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Yang C, Li J, Deng Z, Luo S, Liu J, Fang W, Liu F, Liu T, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Zhang S, Luo J, Liu C, Yang D, Liu L, Sukhova GK, Sadybekov A, Katritch V, Libby P, Wang J, Guo J, Shi GP. Eosinophils protect pressure overload- and β-adrenoreceptor agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:195-212. [PMID: 35394031 PMCID: PMC10022866 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Blood eosinophil (EOS) counts and EOS cationic protein (ECP) levels associate positively with major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and prevalence. This study investigates the role of EOS in cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective cross-section study of 644 consecutive inpatients with hypertension examined the association between blood EOS counts and cardiac hypertrophy. Pressure overload- and β-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy was produced in EOS-deficient ΔdblGATA mice. This study revealed positive correlations between blood EOS counts and left ventricular (LV) mass and mass index in humans. ΔdblGATA mice showed exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction, with increased LV wall thickness, reduced LV internal diameter, and increased myocardial cell size, death, and fibrosis. Repopulation of EOS from wild-type (WT) mice, but not those from IL4-deficient mice ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunctions. In ΔdblGATA and WT mice, administration of ECP mEar1 improved cardiac hypertrophy and function. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that EOS expression of IL4, IL13, and mEar1 was essential to control mouse cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and death and cardiac fibroblast TGF-β signalling and fibrotic protein synthesis. The use of human cardiac cells yielded the same results. Human ECP, EOS-derived neurotoxin, human EOS, or murine recombinant mEar1 reduced human cardiomyocyte death and hypertrophy and human cardiac fibroblast TGF-β signalling. CONCLUSION Although blood EOS counts correlated positively with LV mass or LV mass index in humans, this study established a cardioprotective role for EOS IL4 and cationic proteins in cardiac hypertrophy and tested a therapeutic possibility of ECPs in this human CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenqian Fang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Tianxiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research & Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research & Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jianfang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Vascular Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Conglin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-7, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +1 617 525 4358, E-mail: (G.-P.S.); Tel: +86 10 6915 6477, E-mail: (J.W.); Tel: +86 1868983 5101, E-mail: (J.G.)
| | - Junli Guo
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +1 617 525 4358, E-mail: (G.-P.S.); Tel: +86 10 6915 6477, E-mail: (J.W.); Tel: +86 1868983 5101, E-mail: (J.G.)
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +1 617 525 4358, E-mail: (G.-P.S.); Tel: +86 10 6915 6477, E-mail: (J.W.); Tel: +86 1868983 5101, E-mail: (J.G.)
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2
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Fernández-Millán P, Vázquez-Monteagudo S, Boix E, Prats-Ejarque G. Exploring the RNase A scaffold to combine catalytic and antimicrobial activities. Structural characterization of RNase 3/1 chimeras. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:964717. [PMID: 36188223 PMCID: PMC9515509 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.964717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Design of novel antibiotics to fight antimicrobial resistance is one of the first global health priorities. Novel protein-based strategies come out as alternative therapies. Based on the structure-function knowledge of the RNase A superfamily we have engineered a chimera that combines RNase 1 highest catalytic activity with RNase 3 unique antipathogen properties. A first construct (RNase 3/1-v1) was successfully designed with a catalytic activity 40-fold higher than RNase 3, but alas in detriment of its anti-pathogenic activity. Next, two new versions of the original chimeric protein were created showing improvement in the antimicrobial activity. Both second generation versions (RNases 3/1-v2 and -v3) incorporated a loop characteristic of RNase 3 (L7), associated to antimicrobial activity. Last, removal of an RNase 1 flexible loop (L1) in the third version enhanced its antimicrobial properties and catalytic efficiency. Here we solved the 3D structures of the three chimeras at atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography. Structural analysis outlined the key functional regions. Prediction by molecular docking of the protein chimera in complex with dinucleotides highlighted the contribution of the C-terminal region to shape the substrate binding cavity and determine the base selectivity and catalytic efficiency. Nonetheless, the structures that incorporated the key features related to RNase 3 antimicrobial activity retained the overall RNase 1 active site conformation together with the essential structural elements for binding to the human ribonuclease inhibitor (RNHI), ensuring non-cytotoxicity. Results will guide us in the design of the best RNase pharmacophore for anti-infective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ester Boix
- *Correspondence: Ester Boix, ; Guillem Prats-Ejarque,
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3
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Frank AT, Law SM, Ahlstrom LS, Brooks CL. Predicting protein backbone chemical shifts from Cα coordinates: extracting high resolution experimental observables from low resolution models. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 11:325-31. [PMID: 25620895 PMCID: PMC4295808 DOI: 10.1021/ct5009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Given
the demonstrated utility of coarse-grained modeling and simulations
approaches in studying protein structure and dynamics, developing
methods that allow experimental observables to be directly recovered from coarse-grained models is of great importance. In
this work, we develop one such method that enables protein backbone
chemical shifts (1HN, 1Hα, 13Cα, 13C, 13Cβ, and 15N) to be predicted from Cα coordinates. We show that our Cα-based
method, LARMORCα, predicts backbone chemical shifts
with comparable accuracy to some all-atom approaches. More importantly,
we demonstrate that LARMORCα predicted chemical shifts
are able to resolve native structure from decoy pools that contain
both native and non-native models, and so it is sensitive to protein
structure. As an application, we use LARMORCα to
characterize the transient state of the fast-folding protein gpW using
recently published NMR relaxation dispersion derived backbone chemical
shifts. The model we obtain is consistent with the previously proposed
model based on independent analysis of the chemical shift dispersion
pattern of the transient state. We anticipate that LARMORCα will find utility as a tool that enables important protein conformational
substates to be identified by “parsing” trajectories
and ensembles generated using coarse-grained modeling and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Salazar VA, Arranz-Trullén J, Navarro S, Blanco JA, Sánchez D, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Exploring the mechanisms of action of human secretory RNase 3 and RNase 7 against Candida albicans. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:830-845. [PMID: 27277554 PMCID: PMC5061719 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antimicrobial RNases, which belong to the vertebrate RNase A superfamily and are secreted upon infection, display a wide spectrum of antipathogen activities. In this work, we examined the antifungal activity of the eosinophil RNase 3 and the skin-derived RNase 7, two proteins expressed by innate cell types that are directly involved in the host defense against fungal infection. Candida albicans has been selected as a suitable working model for testing RNase activities toward a eukaryotic pathogen. We explored the distinct levels of action of both RNases on yeast by combining cell viability and membrane model assays together with protein labeling and confocal microscopy. Site-directed mutagenesis was applied to ablate either the protein active site or the key anchoring region for cell binding. This is the first integrated study that highlights the RNases' dual mechanism of action. Along with an overall membrane-destabilization process, the RNases could internalize and target cellular RNA. The data support the contribution of the enzymatic activity for the antipathogen action of both antimicrobial proteins, which can be envisaged as suitable templates for the development of novel antifungal drugs. We suggest that both human RNases work as multitasking antimicrobial proteins that provide a first line immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Susanna Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Jose A Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain.
