1
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Paioti PHS, Lounsbury KE, Romiti F, Formica M, Bauer V, Zandonella C, Hackey ME, Del Pozo J, Hoveyda AH. Click processes orthogonal to CuAAC and SuFEx forge selectively modifiable fluorescent linkers. Nat Chem 2024; 16:426-436. [PMID: 38093093 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The appeal of catalytic click chemistry is largely due to the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) process, which is orthogonal to the more recently introduced sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx). However, the triazole rings generated by CuAAC are not readily modifiable, and SuFEx connectors cannot be selectively functionalized, attributes that would be attractive in a click process. Here we introduce bisphosphine-copper-catalysed phenoxydiazaborinine formation (CuPDF), a link-and-in situ modify strategy for merging a nitrile, an allene, a diborane and a hydrazine. We also present copper- and palladium-catalysed quinoline formation (Cu/PdQNF), which is applicable in aqueous media, involving an aniline as the modifier. CuPDF and Cu/PdQNF are easy to perform and deliver robust, alterable and tunable fluorescent hubs. CuPDF and Cu/PdQNF are orthogonal to SuFEx and CuAAC, despite the latter and CuPDF also being catalysed by an organocopper species. These advantages were applied to protecting group-free syntheses of sequence-defined branched oligomers, a chemoselectively amendable polymer, three drug conjugates and a two-drug conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H S Paioti
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katherine E Lounsbury
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Filippo Romiti
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michele Formica
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Valentin Bauer
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudio Zandonella
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Meagan E Hackey
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Juan Del Pozo
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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2
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Ma C, Wu D, Chen Q, Gao N. Structural dynamics of AAA + ATPase Drg1 and mechanism of benzo-diazaborine inhibition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6765. [PMID: 36351914 PMCID: PMC9646744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II AAA + ATPase Drg1 is a ribosome assembly factor, functioning to release Rlp24 from the pre-60S particle just exported from nucleus, and its activity in can be inhibited by a drug molecule diazaborine. However, molecular mechanisms of Drg1-mediated Rlp24 removal and diazaborine-mediated inhibition are not fully understood. Here, we report Drg1 structures in different nucleotide-binding and benzo-diazaborine treated states. Drg1 hexamers transits between two extreme conformations (planar or helical arrangement of protomers). By forming covalent adducts with ATP molecules in both ATPase domain, benzo-diazaborine locks Drg1 hexamers in a symmetric and non-productive conformation to inhibits both inter-protomer and inter-ring communication of Drg1 hexamers. We also obtained a substrate-engaged mutant Drg1 structure, in which conserved pore-loops form a spiral staircase to interact with the polypeptide through a sequence-independent manner. Structure-based mutagenesis data highlight the functional importance of the pore-loop, the D1-D2 linker and the inter-subunit signaling motif of Drg1, which share similar regulatory mechanisms with p97. Our results suggest that Drg1 may function as an unfoldase that threads a substrate protein within the pre-60S particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Ma
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China ,Changping Laboratory, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Damu Wu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ning Gao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China ,Changping Laboratory, 102206 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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3
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Das BC, Adil Shareef M, Das S, Nandwana NK, Das Y, Saito M, Weiss LM. Boron-Containing heterocycles as promising pharmacological agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 63:116748. [PMID: 35453036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the "magic" boron atom has been established as an important new strategy in the field of medicinal chemistry as boron compounds have been shown to form various bonds with their biological targets. Currently, a number of boron-based drugs (e.g. bortezomib, crisaborole, and tavaborole) have been FDA approved and are in the clinic, and several other boron-containing compounds are in clinical trials. Boron-based heterocycles have an incredible potential in the ongoing quest for new therapeutic agents owing to their plethora of biological activities and useful pharmacokinetic profiles. The present perspective is intended to review the pharmacological applications of boron-based heterocycles that have been published. We have classified these compounds into groups exhibiting shared pharmacological activities and discussed their corresponding biological targets focusing mainly on the most potent therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar C Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Mohammed Adil Shareef
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sasmita Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nitesh K Nandwana
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Yogarupa Das
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology Division of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY-10461, USA
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4
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Prattes M, Grishkovskaya I, Hodirnau VV, Rössler I, Klein I, Hetzmannseder C, Zisser G, Gruber CC, Gruber K, Haselbach D, Bergler H. Structural basis for inhibition of the AAA-ATPase Drg1 by diazaborine. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3483. [PMID: 34108481 PMCID: PMC8190095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexameric AAA-ATPase Drg1 is a key factor in eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis and initiates cytoplasmic maturation of the large ribosomal subunit by releasing the shuttling maturation factor Rlp24. Drg1 monomers contain two AAA-domains (D1 and D2) that act in a concerted manner. Rlp24 release is inhibited by the drug diazaborine which blocks ATP hydrolysis in D2. The mode of inhibition was unknown. Here we show the first cryo-EM structure of Drg1 revealing the inhibitory mechanism. Diazaborine forms a covalent bond to the 2'-OH of the nucleotide in D2, explaining its specificity for this site. As a consequence, the D2 domain is locked in a rigid, inactive state, stalling the whole Drg1 hexamer. Resistance mechanisms identified include abolished drug binding and altered positioning of the nucleotide. Our results suggest nucleotide-modifying compounds as potential novel inhibitors for AAA-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Prattes
