1
|
Eid RA. Acylated ghrelin protection inhibits apoptosis in the remote myocardium post-myocardial infarction by inhibiting calcineurin and activating ARC. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:215-229. [PMID: 34965150 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.2017463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated if acylated ghrelin (AG) could inhibit myocardial infarction (MI)-induced apoptosis in the left ventricles (LV) of male rats and tested if this protection involves modulating ARC anti-apoptotic protein. Rats (n = 12/group) were assigned as a sham-operated, a sham + AG (100 µg/kg, 2x/d, S.C.), MI, and MI + AG. With no antioxidant activity or expression of FAS, AG inhibited caspase-3, 8, and 9 and decreased cytosolic/mitochondrial levels of cytochrome-c, Bax, Bad, and Bad-BCL-2 complex in the LVs of the sham-operated and MI-treated rats. Concomitantly, AG preserved the mitochondria structure, decreased mtPTP, and enhanced state-3 respiration in the LVs of both treated groups. These effects were associated with increased mitochondrial levels of ARC and a reduction in the activity of calcineurin. Overall, AG suppresses MI-induced ventricular apoptosis by inhibition of calcineurin, activation of ARC, and preserving mitochondria integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Packer M. Hyperuricemia and Gout Reduction by SGLT2 Inhibitors in Diabetes and Heart Failure: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:371-381. [PMID: 38199714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Gout is characterized by increased production of purines (through the pentose phosphate pathway), which is coupled with reduced renal or intestinal excretion of urate. Concurrent upregulation of nutrient surplus signaling (mammalian target of rapamycin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1a) and downregulation of nutrient deprivation signaling (sirtuin-1 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) redirects glucose toward anabolic pathways (rather than adenosine triphosphate production), thus promoting heightened oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte and proximal tubular dysfunction, leading to cardiomyopathy and kidney disease. Hyperuricemia is a marker (rather than a driver) of these cellular stresses. By inducing a state of starvation mimicry in a state of nutrient surplus, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors decrease flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (thereby attenuating purine and urate synthesis) while promoting renal urate excretion. These convergent actions exert a meaningful effect to lower serum uric acid by ≈0.6 to 1.5 mg/dL and to reduce the risk of gout by 30% to 50% in large-scale clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA; Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ng ML, Ang X, Yap KY, Ng JJ, Goh ECH, Khoo BBJ, Richards AM, Drum CL. Novel Oxidative Stress Biomarkers with Risk Prognosis Values in Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030917. [PMID: 36979896 PMCID: PMC10046491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in cardiovascular and other disease states, damage DNA, lipids, proteins, other cellular and extra-cellular components. OS is both initiated by, and triggers inflammation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, matrix remodeling, myocardial fibrosis, and neurohumoral activation. These have been linked to the development of heart failure (HF). Circulating biomarkers generated by OS offer potential utility in patient management and therapeutic targeting. Novel OS-related biomarkers such as NADPH oxidases (sNox2-dp, Nrf2), advanced glycation end-products (AGE), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), are signaling molecules reflecting pathobiological changes in HF. This review aims to evaluate current OS-related biomarkers and their associations with clinical outcomes and to highlight those with greatest promise in diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic targeting in HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Xu Ang
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kwan Yi Yap
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jun Jie Ng
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Eugene Chen Howe Goh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Bing Jie Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Arthur Mark Richards
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, NUHCS, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Chester Lee Drum
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, NUHCS, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hyperuricemia and Endothelial Function: Is It a Simple Association or Do Gender Differences Play a Role in This Binomial? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123067. [PMID: 36551823 PMCID: PMC9775568 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a fundamental role in the biological processes that ensure physiological vessel integrity, synthesizing numerous substances that are capable of modulating the tone of vessels, inflammation and the immune system, and platelet function. Endothelial dysfunction refers to an anomaly that develops at the level of the tunica that lines the internal surface of arterial and venous vessels, or, more precisely, an alteration to normal endothelial function, which involves the loss of some structural and/or functional characteristics. Studies on sex differences in endothelial function are conflicting, with some showing an earlier decline in endothelial function in men compared to women, while others show a similar age of onset between the sexes. Since increased cardiovascular risk coincides with menopause, female hormones, particularly estrogen, are generally believed to be cardioprotective. Furthermore, it is often proposed that androgens are harmful. In truth, these relationships are more complex than one might think and are not just dependent on fluctuations in circulating hormones. An increase in serum uric acid is widely regarded as a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, its role in the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction has not yet been elucidated. Several studies in the literature have evaluated sex-related differences in the association between elevated uric acid levels and cardiovascular events, with conflicting results. The association between uric acid and cardiovascular disease is still controversial, and it is not yet clear how gender differences affect the serum concentration of these substances. This review was primarily aimed at clarifying the effects of uric acid at the level of the vascular endothelium and describing how it could theoretically cause damage to endothelial integrity. The second aim was to determine if there are gender differences in uric acid metabolism and how these differences interact with the vascular endothelium.
Collapse
|
5
|
van der Laarse WJ, Bogaards SJP, Schalij I, Noordegraaf AV, Vaz FM, van Groen D. Work and oxygen consumption of isolated right ventricular papillary muscle in experimental pulmonary hypertension. J Physiol 2022; 600:4465-4484. [PMID: 35993114 DOI: 10.1113/jp282991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Right-sided myocardial mechanical efficiency (work output/metabolic energy input) in pulmonary hypertension can be severely reduced. We determined the contribution of intrinsic myocardial determinants of efficiency using papillary muscle preparations from monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive (MCT-PH) rats. The hypothesis tested was that efficiency is reduced by mitochondrial dysfunction in addition to increased activation heat reported previously. Right ventricular muscle preparations were subjected to 5 Hz sinusoidal length changes at 37°C. Work and suprabasal oxygen consumption ( V ̇ O 2 ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}}$ ) were measured before and after cross-bridge inhibition by blebbistatin. Cytosolic cytochrome c concentration, myocyte cross-sectional area, proton permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane and monoamine oxidase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities and phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin contents were determined. Mechanical efficiency ranged from 23% to 11% in control (n = 6) and from 22% to 1% in MCT-PH (n = 15) and correlated with work (r2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001) but not with V ̇ O 2 ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}}$ (r2 = 0.004, P = 0.7919). V ̇ O 2 ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}}$ for cross-bridge cycling was proportional to work (r2 = 0.56, P = 0.0005). Blebbistatin-resistant V ̇ O 2 ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}}$ (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.0167) and proton permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane (r2 = 0.36, P = 0.0110) correlated inversely with efficiency. Together, these variables explained the variance of efficiency (coefficient of multiple determination r2 = 0.79, P = 0.0001). Cytosolic cytochrome c correlated inversely with work (r2 = 0.28, P = 0.0391), but not with efficiency (r2 = 0.20, P = 0.0867). Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase and phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin increased in the right ventricular wall of MCT-PH but did not correlate with efficiency. Reduced myocardial efficiency in MCT-PH is a result of activation processes and mitochondrial dysfunction. The variance of work and the ratio of activation heat reported previously and blebbistatin-resistant V ̇ O 2 ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}}$ are discussed. KEY POINTS: Mechanical efficiency of right ventricular myocardium is reduced in pulmonary hypertension. Increased energy use for activation processes has been demonstrated previously, but the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction is unknown. Work and oxygen consumption are determined during work loops. Oxygen consumption for activation and cross-bridge cycling confirm the previous heat measurements. Cytosolic cytochrome c concentration, proton permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane and phosphatidylglycerol/cardiolipin are increased in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Reduced work and mechanical efficiency are related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and a potential gap in the energy balance suggest mitochondrial dysfunction in right ventricular overload is a resiult of the excessive production of reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem J van der Laarse
