipid carrier undecaprenyl phosphate, thereby generating the cell wall intermediate lipid I. Not present in eukaryotic cells, MraY is a member of the superfamily of yet not well-understood integral membrane enzymes which involve proteins for bacterial lipopolysaccharide and teichoic acid or eukaryotic N-linked saccharides biosynthesis. Different natural nucleoside antibiotics as inhibitors of MraY translocase have been discovered comprising a glycosylated heterocyclic pyrimidin base among other potential lipid-, peptidic- or sugar moieties. Caprazamycins are liponucleoside antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. MK730-62F2. They possess activity in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, in particular against the genus Mycobacterium including M. intracellulare, M. avium and M. tuberculosis. Structural elucidation revealed the (+)-caprazol core skeleton as a unique moiety, the caprazamycins share with other MraY inhibitors such as the liposidomycins, A-90289 and the muraminomicins. They also share structural features such as uridyl-, aminoribosyl- and fatty acyl-moieties with other MraY translocase inhibitors like FR-900493 and the muraymycins. Intensive studies on their biosynthesis during the last decade identified not only common initial biosynthetic steps, but also revealed possible branching points towards individual biosynthesis of the respective compound. Structural diversity of caprazamycins was generated by feeding experiments, genetic engineering of the biosynthetic gene clusters and chemical synthesis for structure activity relationship studies with its target, MraY translocase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wiker
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nils Hauck
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Basitta P, Westrich L, Rösch M, Kulik A, Gust B, Apel AK. AGOS: A Plug-and-Play Method for the Assembly of Artificial Gene Operons into Functional Biosynthetic Gene Clusters. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:817-825. [PMID: 28182401 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The generation of novel secondary metabolites by reengineering or refactoring biochemical pathways is a rewarding but also challenging goal of synthetic biology. For this, the development of tools for the reconstruction of secondary metabolite gene clusters as well as the challenge of understanding the obstacles in this process is of great interest. The artificial gene operon assembly system (AGOS) is a plug-and-play method developed as a tool to consecutively assemble artificial gene operons into a destination vector and subsequently express them under the control of a de-repressed promoter in a Streptomyces host strain. AGOS was designed as a set of entry plasmids for the construction of artificial gene operons and a SuperCos1 based destination vector, into which the constructed operons can be assembled by Red/ET-mediated recombination. To provide a proof-of-concept of this method, we disassembled the well-known novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster into four gene operons, encoding for the different moieties of novobiocin. We then genetically reorganized these gene operons with the help of AGOS to finally obtain the complete novobiocin gene cluster again. The production of novobiocin precursors and of novobiocin could successfully be detected by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the omission of terminator sequences only had a minor impact on product formation in our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Basitta
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Lucia Westrich
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Manuela Rösch
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | | | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Alexander Kristian Apel
- Pharmaceutical
Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf
der Morgenstelle 8, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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11
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Bauer JS, Hauck N, Christof L, Mehnaz S, Gust B, Gross H. The Systematic Investigation of the Quorum Sensing System of the Biocontrol Strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca PB-St2 Unveils aurI to Be a Biosynthetic Origin for 3-Oxo-Homoserine Lactones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167002. [PMID: 27861617 PMCID: PMC5115851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The shoot endophytic biocontrol strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca PB-St2 produces a wide range of exoproducts, including enzymes and antibiotics. The production of exoproducts is commonly tightly regulated. In order to get a deeper insight into the regulatory network of PB-St2, the strain was systematically investigated regarding its quorum sensing systems, both on the genetic and metabolic level. The genome analysis of PB-St2 revealed the presence of four putative acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) biosynthesis genes: phzI, csaI, aurI, and hdtS. LC-MS/MS analyses of the crude supernatant extracts demonstrated that PB-St2 produces eight AHLs. In addition, the concentration of all AHL derivatives was quantified time-resolved in parallel over a period of 42 h during the growth of P. aurantiaca PB-St2, resulting in production curves, which showed differences regarding the maximum levels of the AHLs (14.6 nM– 1.75 μM) and the production period. Cloning and heterologous overexpression of all identified AHL synthase genes in Escherichia coli proved the functionality of the resulting synthases PhzI, CsaI, and AurI. A clear AHL production pattern was assigned to each of these three AHL synthases, while the HdtS synthase did not lead to any AHL production. Furthermore, the heterologous expression study demonstrated unequivocally and for the first time that AurI directs the synthesis of two 3-oxo-AHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nils Hauck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Christof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Samina Mehnaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Medema MH, Kottmann R, Yilmaz P, Cummings M, Biggins JB, Blin K, de Bruijn I, Chooi YH, Claesen J, Coates RC, Cruz-Morales P, Duddela S, Düsterhus S, Edwards DJ, Fewer DP, Garg N, Geiger C, Gomez-Escribano JP, Greule A, Hadjithomas M, Haines AS, Helfrich EJN, Hillwig ML, Ishida K, Jones AC, Jones CS, Jungmann K, Kegler C, Kim HU, Kötter P, Krug D, Masschelein J, Melnik AV, Mantovani SM, Monroe EA, Moore M, Moss N, Nützmann HW, Pan G, Pati A, Petras D, Reen FJ, Rosconi F, Rui Z, Tian Z, Tobias NJ, Tsunematsu Y, Wiemann P, Wyckoff E, Yan X, Yim G, Yu F, Xie Y, Aigle B, Apel AK, Balibar CJ, Balskus EP, Barona-Gómez F, Bechthold A, Bode HB, Borriss R, Brady SF, Brakhage AA, Caffrey P, Cheng YQ, Clardy J, Cox RJ, De Mot R, Donadio S, Donia MS, van der Donk WA, Dorrestein PC, Doyle S, Driessen AJM, Ehling-Schulz M, Entian KD, Fischbach MA, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH, Gross H, Gust B, Hertweck C, Höfte M, Jensen SE, Ju J, Katz L, Kaysser L, Klassen JL, Keller NP, Kormanec J, Kuipers OP, Kuzuyama T, Kyrpides NC, Kwon HJ, Lautru S, Lavigne R, Lee CY, Linquan B, Liu X, Liu W, Luzhetskyy A, Mahmud T, Mast Y, Méndez C, Metsä-Ketelä M, Micklefield J, Mitchell DA, Moore BS, Moreira LM, Müller R, Neilan BA, Nett M, Nielsen J, O’Gara F, Oikawa H, Osbourn A, Osburne MS, Ostash B, Payne SM, Pernodet JL, Petricek M, Piel J, Ploux O, Raaijmakers JM, Salas JA, Schmitt EK, Scott B, Seipke RF, Shen B, Sherman DH, Sivonen K, Smanski MJ, Sosio M, Stegmann E, Süssmuth RD, Tahlan K, Thomas CM, Tang Y, Truman AW, Viaud M, Walton JD, Walsh CT, Weber T, van Wezel GP, Wilkinson B, Willey JM, Wohlleben W, Wright GD, Ziemert N, Zhang C, Zotchev SB, Breitling R, Takano E, Glöckner FO. Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:625-31. [PMID: 26284661 PMCID: PMC5714517 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H Medema
- Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Renzo Kottmann
- Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Pelin Yilmaz
- Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthew Cummings
- Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology ofFine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John B Biggins
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kai Blin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Irene de Bruijn
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yit Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA,Departmentof Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jan Claesen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R Cameron Coates
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Srikanth Duddela
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stephanie Düsterhus
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel J Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Chico, California, USA
| | - David P Fewer
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neha Garg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christoph Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Anja Greule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michalis Hadjithomas
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | - Eric J N Helfrich
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew L Hillwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keishi Ishida
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Adam C Jones
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Carla S Jones
- Sustainable Studies Program, Roosevelt University Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katrin Jungmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Kegler
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekular Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark,BioInformatics Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Kötter
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Krug
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Joleen Masschelein
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium,Laboratory of Food Microbiology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Alexey V Melnik
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Simone M Mantovani
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily A Monroe
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marcus Moore
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Nathan Moss
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Guohui Pan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Amrita Pati
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Jerry Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork–National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Federico Rosconi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Genómica Microbianas, IBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Zhe Rui
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicholas J Tobias
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekular Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yuta Tsunematsu
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Philipp Wiemann
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wyckoff
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Grace Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, The M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yunchang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bertrand Aigle
- Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de Lorraine and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1128, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alexander K Apel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carl J Balibar
- Infectious Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekular Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Frankfurt, Germany,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Fachbereich Phytomedizin, Albrecht Thaer Institut, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sean F Brady
- Laboratory of Genetically Encoded Small Molecules, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Caffrey
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yi-Qiang Cheng
- UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany,School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - René De Mot
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Dieter Entian
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Harald Gross
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany,Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susan E Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jianhua Ju
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leonard Katz
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), University of California Emeryville, Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Leonard Kaysser
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Klassen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jan Kormanec
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hyung-Jin Kwon
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Sylvie Lautru
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Chia Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bai Linquan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Yvonne Mast
- Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - Douglas A Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leonilde M Moreira
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Nett
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fergal O’Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork–National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,Curtin University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Marcia S Osburne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Shelley M Payne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Pernodet
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Miroslav Petricek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ploux
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - José A Salas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esther K Schmitt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ryan F Seipke
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA,Molecular Therapeutics and Natural Products Library Initiative, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael J Smanski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA,BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Evi Stegmann
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA,Departmentof Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Muriel Viaud
- Unité BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture (BIOGER), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Grignon, France
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher T Walsh
- Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tilmann Weber
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joanne M Willey
- Hofstra North Shore–Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerard D Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, The M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadine Ziemert
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sergey B Zotchev
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology ofFine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology ofFine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank Oliver Glöckner
- Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany,Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