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Irina Grishkovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ingrid Rössler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Klein
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gertrude Zisser
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David Haselbach
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Helmut Bergler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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5
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Bhattacharjee A, Davies GHM, Saeednia B, Wisniewski SR, Molander GA. Selectivity in the Elaboration of Bicyclic Borazarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 363:2256-2273. [PMID: 34335130 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among aromatic compounds, borazarenes represent a significant class of isosteres in which carbon-carbon bonds have been replaced by B-N bonds. Described herein is a summary of the selective reactions that have been developed for known systems, as well as a summary of computationally-based predictions of selectivities that might be anticipated in reactions of yet unrealized substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Bhattacharjee
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Geraint H M Davies
- Small Molecule Drug Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Borna Saeednia
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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6
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Muhammad Rouf A, Iqbal S, Ejaz A. Chalcogenborines and Derivatives: Probing the Origin of Relative Thermodynamic Stabilities. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam (New) Campus, Box 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sajid Iqbal
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam (New) Campus, Box 54590 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Anam Ejaz
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of the Punjab Quaid-i-Azam (New) Campus, Box 54590 Lahore Pakistan
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7
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Kocak G, Cicek H, Ceylan Ö, Bütün V. Antimicrobial and anti-quorum-sensing properties and paint film usage of novel diazaborine-based copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Kocak
- Department of Chemistry; Adiyaman University; Adiyaman 02040 Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Cicek
- Department of Chemistry; Mugla Sitki Kocman University; Mugla 48000 Turkey
| | - Özgür Ceylan
- Food Quality Control and Analysis Program, Ula Ali Kocman Vocational School; Mugla Sitki Kocman University; Mugla 48147 Turkey
| | - Vural Bütün
- Department of Chemistry; Eskisehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir 26480 Turkey
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8
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Nogi K, Yorimitsu H. Aromatic metamorphosis: conversion of an aromatic skeleton into a different ring system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:4055-4065. [PMID: 28225122 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic skeletons are generally regarded as being uncleavable because of their aromatic stabilization energy. Compared to exocyclic functionalizations of aromatic compounds, much less attention has been paid to substitutions of endocyclic atoms in aromatic cores through partial disassembly of the cyclic skeletons and subsequent ring reconstruction. In this Feature Article, we describe our endeavours to establish "aromatic metamorphosis", where general aromatic compounds such as dibenzothiophenes, dibenzofurans, and benzofurans are transformed into different ring systems using a multi-step strategy or ideally in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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9
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Kim HT, Kim S, Na BK, Chung J, Hwang E, Hwang KY. Structural insights into the dimer-tetramer transition of FabI from Bacillus anthracis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:28-33. [PMID: 28935372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR, also known as FabI) has received considerable interest as an anti-bacterial target due to its essentiality in fatty acid synthesis. All the FabI structures reported to date, regardless of the organism, are composed of homo-tetramers, except for two structures: Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus FabI (bcFabI and saFabI, respectively), which have been reported as dimers. However, the reason for the existence of the dimeric form in these organisms and the biological meaning of dimeric and tetrameric forms of FabI are ambiguous. Herein, we report the high-resolution crystal structure of a dimeric form of Bacillus anthracis FabI (baFabI) and the crystal structures of tetrameric forms of baFabI in the apo state and in complex with NAD+ and with NAD+-triclosan, at 1.7 Å, 1.85 Å, 1.96 Å, and 1.95 Å, respectively. Interestingly, we found that baFabI with a His6-tag at its C-terminus exists as a dimer, whereas untagged-baFabI exists as a tetramer. The His6-tag may block the dimer-tetramer transition, since baFabI has relatively short-length amino acids (255LG256) after the 310-helix η7 compared to those of FabI of other organisms. The dimeric form of baFabI is catalytically inactive, because the α-helix α5 occupies the NADH-binding site. During the process of dimer-tetramer transition, this α5 helix rotates about 55° toward the tetramer interface and the active site is established. Therefore, tetramerization of baFabI is required for cofactor binding and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kim
- Crystalgenomics, Inc., 5F, Tower A, Korea Bio Park 700, Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13524, South Korea; Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sulhee Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Byeong Kwan Na
- Crystalgenomics, Inc., 5F, Tower A, Korea Bio Park 700, Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13524, South Korea
| | - Jiwoung Chung
- Crystalgenomics, Inc., 5F, Tower A, Korea Bio Park 700, Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13524, South Korea
| | - Eunha Hwang
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudangiro Ochang, Cheongwongu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28119, South Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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10
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Dixit VA, Goundry WRF, Tomasi S. CC/B–N substitution in five membered heterocycles. A computational analysis. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00950j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel five-membered azaboroles are aromatic, stable under neutral conditions, isomer stabilization energy is explained using σ-bond and aromatic stabilization energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPTM)
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's)
- Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS)
- Mukesh Patel Technology Park
| | | | - Simone Tomasi
- Global Medicines Development
- Process Research and Development
- Macclesfield
- UK
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11