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia J P Bogaards
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Schalij
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk Noordegraaf
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroentrology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan van Groen
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weissman D, Maack C. Redox signaling in heart failure and therapeutic implications. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:345-364. [PMID: 34019933 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a growing health burden worldwide characterized by alterations in excitation-contraction coupling, cardiac energetic deficit and oxidative stress. While current treatments are mostly limited to antagonization of neuroendocrine activation, more recent data suggest that also targeting metabolism may provide substantial prognostic benefit. However, although in a broad spectrum of preclinical models, oxidative stress plays a causal role for the development and progression of heart failure, no treatment that targets reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly has entered the clinical arena yet. In the heart, ROS derive from various sources, such as NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase and mitochondria. While mitochondria are the primary source of ROS in the heart, communication between different ROS sources may be relevant for physiological signalling events as well as pathologically elevated ROS that deteriorate excitation-contraction coupling, induce hypertrophy and/or trigger cell death. Here, we review the sources of ROS in the heart, the modes of pathological activation of ROS formation as well as therapeutic approaches that may target ROS specifically in mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Weissman
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ambrosio G, Leiro MGC, Lund LH, Coiro S, Cardona A, Filippatos G, Ferrari R, Piepoli MF, Coats AJS, Anker SD, Laroche C, Almenar-Bonet L, Poder P, Valero DB, Frisinghelli A, Maggioni AP. Serum uric acid and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure through the whole spectrum of ejection fraction phenotypes: Analysis of the ESC-EORP Heart Failure Long-Term (HF LT) Registry. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 89:65-75. [PMID: 33896684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrospective analyses of clinical trials indicate that elevated serum uric acid (sUA) predicts poor outcome in heart failure (HF). Uric acid can contribute to inflammation and microvascular dysfunction, which may differently affect different left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) phenotypes. However, role of sUA across LVEF phenotypes is unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated sUA association with outcome in a prospective cohort of HF patients stratified according to LVEF. METHODS Through the Heart Failure Long-Term Registry of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC-EORP-HF-LT), 4,438 outpatients were identified and classified into: reduced (<40% HFrEF), mid-range (40-49% HFmrEF), and preserved (≥50% HFpEF) LVEF. Endpoints were the composite of cardiovascular death/HF hospitalization, and individual components. RESULTS Median sUA was 6.72 (IQ:5.48-8.20) mg/dl in HFrEF, 6.41 (5.02-7.77) in HFmrEF, and 6.30 (5.20-7.70) in HFpEF. At a median 372-day follow-up, the composite endpoint occurred in 648 (13.1%) patients, with 176 (3.6%) deaths and 538 (10.9%) HF hospitalizations. Compared with lowest sUA quartile (Q), Q-III and Q-IV were significantly associated with the composite endpoint (adjusted HR 1.68: 95% CI 1.11-2.54; 2.46: 95% CI 1.66-3.64, respectively). By univariable analyses, HFrEF and HFmrEF patients in Q-III and Q-IV, and HFpEF patients in Q-IV, showed increased risk for the composite endpoint (P<0.05 for all); after model-adjustment, significant association of sUA with outcome persisted among HFrEF in Q-IV, and HFpEF in Q-III-IV. CONCLUSIONS In a large, contemporary-treated cohort of HF outpatients, sUA is an independent prognosticator of adverse outcome, which can be appreciated in HErEF and HFpEF patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Division of Cardiology, and Centro per la Ricerca Clinica e Traslazionale-CERICLET, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marisa G Crespo Leiro
- Unidad .de Insuficiencia Cardiaca y Trasplante Cardiaco, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna (CHUAC), INIBIC, UDC, CIBERCV, La Coruna, Spain
| | - Lars H Lund
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Coiro
- Division of Cardiology, and Centro per la Ricerca Clinica e Traslazionale-CERICLET, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardona
- Division of Cardiology, and Centro per la Ricerca Clinica e Traslazionale-CERICLET, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- School of Medicine, University of Cyprus & Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Attikon, National and Kapodistrian Univeristy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Centro Cardiologico Universitario, University of Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care&Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Massimo F Piepoli
- Heart Failure Unit, Cardiac Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, AUSL Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK); and Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Cécile Laroche
- EURObservational Research Programme, European Society of Cardiology, Biot, France
| | - Luis Almenar-Bonet
- Heart Failure and Transplant Unit. University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Pentti Poder
- North Estonia Regional Hospital Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Anna Frisinghelli
- UOS Cardiologia Riabilitativa, ASST RHODENSE - Ospedale Passirana, Rho Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- EURObservational Research Programme, European Society of Cardiology, Biot, France; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care&Research, Cotignola, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tawa M, Nagata R, Sumi Y, Nakagawa K, Sawano T, Ohkita M, Matsumura Y. Preventive effects of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249816. [PMID: 33831045 PMCID: PMC8031446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) has a high level of nitrate; therefore, its dietary intake could increase nitric oxide (NO) level in the body, possibly preventing the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this study, we examined the effects of beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation on PH and the contribution of nitrate to such effects using a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg s.c.)-induced PH. Rats were injected subcutaneously with saline or 60 mg/kg MCT and were sacrificed 28 days after the injection. In some rats injected with MCT, BJ was supplemented from the day of MCT injection to the day of sacrifice. First, MCT-induced right ventricular systolic pressure elevation, pulmonary arterial medial thickening and muscularization, and right ventricular hypertrophy were suppressed by supplementation with low-dose BJ (nitrate: 1.3 mmol/L) but not high-dose BJ (nitrate: 4.3 mmol/L). Of the plasma nitrite, nitrate, and their sum (NOx) levels, only the nitrate levels were found to be increased by the high-dose BJ supplementation. Second, in order to clarify the possible involvement of nitrate in the preventive effects of BJ on PH symptoms, the effects of nitrate-rich BJ (nitrate: 0.9 mmol/L) supplementation were compared with those of the nitrate-depleted BJ. While the former exerted preventive effects on PH symptoms, such effects were not observed in rats supplemented with nitrate-depleted BJ. Neither supplementation with nitrate-rich nor nitrate-depleted BJ affected plasma nitrite, nitrate, and NOx levels. These findings suggest that a suitable amount of BJ ingestion, which does not affect systemic NO levels, can prevent the development of PH in a nitrate-dependent manner. Therefore, BJ could be highly useful as a therapy in patients with PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tawa
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rikako Nagata
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sumi
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawano
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ohkita
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McCarty MF. Nutraceutical, Dietary, and Lifestyle Options for Prevention and Treatment of Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073321. [PMID: 33805039 PMCID: PMC8037104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well documented drug therapies are available for the management of ventricular hypertrophy (VH) and heart failure (HF), most patients nonetheless experience a downhill course, and further therapeutic measures are needed. Nutraceutical, dietary, and lifestyle measures may have particular merit in this regard, as they are currently available, relatively safe and inexpensive, and can lend themselves to primary prevention as well. A consideration of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the VH/HF syndrome suggests that measures which control oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, that support effective nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide bioactivity, that prevent a reduction in cardiomyocyte pH, and that boost the production of protective hormones, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), while suppressing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and marinobufagenin, may have utility for preventing and controlling this syndrome. Agents considered in this essay include phycocyanobilin, N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, ferulic acid, zinc, selenium, ubiquinol, astaxanthin, melatonin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, berberine, citrulline, high-dose folate, cocoa flavanols, hawthorn extract, dietary nitrate, high-dose biotin, soy isoflavones, taurine, carnitine, magnesium orotate, EPA-rich fish oil, glycine, and copper. The potential advantages of whole-food plant-based diets, moderation in salt intake, avoidance of phosphate additives, and regular exercise training and sauna sessions are also discussed. There should be considerable scope for the development of functional foods and supplements which make it more convenient and affordable for patients to consume complementary combinations of the