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Rodolis MT, Mihalyi A, Ducho C, Eitel K, Gust B, Goss RJM, Bugg TDH. Mechanism of action of the uridyl peptide antibiotics: an unexpected link to a protein-protein interaction site in translocase MraY. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13023-5. [PMID: 25222373 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06516f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pacidamycin and muraymycin uridyl peptide antibiotics show some structural resemblance to an Arg-Trp-x-x-Trp sequence motif for protein-protein interaction between bacteriophage ϕX174 protein E and E. coli translocase MraY. Members of the UPA class, and a synthetic uridine-peptide analogue, were found to show reduced levels of inhibition to F288L or E287A mutant MraY enzymes, implying that the UPAs interact at this extracellular site as part of the enzyme inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Rodolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Gust B, Eitel K, Tang X. The biosynthesis of caprazamycins and related liponucleoside antibiotics: new insights. Biol Chem 2014; 394:251-9. [PMID: 23104838 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the membrane cycle of reactions during peptidoglycan biosynthesis is the transfer of phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide from UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide to undecaprenyl phosphate, catalyzed by the integral membrane protein MraY translocase. Different MraY inhibitors are known and can be subdivided into classes depending on their structural composition. Caprazamycins belong to the liponucleoside class of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. MK730-62F2. They possess activity in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, in particular against the genus Mycobacterium including Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Caprazamycins and the structurally related liposidomycins and A-90289 share a unique composition of moieties. Their complex structure is derived from 5'-(β-O-aminoribosyl)-glycyluridine and comprises a unique N,N'-dimethyldiazepanone ring. Recently, the corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters of caprazamycins, liposidomycins and A-90289 have been discovered and will be compared in this review. New information is also emerging regarding the biosynthesis of liponucleoside antibiotics obtained by gene disruption experiments and biochemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Tang X, Gross M, Xie Y, Kulik A, Gust B. Identification of Mureidomycin Analogues and Functional Analysis of an N-Acetyltransferase in Napsamycin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2248-55. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Novotna J, Gust B, Kulik A, Spizek J, Heide L. Five gene products are required for assembly of the central pyrrole moiety of coumermycin A1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:915-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Coumermycin A1 is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis. It exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity. The coumermycin A1 molecule contains two terminal 5-methyl-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid moieties and one central 3-methylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid moiety (CPM). While the biosynthesis of the terminal moieties has been elucidated in detail, the pathway leading to the CPM remains poorly understood. In this work, the minimal set of genes required for the generation of the CPM scaffold was identified. It comprises the five genes couR1, couR2a, couR2b, couR3, and couR4 which are grouped together in a contiguous 4.7 kb region within the coumermycin A1 biosynthetic gene cluster. The DNA fragment containing these genes was cloned into an expression plasmid and heterologously expressed in Streptomyces coelicolor M1146. Thereupon, the formation of CPM could be shown by HPLC and by HPLC-MS/MS, in comparison to an authentic CPM standard. This proves that the genes couR1–couR4 are sufficient to direct the biosynthesis of CPM, and that the adjacent genes couR5 and couR6 are not required for this pathway. The enzyme CouR3 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. The protein exhibited an ATPase activity similar to that reported for its close ortholog, the threonine kinase PduX. However, we could not show a threonine kinase activity of CouR3, and; therefore, the substrate of CouR3 in CPM biosynthesis is still unknown and may be different from threonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Novotna
- grid.10392.39 0000000121901447 Pharmaceutical Institute University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
- grid.10267.32 0000000121940956 Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University and National Centre for Biomolecular Research Kamenice 753/5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Bertolt Gust
- grid.10392.39 0000000121901447 Pharmaceutical Institute University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- grid.10392.39 0000000121901447 Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 28 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Jaroslav Spizek
- grid.418095.1 0000000110153316 Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Videnska 1083 142 20 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Lutz Heide
- grid.10392.39 0000000121901447 Pharmaceutical Institute University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Jones AC, Gust B, Kulik A, Heide L, Buttner MJ, Bibb MJ. Phage p1-derived artificial chromosomes facilitate heterologous expression of the FK506 gene cluster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69319. [PMID: 23874942 PMCID: PMC3708917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a procedure for the conjugative transfer of phage P1-derived Artificial Chromosome (PAC) library clones containing large natural product gene clusters (≥70 kilobases) to Streptomyces coelicolor strains that have been engineered for improved heterologous production of natural products. This approach is demonstrated using the gene cluster for FK506 (tacrolimus), a clinically important immunosuppressant of high commercial value. The entire 83.5 kb FK506 gene cluster from Streptomyces tsukubaensis NRRL 18488 present in one 130 kb PAC clone was introduced into four different S. coelicolor derivatives and all produced FK506 and smaller amounts of the related compound FK520. FK506 yields were increased by approximately five-fold (from 1.2 mg L-1 to 5.5 mg L-1) in S. coelicolor M1146 containing the FK506 PAC upon over-expression of the FK506 LuxR regulatory gene fkbN. The PAC-based gene cluster conjugation methodology described here provides a tractable means to evaluate and manipulate FK506 biosynthesis and is readily applicable to other large gene clusters encoding natural products of interest to medicine, agriculture and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark J. Buttner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (M. Buttner); (M. Bibb)
| | - Mervyn J. Bibb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (M. Buttner); (M. Bibb)