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Saito H, Otsuka S, Nogi K, Yorimitsu H. Nickel-Catalyzed Boron Insertion into the C2–O Bond of Benzofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15315-15318. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Saito
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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12
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Stojanović M, Baranac-Stojanović M. Aromaticity of Diazaborines and Their Protonated Forms. J Org Chem 2015; 81:197-205. [PMID: 26625099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of a CH group in benzene with nitrogen has a little effect on its aromaticity (Wang et al., Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4824). How does the same type of substitution affect aromatic character of the three isomeric azaborines? Does further protonation change aromaticity of diazaborines? This work is aimed at answering these questions. Such a knowledge should be of interest for further exploration and application of BN/CC isosterism. Aromaticity of diazaborines and their protonated forms is studied with the aid of four aromaticity indices, HOMA, NICS(0)πzz, PDI and ECRE. Generally, NICS(0)πzz and PDI point to similar aromaticity of diazaborines and their parent azaborines, while HOMA and ECRE indicate some changes. Thus, aromaticity of 1,2-azaborine slightly decreases/increases when CH meta/ortho,para to B is substituted with nitrogen. Aromaticity of the most aromatic 1,3-azaborine remains almost unchanged when CH meta to B and N is replaced with nitrogen, and becomes slightly weaker when any other CH group is substituted with nitrogen. Replacement of the CH ortho to N in 1,4-azaborine does not change much its cyclic delocalization, while replacement of the CH ortho to B leads to smaller cyclic delocalization. Protonated forms are either of similar or decreased aromaticity compared with neutral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milovan Stojanović
- Center for Chemistry ICTM, University of Belgrade , Njegoševa 12, P.O.Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 12-16, P.O.Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Jordan CA, Sandoval BA, Serobyan MV, Gilling DH, Groziak MP, Xu HH, Vey JL. Crystallographic insights into the structure-activity relationships of diazaborine enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1521-30. [PMID: 26625295 PMCID: PMC4666481 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15022098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enoyl-ACP reductase, the last enzyme of the fatty-acid biosynthetic pathway, is the molecular target for several successful antibiotics such as the tuberculosis therapeutic isoniazid. It is currently under investigation as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic target for the treatment of several types of bacterial infections. The diazaborine family is a group of boron heterocycle-based synthetic antibacterial inhibitors known to target enoyl-ACP reductase. Development of this class of molecules has thus far focused solely on the sulfonyl-containing versions. Here, the requirement for the sulfonyl group in the diazaborine scaffold was investigated by examining several recently characterized enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitors that lack the sulfonyl group and exhibit additional variability in substitutions, size and flexibility. Biochemical studies are reported showing the inhibition of Escherichia coli enoyl-ACP reductase by four diazaborines, and the crystal structures of two of the inhibitors bound to E. coli enoyl-ACP reductase solved to 2.07 and 2.11 Å resolution are reported. The results show that the sulfonyl group can be replaced with an amide or thioamide without disruption of the mode of inhibition of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Jordan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - Braddock A. Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - Mkrtich V. Serobyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
| | - Damian H. Gilling
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Michael P. Groziak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542-3089, USA
| | - H. Howard Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Jessica L. Vey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA
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14
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Sánchez Casado MR, Ciordia Jiménez M, Ariza Bueno M, Barriol M, Leenaerts JE, Pagliuca C, Martínez Lamenca C, De Lucas AI, García A, Trabanco AA, Rombouts FJR. Synthesis of 2,1-Borazaroquinolines and 2,1-Borazaroisoquinolines from Vinylaminopyridines and Potassium Organotrifluoroborates by Microwave-Assisted Heating. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Kanichar D, Roppiyakuda L, Kosmowska E, Faust MA, Tran KP, Chow F, Buglo E, Groziak MP, Sarina EA, Olmstead MM, Silva I, Xu HH. Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of structurally complex 2-acylated 2,3,1-benzodiazaborines and related compounds. Chem Biodivers 2015; 11:1381-97. [PMID: 25238079 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A set of 2-acylated 2,3,1-benzodiazaborines and some related boron heterocycles were synthesized, characterized, and tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. By high-field solution NMR, the heretofore unknown class of 2-acyl-1-hydroxy-2,3,1-diazaborines has been found to be able to exist in several interconvertable structural forms along a continuum comprised of an open hydrazone a, a monomeric B-hydroxy diazaborine b, and an anhydro dimer c. X-Ray crystallography of one of the anhydro dimers, 17c, revealed it to have an unprecedented structure featuring a double intramolecular O→B chelation. The crystal structure of another compound, 37, showed it to be based on a new pentacyclic B heterocycle framework. Nine compounds were found to possess activities against E. coli, and two others were active against M. smegmatis. The finding that these two contain isoniazid covalently embedded in their structures suggests that they might possibly be acting as prodrugs of this well-known antituberculosis agent in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kanichar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd., Hayward, CA 94542-3089, USA, (phone: +1-510-8853407; fax: +1-510-8854675)
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16
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Yang J, Johnson BJ, Letourneau AA, Vogels CM, Decken A, Baerlocher FJ, Westcott SA. Synthesis, Characterisation, and Antifungal Activities of Novel Benzodiazaborines. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Eight new fluoro- and methoxy-substituted benzodiazaborines have been prepared by a simple condensation reaction in high-to-excellent yields. All new compounds have been characterised by several physical methods, including X-ray diffraction studies on three examples. All new compounds were examined for antifungal activities against five species of potentially pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium albo-atrum, and Verticillium dahliae). While substitution of the aromatic group derived from the 2-formylphenylboronic acid group had an effect on bioactivities, substitution on the parent thioamide C(=S)NH2 group of the starting thiosemicarbazide greatly reduced activities.