agents discussed here. Research Strategy: Key word searching of PubMed was employed to locate the research papers whose findings are cited in this essay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, 811 B Nahant Ct., San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clinical Implications of Uric Acid in Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010053. [PMID: 33466609 PMCID: PMC7828696 DOI: 10.3390/life11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Affecting more than 26 million people worldwide and with rising prevalence, heart failure (HF) represents a major global health problem. Hence, further research is needed in order to abate poor HF outcomes and mitigate significant expenses that burden health care systems. Based on available data, experts agree that there is an urgent need for a cost-effective prognostic biomarker in HF. Although a significant number of biomarkers have already been investigated in this setting, the clinical utility of adding biomarker evaluation to routine HF care still remains ambiguous. Specifically, in this review we focused on uric acid (UA), a purine metabolism detriment whose role as cardiovascular risk factor has been exhaustingly debated for decades. Multiple large population studies indicate that UA is an independent predictor of mortality in acute and chronic HF, making it a significant prognostic factor in both settings. High serum levels have been also associated with an increased incidence of HF, thus expanding the clinical utility of UA. Importantly, emerging data suggests that UA is also implicated in the pathogenesis of HF, which sheds light on UA as a feasible therapeutic target. Although to date clinical studies have not been able to prove the benefits of xanthine oxidase in HF patients, we discuss the putative role of UA and xanthine oxidase in the pathophysiology of HF as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
11
|
Itano S, Kadoya H, Satoh M, Nakamura T, Murase T, Sasaki T, Kanwar YS, Kashihara N. Non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor ameliorates glomerular endothelial injury in Ins Akita diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F765-F772. [PMID: 32954851 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00236.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction represents a predominant early feature of diabetes, rendering patients with diabetes prone to renal complications, e.g., proteinuria. Recent studies have indicated a possible role for xanthine oxidase (XO) in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunctions associated with diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of XO activation on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in a mouse model using selective XO inhibitors. Male Ins2Akita heterozygous mice were used with wild-type mice as controls. Akita mice were treated with topiroxostat (Topi) or vehicle for 4 wk. Serum uric acid levels were significantly reduced in Akita + Topi mice compared with Akita + vehicle mice. The Akita + Topi group had a significant reduction in urinary albumin excretion compared with the Akita + vehicle group. Mesangial expansion, glomerular collagen type IV deposition, and glomerular endothelial injury (assessed by lectin staining and transmission electron microscopy) were considerably reduced in the Akita + topi group compared with the Akita + vehicle group. Furthermore, glomerular permeability was significantly higher in the Akita + vehicle group compared with the wild-type group. These changes were reduced with the administration of Topi. We conclude that XO inhibitors preserve glomerular endothelial functions and rescue compromised glomerular permeability, suggesting that XO activation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Itano
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of General Medicine/Nephrology, Kobe Rosai Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Pharmacological Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Laboratory Management Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Mie, Japan
| | - Tamaki Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Naoki Kashihara
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Packer M. Uric Acid Is a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in the Failing Heart: Lessons Learned from Trials With Allopurinol and SGLT2 Inhibitors. J Card Fail 2020; 26:977-984. [PMID: 32890737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia increases the risk of heart failure, and higher levels of serum uric acid are seen in patients who have worse ventricular function, functional capacity, and prognosis. Heart failure is also accompanied by an upregulation of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of uric acid and a purported source of reactive oxygen species. However, the available evidence does not support the premise that either uric acid or the activation of xanthine oxidase has direct injurious effects on the heart in the clinical setting. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol and oxypurinol) have had little benefit and may exert detrimental effects in patients with chronic heart failure in randomized controlled trials, and the more selective and potent inhibitor febuxostat increases the risk of cardiovascular death more than allopurinol. Instead, the available evidence indicates that changes in xanthine oxidase and uric acid are biomarkers of oxidative stress (particularly in heart failure) and that xanthine oxidase may provide an important source of nitric oxide that quenches the injurious effects of reactive oxygen species. A primary determinant of the cellular redox state is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whose levels drive an inverse relationship between xanthine oxidase and sirtuin-1, a nutrient deprivation sensor that exerts important antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. Interestingly, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors induce a state of nutrient deprivation that includes activation of sirtuin-1, suppression of xanthine oxidase, and lowering of serum uric acid. The intermediary role of sirtuin-1 in both uric acid-lowering and cardioprotection may explain why, in mediation analyses of large-scale cardiovascular trials, the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors to decrease serum uric acid is a major predictor of the ability of these drugs to decrease serious heart failure events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas and Imperial College, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boengler K, Schlüter KD, Schermuly RT, Schulz R. Cardioprotection in right heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5413-5431. [PMID: 31995639 PMCID: PMC7680005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic and pharmacological conditioning of the left ventricle is mediated by the activation of signalling cascades, which finally converge at the mitochondria and reduce ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Whereas the molecular mechanisms of conditioning in the left ventricle are well characterized, cardioprotection of the right ventricle is principally feasible but less established. Similar to what is known for the left ventricle, a dysregulation in signalling pathways seems to play a role in I/R injury of the healthy and failing right ventricle and in the ability/inability of the right ventricle to respond to a conditioning stimulus. The maintenance of mitochondrial function seems to be crucial in both ventricles to reduce I/R injury. As far as currently known, similar molecular mechanisms mediate ischaemic and pharmacological preconditioning in the left and right ventricles. However, the two ventricles seem to respond differently towards exercise‐induced preconditioning. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patel P, Karch J. Regulation of cell death in the cardiovascular system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 353:153-209. [PMID: 32381175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult heart is a post-mitotic terminally differentiated organ; therefore, beyond development, cardiomyocyte cell death is maladaptive. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world and aberrant cardiomyocyte cell death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular-related diseases and fatalities. In this chapter, we will discuss the different cell death mechanisms that engage during normal cardiac development, aging, and disease states. The most abundant loss of cardiomyocytes occurs during a myocardial infarction, when the blood supply to the heart is obstructed, and the affected myocardium succumbs to cell death. Originally, this form of cell death was considered to be unregulated; however, research from the last half a century clearly demonstrates that this form of cell death is multifaceted and employees various degrees of regulation. We will explore all of the cell death pathways that have been implicated in this disease state and the potential interplay between them. Beyond myocardial infarction, we also explore the role and mechanisms of cardiomyocyte cell death in heart failure, myocarditis, and chemotherapeutic-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte cell death has extensive therapeutic potential that will increase the longevity and health of the human heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo J, Yan D, Li S, Liu S, Zeng F, Cheung CW, Liu H, Irwin MG, Huang H, Xia Z. Allopurinol reduces oxidative stress and activates Nrf2/p62 to attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1760-1773. [PMID: 31856386 PMCID: PMC6991641 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopurinol (ALP) attenuates oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the mechanism is unclear. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) following the disassociation with its repressor Keap1 under oxidative stress can maintain inner redox homeostasis and attenuate DCM with concomitant attenuation of autophagy. We postulated that ALP treatment may activate Nrf2 to mitigate autophagy over‐activation and consequently attenuate DCM. Streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic rats were untreated or treated with ALP (100 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks and terminated after heart function measurements by echocardiography and pressure‐volume conductance system. Cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells infected with Nrf2 siRNA or not were incubated with high glucose (HG, 25 mmol/L) concomitantly with ALP treatment. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured with colorimetric enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. ROS, apoptosis, was assessed by dihydroethidium staining and TUNEL, respectively. The Western blot and qRT‐PCR were used to assess protein and mRNA variations. Diabetic rats showed significant reductions in heart rate (HR), left ventricular eject fraction (LVEF), stroke work (SW) and cardiac output (CO), left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVVs) as compared to non‐diabetic control and ALP improved or normalized HR, LVEF, SW, CO and LVVs in diabetic rats (all P < .05). Hearts of diabetic rats displayed excessive oxidative stress manifested as increased levels of 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide anion production, increased apoptotic cell death and cardiomyocytes autophagy that were concomitant with reduced expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and Keap1. ALP reverted all the above‐mentioned diabetes‐induced biochemical changes except that it did not affect the levels of Keap1. In vitro, ALP increased Nrf2 and reduced the hyperglycaemia‐induced increases of H9C2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, and enhanced cellular viability. Nrf2 gene silence cancelled these protective effects of ALP in H9C2 cells. Activation of Nrf2 subsequent to the suppression of Keap1 and the mitigation of autophagy over‐activation may represent major mechanisms whereby ALP attenuates DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jierong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Irwin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huansen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schlüter KD, Kutsche HS, Hirschhäuser C, Schreckenberg R, Schulz R. Review on Chamber-Specific Differences in Right and Left Heart Reactive Oxygen Species Handling. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1799. [PMID: 30618811 PMCID: PMC6304434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert signaling character (redox signaling), or damaging character (oxidative stress) on cardiac tissue depending on their concentration and/or reactivity. The steady state of ROS concentration is determined by the interplay between its production (mitochondrial, cytosolic, and sarcolemmal enzymes) and ROS defense enzymes (mitochondria, cytosol). Recent studies suggest that ROS regulation is different in the left and right ventricle of the heart, specifically by a different activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Mitochondrial ROS defense seems to be lower in right ventricular tissue compared to left ventricular tissue. In this review we summarize the current evidence for heart chamber specific differences in ROS regulation that may play a major role in an observed inability of the right ventricle to compensate for cardiac stress such as pulmonary hypertension. Based on the current knowledge regimes to increase ROS defense in right ventricular tissue should be in the focus for the development of future therapies concerning right heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Sarah Kutsche
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Schreckenberg
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Caillard A, Sadoune M, Cescau A, Meddour M, Gandon M, Polidano E, Delcayre C, Da Silva K, Manivet P, Gomez AM, Cohen-Solal A, Vodovar N, Li Z, Mebazaa A, Samuel JL. QSOX1, a novel actor of cardiac protection upon acute stress in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 119:75-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
18
|
Bonafede R, Manucha W. Óxido nítrico y factores relacionados a oxidación e inflamación como posibles biomarcadores de insuficiencia cardíaca. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2018; 30:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Ansari FA, Mahmood R. Carnosine and N-acetyl cysteine protect against sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress in rat blood. Cell Biol Int 2017; 42:281-293. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fariheen Aisha Ansari
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 UP India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh 202002 UP India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Role of Uric Acid Metabolism-Related Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome Components Such as Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8603164. [PMID: 28070145 PMCID: PMC5192336 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8603164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism and can reportedly act as an antioxidant. However, recently, numerous clinical and basic research approaches have revealed close associations of hyperuricemia with several disorders, particularly those comprising the metabolic syndrome. In this review, we first outline the two molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation occurrence in relation to UA metabolism; one is inflammasome activation by UA crystallization and the other involves superoxide free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase (XO). Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic or preventive effects of XO inhibitors against atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which were not previously considered to be related, at least not directly, to hyperuricemia. Such beneficial effects of XO inhibitors have been reported for other organs including the kidneys and the heart. Thus, a major portion of this review focuses on the relationships between UA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and related disorders. Although further studies are necessary, XO inhibitors are a potentially novel strategy for reducing the risk of many forms of organ failure characteristic of the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
|
21
|
Otaki Y, Watanabe T, Kinoshita D, Yokoyama M, Takahashi T, Toshima T, Sugai T, Murase T, Nakamura T, Nishiyama S, Takahashi H, Arimoto T, Shishido T, Miyamoto T, Kubota I. Association of plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity with severity and clinical outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:151-157. [PMID: 27865177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress due to purine degradation is associated with the development of chronic heart failure (CHF). Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a rate-limiting enzyme of purine degradation that plays a key role in uric acid (UA) production with a resultant increase in reactive oxygen species. However, the relationship between plasma XOR activity and CHF severity and clinical outcome remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured XOR activity in 440 patients with CHF and 44 control subjects. Abnormally high and low XOR activities were identified based on the results for 95% of the control subjects (high and low XOR activities ≥120 and <33pmol/100μL/h, respectively). The prevalence rates of high and low XOR activities increased with advancing New York Heart Association functional class. There were 158 cardiac events during a median follow-up period of 1034days. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that both high and low XOR activities were significantly associated with cardiac events in patients with CHF after adjustment for confounding risk factors including serum UA and loop diuretic use. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cardiac event rate was significantly higher in patients with either high or low XOR activity. The net reclassification index was significantly improved by adding XOR activity to the basic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence of an association of plasma XOR activity with CHF severity and clinical outcome. Plasma XOR activity could be used to identify high-risk CHF patients and could be a therapeutic target for XOR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Otaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsu Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kinoshita
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Taku Toshima
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sugai
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Laboratory Management Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Pharmacological Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Mie, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takanori Arimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shishido
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sulforaphane effects on postinfarction cardiac remodeling in rats: modulation of redox-sensitive prosurvival and proapoptotic proteins. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 34:106-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
23
|
Human Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Shows Cardiac Nos1 Translocation and its Increased Levels are Related to Left Ventricular Performance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24060. [PMID: 27041589 PMCID: PMC4819187 DOI: 10.1038/srep24060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) as a major modulator of cardiac function has been extensively studied in experimental models; however, its role in human ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) has never been analysed. Thus, the objectives of this work are to study NOS1 and NOS-related counterparts involved in regulating physiological function of myocyte, to analyze NOS1 localisation, activity, dimerisation, and its relationship with systolic function in ICM. The study has been carried out on left ventricular tissue obtained from explanted human hearts. Here we demonstrate that the upregulation of cardiac NOS1 is not accompanied by an increase in NOS activity, due in part to the alterations found in molecules involved in the regulation of its activity. We observed partial translocation of NOS1 to the sarcolemma in ischemic hearts, and a direct relationship between its protein levels and systolic ventricular function. Our findings indicate that NOS1 may be significant in the pathophysiology of human ischemic heart disease with a preservative role in maintaining myocardial homeostasis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kudo S, Satoh K, Nogi M, Suzuki K, Sunamura S, Omura J, Kikuchi N, Kurosawa R, Satoh T, Minami T, Ikeda S, Miyata S, Shimokawa H. SmgGDS as a Crucial Mediator of the Inhibitory Effects of Statins on Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis: Novel Mechanism of the Pleiotropic Effects of Statins. Hypertension 2016; 67:878-89. [PMID: 26975711 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.07089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The