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Saleh O, Flinspach K, Westrich L, Kulik A, Gust B, Fiedler HP, Heide L. Mutational analysis of a phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces anulatus 9663. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:501-13. [PMID: 22509222 PMCID: PMC3326630 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for endophenazines, i.e., prenylated phenazines from Streptomyces anulatus 9663, was heterologously expressed in several engineered host strains derived from Streptomyces coelicolor M145. The highest production levels were obtained in strain M512. Mutations in the rpoB and rpsL genes of the host, which result in increased production of other secondary metabolites, had no beneficial effect on the production of phenazines. The heterologous expression strains produced, besides the known phenazine compounds, a new prenylated phenazine, termed endophenazine E. The structure of endophenazine E was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry and by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. It represented a conjugate of endophenazine A (9-dimethylallylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid) and L-glutamine (L-Gln), with the carboxyl group of endophenazine A forming an amide bond to the α-amino group of L-Gln. Gene inactivation experiments in the gene cluster proved that ppzM codes for a phenazine N-methyltransferase. The gene ppzV apparently represents a new type of TetR-family regulator, specifically controlling the prenylation in endophenazine biosynthesis. The gene ppzY codes for a LysR-type regulator and most likely controls the biosynthesis of the phenazine core. A further putative transcriptional regulator is located in the vicinity of the cluster, but was found not to be required for phenazine or endophenazine formation. This is the first investigation of the regulatory genes of phenazine biosynthesis in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orwah Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Saleh O, Bonitz T, Flinspach K, Kulik A, Burkard N, Mühlenweg A, Vente A, Polnick S, Lämmerhofer M, Gust B, Fiedler HP, Heide L. Activation of a silent phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster reveals a novel natural product and a new resistance mechanism against phenazines. Med Chem Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Siebenberg S, Burkard N, Knuplesch A, Gust B, Grond S, Heide L. Two Pathways for Pyrrole Formation in Coumermycin A1 Biosynthesis: The Central Pyrrole Moiety Is Formed From L-Threonine. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2677-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Seeger K, Flinspach K, Haug-Schifferdecker E, Kulik A, Gust B, Fiedler HP, Heide L. The biosynthetic genes for prenylated phenazines are located at two different chromosomal loci of Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 4:252-62. [PMID: 21342470 PMCID: PMC3818865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042 produces two types of isoprenoid secondary metabolites: the prenylated naphthalene derivative furanonaphthoquinone I (FNQ I), and isoprenylated phenazines which are termed endophenazines. Previously, a 55 kb gene cluster was identified which contained genes for both FNQ I and endophenazine biosynthesis. However, several genes required for the biosynthesis of these metabolites were not present in this cluster. We now re-screened the cosmid library for genes of the mevalonate pathway and identified a separate genomic locus which contains the previously missing genes. This locus (15 kb) comprised orthologues of four phenazine biosynthesis genes known from Pseudomonas strains. Furthermore, the locus contained a putative operon of six genes of the mevalonate pathway, as well as the gene epzP which showed sequence similarity to a recently discovered class of prenyltransferases. Inactivation and complementation experiments proved the involvement of epzP in the prenylation reaction in endophenazine biosynthesis. This newly identified genomic locus is more than 40 kb distant from the previously identified cluster. The protein EpzP was expressed in Escherichia coli in form of a his-tag fusion protein and purified. The enzyme catalysed the prenylation of 5,10-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid (dihydro-PCA) using dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as isoprenoid substrate. K(m) values were determined as 108 µM for dihydro-PCA and 25 µM for DMAPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Seeger
- Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Pharmaceutical Institute, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Siebenberg S, Kaysser L, Wemakor E, Heide L, Gust B, Kammerer B. Identification and structural elucidation of new caprazamycins from Streptomyces sp. MK730-62F2 by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:495-502. [PMID: 21259358 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of reliable analytic methods, capable of separating mixtures of secondary metabolites as well as providing structural information, is essential for the investigation of secondary metabolites, e.g. from Streptomyces. Here we report a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method using a triple quadrupole mass analyzer for the structural elucidation of caprazamycins and liposidomycins from culture extracts of the wild-type producer strains. Comparison of the fragmentation patterns in positive as well as in negative ionization mode revealed several characteristic product ions used for identification of six new caprazamycins. Furthermore, a chromatographic method for the purification of nucleosides from cell cultures using a boronic acid gel was adapted for the partial purification of the culture extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Siebenberg
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Fowler-Goldsworthy K, Gust B, Mouz S, Chandra G, Findlay KC, Chater KF. The actinobacteria-specific gene wblA controls major developmental transitions in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:1312-1328. [PMID: 21330440 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.047555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) sporulation gene whiB is the paradigm of a family of genes (wbl, whiB-like) that are confined to actinobacteria. The chromosome of S. coelicolor contains 11 wbl genes, among which five are conserved in many actinobacteria: whiB itself; whiD, a sporulation gene; wblC, which is required for multi-drug resistance; and wblA and wblE, whose roles had previously been little studied. We succeeded in disrupting wblA and the six non-conserved genes, but could not disrupt wblE. Although mutations in the six non-conserved wbl genes (including some multiple wbl mutants) produced no readily detectable phenotype, mutations in wblA had novel and complex effects. The aerial mycelium of wblA mutants was coloured red, because of the ectopic presence of pigmented antibiotics (actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin) normally confined to lower parts of wild-type colonies, and consisted almost entirely of non-sporulating, thin, straight filaments, often bundled together in a fibrillar matrix. Rare spore chains were also formed, which exhibited wild-type properties but were genetically still wblA mutants. A wblA mutant achieved higher biomass than the wild-type. Microarray analysis indicated major transcriptional changes in a wblA mutant: using a relatively stringent cut-off, 183 genes were overexpressed, including genes for assimilative primary metabolism and actinorhodin biosynthesis, and 103 were underexpressed, including genes associated with stages of aerial hyphal growth. We suggest that WblA is important in both the slow-down of biomass accumulation and the change from aerial hyphal initial cells to the subapical stem and apical compartments that precede sporulation; and that the mutant aerial mycelium consists of recapitulated defective aerial hyphal initial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Fowler-Goldsworthy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sébastien Mouz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Keith F Chater
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Kaysser L, Tang X, Wemakor E, Sedding K, Hennig S, Siebenberg S, Gust B. Identification of a Napsamycin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster by Genome Mining. Chembiochem 2010; 12:477-87. [PMID: 21290549 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaysser