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17
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Bhattacharya D, Shil S, Misra A, Bytautas L, Klein DJ. Borazine: spin blocker or not? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14223-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00801h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spin-blocker capacity of borazine is investigated formeta-BB,meta-NN andpara-BN structures highlighting the correlation between magnetic properties and aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suranjan Shil
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | - Anirban Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Bengal
- Darjeeling
- India
| | | | - Douglas J. Klein
- Department of Marine Sciences
- Texas A&M University at Galveston
- Texas
- USA
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18
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Molander GA, Wisniewski SR, Amani J. Accessing an azaborine building block: synthesis and substitution reactions of 2-chloromethyl-2,1-borazaronaphthalene. Org Lett 2014; 16:5636-9. [PMID: 25317850 PMCID: PMC4227543 DOI: 10.1021/ol502708z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
One
major synthetic route to the synthesis of benzyl amines, ethers,
and esters is the nucleophilic substitution of a benzylic halide.
To develop a method for the facile synthesis and functionalization
of the isosteric azaborines, 2-chloromethyl-2,1-borazaronaphthalene
has been synthesized in one step to afford a similar common precursor
to a benzylic halide. This B–N isostere has been shown to be
an effective building block by serving as an electrophile in substitution
reactions with a large variety of nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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19
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Molander GA, Wisniewski SR. Accessing 2,1-borazaronaphthols: self-arylation of 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-bromo-2,1-borazaronaphthalenes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8339-47. [PMID: 25133658 PMCID: PMC4156240 DOI: 10.1021/jo501638q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Unlike their B-alkyl counterparts, brominated N-alkyl B-aryl 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes undergo a self-arylation reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium and base, in which the azaborine serves as both the electrophile and the nucleophile. The products of the self-arylation are air- and moisture-stable 2,1-borazaronaphthols, previously only observed in basic alcoholic solvents. The steric encumbrance of the azaborine appears to prevent formation of the corresponding boron acid anhydride, allowing access to a family of 2,1-borazaronaphthol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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20
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Josefík F, Mikysek T, Svobodová M, Šimůnek P, Kvapilová H, Ludvík J. New Triazaborine Chromophores: Their Synthesis via Oxazaborines and Electrochemical and DFT Study of Their Fundamental Properties. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hana Kvapilová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry ASCR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry ASCR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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21
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Molander GA, Wisniewski SR. Accessing molecularly complex azaborines: palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of brominated 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6663-78. [PMID: 24984003 PMCID: PMC4104828 DOI: 10.1021/jo5011894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Despite
their potential applications in both medicinal chemistry
and materials science, there have been limited reports on the functionalization
of 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes since their discovery in 1959. To access
new chemical space and build molecular complexity, the Suzuki–Miyaura
cross-coupling of brominated 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes has been investigated.
The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling proceeds with an array of potassium
(hetero)aryltrifluoroborates in high yield with low catalyst loadings
under mild reaction conditions. By the use of a high-yielding bromination
of various 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes to generate electrophilic azaborine
species, a library of 3-(hetero)aryl and 3,6-diaryl-2,1-borazaronaphthalenes
has been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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22
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Loibl M, Klein I, Prattes M, Schmidt C, Kappel L, Zisser G, Gungl A, Krieger E, Pertschy B, Bergler H. The drug diazaborine blocks ribosome biogenesis by inhibiting the AAA-ATPase Drg1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:3913-22. [PMID: 24371142 PMCID: PMC3924260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug diazaborine is the only known inhibitor of ribosome biogenesis and specifically blocks large subunit formation in eukaryotic cells. However, the target of this drug and the mechanism of inhibition were unknown. Here we identify the AAA-ATPase Drg1 as a target of diazaborine. Inhibitor binding into the second AAA domain of Drg1 requires ATP loading and results in inhibition of ATP hydrolysis in this site. As a consequence the physiological activity of Drg1, i.e. the release of Rlp24 from pre-60S particles, is blocked, and further progression of cytoplasmic preribosome maturation is prevented. Our results identify the first target of an inhibitor of ribosome biogenesis and provide the mechanism of inhibition of a key step in large ribosomal subunit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Loibl
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Isabella Klein
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Michael Prattes
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Lisa Kappel
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Gertrude Zisser
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Anna Gungl
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Elmar Krieger
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics 260, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Pertschy
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Helmut Bergler
- From the Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria and
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23
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Wisniewski SR, Guenther CL, Argintaru OA, Molander GA. A convergent, modular approach to functionalized 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes from 2-aminostyrenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates. J Org Chem 2013; 79:365-78. [PMID: 24328074 DOI: 10.1021/jo402616w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Azaborines are an important class of compounds with applications in both medicinal chemistry and materials science. The first borazaronaphthalene, 2-chloro-2,1-borazaronaphthalene, was reported in 1959; however, access to more highly functionalized substructures has been limited because of the harsh reaction conditions required to displace the chloride on boron. A convergent approach has been developed to synthesize disubstituted 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes from N-substituted 2-aminostyrenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates, where the potassium organotrifluoroborate is converted to the active R-BX2 species (X = Cl or F) in situ by addition of a fluorophile. Starting from aryl-, heteroaryl-, alkynyl-, alkenyl-, and alkyltrifluoroborates, a library of highly functionalized 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes were synthesized in one step under mild, transition-metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Wisniewski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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24
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Xie X, Adams CJ, Al-Ibadi MAM, McGrady JE, Norman NC, Russell CA. A polycyclic borazine radical cation: [1,2-B2{1,2-(MeN)2C6H4}2]˙+. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10364-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radical cation, [1,2-B2{1,2-(MeN)2C6H4}2]˙+, has been prepared and characterised by X-ray crystallography, ESR and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Xie
- University of Bristol
- School of Chemistry
- Bristol
- UK
| | | | | | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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25