detailed molecular mechanisms of the pleiotropic effects of statins remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that cardioprotective effects of statins are mediated by small GTP-binding protein GDP dissociation stimulator (SmgGDS). SmgGDS(+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with continuous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) for 2 weeks with and without oral treatment with atorvastatin or pravastatin. At 2 weeks, the extents of Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were comparable between the 2 genotypes. However, statins significantly attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis in WT mice, but not in SmgGDS(+/-) mice. In SmgGDS(+/-) cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), Rac1 expression, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 activity, Rho-kinase activity, and inflammatory cytokines secretion in response to Ang II were significantly increased when compared with WT CFs. Atorvastatin significantly reduced Rac1 expression and oxidative stress in WT CFs, but not in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs. Furthermore, Bio-plex analysis revealed significant upregulations of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs when compared with WT CFs. Importantly, conditioned medium from SmgGDS(+/-) CFs increased B-type natriuretic peptide expression in rat cardiomyocytes to a greater extent than that from WT CFs. Furthermore, atorvastatin significantly increased SmgGDS secretion from mouse CFs. Finally, treatment with recombinant SmgGDS significantly reduced Rac1 expression in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs. These results indicate that both intracellular and extracellular SmgGDS play crucial roles in the inhibitory effects of statins on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, partly through inhibition of Rac1, Rho kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways, demonstrating the novel mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kudo
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kota Suzuki
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junichi Omura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taijyu Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Minami
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shohei Ikeda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kobara M, Furumori-Yukiya A, Kitamura M, Matsumura M, Ohigashi M, Toba H, Nakata T. Short-Term Caloric Restriction Suppresses Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Hypertrophy Caused by Chronic Pressure Overload. J Card Fail 2015; 21:656-66. [PMID: 25982824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caloric restriction (CR) prevents senescent changes, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a critical role. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We examined whether CR alters cardiac redox state and hypertrophy from chronic pressure overload. METHODS AND RESULTS Male c57BL6 mice were subjected to ascending aortic constriction (AAC) with ad libitum caloric intake (AL + AAC group) or 40% restricted caloric intake (CR + AAC group). CR was initiated 2 weeks before AAC and was continued for 4 weeks. Two weeks after constriction, AAC increased LV wall thickness, impaired transmitral flow velocity, and augmented myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, in association with enhancement of BNP and collagen III expressions in the AL + AAC group. In the AL + AAC group, oxidative stress in cardiac tissue and mitochondria were enhanced, and NADPH oxidase activity and mitochondrial ROS production were elevated. These changes were significantly attenuated in the CR + AAC group. Additionally, in antioxidant systems, myocardial glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced in the CR + AAC group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic pressure overload increased cardiac oxidative damage, in association with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Short-term CR suppressed oxidative stress and improved cardiac function, suggesting that short-term CR could be a useful strategy to prevent pressure overload-induced cardiac injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kobara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Akiko Furumori-Yukiya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mihoko Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohigashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroe Toba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
El-Bassossy HM, Elberry AA, Azhar A, Ghareib SA, Alahdal AM. Ameliorative effect of allopurinol on vascular complications of insulin resistance. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:178540. [PMID: 25785277 PMCID: PMC4345076 DOI: 10.1155/2015/178540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of allopurinol (Allo) on experimentally induced insulin resistance (IR) and vascular complications. Rats were divided into four groups: control, IR, allopurinol-treated IR (IR-Allo), and allopurinol-treated control (Allo). IR was induced by adding fructose and high fat, high salt diet for 12 weeks. The results showed that Allo has alleviated the increased level of TNF-α and the systolic, diastolic, mean, and notch pressure observed in IR with no change in pulse pressure. In addition, Allo decreased the heart rate in the treated group compared to IR rats. On the other hand, it has no effect on increased levels of insulin, glucose, fructosamine, or body weight gain compared to IR group, while it increased significantly the insulin level and body weight without hyperglycemia in the control group. Moreover, Allo treatment ameliorated increased level of 4HNE, Ang II, and Ang R1. In conclusion, the results of the current study show that Allo has a protective effect on vascular complications of IR which may be attributed to the effect of Allo on decreasing the TNF-α, 4HNE, Ang II, and Ang R1 as well as increasing the level of insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Elberry
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
- *Ahmed A. Elberry:
| | - Ahmad Azhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A. Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Alahdal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brand S, Amann K, Mandel P, Zimnol A, Schupp N. Oxidative DNA damage in kidneys and heart of hypertensive mice is prevented by blocking angiotensin II and aldosterone receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115715. [PMID: 25551569 PMCID: PMC4297153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, we could show that angiotensin II, the reactive peptide of the blood pressure-regulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, causes the formation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in kidneys and hearts of hypertensive mice. To further investigate on the one hand the mechanism of DNA damage caused by angiotensin II, and on the other hand possible intervention strategies against end-organ damage, the effects of substances interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system on angiotensin II-induced genomic damage were studied. Methods In C57BL/6-mice, hypertension was induced by infusion of 600 ng/kg • min angiotensin II. The animals were additionally treated with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan, the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker eplerenone and the antioxidant tempol. DNA damage and the activation of transcription factors were studied by immunohistochemistry and protein expression analysis. Results Administration of angiotensin II led to a significant increase of blood pressure, decreased only by candesartan. In kidneys and hearts of angiotensin II-treated animals, significant oxidative stress could be detected (1.5-fold over control). The redox-sensitive transcription factors Nrf2 and NF-κB were activated in the kidney by angiotensin II-treatment (4- and 3-fold over control, respectively) and reduced by all interventions. In kidneys and hearts an increase of DNA damage (3- and 2-fold over control, respectively) and of DNA repair (3-fold over control) was found. These effects were ameliorated by all interventions in both organs. Consistently, candesartan and tempol were more effective than eplerenone. Conclusion Angiotensin II-induced DNA damage is caused by angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated formation of oxidative stress in vivo. The angiotensin II-mediated physiological increase of aldosterone adds to the DNA-damaging effects. Blocking angiotensin II and mineralocorticoid receptors therefore has beneficial effects on end-organ damage independent of blood pressure normalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Mandel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Zimnol
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kushiyama A, Tanaka K, Hara S, Kawazu S. Linking uric acid metabolism to diabetic complications. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:787-795. [PMID: 25512781 PMCID: PMC4265865 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia have been thought to be caused by the ingestion of large amounts of purines, and prevention or treatment of hyperuricemia has intended to prevent gout. Xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XDH/XO) is rate-limiting enzyme of uric acid generation, and allopurinol was developed as a uric acid (UA) generation inhibitor in the 1950s and has been routinely used for gout prevention since then. Serum UA levels are an important risk factor of disease progression for various diseases, including those related to lifestyle. Recently, other UA generation inhibitors such as febuxostat and topiroxostat were launched. The emergence of these novel medications has promoted new research in the field. Lifestyle-related diseases, such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus, often have a common pathological foundation. As such, hyperuricemia is often present among these patients. Many in vitro and animal studies have implicated inflammation and oxidative stress in UA metabolism and vascular injury because XDH/XO act as one of the major source of reactive oxygen species Many studies on UA levels and associated diseases implicate involvement of UA generation in disease onset and/or progression. Interventional studies for UA generation, not UA excretion revealed XDH/XO can be the therapeutic target for vascular injury and renal dysfunction. In this review, the relationship between UA metabolism and diabetic complications is highlighted.