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5
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Lisi GP, Loria JP. Using NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the role of molecular motions in enzyme function. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 92-93:1-17. [PMID: 26952190 PMCID: PMC4785347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conformational motions play an essential role in enzyme function, often facilitating the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes and/or product release. Although considerable debate remains regarding the role of molecular motions in the conversion of enzymatic substrates to products, numerous examples have found motions to be crucial for optimization of enzyme scaffolds, effective substrate binding, and product dissociation. Conformational fluctuations are often rate-limiting to enzyme catalysis, primarily through product release, with the chemical reaction occurring much more quickly. As a result, the direct involvement of motions at various stages along the enzyme reaction coordinate remains largely unknown and untested. In the following review, we describe the use of solution NMR techniques designed to probe various timescales of molecular motions and detail examples in which motions play a role in propagating catalytic effects from the active site and directly participate in essential aspects of enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Lisi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - J Patrick Loria
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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6
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Futami J, Nonomura H, Kido M, Niidoi N, Fujieda N, Hosoi A, Fujita K, Mandai K, Atago Y, Kinoshita R, Honjo T, Matsushita H, Uenaka A, Nakayama E, Kakimi K. Sensitive Multiplexed Quantitative Analysis of Autoantibodies to Cancer Antigens with Chemically S-Cationized Full-Length and Water-Soluble Denatured Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2076-84. [PMID: 26355635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) aberrantly expressed in tumor cells are frequently observed in cancer patients. Recent clinical studies have elucidated that anticancer immune responses with increased levels of anti-TAA/CTA antibodies improve cancer survival rates. Thus, these antibody levels are promising biomarkers for diagnosing the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. Full-length antigens are favored for detecting anti-TAA/CTA antibodies because candidate antigen proteins contain multiple epitopes throughout their structures. In this study, we developed a methodology to prepare purified water-soluble and full-length antigens by using cysteine sulfhydryl group cationization (S-cationization) chemistry. S-Cationized antigens can be prepared from bacterial inclusion bodies, and they exhibit improved protein solubility but preserved antigenicity. Anti-TAA/CTA antibodies detected in cancer patients appeared to recognize linear epitopes, as well as conformational epitopes, and because the frequency of cysteine side-residues on the epitope-paratope interface was low, any adverse effects of S-cationization were virtually negligible for antibody binding. Furthermore, S-cationized antigen-immobilized Luminex beads could be successfully used in highly sensitive quantitative-multiplexed assays. Indeed, patients with a more broadly induced serum anti-TAA/CTA antibody level showed improved progression-free survival after immunotherapy. The comprehensive anti-TAA/CTA assay system, which uses S-cationized full-length and water-soluble recombinant antigens, may be a useful diagnostic tool for assessing the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Futami
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nonomura
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Momoko Kido
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naomi Niidoi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nao Fujieda
- Medinet Co. Ltd. , Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0033, Japan.,Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoi
- Medinet Co. Ltd. , Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0033, Japan.,Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kana Fujita
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Komako Mandai
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Atago
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Honjo
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akiko Uenaka
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare , Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakayama
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare , Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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7
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Brito TNS, Vilar MJ, Almeida JB, Faria ALSB, Medeiros SDV, Medeiros MCC, Silva EMA, Silva VMA, Souza LBFC, Arruda LKP, Costa TX, Junior GBC, Oliveira AG, Sales VSF. Measuring eosinophiluria, urinary eosinophil cationic protein and urinary interleukin-5 in patients with Lupus Nephritis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 10:61. [PMID: 25520739 PMCID: PMC4268810 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-014-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is increasingly becoming an attractive biological fluid in clinical practice due to being an easily obtained, non-invasive sampling method, containing proteins and peptides. The aim of this study was to investigate eosinophiluria, urinary eosinophil cationic protein (uECP) and urinary IL-5 (uIL-5) in patients with Lupus Nephritis. METHODS Seventy-four patients with SLE-20 with clinical and laboratory evidence of lupus nephritis (LN group) and 54 without evidence of renal involvement (non-LN group)-were analyzed regarding eosinophiluria, uECP and uIL-5. Eosinophiluria was observed by Hansel's stain, ECP by fluoroenzymeimmunoassay and uIL-5 by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Both uECP and urinary IL-5 (uIL-5) were corrected by urinary creatinine. Eosinophiluria and uECP were compared with glomerular erythrocyturia, protein/creatinine ratio (Pr/Cr ratio), serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), serum levels of complement (C3 and C4), uIL-5/Cr ratio, and SLE disease activity index. RESULTS Patients of the LN group had higher eosinophiluria, uECP, uECP/Cr ratio levels, and uIL-5 than patients of the non-LN group (p<0.001 for all). These variables showed a statistically significant correlation with glomerular erythrocyturia, casts, Pr/Cr ratio, serum creatinine, eGFR, anti-dsDNA, uIL-5/Cr, and SLE disease activity index (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION These results provide evidence of increased urinary eosinophils, ECP and IL-5 in patients with SLE and LN; uECP/Cr ratio showed better correlation with markers of renal function and SLE disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Neuma Souza Brito
- />Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Maria José Vilar
- />Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - José Bruno Almeida
- />Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edna Marques Araújo Silva
- />Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | | | - Luanda Bárbara F Canário Souza
- />Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Postgraduate in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Luisa Karla P Arruda
- />Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Tatiana Xavier Costa
- />Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Geraldo Barroso Cavalcanti Junior
- />Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Antonio G Oliveira
- />Department of Pharmacy, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Valéria Soraya Farias Sales
- />Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
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8
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Hung TJ, Tomiya N, Chang TH, Cheng WC, Kuo PH, Ng SK, Lien PC, Lee YC, Chang MDT. Functional characterization of ECP-heparin interaction: a novel molecular model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82585. [PMID: 24349317 PMCID: PMC3859622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) are two ribonuclease A (RNaseA) family members secreted by activated eosinophils. They share conserved catalytic triad and similar three dimensional structures. ECP and EDN are heparin binding proteins with diverse biological functions. We predicted a novel molecular model for ECP binding of heparin hexasaccharide (Hep6), [GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S)]3, and residues Gln(40), His(64) and Arg(105) were indicated as major contributions for the interaction. Interestingly, Gln(40) and His(64) on ECP formed a clamp-like structure to stabilize Hep6 in our model, which was not observed in the corresponding residues on EDN. To validate our prediction, mutant ECPs including ECP Q40A, H64A, R105A, and double mutant ECP Q40A/H64A were generated, and their binding affinity for heparins were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Weaker binding of ECP Q40A/H64A of all heparin variants suggested that Gln(40)-His(64) clamp contributed to ECP-heparin interaction significantly. Our in silico and in vitro data together demonstrate that ECP uses not only major heparin binding region but also use other surrounding residues to interact with heparin. Such correlation in sequence, structure, and function is a unique feature of only higher primate ECP, but not EDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Jen Hung
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Noboru Tomiya