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Flinspach K, Westrich L, Kaysser L, Siebenberg S, Gomez-Escribano JP, Bibb M, Gust B, Heide L. Heterologous expression of the biosynthetic gene clusters of coumermycin A1, clorobiocin and caprazamycins in genetically modified Streptomyces coelicolor strains. Biopolymers 2010; 93:823-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Siebenberg S, Bapat PM, Lantz AE, Gust B, Heide L. Reducing the variability of antibiotic production in Streptomyces by cultivation in 24-square deepwell plates. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:230-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.08.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhao XQ, Gust B, Heide L. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) and antibiotic biosynthesis: effect of external addition of SAM and of overexpression of SAM biosynthesis genes on novobiocin production in Streptomyces. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kaysser L, Eitel K, Tanino T, Siebenberg S, Matsuda A, Ichikawa S, Gust B. A new arylsulfate sulfotransferase involved in liponucleoside antibiotic biosynthesis in streptomycetes. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12684-94. [PMID: 20157116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.094490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferases are involved in a variety of physiological processes and typically use 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfate donor substrate. In contrast, microbial arylsulfate sulfotransferases (ASSTs) are PAPS-independent and utilize arylsulfates as sulfate donors. Yet, their genuine acceptor substrates are unknown. In this study we demonstrate that Cpz4 from Streptomyces sp. MK730-62F2 is an ASST-type sulfotransferase responsible for the formation of sulfated liponucleoside antibiotics. Gene deletion mutants showed that cpz4 is required for the production of sulfated caprazamycin derivatives. Cloning, overproduction, and purification of Cpz4 resulted in a 58-kDa soluble protein. The enzyme catalyzed the transfer of a sulfate group from p-nitrophenol sulfate (K(m) 48.1 microM, k(cat) 0.14 s(-1)) and methyl umbelliferone sulfate (K(m) 34.5 microM, k(cat) 0.15 s(-1)) onto phenol (K(m) 25.9 and 29.7 mM, respectively). The Cpz4 reaction proceeds by a ping pong bi-bi mechanism. Several structural analogs of intermediates of the caprazamycin biosynthetic pathway were synthesized and tested as substrates of Cpz4. Des-N-methyl-acyl-caprazol was converted with highest efficiency 100 times faster than phenol. The fatty acyl side chain and the uridyl moiety seem to be important for substrate recognition by Cpz4. Liponucleosides, partially purified from various mutant strains, were readily sulfated by Cpz4 using p-nitrophenol sulfate. No product formation could be observed with PAPS as the donor substrate. Sequence homology of Cpz4 to the previously examined ASSTs is low. However, numerous orthologs are encoded in microbial genomes and represent interesting subjects for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaysser
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kaysser L, Siebenberg S, Kammerer B, Gust B. Analysis of the Liposidomycin Gene Cluster Leads to the Identification of New Caprazamycin Derivatives. Chembiochem 2009; 11:191-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dangel V, Härle J, Goerke C, Wolz C, Gust B, Pernodet JL, Heide L. Transcriptional regulation of the novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:4025-4035. [PMID: 19762445 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.032649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aminocoumarin antibiotic novobiocin is a gyrase inhibitor formed by a Streptomyces strain. The biosynthetic gene cluster of novobiocin spans 23.4 kb and contains 20 coding sequences, among them the two regulatory genes novE and novG. We investigated the location of transcriptional promoters within this cluster by insertion of transcriptional terminator cassettes and RT-PCR analysis of the resulting mutants. The cluster was found to contain eight DNA regions with promoter activity. The regulatory protein NovG binds to a previously identified binding site within the promoter region located upstream of novH, but apparently not to any of the other seven promoters. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to compare the number of transcripts in a strain carrying an intact novobiocin cluster with strains carrying mutated clusters. Both in-frame deletion of the regulatory gene novG and insertion of a terminator cassette into the biosynthetic gene novH led to a strong reduction of the number of transcripts of the genes located between novH and novW. This suggested that these 16 biosynthetic genes form a single operon. Three internal promoters are located within this operon but appear to be of minor importance, if any, under our experimental conditions. Transcription of novG was found to depend on the presence of NovE, suggesting that the two regulatory genes, novE and novG, act in a cascade-like mechanism. The resistance gene gyrB(R), encoding an aminocoumarin-resistant gyrase B subunit, may initially be co-transcribed with the genes from novH to novW. However, when the gyrase inhibitor novobiocin accumulates in the cultures, gyrB(R) is transcribed from its own promoter. Previous work has suggested that this promoter is controlled by the superhelical density of chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Dangel
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Härle
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Goerke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Pernodet
- Univ. Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, UMR 8621, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kaysser L, Lutsch L, Siebenberg S, Wemakor E, Kammerer B, Gust B. Identification and manipulation of the caprazamycin gene cluster lead to new simplified liponucleoside antibiotics and give insights into the biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14987-96. [PMID: 19351877 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901258200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprazamycins are potent anti-mycobacterial liponucleoside antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. MK730-62F2 and belong to the translocase I inhibitor family. Their complex structure is derived from 5'-(beta-O-aminoribosyl)-glycyluridine and comprises a unique N-methyldiazepanone ring. The biosynthetic gene cluster has been identified, cloned, and sequenced, representing the first gene cluster of a translocase I inhibitor. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 23 open reading frames putatively involved in export, resistance, regulation, and biosynthesis of the caprazamycins. Heterologous expression of the gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor M512 led to the production of non-glycosylated bioactive caprazamycin derivatives. A set of gene deletions validated the boundaries of the cluster and inactivation of cpz21 resulted in the accumulation of novel simplified liponucleoside antibiotics that lack the 3-methylglutaryl moiety. Therefore, Cpz21 is assigned to act as an acyltransferase in caprazamycin biosynthesis. In vivo and in silico analysis of the caprazamycin biosynthetic gene cluster allows a first proposal of the biosynthetic pathway and provides insights into the biosynthesis of related uridyl-antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaysser
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen