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AlKaabi K, Dasari PLVK, Hoffmann R. Ionic N–B–N- and B–N–B-Substituted Benzene Analogues: A Theoretical Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12252-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3049354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid AlKaabi
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
| | - Prasad L. V. K. Dasari
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
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26
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Pharmacophore and molecular docking guided 3D-QSAR study of bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:6620-6638. [PMID: 22837653 PMCID: PMC3397485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (FabI) is a potential target for the development of antibacterial agents. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D-QSAR) for substituted formamides series of FabI inhibitors were investigated using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques. Pharmacophore and molecular docking methods were used for construction of the molecular alignments. A training set of 36 compounds was performed to create the 3D-QSAR models and their external predictivity was proven using a test set of 11 compounds. Graphical interpretation of the results revealed important structural features of the formamides related to the active site of FabI. The results may be exploited for further optimization of the design of new potent FabI inhibitors.
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27
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Kim TO, Im DW, Jung HY, Kwon SJ, Heo YS. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabK) from Streptococcus mutans strain UA159. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:292-4. [PMID: 22442225 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A triclosan-resistant flavoprotein termed FabK is the sole enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans. In this study, FabK from S. mutans strain UA159 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Diffraction data were collected to 2.40 Å resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source. The crystal belonged to space group P6(2), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 105.79, c = 44.15 Å. The asymmetric unit contained one molecule, with a corresponding V(M) of 2.05 Å(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 39.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-O Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ozawa T, Takahata S, Kitagawa H. Search for the Dual Inhibitors of Bacterial Enoyl-acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Reductases (FabI and FabK) as Antibacterial Agents. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Relative to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, very little is currently known about boron in therapeutics. In addition, there are very few boron-containing natural products identified to date to serve as leads for medicinal chemists. Perceived risks of using boron and lack of synthetic methods to handle boron-containing compounds have caused the medicinal chemistry community to shy away from using the atom. However, physical, chemical and biological properties of boron offer medicinal chemists a rare opportunity to explore and pioneer new areas of drug discovery. Boron therapeutics are emerging that show different modes of inhibition against a variety of biological targets. With one boron-containing therapeutic agent on the market and several more in various stages of clinical trials, the occurrence of this class of compound is likely to grow over the next decade and boron could become widely accepted as a useful element in future drug discovery.
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30
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Min J, Zhang X, Wang L, Zou X, Zhang Q, He J. Mutational analysis of the interaction between a potential inhibitor luteolin and enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI) from Salmonella enterica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Navakoski de Oliveira K, Chiaradia LD, Alves Martins PG, Mascarello A, Sechini Cordeiro MN, Carvalho Guido RV, Andricopulo AD, Yunes RA, Nunes RJ, Vernal J, Terenzi H. Sulfonyl-hydrazones of cyclic imides derivatives as potent inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B (PtpB). MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Tipparaju SK, Muench SP, Mui EJ, Ruzheinikov SN, Lu JZ, Hutson SL, Kirisits MJ, Prigge ST, Roberts CW, Henriquez FL, Kozikowski AP, Rice DW, McLeod RL. Identification and development of novel inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii enoyl reductase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6287-300. [PMID: 20698542 DOI: 10.1021/jm9017724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis causes significant morbidity and mortality, and yet available medicines are limited by toxicities and hypersensitivity. Because improved medicines are needed urgently, rational approaches were used to identify novel lead compounds effective against Toxoplasma gondii enoyl reductase (TgENR), a type II fatty acid synthase enzyme essential in parasites but not present in animals. Fifty-three compounds, including three classes that inhibit ENRs, were tested. Six compounds have antiparasite MIC(90)s < or = 6 microM without toxicity to host cells, three compounds have IC(90)s < 45 nM against recombinant TgENR, and two protect mice. To further understand the mode of inhibition, the cocrystal structure of one of the most promising candidate compounds in complex with TgENR has been determined to 2.7 A. The crystal structure reveals that the aliphatic side chain of compound 19 occupies, as predicted, space made available by replacement of a bulky hydrophobic residue in homologous bacterial ENRs by Ala in TgENR. This provides a paradigm, conceptual foundation, reagents, and lead compounds for future rational development and discovery of improved inhibitors of T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Tipparaju
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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33
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Rational questing for potential novel inhibitors of FabK from Streptococcus pneumoniae by combining FMO calculation, CoMFA 3D-QSAR modeling and virtual screening. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Kumar G, Banerjee T, Kapoor N, Surolia N, Surolia A. SAR and pharmacophore models for the rhodanine inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:204-13. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Del Bene JE, Yáñez M, Alkorta I, Elguero J. An Ab Initio Study of the Structures and Selected Properties of 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine and Related Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:2239-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ct900128v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. Del Bene
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555, Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfícas, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555, Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfícas, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555, Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfícas, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555, Departamento de Química, C-9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfícas, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Abstract
The substitution of isoelectronic B–N units for C–C units in aromatic hydrocarbons produces novel heterocycles with structural similarities to the all-carbon frameworks, but with fundamentally altered electronic properties and chemistry. Since the pioneering work of Dewar some 50 years ago, the relationship between B–N and C–C and the wealth of parent all-carbon aromatics has captured the imagination of organic, inorganic, materials, and computational chemists alike, particularly in recent years. New applications in biological chemistry, new materials, and novel ligands for transition-metal complexes have emerged from these studies. This review is aimed at surveying activity in the area in the past couple of decades. Its organization is based on ring size and type of the all-carbon or heterocyclic subunit that the B–N analog is derived from. Structural aspects pertaining to the retention of aromaticity are emphasized, along with delineation of significant differences in physical properties of the B–N compound as compared to the C–C parent.Key words: boron-nitrogen heterocycles, aromaticity, organic materials, main-group chemistry.