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tse-Hao Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chi Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ping-Hsueh Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sim-Kun Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Chun Lien
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Futami J, Kitazoe M, Murata H, Yamada H. Exploiting protein cationization techniques in future drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:261-9. [PMID: 23496081 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of a method for the efficient intracellular delivery of inherently non-permeable proteins is needed for manipulation of cellular phenotypes or the discovery of protein-based drugs. It has been demonstrated that proteins artificially cationized by chemical conjugation show efficient intracellular delivery via adsorptive-mediated endocytosis and then can exert their biological activity in cells. Studies have also revealed that cationic peptides known as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide a means to deliver molecules into mammalian cells. Although the internalization mechanisms remain controversial, it is now becoming clear that the main port of entry into cells by CPPs also involves adsorptive-mediated endocytosis rather than the direct penetration of the plasma membrane. As the mammalian cell membrane possesses an abundance of negatively charged glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids, cationization of proteins is a reasonable choice to endow them with the ability for intracellular delivery. Cationization of proteins is usually accompanied by drastic changes in protein properties, structure and biological activities. Recently developed sophisticated protein chemistry can minimize these side effects. Therefore, protein cationization techniques will hopefully prove to be powerful tools for innovative research and drug discovery. In this review, techniques for cationization of proteins and their intracellular delivery, as well as some of their potential therapeutic applications, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Futami
- Okayama University, Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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10
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García-Mayoral MF, Canales Á, Díaz D, López-Prados J, Moussaoui M, de Paz JL, Angulo J, Nieto PM, Jiménez-Barbero J, Boix E, Bruix M. Insights into the glycosaminoglycan-mediated cytotoxic mechanism of eosinophil cationic protein revealed by NMR. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:144-51. [PMID: 23025322 DOI: 10.1021/cb300386v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions are essential in many biological processes and human diseases, yet how their recognition occurs is poorly understood. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a cytotoxic ribonuclease that interacts with glycosaminoglycans at the cell surface; this promotes the destabilization of the cellular membrane and triggers ECP's toxic activity. To understand this membrane destabilization event and the differences in the toxicity of ECP and its homologues, the high resolution solution structure of the complex between full length folded ECP and a heparin-derived trisaccharide (O-iPr-α-D-GlcNS6S-α(1-4)-L-IdoA2S-α(1-4)-D-GlcNS6S) has been solved by NMR methods and molecular dynamics simulations. The bound protein retains the tertiary structure of the free protein. The (2)S(0) conformation of the IdoA ring is preferably recognized by the protein. We have identified the precise location of the heparin binding site, dissected the specific interactions responsible for molecular recognition, and defined the structural requirements for this interaction. The structure reveals the contribution of Arg7, Gln14, and His15 in helix α1, Gln40 in strand β1, His64 in loop 4, and His128 in strand β6 in the recognition event and corroborates the previously reported participation of residues Arg34-Asn39. The participation of the catalytic triad (His15, Lys38, His128) in recognizing the heparin mimetic reveals, at atomic resolution, the mechanism of heparin's inhibition of ECP's ribonucleolytic activity. We have integrated all the available data to propose a molecular model for the membrane interaction process. The solved NMR complex provides the structural model necessary to design inhibitors to block ECP's toxicity implicated in eosinophil pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Flor García-Mayoral
- Departamento
de Química
Física Biológica, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Díaz
- Departamento de Biología
Físico Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier López-Prados
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Departamento de Bioquímica
y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - José L. de Paz
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Jesús Angulo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla,
Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Departamento de Biología
Físico Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Departamento de Bioquímica
y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Marta Bruix
- Departamento
de Química
Física Biológica, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Sikriwal D, Seth D, Parveen S, Malik A, Broor S, Batra JK. An insertion in loop L7 of human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is crucial for its antiviral activity. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3104-12. [PMID: 22581709 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human eosinophil granule ribonuclease, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) has been shown to have antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus-B (RSV-B). Other closely related and more active RNases such as RNase A, onconase, and RNase k6 do not have any antiviral activity. A remarkable unique feature of EDN is a nine-residue insertion in its carboxy-terminal loop, L7 which is not present in RNase A, and differs in sequence from the corresponding loop in another eosinophil RNase, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). ECP has a much lower antiviral activity as compared to EDN. The current study probed the role of loop L7 of EDN in its antiviral activity. Three residues in loop L7, Arg117, Pro120, and Gln122, which diverge between EDN, ECP, and RNase A, were mutated to alanine alone and in combination to generate single, double, and triple mutants. These mutants, despite having RNase activity had decreased antiviral activity towards RSV suggesting the involvement of loop L7 in the interaction of EDN with RSV. It appears that the mutations in loop L7 disrupt the interaction of protein with the viral capsid, thereby inhibiting its entry into the virions. The study demonstrates that besides the RNase activity, loop L7 is another important determinant for the antiviral activity of EDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sikriwal
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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12
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Gagné D, Charest LA, Morin S, Kovrigin EL, Doucet N. Conservation of flexible residue clusters among structural and functional enzyme homologues. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:44289-300. [PMID: 23135272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational flexibility between structural ensembles is an essential component of enzyme function. Although the broad dynamical landscape of proteins is known to promote a number of functional events on multiple time scales, it is yet unknown whether structural and functional enzyme homologues rely on the same concerted residue motions to perform their catalytic function. It is hypothesized that networks of contiguous and flexible residue motions occurring on the biologically relevant millisecond time scale evolved to promote and/or preserve optimal enzyme catalysis. In this study, we use a combination of NMR relaxation dispersion, model-free analysis, and ligand titration experiments to successfully capture and compare the role of conformational flexibility between two structural homologues of the pancreatic ribonuclease family: RNase A and eosinophil cationic protein (or RNase 3). In addition to conserving the same catalytic residues and structural fold, both homologues show similar yet functionally distinct clusters of millisecond dynamics, suggesting that conformational flexibility can be conserved among analogous protein folds displaying low sequence identity. Our work shows that the reduced conformational flexibility of eosinophil cationic protein can be dynamically and functionally reproduced in the RNase A scaffold upon creation of a chimeric hybrid between the two proteins. These results support the hypothesis that conformational flexibility is partly required for catalytic function in homologous enzyme folds, further highlighting the importance of dynamic residue sectors in the structural organization of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Gagné
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
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13