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Saleh O, Gust B, Boll B, Fiedler HP, Heide L. Aromatic prenylation in phenazine biosynthesis: dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylate dimethylallyltransferase from Streptomyces anulatus. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:14439-47. [PMID: 19339241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901312200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Streptomyces anulatus 9663, isolated from the intestine of different arthropods, produces prenylated derivatives of phenazine 1-carboxylic acid. From this organism, we have identified the prenyltransferase gene ppzP. ppzP resides in a gene cluster containing orthologs of all genes known to be involved in phenazine 1-carboxylic acid biosynthesis in Pseudomonas strains as well as genes for the six enzymes required to generate dimethylallyl diphosphate via the mevalonate pathway. This is the first complete gene cluster of a phenazine natural compound from streptomycetes. Heterologous expression of this cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor M512 resulted in the formation of prenylated derivatives of phenazine 1-carboxylic acid. After inactivation of ppzP, only nonprenylated phenazine 1-carboxylic acid was formed. Cloning, overexpression, and purification of PpzP resulted in a 37-kDa soluble protein, which was identified as a 5,10-dihydrophenazine 1-carboxylate dimethylallyltransferase, forming a C-C bond between C-1 of the isoprenoid substrate and C-9 of the aromatic substrate. In contrast to many other prenyltransferases, the reaction of PpzP is independent of the presence of magnesium or other divalent cations. The K(m) value for dimethylallyl diphosphate was determined as 116 microm. For dihydro-PCA, half-maximal velocity was observed at 35 microm. K(cat) was calculated as 0.435 s(-1). PpzP shows obvious sequence similarity to a recently discovered family of prenyltransferases with aromatic substrates, the ABBA prenyltransferases. The present finding extends the substrate range of this family, previously limited to phenolic compounds, to include also phenazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orwah Saleh
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
The identification of gene clusters of natural products has lead to an enormous wealth of information about their biosynthesis and its regulation, and about self-resistance mechanisms. Well-established routine techniques are now available for the cloning and sequencing of gene clusters. The subsequent functional analysis of the complex biosynthetic machinery requires efficient genetic tools for manipulation. Until recently, techniques for the introduction of defined changes into Streptomyces chromosomes were very time-consuming. In particular, manipulation of large DNA fragments has been challenging due to the absence of suitable restriction sites for restriction- and ligation-based techniques. The homologous recombination approach called recombineering (referred to as Red/ET-mediated recombination in this chapter) has greatly facilitated targeted genetic modifications of complex biosynthetic pathways from actinomycetes by eliminating many of the time-consuming and labor-intensive steps. This chapter describes techniques for the cloning and identification of biosynthetic gene clusters, for the generation of gene replacements within such clusters, for the construction of integrative library clones and their expression in heterologous hosts, and for the assembly of entire biosynthetic gene clusters from the inserts of individual library clones. A systematic approach toward insertional mutation of a complete Streptomyces genome is shown by the use of an in vitro transposon mutagenesis procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertolt Gust
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kaysser L, Siebenberg S, Kammerer B, Heide L, Gust B. Identification and heterologous expression of the caprazamycin gene cluster. J Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Heide L, Gust B, Anderle C, Li SM. Combinatorial biosynthesis, metabolic engineering and mutasynthesis for the generation of new aminocoumarin antibiotics. Curr Top Med Chem 2008; 8:667-79. [PMID: 18473891 DOI: 10.2174/156802608784221505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin, clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 are produced by different Streptomyces strains. They are potent inhibitors of bacterial gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and novobiocin has been licensed as antibiotic for clinical use (Albamycin). They also have potential applications in oncology. The biosynthetic gene clusters of all three antibiotics have been cloned and sequenced, and the function of nearly all genes contained therein has been elucidated. Rapid and versatile methods have been developed for the heterologous expression of these biosynthetic gene clusters, and in Streptomyces coelicolor M512 as heterologous host these antibiotics were produced in yields comparable to those in the natural producer strains. lambda RED-mediated homologous recombination was used for genetic modification of the gene clusters in Escherichia coli. The phage PhiC31 attachment site and integrase functions were introduced into the cosmid backbones and employed for stable integration of the clusters into the genome of the heterologous hosts. Modification of the clusters by single or multiple gene replacements or gene deletions resulted in the formation of numerous new aminocoumarin derivatives, providing an efficient tool for the rational generation of antibiotics with modified structure. Additionally, many new antibiotics were generated by mutasynthesis experiments, i.e. the targeted deletion of genes required for the biosynthesis of a certain structural moiety of the antibiotic, and the replacement of this moiety by structural analogs which were added to the culture broth. The diversity of new structures obtained by this approach could be expanded by further genetic modifications of the gene deletion mutants, especially by expression of heterologous biosynthetic enzymes with appropriate substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heide
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Heide L, Westrich L, Anderle C, Gust B, Kammerer B, Piel J. Use of a Halogenase of Hormaomycin Biosynthesis for Formation of New Clorobiocin Analogues with 5-Chloropyrrole Moieties. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1992-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dangel V, Eustáquio AS, Gust B, Heide L. novE and novG act as positive regulators of novobiocin biosynthesis. Arch Microbiol 2008; 190:509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wolpert M, Heide L, Kammerer B, Gust B. Assembly and Heterologous Expression of the Coumermycin A1 Gene Cluster and Production of New Derivatives by Genetic Engineering. Chembiochem 2008; 9:603-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wolpert M, Gust B, Kammerer B, Heide L. Effects of deletions of mbtH-like genes on clorobiocin biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:1413-1423. [PMID: 17464055 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/002998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the biosynthetic gene cluster of the aminocoumarin antibiotic clorobiocin, the small ORF cloY encodes a 71 aa protein which shows significant sequence similarity to mbtH from the mycobactin biosynthetic gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mbtH-like genes are frequently found in the biosynthetic gene clusters of peptide antibiotics and siderophores, but their function has remained enigmatic. In a recent publication it has been suggested that these genes may have no function for secondary metabolite biosynthesis. An in-frame deletion of cloY in the clorobiocin cluster has now been carried out. When the modified cluster was expressed in the heterologous host Streptomyces coelicolor M512, clorobiocin was still formed. However, when the two further mbtH-like genes from elsewhere in the host genome were inactivated as well, clorobiocin formation was reduced dramatically. Complementation with cloY or with any of three other mbtH-like genes restored clorobiocin formation. This is the first report proving the requirement of an mbtH-like gene for secondary metabolite formation, and the first proof that different mbtH-like genes can functionally replace each other. Feeding of an mbtH-defective triple mutant strain with an intact 3-amino-4,7-dihydroxy-coumarin moiety restored antibiotic production, showing that cloY is specifically required for the formation of this moiety of the clorobiocin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wolpert