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37
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Tipparaju SK, Mulhearn DC, Klein GM, Chen Y, Tapadar S, Bishop MH, Yang S, Chen J, Ghassemi M, Santarsiero BD, Cook JL, Johlfs M, Mesecar AD, Johnson ME, Kozikowski AP. Design and synthesis of aryl ether inhibitors of the Bacillus anthracis enoyl-ACP reductase. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1250-68. [PMID: 18663709 PMCID: PMC2693028 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The problem of increasing bacterial resistance to the current generation of antibiotics is well documented. Known resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are becoming more prevalent, while the potential exists for developing drug-resistant pathogens for use as bioweapons, such as Bacillus anthracis. The biphenyl ether antibacterial agent, triclosan, exhibits broad-spectrum activity by targeting the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway through inhibition of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) and provides a potential scaffold for the development of new, broad-spectrum antibiotics. We used a structure-based approach to develop novel aryl ether analogues of triclosan that target ENR, the product of the fabI gene, from B. anthracis (BaENR). Structure-based design methods were used for the expansion of the compound series including X-ray crystal structure determination, molecular docking, and QSAR methods. Structural modifications were made to both phenyl rings of the 2-phenoxyphenyl core. A number of compounds exhibited improved potency against BaENR and increased efficacy against both the Sterne strain of B. anthracis and the methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. X-ray crystal structures of BaENR in complex with triclosan and two other compounds help explain the improved efficacy of the new compounds and suggest future rounds of optimization that might be used to improve their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K. Tipparaju
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
| | - Debbie C. Mulhearn
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Gary M. Klein
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
| | - Molly H. Bishop
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Shuo Yang
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Juan Chen
- Dr. J. Chen, Dr. M. Ghassemi, Dr. J. L. Cook, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Mahmood Ghassemi
- Dr. J. Chen, Dr. M. Ghassemi, Dr. J. L. Cook, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Bernard D. Santarsiero
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - James L. Cook
- Dr. J. Chen, Dr. M. Ghassemi, Dr. J. L. Cook, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago IL 60612, USA
| | - Mary Johlfs
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Michael E. Johnson
- Dr. D. C. Mulhearn, G. M. Klein, M. H. Bishop, S. Yang, Dr. B. D. Santarsiero, Dr. M. Johlfs, Dr. A. D. Mesecar, Prof. Dr. M. E. Johnson, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA, Fax: (312) 413 9303
| | - Alan P. Kozikowski
- Dr. S. K. Tipparaju, Dr. Y. Chen, Dr. S. Tapadar, Prof. Dr. A. P. Kozikowski, Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA Fax: (312) 413 0577
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Tipparaju SK, Joyasawal S, Forrester S, Mulhearn DC, Pegan S, Johnson ME, Mesecar AD, Kozikowski AP. Design and synthesis of 2-pyridones as novel inhibitors of the Bacillus anthracis enoyl-ACP reductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3565-9. [PMID: 18499454 PMCID: PMC2526048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR), the product of the FabI gene, from Bacillus anthracis (BaENR) is responsible for catalyzing the final step of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. A number of novel 2-pyridone derivatives were synthesized and shown to be potent inhibitors of BaENR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K. Tipparaju
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Sipak Joyasawal
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Sara Forrester
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA
| | - Debbie C. Mulhearn
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA
| | - Scott Pegan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA
| | - Michael E. Johnson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA
| | - Andrew D. Mesecar
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607–7173, USA
| | - Alan P. Kozikowski
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
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Ozawa T, Kitagawa H, Yamamoto Y, Takahata S, Iida M, Osaki Y, Yamada K. Phenylimidazole derivatives as specific inhibitors of bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase FabK. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7325-36. [PMID: 17892940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductases (FabI and FabK) catalyze the final step in each cycle of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis and are attractive targets for the development of new antibacterial agents. Here, we report the development of novel FabK inhibitors with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Based on structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of our screening hits, we have developed novel phenylimidazole derivatives as potent FabK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ozawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd, 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
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40
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Lu JZ, Muench SP, Allary M, Campbell S, Roberts CW, Mui E, McLeod RL, Rice DW, Prigge ST. Type I and type II fatty acid biosynthesis in Eimeria tenella: enoyl reductase activity and structure. Parasitology 2007; 134:1949-62. [PMID: 17697396 PMCID: PMC2801558 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria are the major causative agent of avian coccidiosis, leading to high economic losses in the poultry industry. Recent results show that Eimeria tenella harbours an apicoplast organelle, and that a key biosynthetic enzyme, enoyl reductase, is located in this organelle. In related parasites, enoyl reductase is one component of a type II fatty acid synthase (FAS) and has proven to be an attractive target for antimicrobial compounds. We cloned and expressed the mature form of E. tenella enoyl reductase (EtENR) for biochemical and structural studies. Recombinant EtENR exhibits NADH-dependent enoyl reductase activity and is inhibited by triclosan with an IC50 value of 60 nm. The crystal structure of EtENR reveals overall similarity with other ENR enzymes; however, the active site of EtENR is unoccupied, a state rarely observed in other ENR structures. Furthermore, the position of the central beta-sheet appears to block NADH binding and would require significant movement to allow NADH binding, a feature not previously seen in the ENR family. We analysed the E. tenella genomic database for orthologues of well-characterized bacterial and apicomplexan FAS enzymes and identified 6 additional genes, suggesting that E. tenella contains a type II FAS capable of synthesizing saturated, but not unsaturated, fatty acids. Interestingly, we also identified sequences that appear to encode multifunctional type I FAS enzymes, a feature also observed in Toxoplasma gondii, highlighting the similarity between these apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Z. Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - S. P. Muench