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Liu YS, Tsai PW, Wang Y, Fan TC, Hsieh CH, Chang MDT, Pai TW, Huang CF, Lan CY, Chang HT. Chemoattraction of macrophages by secretory molecules derived from cells expressing the signal peptide of eosinophil cationic protein. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:105. [PMID: 22906315 PMCID: PMC3478170 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Eosinophil cationic protein is a clinical asthma biomarker that would be released into blood, especially gathered in bronchia. The signal peptide of eosinophil cationic protein (ECPsp) plays an important role in translocating ECP to the extracellular space. We previously reported that ECPsp inhibits microbial growth and regulates the expression of mammalian genes encoding tumor growth factor-α (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Results In the present study, we first generated a DNA microarray dataset, which showed that ECPsp upregulated proinflammatory molecules, including chemokines, interferon-induced molecules, and Toll-like receptors. The levels of mRNAs encoding CCL5, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, STAT1, and STAT2 were increased in the presence of ECPsp by 2.07-, 4.21-, 7.52-, 2.6-, 3.58-, and 1.67-fold, respectively. We then constructed a functional linkage network by integrating the microarray dataset with the pathway database of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Follow-up analysis revealed that STAT1 and STAT2, important transcriptional factors that regulate cytokine expression and release, served as hubs to connect the pathways of cytokine stimulation (TGF-α and EGFR pathways) and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, integrating TGF-α and EGFR with the functional linkage network indicated that STAT1 and STAT2 served as hubs that connect two functional clusters, including (1) cell proliferation and survival, and (2) inflammation. Finally, we found that conditioned medium in which cells that express ECPsp had been cultured could chemoattract macrophages. Experimentally, we also demonstrated that the migration of macrophage could be inhibited by the individual treatment of siRNAs of STAT1 or STAT2. Therefore, we hypothesize that ECPsp may function as a regulator for enhancing the migration of macrophages through the upregualtion of the transcriptional factors STAT1 and STAT2. Conclusion The increased expression and release of various cytokines triggered by ECPsp may attract macrophages to bronchia to purge damaged cells. Our approach, involving experimental and computational systems biology, predicts pathways and potential biological functions for further characterization of this novel function of ECPsp under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shu Liu
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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The sulfate-binding site structure of the human eosinophil cationic protein as revealed by a new crystal form. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Antimicrobial action and cell agglutination by the eosinophil cationic protein are modulated by the cell wall lipopolysaccharide structure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2378-85. [PMID: 22330910 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06107-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are essential effectors of innate immunity, acting as a first line of defense against bacterial infections. Many AMPs exhibit high affinity for cell wall structures such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent endotoxin able to induce sepsis. Hence, understanding how AMPs can interact with and neutralize LPS endotoxin is of special relevance for human health. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is an eosinophil secreted protein with high activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. ECP has a remarkable affinity for LPS and a distinctive agglutinating activity. By using a battery of LPS-truncated E. coli mutant strains, we demonstrate that the polysaccharide moiety of LPS is essential for ECP-mediated bacterial agglutination, thereby modulating its antimicrobial action. The mechanism of action of ECP at the bacterial surface is drastically affected by the LPS structure and in particular by its polysaccharide moiety. We have also analyzed an N-terminal fragment that retains the whole protein activity and displays similar cell agglutination behavior. Conversely, a fragment with further minimization of the antimicrobial domain, though retaining the antimicrobial capacity, significantly loses its agglutinating activity, exhibiting a different mechanism of action which is not dependent on the LPS composition. The results highlight the correlation between the protein's antimicrobial activity and its ability to interact with the LPS outer layer and promote bacterial agglutination.
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16
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Torrent M, Nogués MV, Boix E. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) can bind heparin and other glycosaminoglycans through its RNase active site. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:90-100. [PMID: 20213669 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is an eosinophil-secreted RNase involved in the immune host defense, with a cytotoxic activity against a wide range of pathogens. During inflammation and eosinophilia disorders, ECP is secreted to the inflammation area, where it would contribute to the immune response. ECP secretion causes also severe damage to the host own tissues. ECP presents a high affinity for heparin and this property might be crucial for its immunomodulating properties, antipathogen action, and its toxicity against eukaryotic cells. ECP, also known as human RNase 3, belongs to the mammalian RNase A superfamily and its RNase activity is required for some of its biological properties. We have now proven that ECP heparin binding affinity depends on its RNase catalytic site, as the enzymatic activity is blocked by heparin. We have applied molecular modeling to analyze ECP binding to heparin representative probes, and identified protein residues at the catalytic and substrate binding sites that could contribute to the interaction. ECP affinity for heparin and other negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can explain not only its binding to the eukaryote cells glycocalix but also the reported high affinity for the specific carbohydrates at bacteria cell wall, promoting its antimicrobial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Torrent
- Dpt. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Fac. Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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17
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18
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Singh A, Batra JK. Role of unique basic residues in cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of human eosinophil cationic protein. Biol Chem 2011; 392:337-46. [PMID: 21303303 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil granule proteins, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin are members of the RNase A superfamily, which play a crucial role in host defense against various pathogens as they are endowed with several biological activities. Some of the biological activities possessed by ECP have been attributed to its strong basic character. In the current study, we have investigated the role of five unique basic residues, Arg22, Arg34, Arg61, Arg77 and His64 of ECP in its catalytic, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. These residues were changed to alanine to generate single and double mutants. None of the selected residues was found to be involved in the RNase activity of ECP. The substitution of all five residues individually was detrimental for the cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of ECP; however, mutation of Arg22 and Arg34 resulted in the most significant effects. The double mutants also had reduced biological activities. All ECP mutants that had significantly reduced toxicity also had reduced membrane destabilization activity. Our study demonstrates that Arg22, Arg34, Arg61, Arg77 and His64 of ECP are crucial for its membrane destabilization activity, which appears to be the underlying mechanism of its cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiparasitic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Singh
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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19
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Torrent M, Odorizzi F, Nogués MV, Boix E. Eosinophil cationic protein aggregation: identification of an N-terminus amyloid prone region. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1983-90. [PMID: 20690710 DOI: 10.1021/bm100334u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is an antimicrobial protein belonging to the superfamily of RNase A. ECP exhibits a broad spectrum of action against bacteria and, at higher concentrations, displays cytotoxic activity to eukaryotic cells. Recently, a powerful aggregation activity for lipid vesicles and for the gram-negative E. coli specie has also been related to the protein toxicity. Here we present the amyloid-like aggregation capacity of ECP. This is the first report of amyloid aggregation in a native nonengineered ribonuclease. The ECP aggregates are able to bind the amyloid-diagnostic dyes Thioflavin T and Congo Red and display a protofibril morphology when observed under electronic microscopy. We have also identified an N-terminus hydrophobic patch (residues 8-16) that is required for the amyloid aggregation process. A single substitution, I13A, breaks the aggregation prone sequence and abolishes the amyloid aggregation ability. Moreover, the corresponding R1N19 peptide is able to reproduce the protein amyloid-like aggregation behavior. The results may provide new clues on the protein antimicrobial mechanism and its toxicity to the host tissues in inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Torrent
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Spain.