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Anderle C, Li SM, Kammerer B, Gust B, Heide L. New aminocoumarin antibiotics derived from 4-hydroxycinnamic acid are formed after heterologous expression of a modified clorobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2007; 60:504-10. [PMID: 17827661 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three new aminocoumarin antibiotics, termed ferulobiocin, 3-chlorocoumarobiocin and 8'-dechloro-3-chlorocoumarobiocin, were isolated from the culture broth of a Streptomyces coelicolor M512 strain expressing a modified clorobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster. Structural analysis showed that these new aminocoumarins were very similar to clorobiocin, with a substituted 4-hydroxycinnamoyl moieties instead of the prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoyl moiety of clorobiocin. The possible biosynthetic origin of these moieties is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Anderle
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Anderle C, Hennig S, Kammerer B, Li SM, Wessjohann L, Gust B, Heide L. Improved mutasynthetic approaches for the production of modified aminocoumarin antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:955-67. [PMID: 17719494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports improved mutasynthetic approaches for the production of aminocoumarin antibiotics. Previously, the mutasynthetic production of aminocoumarins with differently substituted benzoyl moieties was limited by the substrate specificity of the amide synthetase CloL. We expressed two amide synthetases with different substrate specificity, CouL and SimL, in appropriately engineered producer strains. After feeding of precursor analogs that were not accepted by CloL, but by SimL or CouL, a range of aminocoumarins, unattainable in our previous experiments, was produced and isolated in preparative amounts. Further, we developed a two-stage mutasynthesis procedure for the production of hybrid antibiotics that showed the substitution pattern of novobiocin in the aminocoumarin moiety and that of clorobiocin in the deoxysugar moiety. The substitution pattern of the benzoyl moiety was determined by external addition of an appropriate precursor. Twenty-five aminocoumarin compounds were prepared by these methods, and their structures were elucidated with mass and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Anderle
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Haagen Y, Unsöld I, Westrich L, Gust B, Richard SB, Noel JP, Heide L. A soluble, magnesium-independent prenyltransferase catalyzes reverse and regular C-prenylations and O-prenylations of aromatic substrates. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2889-93. [PMID: 17543953 PMCID: PMC2860617 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fnq26 from Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042 is a new member of the recently identified CloQ/Orf2 class of prenyltransferases. The enzyme was overexpressed in E. coli and purified to apparent homogeneity, resulting in a soluble, monomeric protein of 33.2 kDa. The catalytic activity of Fnq26 is independent of the presence of Mg(2+) or other divalent metal ions. With flaviolin (2,5,7-trihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) as substrate, Fnq26 catalyzes the formation of a carbon-carbon-bond between C-3 (rather than C-1) of geranyl diphosphate and C-3 of flaviolin, i.e. an unusual "reverse" prenylation. With 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and 4-hydroxybenzoate as substrates Fnq26 catalyzes O-prenylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Haagen
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inge Unsöld
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lucia Westrich
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stéphane B. Richard
- Jack Skirball Chemical Biology and Proteomics Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Jack Skirball Chemical Biology and Proteomics Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Corresponding author. Fax: +49 7071 29 5250., (L. Heide)
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Haagen Y, Glück K, Fay K, Kammerer B, Gust B, Heide L. A gene cluster for prenylated naphthoquinone and prenylated phenazine biosynthesis in Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042. Chembiochem 2007; 7:2016-27. [PMID: 17103476 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042 produces two classes of secondary metabolites of mixed isoprenoid/nonisoprenoid origin: the polyketide-isoprenoid compound furanonaphthoquinone I (FNQ I) and several prenylated phenazines, predominantly endophenazine A. We now report the cloning and sequence analysis of a 55 kb gene cluster required for the biosynthesis of these compounds. Several inactivation experiments confirmed the involvement of this gene cluster in the biosynthesis of FNQ I and endophenazine A. The six identified genes for endophenazine biosynthesis showed close similarity to phenazine biosynthetic genes from Pseudomonas. Of the 28 open reading frames identified in the adjacent FNQ I cluster, 13 showed close similarity to genes contained in the cluster for furaquinocin-a structurally similar metabolite from another Streptomyces strain. These genes included a type III polyketide synthase sequence, a momA-like monooxygenase gene, and two cloQ-like prenyltransferase genes designated fnq26 and fnq28. Inactivation experiments confirmed the involvement of fnq26 in FNQ I biosynthesis, whereas no change in secondary-metabolite formation was observed after fnq28 inactivation. The FNQ I cluster contains a contiguous group of five genes, which together encode all the enzymatic functions required for the recycling of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Two SAM-dependent methyltransferases are encoded within the cluster. Inactivation experiments showed that fnq9 is responsible for the 7-O-methylation and fnq27 for the 6-C-methylation reaction in FNQ I biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Haagen
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Anderle C, Alt S, Gulder T, Bringmann G, Kammerer B, Gust B, Heide L. Biosynthesis of clorobiocin: investigation of the transfer and methylation of the pyrrolyl-2-carboxyl moiety. Arch Microbiol 2006; 187:227-37. [PMID: 17308937 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic containing a 5-methylpyrrolyl-2-carboxyl moiety, attached by an ester bond to a deoxysugar. This pyrrolyl moiety is important for the binding of the antibiotic to its biological target, the B subunit of gyrase. Inactivation experiments had shown that two putative acyl carrier proteins, CloN5 and CloN1, and two putative acyl transferases, CloN2 and CloN7, are involved in the transfer of the pyrrolyl-2-carboxyl moiety to the deoxysugar. In this study, pyrrolyl-2-carboxyl-N-acetylcysteamine thioester was synthesized and fed to cloN1 ( - ), cloN2 ( - ) and cloN7 ( - ) mutants, and secondary metabolite formation was analyzed by HPLC and HPLC-MS. Transfer of the pyrrolyl-2-carboxyl moiety was observed in the cloN1 ( - ) and cloN2 ( - ) mutants, but not in the cloN7 ( - ) mutant, suggesting that CloN7 is responsible for this reaction. The product of this transfer, novclobiocin 109, was not further methylated to the 5-methylpyrrolyl-2-carboxyl compound, i.e. clorobiocin, suggesting that methylation does not take place after the acyl transfer. Additional investigations for the presence of 5-methylpyrrolyl-2-carboxylic acid in the mutants, and inactivation experiments with the methyltransferase gene cloN6, suggested that methylation by CloN6 and acyl transfer by CloN7 take place in a concerted fashion, requiring the presence of both proteins for efficient product formation. A mechanism for the methylation/acyl transfer process in the late steps of clorobiocin biosynthesis, involving CloN1, CloN2, CloN5, CloN6 and CloN7 is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Anderle