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - M. Allary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - S. Campbell
- Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | - C. W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
| | - E. Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - R. L. McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), and Pathology and Committees on Genetics, Molecular Medicine and Immunology and the College, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D. W. Rice
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - S. T. Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Tel: +1 443 287 4822. Fax: +1 410 955 0105.
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Kitagawa H, Ozawa T, Takahata S, Iida M. Phenylimidazole derivatives as new inhibitors of bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase FabK. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4982-6. [PMID: 17600706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Novel FabK inhibitors with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae were synthesized and evaluated. Through SAR studies of our initial hit compound 2-(1H-benz[d]imidazol-2-ylthio)-N-(6-methoxycarbonylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)acetamide, a series of novel phenylimidazole derivatives were discovered as potent FabK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kitagawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd, Yokohama, Japan.
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Muench SP, Prigge ST, McLeod R, Rafferty JB, Kirisits MJ, Roberts CW, Mui EJ, Rice DW. Studies of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase and implications for the development of antiparasitic agents. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2007; 63:328-38. [PMID: 17327670 PMCID: PMC2483495 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444906053625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that submicromolar concentrations of the biocide triclosan arrest the growth of the apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii and inhibit the activity of the apicomplexan enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR). The crystal structures of T. gondii and P. falciparum ENR in complex with NAD(+) and triclosan and of T. gondii ENR in an apo form have been solved to 2.6, 2.2 and 2.8 A, respectively. The structures of T. gondii ENR have revealed that, as in its bacterial and plant homologues, a loop region which flanks the active site becomes ordered upon inhibitor binding, resulting in the slow tight binding of triclosan. In addition, the T. gondii ENR-triclosan complex reveals the folding of a hydrophilic insert common to the apicomplexan family that flanks the substrate-binding domain and is disordered in all other reported apicomplexan ENR structures. Structural comparison of the apicomplexan ENR structures with their bacterial and plant counterparts has revealed that although the active sites of the parasite enzymes are broadly similar to those of their bacterial counterparts, there are a number of important differences within the drug-binding pocket that reduce the packing interactions formed with several inhibitors in the apicomplexan ENR enzymes. Together with other significant structural differences, this provides a possible explanation of the lower affinity of the parasite ENR enzyme family for aminopyridine-based inhibitors, suggesting that an effective antiparasitic agent may well be distinct from equivalent antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Muench
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
| | - Sean T. Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - John B. Rafferty
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
| | - Michael J. Kirisits
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
| | - Ernest J. Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David W. Rice
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
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43
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Janin YL. Antituberculosis drugs: ten years of research. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2479-513. [PMID: 17291770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is today amongst the worldwide health threats. As resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slowly emerged, treatment failure is too often a fact, especially in countries lacking the necessary health care organisation to provide the long and costly treatment adapted to patients. Because of lack of treatment or lack of adapted treatment, at least two million people will die of tuberculosis this year. Due to this concern, this infectious disease was the focus of renewed scientific interest in the last decade. Regimens were optimized and much was learnt on the mechanisms of action of the antituberculosis drugs used. Moreover, the quest for original drugs overcoming some of the problems of current regimens also became the focus of research programmes and many new series of M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors were reported. This review presents the drugs currently used in antituberculosis treatments and the most advanced compounds undergoing clinical trials. We then provide a description of their mechanism of action along with other series of inhibitors known to act on related biochemical targets. This is followed by other inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth, including recently reported compounds devoid of a reported mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- URA 2128 CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Kitagawa H, Kumura K, Takahata S, Iida M, Atsumi K. 4-Pyridone derivatives as new inhibitors of bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase FabI. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 15:1106-16. [PMID: 17095231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial FAS provides essential fatty acids for use in the assembly of key cellular components. Among them, FabI is an enoyl-ACP reductase which catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step of bacterial FAS. It is a potential target for selective antibacterial action, because it shows low overall sequence homology with mammalian enzymes. Until today, various compounds have been reported as inhibitors of bacterial FabI-inhibitory compounds. To discover novel small-molecular FabI inhibitors, we initially screened our compound library for inhibitory activity toward FabI of Escherichia coli. And discovered 4-pyridone derivatives as a lead compound. Structure optimization studies yielded 4-pyridone derivatives 7n having strong FabI-inhibitory and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. There have been no reports concerning 4-pyridone derivatives as FabI inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kitagawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd, 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan