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20
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Chang HT, Tseng LJ, Hung TJ, Kao BT, Lin WY, Fan TC, Chang MDT, Pai TW. Inhibition of the interactions between eosinophil cationic protein and airway epithelial cells by traditional Chinese herbs. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4 Suppl 2:S8. [PMID: 20840735 PMCID: PMC2982695 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-s2-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is cytotoxic to bacteria, viruses, parasites and mammalian cells. Cells are damaged via processes of pore formation, permeability alteration and membrane leaking. Some clinical studies indicate that ECP gathers in the bronchial tract of asthma sufferers, damages bronchial and airway epithelial cells, and leads to in breathing tract inflammation; therefore, prevention of the cytotoxicity caused by ECP may serve as an approach to treat airway inflammation. To achieve the purpose, reduction of the ECP-cell interactions is rational. In this work, the Chinese herbal combinative network was generated to predict and identify the functional herbs from the pools of prescriptions. It was useful to select the node herbs and to demonstrate the relative binding ability between ECP and Beas-2B cells with or withour herb treatments. Results Eighty three Chinese herbs and prescriptions were tested and five effective herbs and six prescription candidates were selected. On the basis of effective single-herbal drugs and prescriptions, a combinative network was generated. We found that a single herb, Gan-cao, served as a node connecting five prescriptions. In addition, Sheng-di-huang, Dang-guei and Mu-tong also appeared in five, four and three kinds of prescriptions, respectively. The extracts of these three herbs indeed effectively inhibited the interactions between ECP and Beas-2B cells. According to the Chinese herbal combinative network, eight of the effective herbal extracts showed inhibitory effects for ECP internalizing into Beas-2B cells. The major components of Gang-cao and Sheng-di-huang, glycyrrhizic acid and verbascose, respectively, reduced the binding affinity between ECP and cells effectively. Conclusions Since these Chinese herbs reduced the binding affinity between ECP and cells and inhibited subsequent ECP entrance into cells, they were potential for mitigating the airway inflammation symptoms. Additionally, we mentioned a new concept to study the Chinese herbs using combinative network in the field of systems biology. The functional single herbs could be identified from the set of prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Teng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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NMR structural determinants of eosinophil cationic protein binding to membrane and heparin mimetics. Biophys J 2010; 98:2702-11. [PMID: 20513415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a highly stable, cytotoxic ribonuclease with the ability to enter and disrupt membranes that participates in innate immune defense against parasites but also kills human cells. We have used NMR spectroscopy to characterize the binding of ECP to membrane and heparin mimetics at a residue level. We believe we have identified three Arg-rich surface loops and Trp(35) as crucial for membrane binding. Importantly, we have provided evidence that the interaction surface of ECP with heparin mimetics is extended with respect to that previously described (fragment 34-38). We believe we have identified new sites involved in the interaction for the first time, and shown that the N-terminal alpha-helix, the third loop, and the first and last beta-strands are key for heparin binding. We have also shown that a biologically active ECP N-terminal fragment comprising the first 45 residues (ECP1-45) retains the capacity to bind membrane and heparin mimetics, thus neither the ECP tertiary structure nor its high conformational stability are required for cytotoxicity.
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22
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Torrent M, Badia M, Moussaoui M, Sanchez D, Nogués MV, Boix E. Comparison of human RNase 3 and RNase 7 bactericidal action at the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall. FEBS J 2010; 277:1713-25. [PMID: 20180804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eosinophil cationic protein/RNase 3 and the skin-derived RNase 7 are two human antimicrobial RNases involved in host innate immunity. Both belong to the RNase A superfamily and share a high cationicity and a common structural architecture. However, they present significant divergence at their primary structures, displaying either a high number of Arg or Lys residues, respectively. Previous comparative studies with a membrane model revealed two distinct mechanisms of action for lipid bilayer disruption. We have now compared their bactericidal activity, identifying some features that confer specificity at the bacterial cell wall level. RNase 3 displays a specific Escherichia coli cell agglutination activity, which is not shared by RNase 7. The RNase 3 agglutination process precedes the bacterial death and lysis event. In turn, RNase 7 can trigger the release of bacterial cell content without inducing any cell aggregation process. We hypothesize that the RNase 3 agglutination activity may depend on its high affinity for lipopolysaccharides and the presence of an N-terminal hydrophobic patch, and thus could facilitate host clearance activity at the infection focus by phagocytic cells. The present study suggests that the membrane disruption abilities do not solely explain the protein bacterial target preferences and highlights the key role of antimicrobial action at the bacterial cell wall level. An understanding of the interaction between antimicrobial proteins and their target at the bacterial envelope should aid in the design of alternative peptide-derived antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Torrent
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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23
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Laurents DV, Bruix M, Jiménez MA, Santoro J, Boix E, Moussaoui M, Nogués MV, Rico M. The (1)H, (13)C, (15)N resonance assignment, solution structure, and residue level stability of eosinophil cationic protein/RNase 3 determined by NMR spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2010; 91:1018-28. [PMID: 19189375 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)/human RNase 3, a member of the RNase A family, is a remarkably cytotoxic protein implicated in asthma and allergies. These activities are probably due to ECP's ability to interact with and disrupt membranes and depend on two Trp, 19 Arg, and possibly an extremely high conformational stability. Here, we have used NMR spectroscopy to assign essentially all (1)H, (15)N, and backbone (13)C resonances, to solve the 3D structure in aqueous solution and to quantify its residue-level stability. The NMR solution structure was determined on the basis of 2316 distance constraints and is well-defined (backbone RMSD = 0.81 A). The N-terminus and the loop composed of residues 114-123 are relatively well-ordered; in contrast, conformational diversity is observed for the loop segments 17-22, 65-68, and 92-95 and most exposed sidechains. The side chain NH groups of the two Trp and 19 Arg showed no significant protection against hydrogen/deuterium exchange. The most protected NH groups belong to the first and last two beta-strands, and curiously, the first alpha-helix. Analysis of their exchange rates reveals a strikingly high global stability of 11.8 kcal/mol. This value and other stability measurements are used to better quantify ECP's unfolding thermodynamics.