Collapse
|
29
|
Plummer BN, Liu H, Wan X, Deschênes I, Laurita KR. Targeted antioxidant treatment decreases cardiac alternans associated with chronic myocardial infarction. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014; 8:165-73. [PMID: 25491741 DOI: 10.1161/circep.114.001789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In myocardial infarction (MI), repolarization alternans is a potent arrhythmia substrate that has been linked to Ca2+ cycling proteins, such as sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2a), located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. MI is also associated with oxidative stress and increased xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that may reduce SERCA2a function. We hypothesize that in chronic MI, XO-mediated oxidation of SERCA2a is a mechanism of cardiac alternans. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Lewis rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (n=54) or sham procedure (n=24). At 4 weeks, optical mapping of intracellular Ca2+ and ROS was performed. ECG T-wave alternans (ECG ALT) and Ca2+ transient alternans (Ca2+ALT) were induced by rapid pacing (300-120 ms) before and after the XO inhibitor allopurinol (ALLO, 50 µmol/L). In MI, ECG ALT (2.32±0.41%) and Ca2+ ALT (22.3±4.5%) were significantly greater compared with sham (0.18±0.08%, P<0.001; 0.79±0.32%, P<0.01). Additionally, ROS was increased by 137% (P<0.01) and oxidation of SERCA2a by 30% (P<0.05) in MI compared with sham. Treatment with ALLO significantly decreased ECG ALT (-77±9%, P<0.05) and Ca2+ ALT (-56±7%, P<0.05) and, importantly, reduced ROS (-65%, P<0.01) and oxidation of SERCA2a (-38%, P<0.05). CaMKII inhibition and general antioxidant treatment had no effect on ECG ALT and Ca2+ ALT. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate, for the first time, that in MI, increased ROS from XO is a significant cause of repolarization alternans. This suggests that targeting XO ROS production may be effective at preventing arrhythmia substrates in chronic MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Plummer
- From The Heart and Vascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus (B.N.P., H.L., X.W., I.D., K.R.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N.P., I.D., K.R.L.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Haiyan Liu
- From The Heart and Vascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus (B.N.P., H.L., X.W., I.D., K.R.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N.P., I.D., K.R.L.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- From The Heart and Vascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus (B.N.P., H.L., X.W., I.D., K.R.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N.P., I.D., K.R.L.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Isabelle Deschênes
- From The Heart and Vascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus (B.N.P., H.L., X.W., I.D., K.R.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N.P., I.D., K.R.L.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kenneth R Laurita
- From The Heart and Vascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus (B.N.P., H.L., X.W., I.D., K.R.L.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (B.N.P., I.D., K.R.L.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pathophysiology of circulating xanthine oxidoreductase: New emerging roles for a multi-tasking enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1502-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
31
|
López-Cruz RI, Pérez-Milicua MB, Crocker DE, Gaxiola-Robles R, Bernal-Vertiz JA, de la Rosa A, Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase and xanthine oxidase activities in erythrocytes and plasma from marine, semiaquatic and terrestrial mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 171:31-5. [PMID: 24530799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are key enzymes involved in the purine salvage pathway. PNP metabolizes purine bases to synthetize purine nucleotides whereas XO catalyzes the oxidation of purines to uric acid. In humans, PNP activity is reported to be high in erythrocytes and XO activity to be low in plasma; however, XO activity increases after ischemic events. XO activity in plasma of northern elephant seals has been reported during prolonged fasting and rest and voluntary associated apneas. The objective of this study was to analyze circulating PNP and XO activities in marine mammals adapted to tolerate repeated cycles of ischemia/reperfusion associated with diving (bottlenose dolphin, northern elephant seal) in comparison with semiaquatic (river otter) and terrestrial mammals (human, pig). PNP activities in plasma and erythrocytes, as well as XO activity in plasma, from all species were quantified by spectrophotometry. No clear relationship in circulating PNP or XO activity could be established between marine, semiaquatic and terrestrial mammals. Erythrocytes from bottlenose dolphins and humans are highly permeable to nucleosides and glucose, intraerythrocyte PNP activity may be related to a release of purine nucleotides from the liver. High-energy costs will probably mean a higher ATP degradation rate in river otters, as compared to northern elephant seals or dolphins. Lower erythrocyte PNP activity and elevated plasma XO activity in northern elephant seal could be associated with fasting and/or sleep- and dive-associated apneas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto I López-Cruz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico.
| | - Myrna Barjau Pérez-Milicua
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico.
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Sonoma State University, Department of Biology, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
| | - Ramón Gaxiola-Robles
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico; Hospital General de Zona No.1. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
| | - Jaime A Bernal-Vertiz
- Cabo Dolphins, Paseo de la Marina 7A, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23410, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro de la Rosa
- Acuario de Veracruz A.C., Departamento de Mamíferos Acuáticos, Aves y Reptiles, Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - José P Vázquez-Medina
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, C.P. 23096, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Boban M, Kocic G, Radenkovic S, Pavlovic R, Cvetkovic T, Deljanin-Ilic M, Ilic S, Bobana MD, Djindjic B, Stojanovic D, Sokolovic D, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T. Circulating purine compounds, uric acid, and xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase relationship in essential hypertension and end stage renal disease. Ren Fail 2014; 36:613-8. [PMID: 24502620 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.882240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleotide liberation and their metabolic rate of interconversion may be important in the development of hypertension and its renal consequences. In the present study, blood triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) breakdown pathway was evaluated in relation to uric acid concentration and xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XDH/XO) in patients with essential hypertension, patients with chronic renal diseases on dialysis, and control individuals. The pattern of nucleotide catabolism was significantly shifted toward catabolic compounds, including ADP, AMP, and uric acid in patients on dialysis program. A significant fall of ATP was more expressed in a group of patients on dialysis program, compared with the control value (p<0.001), while ADP and AMP were significantly increased in both groups of patients compared with control healthy individuals (p<0.001), together with their final degradation product, uric acid (p<0.001). The index of ATP/ADP and ATP/uric acid showed gradual significant fall in both the groups, compared with the control value (p<0.001), near five times in a group on dialysis. Total XOD was up-regulated significantly in a group with essential hypertension, more than in a group on dialysis. The activity of XO, which dominantly contributes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, significantly increased in dialysis group, more than in a group with essential hypertension. In conclusion, the examination of the role of circulating purine nucleotides and uric acid in pathogenesis of hypertension and possible development of renal disease, together with XO role in ROS production, may help in modulating their liberation and ROS production in slowing progression from hypertension to renal failure.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
There is a need for a cost-effective prognostic biomarker in heart failure (HF). Substantial evidence suggests that uric acid (UA) is an independent marker for adverse prognosis in acute and chronic HF of varying severity. Whether UA is a merely a marker of poor prognosis or is an active participant in disease pathogenesis is currently unknown. In the setting of HF, at least two different processes can be responsible for increased UA: increased production, which may result from oxidative stress, and decreased excretion due to renal insufficiency, which can be a consequence of cardio-renal syndrome, renal congestion, or comorbidities. While pioneer studies have raised the possibility of preventing HF through the use of UA lowering agents, namely xanthine oxidase inhibitors and uricosurics, the literature is still conflicting on whether the reduction in UA will result in a measurable clinical benefit. In this review, we examine the evidence relating UA to HF prognosis, the mechanisms that contribute to increased UA levels in HF, and future novel treatments aimed at reducing UA levels.