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Bralley P, Gust B, Chang S, Chater KF, Jones GH. RNA 3'-tail synthesis in Streptomyces: in vitro and in vivo activities of RNase PH, the SCO3896 gene product and polynucleotide phosphorylase. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:627-636. [PMID: 16514143 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As in other bacteria, 3'-tails are added post-transcriptionally to Streptomyces coelicolor RNA. These tails are heteropolymeric, and although there are several candidates, the enzyme responsible for their synthesis has not been definitively identified. This paper reports on three candidates for this role. First, it is confirmed that the product of S. coelicolor gene SCO3896, although it bears significant sequence similarity to Escherichia coli poly(A) polymerase I, is a tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, not a poly(A) polymerase. It is further shown that SCO2904 encodes an RNase PH homologue that possesses the polymerization and phosphorolysis activities expected for enzymes of that family. S. coelicolor RNase PH can add poly(A) tails to a model RNA transcript in vitro. However, disruption of the RNase PH gene has no effect on RNA 3'-tail length or composition in S. coelicolor; thus, RNase PH does not function as the RNA 3'-polyribonucleotide polymerase [poly(A) polymerase] in that organism. These results strongly suggest that the enzyme responsible for RNA 3'-tail synthesis in S. coelicolor and other streptomycetes is polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase). Moreover, this study shows that both PNPase and the product of SCO3896 are essential. It is possible that the dual functions of PNPase in the synthesis and degradation of RNA 3'-tails make it indispensable in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Samantha Chang
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Keith F Chater
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - George H Jones
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Khodakaramian G, Lissenden S, Gust B, Moir L, Hoskisson PA, Chater KF, Smith MCM. Expression of Cre recombinase during transient phage infection permits efficient marker removal in Streptomyces. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:e20. [PMID: 16473843 PMCID: PMC1363781 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gnj019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a system for the efficient removal of a marker flanked by two loxP sites in Streptomyces coelicolor, using a derivative of the temperate phage phiC31 that expresses Cre recombinase during a transient infection. As the test case for this recombinant phage (called Cre-phage), we present the construction of an in-frame deletion of a gene, pglW, required for phage growth limitation or Pgl in S.coelicolor. Cre-phage was also used for marker deletion in other strains of S.coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bertolt Gust
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkColney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laura Moir
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of AberdeenForesterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of AberdeenForesterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Keith F. Chater
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkColney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Margaret C. M. Smith
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of AberdeenForesterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 1224 555739; Fax: + 44 1224 555844;
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Abstract
A method was developed for the heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters in different Streptomyces strains and for the modification of these clusters by single or multiple gene replacements or gene deletions with unprecedented speed and versatility. Lambda-Red-mediated homologous recombination was used for genetic modification of the gene clusters, and the attachment site and integrase of phage phiC31 were employed for the integration of these clusters into the heterologous hosts. This method was used to express the gene clusters of the aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin and clorobiocin in the well-studied strains Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans, which, in contrast to the natural producers, can be easily genetically manipulated. S. coelicolor M512 derivatives produced the respective antibiotic in yields comparable to those of natural producer strains, whereas S. lividans TK24 derivatives were at least five times less productive. This method could also be used to carry out functional investigations. Shortening of the cosmids' inserts showed which genes are essential for antibiotic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra S Eustáquio
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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48
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Abstract
In Streptomyces coelicolor ParB is required for accurate chromosome partitioning during sporulation. Using a functional ParB-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion, we observed bright tip-associated foci and other weaker, irregular foci in S. coelicolor vegetative hyphae. In contrast, in aerial hyphae regularly spaced bright foci accompanied sporulation-associated chromosome condensation and septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Jakimowicz
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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Eustáquio AS, Gust B, Li SM, Pelzer S, Wohlleben W, Chater KF, Heide L. Production of 8′-Halogenated and 8′-Unsubstituted Novobiocin Derivatives in Genetically Engineered Streptomyces coelicolor Strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:1561-72. [PMID: 15556007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we produced a hybrid antibiotic, carrying a chlorine atom instead of a methyl group at position 8 of the aminocoumarin moiety of novobiocin. This compound was not accessible by conventional gene inactivation/gene expression experiments due to difficulties in the genetic manipulation of the novobiocin producer Streptomyces spheroides. However, the desired compound was obtained after modification of the novobiocin biosynthetic gene cluster by using lambda-Red-mediated recombination in Escherichia coli, followed by integration of the resulting modified cosmid into the phiC31 attachment site of Streptomyces coelicolor and coexpression of the halogenase Clo-hal of clorobiocin biosynthesis. The halogenase BhaA, responsible for chlorination of tyrosyl moieties of the glycopeptide antibiotic balhimycin, was unable to functionally replace the halogenase Clo-hal, suggesting that the two enzymes have different substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra S Eustáquio
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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50
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Gust B, Chandra G, Jakimowicz D, Yuqing T, Bruton CJ, Chater KF. Lambda red-mediated genetic manipulation of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces. Adv Appl Microbiol 2004; 54:107-28. [PMID: 15251278 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertolt Gust
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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