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24
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Doucet N, Watt ED, Loria JP. The flexibility of a distant loop modulates active site motion and product release in ribonuclease A. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7160-8. [PMID: 19588901 DOI: 10.1021/bi900830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of the flexible loop 1 in protein conformational motion and in the dissociation of enzymatic product from ribonuclease A (RNase A) was investigated by creation of a chimeric enzyme in which a 6-residue loop 1 from the RNase A homologue, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), replaced the 12-residue loop 1 in RNase A. The chimera (RNase A(ECP)) experiences only local perturbations in NMR backbone chemical shifts compared to WT RNase A. Many of the flexible residues that were previously identified in WT as involved in an important conformational change now experience no NMR-detected millisecond motions in the chimera. Likewise, binding of the product analogue, 3'-CMP, to RNase A(ECP) results in only minor chemical shift changes in the enzyme similar to what is observed for the H48A mutant of RNase A and in contrast to WT enzyme. For both RNase A(ECP) and H48A there is a 10-fold decrease in the product release rate constant, k(off), compared to WT, in agreement with previous studies indicating the importance of flexibility in RNase A in the overall rate-limiting product release step. Together, these NMR and biochemical experiments provide additional insight into the mechanism of millisecond motions in the RNase A catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Doucet
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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25
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Fukuda T, Iwata M, Kitazoe M, Maeda T, Salomon D, Hirohata S, Tanizawa K, Kuroda S, Seno M. Human eosinophil cationic protein enhances stress fiber formation in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts and differentiation of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Growth Factors 2009; 27:228-36. [PMID: 19521893 DOI: 10.1080/08977190902987149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We found that eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) stimulated the growth of mouse Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. ECP-treated 3T3 cells were more flattened and exhibited enhanced stress fiber formation. The enhancement of cytoskeleton after addition of recombinant ECP appeared stable and was able to inhibit disassembly of actin filaments that was induced by fibroblast growth factor-2. The ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, abrogated this enhancement on stress fiber formation that was induced by ECP indicating the involvement of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. The effect of ECP was assessed on the differentiation of primary cardiomyocytes derived from rat neonatal heart since the development of actin filaments is significantly related with organization of stress fibers. As the result, both beating rate and the expression of cardiac muscle specific markers such as atrial natriuretic factor were enhanced in the presence of ECP. Thus ECP may also function as a cardiomyocyte differentiation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fukuda
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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26
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Sikriwal D, Seth D, Batra JK. Role of catalytic and non-catalytic subsite residues in ribonuclease activity of human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. Biol Chem 2009; 390:225-34. [PMID: 19090717 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a secretory protein from eosinophils, is a member of the RNase A superfamily. The ribonucleolytic activity of EDN is central to its biological activities. EDN binds RNA in a cationic cleft, and the interaction between EDN and RNA substrate extends beyond the scissile bond. Based on its homology with RNase A, putative substrate binding subsites have been identified in EDN. The B1 and B2 subsites interact specifically with bases, whereas P0, P1, and P2 subsites interact with phosphoryl groups. In this study, we evaluated the role of putative residues of these subsites in the ribonucleolytic activity of EDN. We demonstrate that of the two base binding subsites, B1 is critical for the catalytic activity of EDN, as the substrate cleavage was dramatically reduced upon substitution of B1 subsite residues. Among the phosphate-binding subsites, P1 is the most crucial as mutations of its constituting residues totally abolished the catalytic activity of EDN. Mutation of P0 and P2 subsite residues only affected the catalytic activity on the homopolymer Poly(U). Our study demonstrates that P1 and B1 subsites of EDN are critical for its catalytic activity and that the other phosphate-binding subsites are involved in the activity on long homopolymeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sikriwal
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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27
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Fan TC, Fang SL, Hwang CS, Hsu CY, Lu XA, Hung SC, Lin SC, Chang MDT. Characterization of molecular interactions between eosinophil cationic protein and heparin. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25468-25474. [PMID: 18593710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803516200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is currently used as a biomarker for airway inflammation. It is a heparin-binding ribonuclease released by activated eosinophils. Its cytotoxicity toward cancer cell lines is blocked by heparin. The objective of this study was to locate the heparin binding site of ECP by site-directed mutagenesis and construction of a synthetic peptide derived from this region. Synthetic heparin with > or =5 monosaccharide units showed strong inhibition of ECP binding to the cell surface. Analysis of ECP mt1 (R34A/W35A/R36A/K38A) showed that these charged and aromatic residues were involved in ECP binding to heparin and the cell surface. A potential binding motif is located in the loop L3 region between helix alpha2 and strand beta1, outside the RNA binding domain. The synthetic peptide derived from the loop L3 region displayed strong pentasaccharide binding affinity and blocked ECP binding to cells. In addition, ECP mt1 showed reduced cytotoxicity. Thus, the tight interaction between ECP and heparin acts as the primary step for ECP endocytosis. These results provide new insights into the structure and function of ECP for anti-asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Chi Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013
| | - Shun-Lung Fang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013
| | - Chi-Shin Hwang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013; Department of Neurology, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei 10341
| | - Chih-Yen Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013
| | - Xin-An Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013.
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28
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Yamada H, Tamada T, Kosaka M, Miyata K, Fujiki S, Tano M, Moriya M, Yamanishi M, Honjo E, Tada H, Ino T, Yamaguchi H, Futami J, Seno M, Nomoto T, Hirata T, Yoshimura M, Kuroki R. 'Crystal lattice engineering,' an approach to engineer protein crystal contacts by creating intermolecular symmetry: crystallization and structure determination of a mutant human RNase 1 with a hydrophobic interface of leucines. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1389-97. [PMID: 17586772 PMCID: PMC2206683 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072851407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A protein crystal lattice consists of surface contact regions, where the interactions of specific groups play a key role in stabilizing the regular arrangement of the protein molecules. In an attempt to control protein incorporation in a crystal lattice, a leucine zipper-like hydrophobic interface (comprising four leucine residues) was introduced into a helical region (helix 2) of the human pancreatic ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) that was predicted to form a suitable crystallization interface. Although crystallization of wild-type RNase 1 has not yet been reported, the RNase 1 mutant having four leucines (4L-RNase 1) was successfully crystallized under several different conditions. The crystal structures were subsequently determined by X-ray crystallography by molecular replacement using the structure of bovine RNase A. The overall structure of 4L-RNase 1 is quite similar to that of the bovine RNase A, and the introduced leucine residues formed the designed crystal interface. To characterize the role of the introduced leucine residues in crystallization of RNase 1 further, the number of leucines was reduced to three or two (3L- and 2L-RNase 1, respectively). Both mutants crystallized and a similar hydrophobic interface as in 4L-RNase 1 was observed. A related approach to engineer crystal contacts at helix 3 of RNase 1 (N4L-RNase 1) was also evaluated. N4L-RNase 1 also successfully crystallized and formed the expected hydrophobic packing interface. These results suggest that appropriate introduction of a leucine zipper-like hydrophobic interface can promote intermolecular symmetry for more efficient protein crystallization in crystal lattice engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Yamada
- Department of Medical and Bioengineering Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan.