Collapse
|
34
|
Madamanchi NR, Runge MS. Redox signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:473-501. [PMID: 23583330 PMCID: PMC3883979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of the activity of a vast array of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) governs normal cardiovascular function. However, data from experimental and animal studies strongly support that dysregulated redox signaling, resulting from hyperactivation of various cellular oxidases or mitochondrial dysfunction, is integral to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we address how redox signaling modulates the protein function, the various sources of increased oxidative stress in CVD, and the labyrinth of redox-sensitive molecular mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Advances in redox biology and pharmacology for inhibiting ROS production in specific cell types and subcellular organelles combined with the development of nanotechnology-based new in vivo imaging systems and targeted drug delivery mechanisms may enable fine-tuning of redox signaling for the treatment and prevention of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Madamanchi
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Marschall S Runge
- McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are involved in normal physiological functions at low concentrations, can have deleterious effects when produced in excess. Over time, ROS may result in a pathological state of imbalance known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has long been implicated in many diseases, and is consistently associated with poor outcomes in heart failure. Most therapies that are currently being used may provide some reduction in oxidative stress, but there is no consensus on the clinical outcomes of various antioxidants. Currently, there are no antioxidant therapies that are being used routinely to specifically target oxidative stress in patients with heart failure. This article reviews the current understanding of ROS generation, and the potential for novel pharmacologic strategies to target oxidative stress in heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zain Ahmed
- Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Genetically modified mouse models have unparalleled power to determine the mechanisms behind different processes involved in the molecular and physiologic etiology of various classes of human pulmonary hypertension (PH). Processes known to be involved in PH for which there are extensive mouse models available include the following: (1) Regulation of vascular tone through secreted vasoactive factors; (2) regulation of vascular tone through potassium and calcium channels; (3) regulation of vascular remodeling through alteration in metabolic processes, either through alteration in substrate usage or through circulating factors; (4) spontaneous vascular remodeling either before or after development of elevated pulmonary pressures; and (5) models in which changes in tone and remodeling are primarily driven by inflammation. PH development in mice is of necessity faster and with different physiologic ramifications than found in human disease, and so mice make poor models of natural history of PH. However, transgenic mouse models are a perfect tool for studying the processes involved in pulmonary vascular function and disease, and can effectively be used to test interventions designed against particular molecular pathways and processes involved in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mita Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Effects of Allopurinol on Coronary Microvascular and Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:721-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
38
|
Abstract
AIMS Once dismissed as an inert byproduct of nitric oxide (NO) auto-oxidation, nitrite (NO(2)(-)) is now accepted as an endocrine reservoir of NO that elicits biological responses in major organs. While it is known that tissue nitrite is derived from NO oxidation and the diet, little is known about how nitrite is metabolized by tissue, particularly at intermediate oxygen tensions. We investigated the rates and mechanisms of tissue nitrite metabolism over a range of oxygen concentrations. RESULTS We show that the rate of nitrite consumption differs in each organ. Further, oxygen regulates the rate and products of nitrite metabolism. In anoxia, nitrite is reduced to NO, with significant formation of iron-nitrosyl proteins and S-nitrosothiols. This hypoxic nitrite metabolism is mediated by different nitrite reductases in each tissue. In contrast, low concentrations (∼3.5 μM) of oxygen increase the rate of nitrite consumption by shifting nitrite metabolism to oxidative pathways, yielding nitrate. While cytochrome P(450) and myoglobin contribute in the liver and heart, respectively, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase plays a significant role in nitrite oxidation, which is inhibited by cyanide. Using cyanide to prevent artifactual nitrite decay, we measure metabolism of oral and intraperitoneally administered nitrite in mice. INNOVATION These data provide insight into the fate of nitrite in tissue, the enzymes involved in nitrite metabolism, and the role of oxygen in regulating these processes. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that even at low concentrations, oxygen is a potent regulator of the rate and products of tissue nitrite metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Curtis
- Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neogi T, George J, Rekhraj S, Struthers AD, Choi H, Terkeltaub RA. Are either or both hyperuricemia and xanthine oxidase directly toxic to the vasculature? A critical appraisal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:327-38. [PMID: 21953377 DOI: 10.1002/art.33369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Neogi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Baldasseroni S, Urso R, Maggioni AP, Orso F, Fabbri G, Marchionni N, Tavazzi L. Prognostic significance of serum uric acid in outpatients with chronic heart failure is complex and related to body mass index: data from the IN-CHF Registry. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:442-448. [PMID: 21193292 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the field of cardiovascular diseases, elevated levels of serum uric acid (UA) reflect a marked activation of the xanthine oxidase pathway with increase in free radicals production; it is often associated with an inflammatory state, oxygen consumption and endothelial dysfunction. All these associations have been also confirmed in heart failure (HF) but the pathophysiological role of UA in this setting is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of UA in outpatients enrolled in the Italian Registry of Congestive Heart Failure (IN-CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS All patients met the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria for diagnosis of HF. We considered patients with complete clinical data and UA level available at the baseline and at 1-year follow-up. The study population was composed of 877 patients aged 63 ± 12 years. One-year mortality was 10.8% and dead patients had a higher level of UA than survivors (7.1 mg dl⁻¹ vs 6.6 mg dl⁻¹, p < 0.0207). In multivariable full model of analysis, UA did not result in an independent predictor of death in overall population, but only in patients with low body mass index (BMI) (≤22 kg m⁻²) (hazard ratio (HR): 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-4.18). In this subgroup, a statistically significant gradual relationship between UA and survival was detected starting from values higher than 8 mg dl⁻¹. CONCLUSION Elevated level of UA is not an independent predictor of mortality in chronic HF, but it markedly worsens outcome if associated with low level of BMI. This association is likely an indicator of chronic inflammatory and catabolic state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Baldasseroni
- Department of Heart and Vessel, Section Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Viale Morgagni, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kushiyama A, Okubo H, Sakoda H, Kikuchi T, Fujishiro M, Sato H, Kushiyama S, Iwashita M, Nishimura F, Fukushima T, Nakatsu Y, Kamata H, Kawazu S, Higashi Y, Kurihara H, Asano T. Xanthine oxidoreductase is involved in macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:291-8. [PMID: 22095983 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.234559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperuricemia is common in patients with metabolic syndrome. We investigated the role of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in atherosclerosis development, and the effects of the XOR inhibitor allopurinol on this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Oral administration of allopurinol to ApoE knockout mice markedly ameliorated lipid accumulation and calcification in the aorta and aortic root. In addition, allopurinol treatment or siRNA-mediated gene knockdown of XOR suppressed transformation of J774.1 murine macrophage cells, treated with acetylated LDL or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) into foam cells. This inhibitory effect of allopurinol was also observed in primary cultured human macrophages. In contrast, overexpression of XOR promoted transformation of J774.1 cells into foam cells. Interestingly, SR-A1, SR-B1, SR-B II, and VLDL receptors in J774.1 cells were reduced by XOR knockdown, and increased by XOR overexpression. Conversely, expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were increased by XOR knockdown and suppressed by XOR overexpression. Finally, productions of inflammatory cytokines accompanied by foam cell formation were also reduced by allopurinol administration. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest XOR activity and/or its expression level to contribute to macrophage foam cell formation. Thus, XOR inhibitors may be useful for preventing atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wong YY, Ruiter G, Lubberink M, Raijmakers PG, Knaapen P, Marcus JT, Boonstra A, Lammertsma AA, Westerhof N, van der Laarse WJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A. Right Ventricular Failure in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Is Associated With Inefficient Myocardial Oxygen Utilization. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:700-6. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.111.962381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeun Ying Wong
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrina Ruiter
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Lubberink
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G. Raijmakers
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Knaapen
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Tim Marcus
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anco Boonstra
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. Lammertsma
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Westerhof
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. van der Laarse
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
- From the Department of Pulmonology (Y.W., G.R., A.B., A.V.-N.), the Department of Physiology (Y.Y.W., G.R., A.B., N.W., W.J.v.d.L), the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research (M.L., P.G.R., A.A.L.), the Department of Cardiology (P.K.), and the Department of Physics and Medical Technology (J.T.M.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
ROS and RNS signaling in heart disorders: could antioxidant treatment be successful? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:293769. [PMID: 21912722 PMCID: PMC3170796 DOI: 10.1155/2011/293769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is not too much success in the antioxidant treatment of heart deceases in humans. However a new approach is now developed that suggests that depending on their structures and concentrations antioxidants can exhibit much more complicated functions in many pathological disorders. It is now well established that physiological free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide together with their derivatives hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite (all are named reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)) play a more important role in heart diseases through their signaling functions. Correspondingly this work is dedicated to the consideration of damaging signaling by ROS and RNS in various heart and vascular disorders: heart failure (congestive heart failure or CHF), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), coronary heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and so forth. It will be demonstrated that ROS overproduction (oxidative stress) is a main origin of the transformation of normal physiological signaling processes into the damaging ones. Furthermore the favorable effects of low/moderate oxidative stress through preconditioning mechanisms in ischemia/reperfusion will be considered. And in the last part we will discuss the possibility of efficient application of antioxidants and enzyme/gene inhibitors for the regulation of damaging ROS signaling in heart disorders.