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45
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Muench SP, Prigge ST, Zhu L, Kirisits MJ, Roberts CW, Wernimont S, McLeod R, Rice DW. Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the Toxoplasma gondii enoyl reductase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:604-6. [PMID: 16754994 PMCID: PMC2243092 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106018112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of T. gondii ENR in complex with NAD+ and triclosan were grown using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with PEG 8000 as precipitant. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of one of the most widespread parasitic infections of man and is a leading cause of congenital neurological birth defects and the third most common cause of food-borne deaths in the United States. Despite this, to date no drugs are available that provide a fully effective treatment. Recently, the antibacterial agent triclosan was shown to inhibit the fatty-acid biosynthesis pathway in T. gondii and to interact with the enoyl reductase (ENR). In order to analyse the potential of triclosan as a lead compound targeting T. gondii ENR and to explore unique features of the apicomplexan enzyme that could be exploited in future drug development, structural studies have been initiated on T. gondii ENR. Crystals of T. gondii ENR in complex with NAD+ and triclosan were grown using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with PEG 8000 as precipitant. The crystals belong to space group P3221, with approximate unit-cell parameters a = 78.1, b = 78.1, c = 188.5 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120° and a dimer in the asymmetric unit. Test data were collected to beyond 2.6 Å on cryocooled crystals (100 K) using a Rigaku MM007 rotating-anode X-ray source, revealing that the crystals are suitable for a full structural determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Muench
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
| | - Sean T. Prigge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Liqun Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J. Kirisits
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics, (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland
| | - Sarah Wernimont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics, (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Paediatrics, (Infectious Diseases) and Pathology and the Committees on Molecular Medicine, Genetics, Immunology and The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David W. Rice
- The Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, England
- Correspondence e-mail:
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46
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Abstract
The type II fatty acid synthetic pathway is the principal route for the production of membrane phospholipid acyl chains in bacteria and plants. The reaction sequence is carried out by a series of individual soluble proteins that are each encoded by a discrete gene, and the pathway intermediates are shuttled between the enzymes as thioesters of an acyl carrier protein. The Escherichia coli system is the paradigm for the study of this system, and high-resolution X-ray and/or NMR structures of representative members of every enzyme in the type II pathway are now available. The structural biology of these proteins reveals the specific three-dimensional features of the enzymes that explain substrate recognition, chain length specificity, and the catalytic mechanisms that define their roles in producing the multitude of products generated by the type II system. These structures are also a valuable resource to guide antibacterial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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Kapoor M, Reddy C, Krishnasastry M, Surolia N, Surolia A. Slow-tight-binding inhibition of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase from Plasmodium falciparum by triclosan. Biochem J 2004; 381:719-24. [PMID: 15086316 PMCID: PMC1133881 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan is a potent inhibitor of FabI (enoyl-ACP reductase, where ACP stands for acyl carrier protein), which catalyses the last step in a sequence of four reactions that is repeated many times with each elongation step in the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum also harbours the genes and is capable of synthesizing fatty acids by utilizing the enzymes of type II FAS (fatty acid synthase). The basic differences in the enzymes of type I FAS, present in humans, and type II FAS, present in Plasmodium, make the enzymes of this pathway a good target for antimalarials. The steady-state kinetics revealed time-dependent inhibition of FabI by triclosan, demonstrating that triclosan is a slow-tight-binding inhibitor of FabI. The inhibition followed a rapid equilibrium step to form a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex (EI) that isomerizes to a second enzyme-inhibitor complex (EI*), which dissociates at a very slow rate. The rate constants for the isomerization of EI to EI* and the dissociation of EI* were 5.49x10(-2) and 1x10(-4) s(-1) respectively. The K(i) value for the formation of the EI complex was 53 nM and the overall inhibition constant K(i)* was 96 pM. The results match well with the rate constants derived independently from fluorescence analysis of the interaction of FabI and triclosan, as well as those obtained by surface plasmon resonance studies [Kapoor, Mukhi, N. Surolia, Sugunda and A. Surolia (2004) Biochem. J. 381, 725-733].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Kapoor
- *Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | | | | | - Namita Surolia
- ‡Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- *Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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