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29
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Boix E, Nogués MV. Mammalian antimicrobial proteins and peptides: overview on the RNase A superfamily members involved in innate host defence. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:317-35. [PMID: 17460791 DOI: 10.1039/b617527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The review starts with a general outlook of the main mechanisms of action of antimicrobial proteins and peptides, with the final aim of understanding the biological function of antimicrobial RNases, and identifying the key events that account for their selective properties. Although most antibacterial proteins and peptides do display a wide-range spectrum of action, with a cytotoxic activity against bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites and viruses, we have only focused on their bactericidal activity. We start with a detailed description of the main distinctive structural features of the bacteria target and on the polypeptides, which act as selective host defence weapons.Following, we include an overview of all the current available information on the mammalian RNases which display an antimicrobial activity. There is a wealth of information on the structural, catalytic mechanism and evolutionary relationships of the RNase A superfamily. The bovine pancreatic RNase A (RNase A), the reference member of the mammalian RNase family, has been the main research object of several Nobel laureates in the 60s, 70s and 80s. A potential antimicrobial function was only recently suggested for several members of this family. In fact, the recent evolutionary studies indicate that this protein family may have started off with a host defence function. Antimicrobial RNases constitute an interesting example of proteins involved in the mammalian innate immune defence system. Besides, there is wealth of available information on the mechanism of action of short antimicrobial peptides, but little is known on larger polypeptides, that is, on proteins. Therefore, the identification of the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial RNases would contribute to the understanding of the proteins involved in the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Boix
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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30
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Murata H, Sakaguchi M, Futami J, Kitazoe M, Maeda T, Doura H, Kosaka M, Tada H, Seno M, Huh NH, Yamada H. Denatured and Reversibly Cationized p53 Readily Enters Cells and Simultaneously Folds to the Functional Protein in the Cells. Biochemistry 2006; 45:6124-32. [PMID: 16681385 DOI: 10.1021/bi052642a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cationization is a powerful strategy for internalizing a protein into living cells. On the other hand, a reversibly cationized denatured protein through disulfide bonds is not only soluble in water but also able to fold to the native conformation in vitro. When these advantages in cationization were combined, we developed a novel method to deliver a denatured protein into cells and simultaneously let it fold to express its function within cells. This "in-cell folding" method enhances the utility of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies; that is, the recombinant proteins in inclusion bodies are solubilized by reversible cationization through cysteine residues by disulfide bonds with aminopropyl methanethiosulfonate or pyridyldithiopropionylpolyethylenimine and then incubated with cells without an in vitro folding procedure. As a model protein, we investigated human tumor-suppressor p53. Treatment of p53-null Saos-2 cells with reversibly cationized p53 revealed that all events examined as indications of the activation of p53 in cells, such as reduction of disulfide bonds followed by tetramer formation, localization into the nucleus, induction of p53 target genes, and induction of apoptosis of cells, occurred. These results suggest that reversible cationization of a denatured protein through cysteine residues is an alternative method for delivery of a functional protein into cells. This method would be very useful when a native folded protein is not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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31
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Sanjeev BS, Vishveshwara S. Dynamics of the native and the ligand-bound structures of eosinophil cationic protein: network of hydrogen bonds at the catalytic site. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2005; 22:657-72. [PMID: 15842171 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2005.10507033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) is sequentially and structurally similar to ribonuclease A (RNase A). It belongs to the RNase A family of proteins and the RNA catalysis is essential to its biological function. In the present study, we have generated the dinucleotide-bound structures of ECP by docking the dinucleotides to a number of molecular dynamics (MD) generated ECP structures. The stability of the docked enzyme-ligand complexes was ascertained by extensive MD simulations. The modes of ligand binding are explored by essential dynamics studies. The role of water molecules in the stability of the complex and in the catalysis was investigated. The active site residues form a complex network of connections with the ligand and with a water molecule. The catalytic mechanism of the RNA cleavage is examined on the basis of the active site geometry obtained by the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Sanjeev
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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32
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Wu CM, Chang HT, Chang MT. Membrane-bound carboxypeptidase E facilitates the entry of eosinophil cationic protein into neuroendocrine cells. Biochem J 2005; 382:841-8. [PMID: 15233624 PMCID: PMC1133959 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ECP (eosinophil cationic protein) is a major component of eosinophil granule proteins, and is used as a clinical biomarker for asthma and allergic inflammatory disease. ECP has been implicated in damage to the cell membrane of many tissue types, but the mechanism is not well known. In the present study, mECP-eGFP-6H, a recombinant fusion protein containing mature ECP (mECP), enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) and a His(6) tag (6H), has been expressed, purified and added to GH3 neuroendocrine cells to study the internalization ability of ECP. We found that mECP-eGFP-6H entered into GH3 neuroendocrine cells and inhibited the growth of the cells with an IC(50) of 0.8 microM. By yeast two-hybrid screening and immunoprecipitation, we have identified a specific protein-protein interaction between mECP and CPE (carboxypeptidase E), a well characterized metalloprotease. Further in vivo yeast two-hybrid screening has also revealed that residues 318-387 located in a region of unknown function in mature CPE are indispensable for association with mECP. In addition, the uptake of mECP-eGFP-6H is suppressed by dominant-negative expression of the recycling defect mutant pre-pro-HA-CPE(S471A,E472A) in GH3 cells, suggesting that the entry of mECP-eGFP-6H is associated with the recycling of CPE in GH3 cells. Taken together, we have demonstrated that CPE possesses a novel function to facilitate the entry of ECP to neuroendocrine cells, and such an endocytotic process allows the cytotoxic ECP to inhibit growth of the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Mao Wu
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
| | - Hao-Teng Chang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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33
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Wu CM, Chang MDT. Signal peptide of eosinophil cationic protein is toxic to cells lacking signal peptide peptidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:585-92. [PMID: 15325270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a toxin secreted by activated human eosinophils. The properties of mature ECP have been well studied but those of the signal peptide of ECP (ECPsp) are not clear. In this study, several chimeric proteins containing N-terminal fusion of ECPsp were generated, and introduced into Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, and human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431 to study the function of ECPsp. We found that expression of ECPsp chimeric proteins inhibited the growth of E. coli and P. pastoris but not A431 cells. Primary sequence analysis and in vitro transcription/translation of ECPsp have revealed that it is a potential substrate for human signal peptide peptidase (hSPP), an intramembrane protease located in endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, knockdown of the hSPP mRNA expression in ECPsp-eGFP/A431 cells caused the growth inhibitory effect, whereas complementally expression of hSPP in P. pastoris system rescued the cell growth. Taken together, we have demonstrated that ECPsp is a toxic signal peptide, and expression of hSPP protects the cells from growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Mao Wu
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
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34
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Sanjeev BS, Vishveshwara S. Conformational Transitions in Eosinophil Cationic Protein: A Molecular Dynamics Study in Aqueous Environment. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2004; 22:171-82. [PMID: 15317478 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2004.10506993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Extensive molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The two structures found in the crystallographic dimer (ECPA and ECPB) have been independently simulated. A small difference in the pattern of the sidechain hydrogen bonds in the starting structure has resulted in interesting differences in the conformations accessed during the simulations. In one simulation (ECPB), a stable equilibrium conformation was obtained and in the other (ECPA), conformational transitions at the level of sidechain interactions were observed. The conformational transitions exhibit the involvement of the solvent (water) molecules with a pore-like construct in the equilibrium conformation and an opening for a large number of water molecules during the transition phase. The details of these transitions are examined in terms of intra-protein hydrogen bonds, protein-water networks and the residence times of water molecules on the polar atoms of the protein. These properties show some significant differences in the region between the N-terminal helix and the loop before the C-terminal strand as a function of different conformations accessed during the simulations. However, the stable hydrogen bonds, the protein-water networks, and the hydration patterns in most part of the protein including the active site are very much similar in both the simulations, indicating the fact that these are intrinsic properties of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Sanjeev