Collapse
|
44
|
Nediani C, Raimondi L, Borchi E, Cerbai E. Nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species generation and nitroso/redox imbalance in heart failure: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:289-331. [PMID: 20624031 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of the heart to intrinsic and external stress involves complex modifications at the molecular and cellular levels that lead to tissue remodeling, functional and metabolic alterations, and finally to failure depending upon the nature, intensity, and chronicity of the stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been considered as merely harmful entities, but their role as second messengers has gradually emerged. At the same time, our comprehension of the multifaceted role of nitric oxide (NO) and the related reactive nitrogen species (RNS) has been upgraded. The tight interlay between ROS and RNS suggests that their imbalance may implicate the impairment in physiological NO/redox-based signaling that contributes to the failing of the cardiovascular system. This review initially provides basic concepts on the role of nitroso/oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of heart failure with a particular focus on sources of ROS/RNS, their downstream targets, and endogenous modulators. Then, the role of NO/redox regulation of cardiomyocyte function, including calcium homeostasis, electrogenesis, and insulin signaling pathways, is described. Finally, an overview of old and emerging therapeutic opportunities in heart failure is presented, focusing on modulation of NO/redox mechanisms and discussing benefits and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nediani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Filippatos GS, Ahmed MI, Gladden JD, Mujib M, Aban IB, Love TE, Sanders PW, Pitt B, Anker SD, Ahmed A. Hyperuricaemia, chronic kidney disease, and outcomes in heart failure: potential mechanistic insights from epidemiological data. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:712-20. [PMID: 21199831 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine if the association between hyperuricaemia and poor outcomes in heart failure (HF) varies by chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS AND RESULTS Of the 2645 systolic HF patients in the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial with data on baseline serum uric acid, 1422 had hyperuricaemia (uric acid ≥6 mg/dL for women and ≥8 mg/dL for men). Propensity scores for hyperuricaemia, estimated for each patient, were used to assemble a matched cohort of 630 pairs of patients with and without hyperuricaemia who were balanced on 75 baseline characteristics. Associations of hyperuricaemia with outcomes during 25 months of median follow-up were examined in all patients and in those with and without CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Hyperuricaemia-associated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization were 1.44 (1.12-1.85, P = 0.005) and 1.27 (1.02-1.58, P = 0.031), respectively. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality among those with and without CKD were 0.96 (0.70-1.31, P = 0.792) and 1.40 (1.08-1.82, P = 0.011), respectively (P for interaction, 0.071), and those for HF hospitalization among those with and without CKD were 0.99 (0.74-1.33, P = 0.942) and 1.49 (1.19-1.86, P = 0.001), respectively (P for interaction, 0.033). CONCLUSION Hyperuricaemia has a significant association with poor outcomes in HF patients without CKD but not in those with CKD, suggesting that hyperuricaemia may predict poor outcomes when it is primarily a marker of increased xanthine oxidase activity, but not when it is primarily due to impaired renal excretion of uric acid.
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim H, Shin HW, Son J, Yoon HJ, Park HS, Cho YK, Han CD, Nam CW, Hur SH, Kim YN, Kim KB. Uric Acid as Prognostic Marker in Advanced Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Comparison With N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 16:153-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
47
|
Wong YY, Handoko ML, Mouchaers KTB, de Man FS, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, van der Laarse WJ. Reduced mechanical efficiency of rat papillary muscle related to degree of hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1190-7. [PMID: 20118411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00773.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isolated rat papillary muscles of the right ventricle were used to discover the origin of reduced myocardial efficiency in chronic heart failure. Right ventricular hypertrophy was induced by monocrotaline injection, causing pulmonary hypertension. Control (n = 7) and hypertrophied (n = 11) papillary muscles were subjected to sinusoidal length changes at 37 degrees C and 5 Hz with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 15% of the length giving maximum force (L(max)) after being stretched to 92.5% of L(max). Isometric tension at L(max) was similar in control and hypertrophied muscles. Work was assessed from the area encompassed by force-length loops. Work per loop was 0.93 +/- 0.11 and 0.84 +/- 0.11 microJ/mm(3) (means +/- SE) for control and hypertrophied muscles, respectively (P = 0.591). Suprabasal O(2) uptake per work loop was 5.7 +/- 0.7 pmol/mm(3) in control muscles and 8.7 +/- 1.7 pmol/mm(3) in hypertrophied muscles (P = 0.133). Net mechanical efficiency was calculated from the ratio of work output and suprabasal O(2) uptake. The efficiency of hypertrophied muscles was 29.1 +/- 3.7% and was smaller than in control muscles (43.7 +/- 2.2%, P = 0.016). The right ventricular cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area increased from 272 +/- 17 microm(2) in control muscles to 396 +/- 31 microm(2) in hypertrophied muscles (P < 0.003). Mechanical efficiency correlated negatively with right ventricular wall thickness and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area [Spearman rank correlation coefficients of -0.50 (P = 0.039) and -0.53 (P = 0.024), respectively]. We conclude that efficiency decreases with increasing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Thus, the reduced efficiency of diseased whole hearts can be at least partly explained by reduced efficiency at the cardiomyocyte level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeun Ying Wong
- Dept. of Physiology, Vrije Univ. Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kupper N, Gidron Y, Winter J, Denollet J. Association between type D personality, depression, and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure. Psychosom Med 2009; 71:973-80. [PMID: 19834046 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181bee6dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether markers of oxidative stress differ as a function of Type D personality, depression, and chronic heart failure (CHF) etiology. Type D (distressed) personality and depression are related to poor cardiac prognosis. Because patients with CHF are characterized by increased oxidative stress, this may be a candidate mechanism responsible for the adverse prognosis in emotionally distressed patients with CHF. METHODS Serum levels of xanthine oxidase (XO), inducible heat shock protein (Hsp)70, and deoxyribonucleic acid damage marker 8-OHdG were measured in 122 patients, and effects of Type D, depression, and etiology were assessed. RESULTS CHF patients with Type D personality had lower levels of Hsp70 than non-Type D patients (6.48 ng/mL versus 7.85 ng/mL, p = .04, d = 0.26), and in case of an ischemic etiology, higher levels of XO (13.57 ng/mL versus 9.84 ng/mL, p = .01, d = 0.98). There were no significant univariate differences for depression. When adding depression as an additional independent variable in the Type D analysis, the effect of Type D personality remained significant (F = 5.460, p = .02) and was independent of depression (F = 0.942, p = .33). The ratio of XO to Hsp70 was significantly higher in Type D patients with CHF as compared with non-Type D patients (6.14 versus 2.83, p = .03, d = 0.39), independent of etiology class. CONCLUSION CHF patients with Type D personality are characterized by an increased oxidative stress burden, apparent in the decreased antioxidant levels and an increased oxidative stress ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kupper
- Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Warandelaan 2, PO box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
George J, Struthers AD. Role of urate, xanthine oxidase and the effects of allopurinol in vascular oxidative stress. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5:265-72. [PMID: 19436671 PMCID: PMC2672460 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of vascular endothelial dysfunction. The two major systems generating vascular oxidative stress are the NADPH oxidase and the xanthine oxidase pathways. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, has been in clinical use for over 40 years in the treatment of chronic gout. Allopurinol has also been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction, reduce oxidative stress burden and improve myocardial efficiency by reducing oxygen consumption in smaller mechanistic studies involving various cohorts at risk of cardiovascular events. This article aims to explain the role of xanthine oxidase in vascular oxidative stress and to explore the mechanisms by which allopurinol is thought to improve vascular and myocardial indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob George
- Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Verdejo H, Greig D, Castro P, Alcaino H, Garcia L, Chiong M, Lavandero S, Pizarro M, Alcaino H. Uric acid, xanthine oxidase and heart failure: Unresolved issues. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:1271-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Verdejo
- Departamento Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Douglas Greig
- Departamento Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Pablo Castro
- Departamento Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Hernan Alcaino
- Centro FONDAP Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Centro FONDAP Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Centro FONDAP Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Centro FONDAP Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Pizarro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernan Alcaino
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|