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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35
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Temkin V, Aingorn H, Puxeddu I, Goldshmidt O, Zcharia E, Gleich GJ, Vlodavsky I, Levi-Schaffer F. Eosinophil major basic protein: first identified natural heparanase-inhibiting protein. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:703-9. [PMID: 15100677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase and eosinophils are involved in several diseases, including inflammation, cancer, and angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether eosinophils produce active heparanase. METHODS Human peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated by immunoselection and tested for heparanase protein (immunocytochemistry, Western blot), mRNA (RT-PCR) and activity (Na(2)[(35)S]O(4)-labeled extracellular matrix degradation) before and after activation. Heparanase intracellular localization (confocal laser microscopy) and ability to bind to eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) were also evaluated (immunoprecipitation). A model of allergic peritonitis resulting in eosinophilia was induced in TNF knockout and wild-type mice for in vivo studies. RESULTS Eosinophils synthesized heparanase mRNA and contained heparanase in the active (50-kd) and latent (65-kd) forms. Heparanase partially co-localized with and was bound to MBP. No heparanase enzymatic activity was detected in eosinophils resting or activated with various agonists, including GM-CSF/C5a. Eosinophil lysates and MBP inhibited recombinant heparanase activity in a concentration-dependent manner (100%, 2 x 10(-7) mol/L). Eosinophil peroxidase and eosinophil cationic protein, but not myelin basic protein or compound 48/80, partially inhibited heparanase activity. Poly-l-arginine at very high concentrations caused an almost complete inhibition. In allergic peritonitis, heparanase activity in the peritoneal fluid inversely correlated with eosinophil number. CONCLUSIONS MBP is the first identified natural heparanase-inhibiting protein. Its presence in the eosinophil granules might indicate a protective function of these cells in diseases associated with inflammation and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Temkin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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36
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Hsu CH, Liao YD, Pan YR, Chen LW, Wu SH, Leu YJ, Chen C. Solution structure of the cytotoxic RNase 4 from oocytes of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. J Mol Biol 2003; 326:1189-201. [PMID: 12589762 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic ribonucleases with antitumor activity are mainly found in the oocytes and early embryos of frogs. Native RC-RNase 4 (RNase 4), consisting of 106 residues linked with four disulfide bridges, is a cytotoxic ribonuclease isolated from oocytes of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. RNase 4 belongs to the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) superfamily. Recombinant RC-RNase 4 (rRNase 4), which contains an additional Met residue and glutamine instead of pyroglutamate at the N terminus, was found to possess less catalytic and cytotoxic activities than RNase 4. Equilibrium thermal and guanidine-HCl denaturation CD measurements revealed that RNase 4 is more thermally and chemically stable than rRNase 4. However, CD and NMR data showed that there is no gross conformational change between native and recombinant RNase 4. The NMR solution structure of rRNase 4 was determined to comprise three alpha-helices and two sets of antiparallel beta-sheets. Superimposition of each structure with the mean structure yielded an average root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.72(+/-0.14)A for the backbone atoms, and 1.42(+/-0.19)A for the heavy atoms in residues 3-105. A comparison of the 3D structure of rRNase 4 with the structurally and functionally related cytotoxic ribonuclease, onconase (ONC), showed that the two H-bonds in the N-terminal pyroglutamate of ONC were not present at the corresponding glutamine residue of rRNase 4. We suggest that the loss of these two H-bonds is one of the key factors responsible for the reductions of the conformational stability, catalytic and cytotoxic activities in rRNase 4. Furthermore, the differences of side-chain conformations of subsite residues among RNase A, ONC and rRNase 4 are related to their distinct catalytic activities and base preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Mohan CG, Boix E, Evans HR, Nikolovski Z, Nogués MV, Cuchillo CM, Acharya KR. The crystal structure of eosinophil cationic protein in complex with 2',5'-ADP at 2.0 A resolution reveals the details of the ribonucleolytic active site. Biochemistry 2002; 41:12100-6. [PMID: 12356310 DOI: 10.1021/bi0264521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a component of the eosinophil granule matrix. It shows marked toxicity against helminth parasites, bacteria single-stranded RNA viruses, and host epithelial cells. Secretion of human ECP is related to eosinophil-associated allergic, asthmatic, and inflammatory diseases. ECP belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily of proteins, and the crystal structure of ECP in the unliganded form (determined previously) exhibited a conserved RNase A fold [Boix, E., et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 16794-16801]. We have now determined a high-resolution (2.0 A) crystal structure of ECP in complex with adenosine 2',5'-diphosphate (2',5'-ADP) which has revealed the details of the ribonucleolytic active site. Residues Gln-14, His-15, and Lys-38 make hydrogen bond interactions with the phosphate at the P(1) site, while His-128 interacts with the purine ring at the B(2) site. A new phosphate binding site, P(-)(1), has been identified which involves Arg-34. This study is the first detailed structural analysis of the nucleotide recognition site in ECP and provides a starting point for the understanding of its substrate specificity and low catalytic efficiency compared with that of the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a close homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gopi Mohan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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38
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Maeda T, Kitazoe M, Tada H, de Llorens R, Salomon DS, Ueda M, Yamada H, Seno M. Growth inhibition of mammalian cells by eosinophil cationic protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:307-16. [PMID: 11784325 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), one of the major components of basic granules of eosinophils, is cytotoxic to tracheal epithelium. However, the extent of this effect on other cell types has not been evaluated in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ECP on 13 mammalian cell lines. ECP inhibited the growth of several cell lines including those derived from carcinoma and leukemia in a dose-dependent manner. The IC(50) values on A431 cells, MDA-MB-453 cells, HL-60 cells and K562 cells were estimated to be approximately 1-5 microm. ECP significantly suppressed the size of colonies of A431 cells, and decreased K562 cells in G1/G0 phase. However, there was little evidence that ECP killed cells in either cell line. These effects of ECP were not enhanced by extending its N-terminus. Rhodamine B isothiocyanate-labeled ECP started to bind to A431 cells after 0.5 h and accumulated for up to 24 h, indicating that specific affinity for the cell surface may be important. The affinity of ECP for heparin was assessed and found to be reduced when tryptophan residues, one of which is located at a position in the catalytic subsite of ribonuclease in ECP, were modified. The growth-inhibitory effect was also attenuated by this modification. These results suggest that growth inhibition by ECP is dependent on cell type and is cytostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maeda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology,Okayama University, Japan
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39
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Pous J, Canals A, Terzyan SS, Guasch A, Benito A, Ribó M, Vilanova M, Coll M. Three-dimensional structure of a human pancreatic ribonuclease variant, a step forward in the design of cytotoxic ribonucleases. J Mol Biol 2000; 303:49-60. [PMID: 11021969 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of a human pancreatic ribonuclease or RNase 1 variant at 1.65 A resolution. Five residues in the N-terminal region were substituted by the corresponding amino acids of the bovine seminal RNase. In addition, a Pro to Ser mutation was present at position 50. The substitution of part of the N terminus has been critical both in improving the expression of this enzyme as a recombinant protein and in achieving its crystallisation. The determination of the crystal structure revealed the characteristic RNase fold including a V-shaped beta-sheet and three alpha-helices. It differs from its bovine RNase orthologue mainly in the loop regions. The active-site cleft shows a similar architecture to that of its bovine counterpart, with the essential residues occupying equivalent positions. In the present structure, however, His119 is displaced as it is in the structure of RNase A at high pH. An interaction model of human ribonuclease with the ribonuclease inhibitor, together with inhibition assays, indicate that, in contrast to RNase A, the modification of the loop beta4beta5 is not enough to avoid inhibition. This study represents the first crystallographic approach to the human enzyme, and should constitute an invaluable tool for the design of ribonuclease variants with acquired cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pous
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
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